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class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Situs"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Daftar isi" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Daftar isi</h2> <button 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href="#Prasyarat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Prasyarat</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prasyarat-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Prasyarat</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Prasyarat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metode" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metode"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Metode</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metode-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lihat_pula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lihat_pula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Lihat pula</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lihat_pula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referensi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referensi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Referensi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referensi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Daftar isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gulingkan daftar isi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kultur jaringan</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke artikel dalam bahasa lain. Terdapat 22 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="زراعة الأنسجة النباتية – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="زراعة الأنسجة النباتية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultiu_tissular_de_plantes" title="Cultiu tissular de plantes – Katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cultiu tissular de plantes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostlinn%C3%A9_explant%C3%A1ty" title="Rostlinné explantáty – Cheska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rostlinné explantáty" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Cheska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pflanzliche_Gewebekultur" title="Pflanzliche Gewebekultur – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pflanzliche Gewebekultur" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_tissue_culture" title="Plant tissue culture – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Plant tissue culture" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultivo_de_tejidos_vegetales" title="Cultivo de tejidos vegetales – Spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cultivo de tejidos vegetales" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taimsed_koekultuurid" title="Taimsed koekultuurid – Esti" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Taimsed koekultuurid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Esti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B4%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA_%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C" title="کشت بافت گیاهی – Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کشت بافت گیاهی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_artificielle_de_tissus" title="Culture artificielle de tissus – Prancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Culture artificielle de tissus" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Prancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%AA_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%A8" title="पादप ऊतक संवर्धन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पादप ऊतक संवर्धन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coltura_artificiale_dei_tessuti" title="Coltura artificiale dei tessuti – Italia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Coltura artificiale dei tessuti" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalus" title="Kalus – Jawa" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kalus" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jawa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augu_audu_kult%C5%ABras" title="Augu audu kultūras – Latvi" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Augu audu kultūras" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%BC,_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BD" title="ടിഷ്യു കൾച്ചർ, സസ്യങ്ങളിൽ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ടിഷ്യു കൾച്ചർ, സസ്യങ്ങളിൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weefselkweek_(plant)" title="Weefselkweek (plant) – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Weefselkweek (plant)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ro%C5%9Blinne_kultury_in_vitro" title="Roślinne kultury in vitro – Polski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Roślinne kultury in vitro" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%88_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%87" title="دنباتي انساجو کرنه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="دنباتي انساجو کرنه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Культура клеток и тканей – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Культура клеток и тканей" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4xtv%C3%A4vnadsodling" title="Växtvävnadsodling – Swedia" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Växtvävnadsodling" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88" title="தாவர திசு வளர்ப்பு முறை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தாவர திசு வளர்ப்பு முறை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%8A" title="การเพาะเลี้ยงเนื้อเยื่อพืช – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การเพาะเลี้ยงเนื้อเยื่อพืช" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94%E5%9F%B9%E9%A4%8A" title="植物組織培養 – Tionghoa" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="植物組織培養" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1549003#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pranala interwiki" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pranala</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Perkakas</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Opsi lainnya" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tindakan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kultur_jaringan"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kultur_jaringan&veaction=edit" title="Sunting halaman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kultur_jaringan&action=edit" title="Sunting kode sumber halaman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kultur_jaringan&action=history"><span>Lihat riwayat</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Umum </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pranala_balik/Kultur_jaringan" title="Daftar semua halaman wiki yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pranala balik</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Perubahan_terkait/Kultur_jaringan" rel="nofollow" title="Perubahan terbaru halaman-halaman yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Perubahan terkait</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Halaman_istimewa" title="Daftar semua halaman istimewa [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Halaman istimewa</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kultur_jaringan&oldid=25385787" title="Pranala permanen untuk revisi halaman ini"><span>Pranala permanen</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kultur_jaringan&action=info" title="Informasi lanjut tentang halaman ini"><span>Informasi halaman</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Kutip&page=Kultur_jaringan&id=25385787&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informasi tentang bagaimana mengutip halaman ini"><span>Kutip halaman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKultur_jaringan"><span>Lihat URL pendek</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKultur_jaringan"><span>Unduh kode QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cetak/ekspor </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buku&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Kultur+jaringan"><span>Buat buku</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:DownloadAsPdf&page=Kultur_jaringan&action=show-download-screen"><span>Unduh versi PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kultur_jaringan&printable=yes" title="Versi cetak halaman ini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versi cetak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dalam proyek lain </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Plant_tissue_culture" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1549003" title="Pranala untuk menghubungkan butir pada ruang penyimpanan data [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Butir di Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Peralatan halaman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="id" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Plant_Tissue_Culture_Lab_-_Atlanta_Botanical_Garden.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Plant_Tissue_Culture_Lab_-_Atlanta_Botanical_Garden.JPG/250px-Plant_Tissue_Culture_Lab_-_Atlanta_Botanical_Garden.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Plant_Tissue_Culture_Lab_-_Atlanta_Botanical_Garden.JPG/375px-Plant_Tissue_Culture_Lab_-_Atlanta_Botanical_Garden.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Plant_Tissue_Culture_Lab_-_Atlanta_Botanical_Garden.JPG/500px-Plant_Tissue_Culture_Lab_-_Atlanta_Botanical_Garden.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Kultur Jaringan Tanaman</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Kultur jaringan</b> adalah suatu metode untuk mengisolasi bagian dari <a href="/wiki/Tanaman" title="Tanaman">tanaman</a> seperti sekelompok <a href="/wiki/Sel" class="mw-redirect" title="Sel">sel</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Jaringan" title="Jaringan">jaringan</a> yang ditumbuhkan dalam kondisi <a href="/wiki/Aseptik" title="Aseptik">aseptik</a>, sehingga bagian tanaman tersebut bisa dapat memperbanyak diri hingga tumbuh menjadi tanaman-tanaman yang baru kembali dengan sifat yang sama.<sup id="cite_ref-hamed_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hamed-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prinsip">Prinsip</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kultur_jaringan&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bagian: Prinsip" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kultur_jaringan&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Prinsip"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Teknik kultur jaringan memanfaatkan <a href="/wiki/Prinsip" title="Prinsip">prinsip</a> perbanyakan tumbuhan secara <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vegetatif&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vegetatif (halaman belum tersedia)">vegetatif</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hamed_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hamed-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Berbeda dari teknik perbanyakan tumbuhan secara <a href="/w/index.php?title=Konvensional&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konvensional (halaman belum tersedia)">konvensional</a>, teknik kultur jaringan dilakukan dalam kondisi <a href="/wiki/Aseptik" title="Aseptik">aseptik</a> di dalam botol kultur dengan medium dan kondisi tertentu.<sup id="cite_ref-hamed_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hamed-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Karena itu teknik ini sering kali disebut <a href="/wiki/Kultur" class="mw-redirect" title="Kultur">kultur</a> <i>in vitro</i>. Dikatakan <i>in vitro</i> (<a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Latin" title="Bahasa Latin">bahasa Latin</a>), berarti "di dalam kaca" karena jaringan tersebut dibiakkan di dalam botol kultur dengan medium dan kondisi tertentu.<sup id="cite_ref-gunawan_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gunawan-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Teori dasar dari kultur in vitro ini adalah <a href="/wiki/Totipotensi" title="Totipotensi">Totipotensi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-khan_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-khan-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Teori ini mempercayai bahwa setiap bagian tanaman dapat berkembang biak karena seluruh bagian tanaman terdiri atas jaringan-jaringan hidup.<sup id="cite_ref-khan_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-khan-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oleh karena itu, semua <a href="/wiki/Organisme" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisme">organisme</a> baru yang berhasil ditumbuhkan akan memiliki sifat yang sama persis dengan induknya.<sup id="cite_ref-khan_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-khan-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prasyarat">Prasyarat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kultur_jaringan&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bagian: Prasyarat" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kultur_jaringan&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Prasyarat"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pelaksanaan teknik ini memerlukan berbagai prasyarat untuk mendukung kehidupan <a href="/wiki/Jaringan" title="Jaringan">jaringan</a> yang dibiakkan.<sup id="cite_ref-gunawan_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gunawan-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hal yang paling esensial adalah wadah dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Media_tumbuh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Media tumbuh (halaman belum tersedia)">media tumbuh</a> yang <a href="/wiki/Steril" class="mw-disambig" title="Steril">steril</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ali_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ali-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Media adalah tempat bagi jaringan untuk tumbuh dan mengambil <a href="/wiki/Nutrisi" title="Nutrisi">nutrisi</a> yang mendukung kehidupan jaringan.<sup id="cite_ref-gunawan_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gunawan-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Media tumbuh menyediakan berbagai bahan yang diperlukan jaringan untuk hidup dan memperbanyak dirinya.<sup id="cite_ref-gunawan_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gunawan-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kultur_jaringan&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bagian: Media" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kultur_jaringan&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Media"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ada dua penggolongan media tumbuh: media padat dan media cair.<sup id="cite_ref-gunawan_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gunawan-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Media padat pada umumnya berupa padatan <a href="/wiki/Gel" title="Gel">gel</a>, seperti <a href="/wiki/Agar" class="mw-redirect" title="Agar">agar</a>, di mana nutrisi dicampurkan pada agar.<sup id="cite_ref-gunawan_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gunawan-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Media cair adalah nutrisi yang dilarutkan di <a href="/wiki/Air" title="Air">air</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gunawan_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gunawan-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Media cair dapat bersifat tenang atau dalam kondisi selalu bergerak, tergantung kebutuhan.<sup id="cite_ref-gunawan_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gunawan-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Komposisi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Komposisi (halaman belum tersedia)">Komposisi</a> media yang digunakan dalam kultur jaringan dapat berbeda komposisinya.<sup id="cite_ref-ali_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ali-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perbedaan komposisi media dapat mengakibatkan perbedaan pertumbuhan dan perkembangan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eksplan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eksplan (halaman belum tersedia)">eksplan</a> yang ditumbuhkan secara <i>in vitro</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-pierik_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pierik-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Media Murashige dan Skoog (MS) sering digunakan karena cukup memenuhi unsur hara makro, mikro dan vitamin untuk pertumbuhan tanaman.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nutrien" title="Nutrien">Nutrien</a> yang tersedia di media berguna untuk <a href="/wiki/Metabolisme" title="Metabolisme">metabolisme</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">vitamin</a> pada media dibutuhkan oleh organisme dalam jumlah sedikit untuk regulasi.<sup id="cite_ref-aki_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aki-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-som_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-som-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada media MS, tidak terdapat zat pengatur tumbuh (ZPT) oleh karena itu ZPT ditambahkan pada media (eksogen).<sup id="cite_ref-aki_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aki-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ZPT atau hormon tumbuhan berpengaruh pada pertumbuhan dan perkembangan tanaman.<sup id="cite_ref-aki_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aki-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Interaksi" title="Interaksi">Interaksi</a> dan keseimbangan antara ZPT yang diberikan dalam media (eksogen) dan yang diproduksi oleh sel secara endogen menentukan arah perkembangan suatu <a href="/wiki/Kultur" class="mw-redirect" title="Kultur">kultur</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-aki_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aki-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-som_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-som-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Penambahan <a href="/wiki/Hormon_tumbuhan" title="Hormon tumbuhan">hormon tumbuhan</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Zat_pengatur_tumbuh" class="mw-redirect" title="Zat pengatur tumbuh">zat pengatur tumbuh</a> pada jaringan parenkim dapat mengembalikan jaringan ini menjadi meristematik kembali dan berkembang menjadi jaringan adventif tempat <a href="/wiki/Pucuk" title="Pucuk">pucuk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunas" title="Tunas">tunas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akar" title="Akar">akar</a> maupun <a href="/wiki/Daun" title="Daun">daun</a> pada lokasi yang tidak semestinya.<sup id="cite_ref-lyn_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lyn-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proses ini dikenal dengan peristiwa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dediferensiasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dediferensiasi (halaman belum tersedia)">dediferensiasi</a>. Dediferensiasi ditandai dengan peningkatan aktivitas pembelahan, pembesaran sel, dan perkembangan jaringan.<sup id="cite_ref-lyn_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lyn-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beberapa <a href="/wiki/Jaringan" title="Jaringan">jaringan</a> yang lambat dalam pertumbuhan mereka. Bagi mereka akan ada dua pilihan: (i) Optimalisasi media tumbuh, (ii) Membudidayakan sehat dan penuh semangat tumbuh jaringan atau varietas.<sup id="cite_ref-pazuki_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pazuki-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Necrosis bisa merusak jaringan kultur. Umumnya, nekrosis kultur jaringan bervariasi dalam varietas yang berbeda dari tanaman. Dengan demikian, dapat dikelola oleh kultur sehat dan penuh semangat tumbuh <a href="/wiki/Varietas_(botani)" title="Varietas (botani)">varietas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pazuki_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pazuki-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Metode">Metode</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kultur_jaringan&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bagian: Metode" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kultur_jaringan&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Metode"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Metode perbanyakan tanaman dan penyilangan tanaman secara in vitro (kultur jaringan) dapat dilakukan melalui tiga cara, yaitu melalui perbanyakan <a href="/wiki/Tunas" title="Tunas">tunas</a> dari mata <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunas_apikal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tunas apikal (halaman belum tersedia)">tunas apikal</a>, melalui pembentukan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunas_adventif&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tunas adventif (halaman belum tersedia)">tunas adventif</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Embriogenesis" title="Embriogenesis">embriogenesis</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Somatik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Somatik (halaman belum tersedia)">somatik</a>, baik secara langsung maupun melalui tahap pembentukan <a href="/wiki/Kalus" title="Kalus">kalus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gunawan_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gunawan-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ada beberapa tipe <a href="/wiki/Jaringan" title="Jaringan">jaringan</a> yang digunakan sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eksplan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eksplan (halaman belum tersedia)">eksplan</a> dalam pengerjaan kultur jaringan.<sup id="cite_ref-pierik_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pierik-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pertama adalah jaringan muda yang belum mengalami diferensiasi dan masih aktif membelah (meristematik) sehingga memiliki kemampuan <a href="/wiki/Regenerasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Regenerasi">regenerasi</a> yang tinggi.<sup id="cite_ref-pierik_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pierik-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jaringan tipe pertama ini biasa ditemukan pada <a href="/wiki/Tunas" title="Tunas">tunas</a> apikal, tunas aksiler, bagian tepi daun, ujung akar, maupun <a href="/wiki/Kambium" title="Kambium">kambium</a> batang.<sup id="cite_ref-evert_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-evert-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tipe jaringan yang kedua adalah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaringan_parenkima&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jaringan parenkima (halaman belum tersedia)">jaringan parenkima</a>, yaitu jaringan penyusun tanaman muda yang sudah mengalami diferensiasi dan menjalankan fungsinya.<sup id="cite_ref-evert_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-evert-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contoh jaringan tersebut adalah jaringan daun yang sudah berfotosintesis dan jaringan batang atau akar yang berfungsi sebagai tempat <a href="/wiki/Cadangan" class="mw-disambig" title="Cadangan">cadangan</a> makanan.<sup id="cite_ref-evert_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-evert-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lihat_pula">Lihat pula</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kultur_jaringan&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bagian: Lihat pula" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kultur_jaringan&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Lihat pula"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalus" title="Kalus">Kalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kultur_sel" title="Kultur sel">Kultur sel</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referensi">Referensi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kultur_jaringan&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bagian: Referensi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kultur_jaringan&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Referensi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18833634">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-hamed-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hamed_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hamed_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hamed_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> Hameed N, Shabbir A, Ali A, Bajwa R. 2006. In vitro micropropagation of disease free rose (Rosa indica L.). <i>Mycopath</i> 4:35-38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gunawan-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gunawan_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gunawan_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gunawan_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gunawan_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gunawan_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gunawan_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gunawan_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gunawan_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gunawan_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gunawan LW. 1987. Teknik Kultur Jaringan. Bogor: Pusat Antar Universitas Bioteknologi, Institut Pertanian Bogor. Hal. 252.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-khan-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-khan_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-khan_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-khan_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> Khan IA, Shaw JJ. 1988. Biotechnology in Agriculture. <i>Punjab. Agric. Res. Coordination Board Faisalabad, Pakistan. pp</i>. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ali-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ali_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ali_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> Ali G, Hadi F, Ali Z, Tariq M, Khan MA. 2007. Callus induction and in vitro complete plant regeneration of different cultivars of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) on media of different hormonal concentrations. <i>Biotechnol</i>. 6:561-566.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pierik-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pierik_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pierik_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pierik_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> Pierik RLM. 1999. <i>In vitro culture of higher plants</i>. 4th Edition. USA: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Hal. 16-27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marlina N. 2004. Teknik modifikasi media Murashige dan Skoog (MS) untuk konservasi in vitro. <i>Buletin Teknik Pertanian</i> 9(1):4-6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aki-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-aki_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aki_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aki_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aki_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> Akiyoshi DE et al. 1983. Cytokinin/auxin balance in crown gall tumors is regulated by specific loci in the T-DNA. <i>J. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci</i>. 80: 407-411.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-som-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-som_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-som_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> Soomro R, Yasmin S, Aleem R. 2003. In vitro propagation of Rosa indica. <i>Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences</i> 6(9):826-830.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lyn-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lyn_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lyn_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> Lyndon RF. 1990. <i>Plant Development; The Cellular Basis</i>. London: Unwin Hyman Ltd. Hal. 37-41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pazuki-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pazuki_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pazuki_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> <cite class="citation journal">Pazuki, Arman & Sohani, Mehdi (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aas.bf.uni-lj.si/september2013/08Pazuki.pdf">"Phenotypic evaluation of scutellum-derived calluses in 'Indica' rice cultivars"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Acta Agriculturae Slovenica</i>. <b>101</b> (2): 239–247. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2478%2Facas-2013-0020">10.2478/acas-2013-0020</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">February 2,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Agriculturae+Slovenica&rft.atitle=Phenotypic+evaluation+of+scutellum-derived+calluses+in+%E2%80%98Indica%E2%80%99+rice+cultivars&rft.volume=101&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=239-247&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2478%2Facas-2013-0020&rft.aulast=Pazuki&rft.aufirst=Arman&rft.au=Sohani%2C+Mehdi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faas.bf.uni-lj.si%2Fseptember2013%2F08Pazuki.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKultur+jaringan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-evert-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-evert_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-evert_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-evert_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> Evert RF, K.Esau, SE Eichhorn. 2006. Esau's Plant anatomy: meristems, cells, and tissues of the plant body: their structure, function, and development. 3rd edition. New Jersey: <i>John Willey & Sons</i>. Hal. 67-79.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23782733">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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