CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html>      <html lang="en" dir="ltr" prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns# fb: http://www.facebook.com/2008/fbml content: http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/ dc: http://purl.org/dc/terms/ foaf: http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/ rdfs: http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema# sioc: http://rdfs.org/sioc/ns# sioct: http://rdfs.org/sioc/types# skos: http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core# xsd: http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#">  <head> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">  <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /><script type="text/javascript">(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).init={ajax:{deny_list:["bam.nr-data.net"]}};(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).loader_config={licenseKey:"16a1fcb04f",applicationID:"181340780"};;/*! For license information please see nr-loader-rum-1.274.0.min.js.LICENSE.txt */ (()=>{var e,t,r={8122:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{a:()=>i});var n=r(944);function i(e,t){try{if(!e||"object"!=typeof e)return(0,n.R)(3);if(!t||"object"!=typeof t)return(0,n.R)(4);const r=Object.create(Object.getPrototypeOf(t),Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(t)),o=0===Object.keys(r).length?e:r;for(let a in o)if(void 0!==e[a])try{if(null===e[a]){r[a]=null;continue}Array.isArray(e[a])&&Array.isArray(t[a])?r[a]=Array.from(new Set([...e[a],...t[a]])):"object"==typeof e[a]&&"object"==typeof t[a]?r[a]=i(e[a],t[a]):r[a]=e[a]}catch(e){(0,n.R)(1,e)}return r}catch(e){(0,n.R)(2,e)}}},2555:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Vp:()=>c,fn:()=>s,x1:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(8122);const o={beacon:n.NT.beacon,errorBeacon:n.NT.errorBeacon,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,sa:void 0,queueTime:void 0,applicationTime:void 0,ttGuid:void 0,user:void 0,account:void 0,product:void 0,extra:void 0,jsAttributes:{},userAttributes:void 0,atts:void 0,transactionName:void 0,tNamePlain:void 0},a={};function s(e){try{const t=c(e);return!!t.licenseKey&&!!t.errorBeacon&&!!t.applicationID}catch(e){return!1}}function c(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");if(!a[e])throw new Error("Info for ".concat(e," was never set"));return a[e]}function u(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");a[e]=(0,i.a)(t,o);const r=(0,n.nY)(e);r&&(r.info=a[e])}},9417:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D0:()=>g,gD:()=>h,xN:()=>p});var n=r(993);const i=e=>{if(!e||"string"!=typeof e)return!1;try{document.createDocumentFragment().querySelector(e)}catch{return!1}return!0};var o=r(2614),a=r(944),s=r(384),c=r(8122);const u="[data-nr-mask]",d=()=>{const e={mask_selector:"*",block_selector:"[data-nr-block]",mask_input_options:{color:!1,date:!1,"datetime-local":!1,email:!1,month:!1,number:!1,range:!1,search:!1,tel:!1,text:!1,time:!1,url:!1,week:!1,textarea:!1,select:!1,password:!0}};return{ajax:{deny_list:void 0,block_internal:!0,enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},distributed_tracing:{enabled:void 0,exclude_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_tracecontext_headers:void 0,allowed_origins:void 0},feature_flags:[],generic_events:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,autoStart:!0},harvest:{tooManyRequestsDelay:60},jserrors:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},logging:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0,level:n.p_.INFO},metrics:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},obfuscate:void 0,page_action:{enabled:!0},page_view_event:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},page_view_timing:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,autoStart:!0},performance:{capture_marks:!1,capture_measures:!1},privacy:{cookies_enabled:!0},proxy:{assets:void 0,beacon:void 0},session:{expiresMs:o.wk,inactiveMs:o.BB},session_replay:{autoStart:!0,enabled:!1,harvestTimeSeconds:60,preload:!1,sampling_rate:10,error_sampling_rate:100,collect_fonts:!1,inline_images:!1,fix_stylesheets:!0,mask_all_inputs:!0,get mask_text_selector(){return e.mask_selector},set mask_text_selector(t){i(t)?e.mask_selector="".concat(t,",").concat(u):""===t||null===t?e.mask_selector=u:(0,a.R)(5,t)},get block_class(){return"nr-block"},get ignore_class(){return"nr-ignore"},get mask_text_class(){return"nr-mask"},get block_selector(){return e.block_selector},set block_selector(t){i(t)?e.block_selector+=",".concat(t):""!==t&&(0,a.R)(6,t)},get mask_input_options(){return e.mask_input_options},set mask_input_options(t){t&&"object"==typeof t?e.mask_input_options={...t,password:!0}:(0,a.R)(7,t)}},session_trace:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},soft_navigations:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},spa:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},ssl:void 0,user_actions:{enabled:!0}}},l={},f="All configuration objects require an agent identifier!";function g(e){if(!e)throw new Error(f);if(!l[e])throw new Error("Configuration for ".concat(e," was never set"));return l[e]}function p(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(f);l[e]=(0,c.a)(t,d());const r=(0,s.nY)(e);r&&(r.init=l[e])}function h(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(f);var r=g(e);if(r){for(var n=t.split("."),i=0;i<n.length-1;i++)if("object"!=typeof(r=r[n[i]]))return;r=r[n[n.length-1]]}return r}},3371:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{V:()=>f,f:()=>l});var n=r(8122),i=r(384),o=r(6154),a=r(9324);let s=0;const c={buildEnv:a.F3,distMethod:a.Xs,version:a.xv,originTime:o.WN},u={customTransaction:void 0,disabled:!1,isolatedBacklog:!1,loaderType:void 0,maxBytes:3e4,onerror:void 0,ptid:void 0,releaseIds:{},appMetadata:{},session:void 0,denyList:void 0,timeKeeper:void 0,obfuscator:void 0},d={};function l(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");if(!d[e])throw new Error("Runtime for ".concat(e," was never set"));return d[e]}function f(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");d[e]={...(0,n.a)(t,u),...c},Object.hasOwnProperty.call(d[e],"harvestCount")||Object.defineProperty(d[e],"harvestCount",{get:()=>++s});const r=(0,i.nY)(e);r&&(r.runtime=d[e])}},9324:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{F3:()=>i,Xs:()=>o,xv:()=>n});const n="1.274.0",i="PROD",o="CDN"},6154:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{OF:()=>c,RI:()=>i,WN:()=>d,bv:()=>o,gm:()=>a,mw:()=>s,sb:()=>u});var n=r(1863);const i="undefined"!=typeof window&&!!window.document,o="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator),a=i?window:"undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis),s=Boolean("hidden"===a?.document?.visibilityState),c=/iPad|iPhone|iPod/.test(a.navigator?.userAgent),u=c&&"undefined"==typeof SharedWorker,d=((()=>{const e=a.navigator?.userAgent?.match(/Firefox[/\s](\d+\.\d+)/);Array.isArray(e)&&e.length>=2&&e[1]})(),Date.now()-(0,n.t)())},1687:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Ak:()=>c,Ze:()=>l,x3:()=>u});var n=r(7836),i=r(3606),o=r(860),a=r(2646);const s={};function c(e,t){const r={staged:!1,priority:o.P3[t]||0};d(e),s[e].get(t)||s[e].set(t,r)}function u(e,t){e&&s[e]&&(s[e].get(t)&&s[e].delete(t),g(e,t,!1),s[e].size&&f(e))}function d(e){if(!e)throw new Error("agentIdentifier required");s[e]||(s[e]=new Map)}function l(e="",t="feature",r=!1){if(d(e),!e||!s[e].get(t)||r)return g(e,t);s[e].get(t).staged=!0,f(e)}function f(e){const t=Array.from(s[e]);t.every((([e,t])=>t.staged))&&(t.sort(((e,t)=>e[1].priority-t[1].priority)),t.forEach((([t])=>{s[e].delete(t),g(e,t)})))}function g(e,t,r=!0){const o=e?n.ee.get(e):n.ee,s=i.i.handlers;if(!o.aborted&&o.backlog&&s){if(r){const e=o.backlog[t],r=s[t];if(r){for(let t=0;e&&t<e.length;++t)p(e[t],r);Object.entries(r).forEach((([e,t])=>{Object.values(t||{}).forEach((t=>{t[0]?.on&&t[0]?.context()instanceof a.y&&t[0].on(e,t[1])}))}))}}o.isolatedBacklog||delete s[t],o.backlog[t]=null,o.emit("drain-"+t,[])}}function p(e,t){var r=e[1];Object.values(t[r]||{}).forEach((t=>{var r=e[0];if(t[0]===r){var n=t[1],i=e[3],o=e[2];n.apply(i,o)}}))}},7836:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{P:()=>c,ee:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(8990),o=r(3371),a=r(2646),s=r(5607);const c="nr@context:".concat(s.W),u=function e(t,r){var n={},s={},d={},l=!1;try{l=16===r.length&&(0,o.f)(r).isolatedBacklog}catch(e){}var f={on:p,addEventListener:p,removeEventListener:function(e,t){var r=n[e];if(!r)return;for(var i=0;i<r.length;i++)r[i]===t&&r.splice(i,1)},emit:function(e,r,n,i,o){!1!==o&&(o=!0);if(u.aborted&&!i)return;t&&o&&t.emit(e,r,n);for(var a=g(n),c=h(e),d=c.length,l=0;l<d;l++)c[l].apply(a,r);var p=m()[s[e]];p&&p.push([f,e,r,a]);return a},get:v,listeners:h,context:g,buffer:function(e,t){const r=m();if(t=t||"feature",f.aborted)return;Object.entries(e||{}).forEach((([e,n])=>{s[n]=t,t in r||(r[t]=[])}))},abort:function(){f._aborted=!0,Object.keys(f.backlog).forEach((e=>{delete f.backlog[e]}))},isBuffering:function(e){return!!m()[s[e]]},debugId:r,backlog:l?{}:t&&"object"==typeof t.backlog?t.backlog:{},isolatedBacklog:l};return Object.defineProperty(f,"aborted",{get:()=>{let e=f._aborted||!1;return e||(t&&(e=t.aborted),e)}}),f;function g(e){return e&&e instanceof a.y?e:e?(0,i.I)(e,c,(()=>new a.y(c))):new a.y(c)}function p(e,t){n[e]=h(e).concat(t)}function h(e){return n[e]||[]}function v(t){return d[t]=d[t]||e(f,t)}function m(){return f.backlog}}(void 0,"globalEE"),d=(0,n.Zm)();d.ee||(d.ee=u)},2646:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{y:()=>n});class n{constructor(e){this.contextId=e}}},9908:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{d:()=>n,p:()=>i});var n=r(7836).ee.get("handle");function i(e,t,r,i,o){o?(o.buffer([e],i),o.emit(e,t,r)):(n.buffer([e],i),n.emit(e,t,r))}},3606:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{i:()=>o});var n=r(9908);o.on=a;var i=o.handlers={};function o(e,t,r,o){a(o||n.d,i,e,t,r)}function a(e,t,r,i,o){o||(o="feature"),e||(e=n.d);var a=t[o]=t[o]||{};(a[r]=a[r]||[]).push([e,i])}},3878:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){return{capture:e,passive:!1,signal:t}}function i(e,t,r=!1,i){window.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}function o(e,t,r=!1,i){document.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}r.d(t,{DD:()=>o,jT:()=>n,sp:()=>i})},5607:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>n});const n=(0,r(9566).bz)()},9566:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{LA:()=>s,bz:()=>a});var n=r(6154);const i="xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx";function o(e,t){return e?15&e[t]:16*Math.random()|0}function a(){const e=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let t,r=0;return e&&e.getRandomValues&&(t=e.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(30))),i.split("").map((e=>"x"===e?o(t,r++).toString(16):"y"===e?(3&o()|8).toString(16):e)).join("")}function s(e){const t=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let r,i=0;t&&t.getRandomValues&&(r=t.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(e)));const a=[];for(var s=0;s<e;s++)a.push(o(r,i++).toString(16));return a.join("")}},2614:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{BB:()=>a,H3:()=>n,g:()=>u,iL:()=>c,tS:()=>s,uh:()=>i,wk:()=>o});const n="NRBA",i="SESSION",o=144e5,a=18e5,s={STARTED:"session-started",PAUSE:"session-pause",RESET:"session-reset",RESUME:"session-resume",UPDATE:"session-update"},c={SAME_TAB:"same-tab",CROSS_TAB:"cross-tab"},u={OFF:0,FULL:1,ERROR:2}},1863:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(){return Math.floor(performance.now())}r.d(t,{t:()=>n})},944:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){"function"==typeof console.debug&&console.debug("New Relic Warning: https://github.com/newrelic/newrelic-browser-agent/blob/main/docs/warning-codes.md#".concat(e),t)}r.d(t,{R:()=>n})},5284:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{t:()=>c,B:()=>s});var n=r(7836),i=r(6154);const o="newrelic";const a=new Set,s={};function c(e,t){const r=n.ee.get(t);s[t]??={},e&&"object"==typeof e&&(a.has(t)||(r.emit("rumresp",[e]),s[t]=e,a.add(t),function(e={}){try{i.gm.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent(o,{detail:e}))}catch(e){}}({loaded:!0})))}},8990:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{I:()=>i});var n=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;function i(e,t,r){if(n.call(e,t))return e[t];var i=r();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:i,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),i}catch(e){}return e[t]=i,i}},6389:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t=500,r={}){const n=r?.leading||!1;let i;return(...r)=>{n&&void 0===i&&(e.apply(this,r),i=setTimeout((()=>{i=clearTimeout(i)}),t)),n||(clearTimeout(i),i=setTimeout((()=>{e.apply(this,r)}),t))}}function i(e){let t=!1;return(...r)=>{t||(t=!0,e.apply(this,r))}}r.d(t,{J:()=>i,s:()=>n})},5289:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{GG:()=>o,sB:()=>a});var n=r(3878);function i(){return"undefined"==typeof document||"complete"===document.readyState}function o(e,t){if(i())return e();(0,n.sp)("load",e,t)}function a(e){if(i())return e();(0,n.DD)("DOMContentLoaded",e)}},384:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{NT:()=>o,US:()=>d,Zm:()=>a,bQ:()=>c,dV:()=>s,nY:()=>u,pV:()=>l});var n=r(6154),i=r(1863);const o={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net"};function a(){return n.gm.NREUM||(n.gm.NREUM={}),void 0===n.gm.newrelic&&(n.gm.newrelic=n.gm.NREUM),n.gm.NREUM}function s(){let e=a();return e.o||(e.o={ST:n.gm.setTimeout,SI:n.gm.setImmediate,CT:n.gm.clearTimeout,XHR:n.gm.XMLHttpRequest,REQ:n.gm.Request,EV:n.gm.Event,PR:n.gm.Promise,MO:n.gm.MutationObserver,FETCH:n.gm.fetch,WS:n.gm.WebSocket}),e}function c(e,t){let r=a();r.initializedAgents??={},t.initializedAt={ms:(0,i.t)(),date:new Date},r.initializedAgents[e]=t}function u(e){let t=a();return t.initializedAgents?.[e]}function d(e,t){a()[e]=t}function l(){return function(){let e=a();const t=e.info||{};e.info={beacon:o.beacon,errorBeacon:o.errorBeacon,...t}}(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.init||{};e.init={...t}}(),s(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.loader_config||{};e.loader_config={...t}}(),a()}},2843:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{u:()=>i});var n=r(3878);function i(e,t=!1,r,i){(0,n.DD)("visibilitychange",(function(){if(t)return void("hidden"===document.visibilityState&&e());e(document.visibilityState)}),r,i)}},3434:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{YM:()=>c});var n=r(7836),i=r(5607);const o="nr@original:".concat(i.W);var a=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty,s=!1;function c(e,t){return e||(e=n.ee),r.inPlace=function(e,t,n,i,o){n||(n="");const a="-"===n.charAt(0);for(let s=0;s<t.length;s++){const c=t[s],u=e[c];d(u)||(e[c]=r(u,a?c+n:n,i,c,o))}},r.flag=o,r;function r(t,r,n,s,c){return d(t)?t:(r||(r=""),nrWrapper[o]=t,function(e,t,r){if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.keys(e).forEach((function(r){Object.defineProperty(t,r,{get:function(){return e[r]},set:function(t){return e[r]=t,t}})})),t}catch(e){u([e],r)}for(var n in e)a.call(e,n)&&(t[n]=e[n])}(t,nrWrapper,e),nrWrapper);function nrWrapper(){var o,a,d,l;try{a=this,o=[...arguments],d="function"==typeof n?n(o,a):n||{}}catch(t){u([t,"",[o,a,s],d],e)}i(r+"start",[o,a,s],d,c);try{return l=t.apply(a,o)}catch(e){throw i(r+"err",[o,a,e],d,c),e}finally{i(r+"end",[o,a,l],d,c)}}}function i(r,n,i,o){if(!s||t){var a=s;s=!0;try{e.emit(r,n,i,t,o)}catch(t){u([t,r,n,i],e)}s=a}}}function u(e,t){t||(t=n.ee);try{t.emit("internal-error",e)}catch(e){}}function d(e){return!(e&&"function"==typeof e&&e.apply&&!e[o])}},993:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{ET:()=>o,p_:()=>i});var n=r(860);const i={ERROR:"ERROR",WARN:"WARN",INFO:"INFO",DEBUG:"DEBUG",TRACE:"TRACE"},o="log";n.K7.logging},3969:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{TZ:()=>n,XG:()=>s,rs:()=>i,xV:()=>a,z_:()=>o});const n=r(860).K7.metrics,i="sm",o="cm",a="storeSupportabilityMetrics",s="storeEventMetrics"},6630:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewEvent},782:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewTiming},6344:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{G4:()=>i});var n=r(2614);r(860).K7.sessionReplay;const i={RECORD:"recordReplay",PAUSE:"pauseReplay",REPLAY_RUNNING:"replayRunning",ERROR_DURING_REPLAY:"errorDuringReplay"};n.g.ERROR,n.g.FULL,n.g.OFF},4234:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>o});var n=r(7836),i=r(1687);class o{constructor(e,t){this.agentIdentifier=e,this.ee=n.ee.get(e),this.featureName=t,this.blocked=!1}deregisterDrain(){(0,i.x3)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName)}}},7603:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{j:()=>P});var n=r(860),i=r(2555),o=r(3371),a=r(9908),s=r(7836),c=r(1687),u=r(5289),d=r(6154),l=r(944),f=r(3969),g=r(384),p=r(6344);const h=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease","addPageAction","setCurrentRouteName","setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","interaction","noticeError","setUserId","setApplicationVersion","start",p.G4.RECORD,p.G4.PAUSE,"log","wrapLogger"],v=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease"];var m=r(1863),b=r(2614),y=r(993);var w=r(2646),A=r(3434);function R(e,t,r,n){if("object"!=typeof t||!t||"string"!=typeof r||!r||"function"!=typeof t[r])return(0,l.R)(29);const i=function(e){return(e||s.ee).get("logger")}(e),o=(0,A.YM)(i),a=new w.y(s.P);return a.level=n.level,a.customAttributes=n.customAttributes,o.inPlace(t,[r],"wrap-logger-",a),i}function E(){const e=(0,g.pV)();h.forEach((t=>{e[t]=(...r)=>function(t,...r){let n=[];return Object.values(e.initializedAgents).forEach((e=>{e&&e.api?e.exposed&&e.api[t]&&n.push(e.api[t](...r)):(0,l.R)(38,t)})),n.length>1?n:n[0]}(t,...r)}))}const x={};function _(e,t,g=!1){t||(0,c.Ak)(e,"api");const h={};var w=s.ee.get(e),A=w.get("tracer");x[e]=b.g.OFF,w.on(p.G4.REPLAY_RUNNING,(t=>{x[e]=t}));var E="api-",_=E+"ixn-";function N(t,r,n,o){const a=(0,i.Vp)(e);return null===r?delete a.jsAttributes[t]:(0,i.x1)(e,{...a,jsAttributes:{...a.jsAttributes,[t]:r}}),j(E,n,!0,o||null===r?"session":void 0)(t,r)}function T(){}h.log=function(e,{customAttributes:t={},level:r=y.p_.INFO}={}){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/log/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),function(e,t,r={},i=y.p_.INFO){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/logging/".concat(i.toLowerCase(),"/called")],void 0,n.K7.metrics,e),(0,a.p)(y.ET,[(0,m.t)(),t,r,i],void 0,n.K7.logging,e)}(w,e,t,r)},h.wrapLogger=(e,t,{customAttributes:r={},level:i=y.p_.INFO}={})=>{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/wrapLogger/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),R(w,e,t,{customAttributes:r,level:i})},v.forEach((e=>{h[e]=j(E,e,!0,"api")})),h.addPageAction=j(E,"addPageAction",!0,n.K7.genericEvents),h.setPageViewName=function(t,r){if("string"==typeof t)return"/"!==t.charAt(0)&&(t="/"+t),(0,o.f)(e).customTransaction=(r||"http://custom.transaction")+t,j(E,"setPageViewName",!0)()},h.setCustomAttribute=function(e,t,r=!1){if("string"==typeof e){if(["string","number","boolean"].includes(typeof t)||null===t)return N(e,t,"setCustomAttribute",r);(0,l.R)(40,typeof t)}else(0,l.R)(39,typeof e)},h.setUserId=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return N("enduser.id",e,"setUserId",!0);(0,l.R)(41,typeof e)},h.setApplicationVersion=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return N("application.version",e,"setApplicationVersion",!1);(0,l.R)(42,typeof e)},h.start=()=>{try{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/start/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),w.emit("manual-start-all")}catch(e){(0,l.R)(23,e)}},h[p.G4.RECORD]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/recordReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,a.p)(p.G4.RECORD,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,w)},h[p.G4.PAUSE]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/pauseReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,a.p)(p.G4.PAUSE,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,w)},h.interaction=function(e){return(new T).get("object"==typeof e?e:{})};const S=T.prototype={createTracer:function(e,t){var r={},i=this,o="function"==typeof t;return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/createTracer/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),g||(0,a.p)(_+"tracer",[(0,m.t)(),e,r],i,n.K7.spa,w),function(){if(A.emit((o?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[(0,m.t)(),i,o],r),o)try{return t.apply(this,arguments)}catch(e){const t="string"==typeof e?new Error(e):e;throw A.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,t],r),t}finally{A.emit("fn-end",[(0,m.t)()],r)}}}};function j(e,t,r,i){return function(){return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/"+t+"/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),i&&(0,a.p)(e+t,[(0,m.t)(),...arguments],r?null:this,i,w),r?void 0:this}}function k(){r.e(296).then(r.bind(r,8778)).then((({setAPI:t})=>{t(e),(0,c.Ze)(e,"api")})).catch((e=>{(0,l.R)(27,e),w.abort()}))}return["actionText","setName","setAttribute","save","ignore","onEnd","getContext","end","get"].forEach((e=>{S[e]=j(_,e,void 0,g?n.K7.softNav:n.K7.spa)})),h.setCurrentRouteName=g?j(_,"routeName",void 0,n.K7.softNav):j(E,"routeName",!0,n.K7.spa),h.noticeError=function(t,r){"string"==typeof t&&(t=new Error(t)),(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/noticeError/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,a.p)("err",[t,(0,m.t)(),!1,r,!!x[e]],void 0,n.K7.jserrors,w)},d.RI?(0,u.GG)((()=>k()),!0):k(),h}var N=r(9417),T=r(8122);const S={accountID:void 0,trustKey:void 0,agentID:void 0,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,xpid:void 0},j={};var k=r(5284);const I=e=>{const t=e.startsWith("http");e+="/",r.p=t?e:"https://"+e};let O=!1;function P(e,t={},r,n){let{init:a,info:c,loader_config:u,runtime:l={},exposed:f=!0}=t;l.loaderType=r;const p=(0,g.pV)();c||(a=p.init,c=p.info,u=p.loader_config),(0,N.xN)(e.agentIdentifier,a||{}),function(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");j[e]=(0,T.a)(t,S);const r=(0,g.nY)(e);r&&(r.loader_config=j[e])}(e.agentIdentifier,u||{}),c.jsAttributes??={},d.bv&&(c.jsAttributes.isWorker=!0),(0,i.x1)(e.agentIdentifier,c);const h=(0,N.D0)(e.agentIdentifier),v=[c.beacon,c.errorBeacon];O||(h.proxy.assets&&(I(h.proxy.assets),v.push(h.proxy.assets)),h.proxy.beacon&&v.push(h.proxy.beacon),E(),(0,g.US)("activatedFeatures",k.B),e.runSoftNavOverSpa&&=!0===h.soft_navigations.enabled&&h.feature_flags.includes("soft_nav")),l.denyList=[...h.ajax.deny_list||[],...h.ajax.block_internal?v:[]],l.ptid=e.agentIdentifier,(0,o.V)(e.agentIdentifier,l),e.ee=s.ee.get(e.agentIdentifier),void 0===e.api&&(e.api=_(e.agentIdentifier,n,e.runSoftNavOverSpa)),void 0===e.exposed&&(e.exposed=f),O=!0}},8374:(e,t,r)=>{r.nc=(()=>{try{return document?.currentScript?.nonce}catch(e){}return""})()},860:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{$J:()=>o,K7:()=>n,P3:()=>i});const n={ajax:"ajax",genericEvents:"generic_events",jserrors:"jserrors",logging:"logging",metrics:"metrics",pageAction:"page_action",pageViewEvent:"page_view_event",pageViewTiming:"page_view_timing",sessionReplay:"session_replay",sessionTrace:"session_trace",softNav:"soft_navigations",spa:"spa"},i={[n.pageViewEvent]:1,[n.pageViewTiming]:2,[n.metrics]:3,[n.jserrors]:4,[n.spa]:5,[n.ajax]:6,[n.sessionTrace]:7,[n.softNav]:8,[n.sessionReplay]:9,[n.logging]:10,[n.genericEvents]:11},o={[n.pageViewTiming]:"events",[n.ajax]:"events",[n.spa]:"events",[n.softNav]:"events",[n.metrics]:"jserrors",[n.jserrors]:"jserrors",[n.sessionTrace]:"browser/blobs",[n.sessionReplay]:"browser/blobs",[n.logging]:"browser/logs",[n.genericEvents]:"ins"}}},n={};function i(e){var t=n[e];if(void 0!==t)return t.exports;var o=n[e]={exports:{}};return r[e](o,o.exports,i),o.exports}i.m=r,i.d=(e,t)=>{for(var r in t)i.o(t,r)&&!i.o(e,r)&&Object.defineProperty(e,r,{enumerable:!0,get:t[r]})},i.f={},i.e=e=>Promise.all(Object.keys(i.f).reduce(((t,r)=>(i.f[r](e,t),t)),[])),i.u=e=>"nr-rum-1.274.0.min.js",i.o=(e,t)=>Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,t),e={},t="NRBA-1.274.0.PROD:",i.l=(r,n,o,a)=>{if(e[r])e[r].push(n);else{var s,c;if(void 0!==o)for(var u=document.getElementsByTagName("script"),d=0;d<u.length;d++){var l=u[d];if(l.getAttribute("src")==r||l.getAttribute("data-webpack")==t+o){s=l;break}}if(!s){c=!0;var f={296:"sha512-gkYkZDAwQ9PwaDXs2YM+rNIdRej1Ac1mupWobRJ8eahQcXz6/sunGZCKklrzi5kWxhOGRZr2tn0rEKuLTXzfAA=="};(s=document.createElement("script")).charset="utf-8",s.timeout=120,i.nc&&s.setAttribute("nonce",i.nc),s.setAttribute("data-webpack",t+o),s.src=r,0!==s.src.indexOf(window.location.origin+"/")&&(s.crossOrigin="anonymous"),f[a]&&(s.integrity=f[a])}e[r]=[n];var g=(t,n)=>{s.onerror=s.onload=null,clearTimeout(p);var i=e[r];if(delete e[r],s.parentNode&&s.parentNode.removeChild(s),i&&i.forEach((e=>e(n))),t)return t(n)},p=setTimeout(g.bind(null,void 0,{type:"timeout",target:s}),12e4);s.onerror=g.bind(null,s.onerror),s.onload=g.bind(null,s.onload),c&&document.head.appendChild(s)}},i.r=e=>{"undefined"!=typeof Symbol&&Symbol.toStringTag&&Object.defineProperty(e,Symbol.toStringTag,{value:"Module"}),Object.defineProperty(e,"__esModule",{value:!0})},i.p="https://js-agent.newrelic.com/",(()=>{var e={840:0,374:0};i.f.j=(t,r)=>{var n=i.o(e,t)?e[t]:void 0;if(0!==n)if(n)r.push(n[2]);else{var o=new Promise(((r,i)=>n=e[t]=[r,i]));r.push(n[2]=o);var a=i.p+i.u(t),s=new Error;i.l(a,(r=>{if(i.o(e,t)&&(0!==(n=e[t])&&(e[t]=void 0),n)){var o=r&&("load"===r.type?"missing":r.type),a=r&&r.target&&r.target.src;s.message="Loading chunk "+t+" failed.\n("+o+": "+a+")",s.name="ChunkLoadError",s.type=o,s.request=a,n[1](s)}}),"chunk-"+t,t)}};var t=(t,r)=>{var n,o,[a,s,c]=r,u=0;if(a.some((t=>0!==e[t]))){for(n in s)i.o(s,n)&&(i.m[n]=s[n]);if(c)c(i)}for(t&&t(r);u<a.length;u++)o=a[u],i.o(e,o)&&e[o]&&e[o][0](),e[o]=0},r=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.274.0.PROD"]=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.274.0.PROD"]||[];r.forEach(t.bind(null,0)),r.push=t.bind(null,r.push.bind(r))})(),(()=>{"use strict";i(8374);var e=i(944),t=i(6344),r=i(9566);class n{agentIdentifier;constructor(e=(0,r.LA)(16)){this.agentIdentifier=e}#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}addPageAction(e,t){return this.#e("addPageAction",e,t)}setPageViewName(e,t){return this.#e("setPageViewName",e,t)}setCustomAttribute(e,t,r){return this.#e("setCustomAttribute",e,t,r)}noticeError(e,t){return this.#e("noticeError",e,t)}setUserId(e){return this.#e("setUserId",e)}setApplicationVersion(e){return this.#e("setApplicationVersion",e)}setErrorHandler(e){return this.#e("setErrorHandler",e)}addRelease(e,t){return this.#e("addRelease",e,t)}log(e,t){return this.#e("log",e,t)}}class o extends n{#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}start(){return this.#e("start")}finished(e){return this.#e("finished",e)}recordReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.RECORD)}pauseReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.PAUSE)}addToTrace(e){return this.#e("addToTrace",e)}setCurrentRouteName(e){return this.#e("setCurrentRouteName",e)}interaction(){return this.#e("interaction")}wrapLogger(e,t,r){return this.#e("wrapLogger",e,t,r)}}var a=i(860),s=i(9417);const c=Object.values(a.K7);function u(e){const t={};return c.forEach((r=>{t[r]=function(e,t){return!0===(0,s.gD)(t,"".concat(e,".enabled"))}(r,e)})),t}var d=i(7603);var l=i(1687),f=i(4234),g=i(5289),p=i(6154),h=i(384);const v=e=>p.RI&&!0===(0,s.gD)(e,"privacy.cookies_enabled");function m(e){return!!(0,h.dV)().o.MO&&v(e)&&!0===(0,s.gD)(e,"session_trace.enabled")}var b=i(6389);class y extends f.W{constructor(e,t,r=!0){super(e.agentIdentifier,t),this.auto=r,this.abortHandler=void 0,this.featAggregate=void 0,this.onAggregateImported=void 0,!1===e.init[this.featureName].autoStart&&(this.auto=!1),this.auto?(0,l.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,t):this.ee.on("manual-start-all",(0,b.J)((()=>{(0,l.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),this.auto=!0,this.importAggregator(e)})))}importAggregator(t,r={}){if(this.featAggregate||!this.auto)return;let n;this.onAggregateImported=new Promise((e=>{n=e}));const o=async()=>{let o;try{if(v(this.agentIdentifier)){const{setupAgentSession:e}=await i.e(296).then(i.bind(i,3861));o=e(t)}}catch(t){(0,e.R)(20,t),this.ee.emit("internal-error",[t]),this.featureName===a.K7.sessionReplay&&this.abortHandler?.()}try{if(t.sharedAggregator)await t.sharedAggregator;else{t.sharedAggregator=i.e(296).then(i.bind(i,9337));const{EventAggregator:e}=await t.sharedAggregator;t.sharedAggregator=new e}if(!this.#t(this.featureName,o))return(0,l.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),void n(!1);const{lazyFeatureLoader:e}=await i.e(296).then(i.bind(i,6103)),{Aggregate:a}=await e(this.featureName,"aggregate");this.featAggregate=new a(t,r),n(!0)}catch(t){(0,e.R)(34,t),this.abortHandler?.(),(0,l.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName,!0),n(!1),this.ee&&this.ee.abort()}};p.RI?(0,g.GG)((()=>o()),!0):o()}#t(e,t){switch(e){case a.K7.sessionReplay:return m(this.agentIdentifier)&&!!t;case a.K7.sessionTrace:return!!t;default:return!0}}}var w=i(6630);class A extends y{static featureName=w.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,w.T,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}var R=i(9908),E=i(2843),x=i(3878),_=i(782),N=i(1863);class T extends y{static featureName=_.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,_.T,t),p.RI&&((0,E.u)((()=>(0,R.p)("docHidden",[(0,N.t)()],void 0,_.T,this.ee)),!0),(0,x.sp)("pagehide",(()=>(0,R.p)("winPagehide",[(0,N.t)()],void 0,_.T,this.ee))),this.importAggregator(e))}}var S=i(3969);class j extends y{static featureName=S.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,S.TZ,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}new class extends o{constructor(t,r){super(r),p.gm?(this.features={},(0,h.bQ)(this.agentIdentifier,this),this.desiredFeatures=new Set(t.features||[]),this.desiredFeatures.add(A),this.runSoftNavOverSpa=[...this.desiredFeatures].some((e=>e.featureName===a.K7.softNav)),(0,d.j)(this,t,t.loaderType||"agent"),this.run()):(0,e.R)(21)}get config(){return{info:this.info,init:this.init,loader_config:this.loader_config,runtime:this.runtime}}run(){try{const t=u(this.agentIdentifier),r=[...this.desiredFeatures];r.sort(((e,t)=>a.P3[e.featureName]-a.P3[t.featureName])),r.forEach((r=>{if(!t[r.featureName]&&r.featureName!==a.K7.pageViewEvent)return;if(this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.spa)return;if(!this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.softNav)return;const n=function(e){switch(e){case a.K7.ajax:return[a.K7.jserrors];case a.K7.sessionTrace:return[a.K7.ajax,a.K7.pageViewEvent];case a.K7.sessionReplay:return[a.K7.sessionTrace];case a.K7.pageViewTiming:return[a.K7.pageViewEvent];default:return[]}}(r.featureName).filter((e=>!(e in this.features)));n.length>0&&(0,e.R)(36,{targetFeature:r.featureName,missingDependencies:n}),this.features[r.featureName]=new r(this)}))}catch(t){(0,e.R)(22,t);for(const e in this.features)this.features[e].abortHandler?.();const r=(0,h.Zm)();delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.api,delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.features,delete this.sharedAggregator;return r.ee.get(this.agentIdentifier).abort(),!1}}}({features:[A,T,j],loaderType:"lite"})})()})();</script> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://admissions.yale.edu/sites/all/themes/yale_omega_base/images/favicon.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=10, minimum-scale=1, user-scalable=yes, target-densitydpi=160dpi" /> <meta name="generator" content="Drupal 7 (https://www.drupal.org)" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://admissions.yale.edu/test-flexible" /> <link rel="shortlink" href="https://admissions.yale.edu/node/7947" /> <title>Testing Policy Announcement | Yale College Undergraduate Admissions</title> <meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true"> <meta name="MobileOptimized" content="320">  <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" href="/sites/all/themes/yale_admissions/images/touch/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png" />  <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="114x114" href="/sites/all/themes/yale_admissions/images/touch/apple-touch-icon-114x114.png" />  <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="72x72" href="/sites/all/themes/yale_admissions/images/touch/apple-touch-icon-72x72.png" />  <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="228x228" href="/sites/all/themes/yale_admissions/images/touch/apple-touch-icon-228x228.png" />  <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://admissions.yale.edu/sites/default/files/css/css_kShW4RPmRstZ3SpIC-ZvVGNFVAi0WEMuCnI0ZkYIaFw.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://admissions.yale.edu/sites/default/files/css/css_hTLrwzbU9bZhjvzx-j5entbJFEHkjJyd6RgHEla8FhA.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://admissions.yale.edu/sites/default/files/css/css_TDGmtErsfDvqCyeFUazaqVtbLD0_gTIXx1ziZRNIzDE.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://admissions.yale.edu/sites/default/files/css/css_cOpGwztcUJS2Xwj6BlHTT444vz5Ph-5qBff8qx5o4w0.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="//maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/font-awesome/4.7.0/css/font-awesome.min.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://admissions.yale.edu/sites/default/files/css/css_-WklPuFmCIiSrgVIIiNoelMbnXlKcCFtrnzfufIB41E.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://admissions.yale.edu/sites/default/files/css_injector/css_injector_3.css?snfghm" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://admissions.yale.edu/sites/default/files/css/css_WSd9V4yR3QLmEn8WwDUStVdLuNqUVbbYqHOHVEYIgWU.css" media="all" />   <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://admissions.yale.edu/sites/default/files/css/css_54Hzm0QBRbNmfLfmtcWMAP8YshIvarRyQMRyjnoJ5h8.css" media="all" />  <script type="text/javascript" src="https://admissions.yale.edu/sites/default/files/js/js_9_7GFjz526YpmvIGEt2cqGXY2KsJ7YQVnWP4RHHEmq4.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://admissions.yale.edu/sites/all/libraries/respondjs/respond.min.js?snfghm"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> <![CDATA[//><!]]> </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="//ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.8.3/jquery.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> <![CDATA[//><!]]> </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://admissions.yale.edu/sites/default/files/js/js_Hfha9RCTNm8mqMDLXriIsKGMaghzs4ZaqJPLj2esi7s.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="//ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jqueryui/1.10.2/jquery-ui.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> <![CDATA[//><!]]> </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://admissions.yale.edu/sites/default/files/js/js_RyX9kpgOaBpKzKE5JA0qV9FMNTAWVd9ZpWqvLdx1kg8.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://admissions.yale.edu/sites/default/files/js/js_BZGYU4vJYFmt__12CEce8_y0rrxOFkuZ584eHwh6Mzg.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://admissions.yale.edu/sites/default/files/js/js_NKWh_mVTWWcUGGLYnlYF3wud2tvGOFXeMpqOXCiH3WU.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-4ETEDEFSXJ"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> <![CDATA[//><!]]> </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://admissions.yale.edu/sites/default/files/js/js_Vvm0i2C80jLstLrF_rEd88qW2C_IyPB6HXgXETU_KIo.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> <![CDATA[//><!]]> </script> </head> <body class="html not-front not-logged-in page-node page-node- page-node-7947 node-type-infogrid context-test-flexible two-sidebars"> <div id="skip-link"> <a href="#page-title" class="element-invisible element-focusable">Skip to main content</a> </div> <div class="region region-page-top" id="region-page-top"> <div class="region-inner region-page-top-inner"> <noscript aria-hidden="true"><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-5GZPNWL" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> </div> </div> <div class="page clearfix" id="page"> <header id="section-header" class="section section-header"> <div id="zone-branding-wrapper" class="zone-wrapper zone-branding-wrapper clearfix"> <div id="zone-branding" class="zone zone-branding clearfix container-10"> <div class="grid-2 region region-branding" id="region-branding"> <div class="region-inner region-branding-inner"> <div class="branding-data clearfix"> <div class="hamburger-menu-icon-wrapper"><a class="hamburger-menu-icon" href="javascript:;" title="Show Main Menu"><span id="burger-text">Main Menu</span></a></div> <div class="site-name-slogan">  <div class="yale-site-link-wrapper"><a href='http://yale.edu' class="yale-site-link" title="Yale">Yale</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid-6 region region-menu" id="region-menu"> <div class="region-inner region-menu-inner"> <section class="block block-menu-block block-2 block-menu-block-2 odd" id="block-menu-block-2"> <div class="block-inner clearfix"> <h2 class="block-title"><a href="/">WH<span class="last-char">Y</span></a></h2> <div class="content clearfix"> <div class="menu-block-wrapper menu-block-2 menu-name-main-menu parent-mlid-832 menu-level-1"> <ul class="menu"><li class="first expanded menu-mlid-835 menu-learning-at-yale"><a tabindex=0 title="Expand Learning at Yale Menu">Learning at Yale</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first leaf menu-mlid-1163 menu-a-liberal-arts-education"><a href="/liberal-arts-education" title="A Liberal Arts Education">A Liberal Arts Education</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1164 menu-majors-&-academic-programs"><a href="/majors-and-academic-programs" title="Majors & Academic Programs">Majors & Academic Programs</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1165 menu-teaching-&-advising"><a href="/teaching-and-advising" title="Teaching & Advising">Teaching & Advising</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1033 menu-undergraduate-research"><a href="/undergraduate-research" title="Undergraduate Research">Undergraduate Research</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1034 menu-international-experiences"><a href="/international-experiences" title="International Experiences">International Experiences</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-6078 menu-science-&-engineering-faculty-features"><a href="/STEM">Science & Engineering Faculty Features</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-840 menu-living-at-yale"><a tabindex=0 title="Expand Living at Yale Menu">Living at Yale</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first leaf menu-mlid-1166 menu-residential-colleges"><a href="/residential-colleges" title="Residential Colleges">Residential Colleges</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1167 menu-the-campus"><a href="/campus" title="The Campus">The Campus</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-1174 menu-new-haven"><a href="/new-haven" title="New Haven">New Haven</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-892 menu-being-&-belonging"><a tabindex=0 title="Expand Student Pursuits Menu">Being & Belonging</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first leaf menu-mlid-893 menu-extracurriculars"><a href="/extracurriculars" title="Extracurriculars">Extracurriculars</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1175 menu-identity,-culture,-faith"><a href="/identity-culture-faith" title="Identity, Culture, Faith">Identity, Culture, Faith</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-6081 menu-multicultural-open-house"><a href="/MOH">Multicultural Open House</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="last expanded menu-mlid-1049 menu-virtual-tour-&-blogs"><a tabindex=0 title="Expand Virtual Tour & Blogs Menu">Virtual Tour & Blogs</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first leaf menu-mlid-1239 menu-virtual-tour"><a href="/virtual-tour" title="Virtual Tour">Virtual Tour</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-1213 menu-bulldogs'-blogs"><a href="/bulldogs-blogs" title="Bulldogs' Blogs">Bulldogs' Blogs</a></li> </ul></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="block block-menu-block block-3 block-menu-block-3 even" id="block-menu-block-3"> <div class="block-inner clearfix"> <h2 class="block-title"><a href="/">APPL<span class="last-char">Y</span></a></h2> <div class="content clearfix"> <div class="menu-block-wrapper menu-block-3 menu-name-main-menu parent-mlid-833 menu-level-1"> <ul class="menu"><li class="first expanded menu-mlid-1036 menu-application-process"><a tabindex=0 title="Expand Application Process Menu">Application Process</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first leaf has-children menu-mlid-1176 menu-first-year-applicants"><a href="/first-year-application-process" title="Freshman Application Process">First-Year Applicants</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1177 menu-international-first-year-applicants"><a href="/international" title="International Freshman Applicants">International First-Year Applicants</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1178 menu-questbridge-first-year-applicants"><a href="/questbridge" title="QuestBridge for Freshman Applicants">QuestBridge First-Year Applicants</a></li> <li class="leaf has-children menu-mlid-5686 menu-military-veteran-applicants"><a href="/veterans" title="Military Veteran Applicants">Military Veteran Applicants</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1179 menu-transfer-applicants"><a href="/transfer" title="Transfer Program">Transfer Applicants</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1180 menu-eli-whitney:-nontraditional-applicants"><a href="/eli-whitney" title="Eli Whitney for Nontraditional Students">Eli Whitney: Nontraditional Applicants</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-1181 menu-non-degree-&-alumni-auditing-applicants"><a href="/non-degree-alumni-auditing-programs" title="Non-Degree & Alumni Auditing Programs">Non-Degree & Alumni Auditing Applicants</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-1039 menu-advice-to-candidates"><a tabindex=0 title="Expand Advice to Candidates Menu Items">Advice to Candidates</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first leaf menu-mlid-1182 menu-what-yale-looks-for"><a href="/what-yale-looks-for" title="What Yale Looks For">What Yale Looks For</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1185 menu-putting-together-your-application"><a href="/advice-putting-together-your-application" title="Advice on Putting Together Your Application">Putting Together Your Application</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1183 menu-selecting-high-school-courses"><a href="/advice-selecting-high-school-courses" title="Advice on Selecting High School Courses">Selecting High School Courses</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1284 menu-application-faqs"><a href="/faq/applying-yale-college" title="Applying to Yale College FAQs">Application FAQs</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1186 menu-first-generation-college-students"><a href="/advice-first-generation-college-applicants" title="Advice for First-Generation College Applicants">First-Generation College Students</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-6653 menu-rural-and-small-town-students"><a href="/rural">Rural and Small Town Students</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1184 menu-choosing-where-to-apply"><a href="/advice-choosing-where-apply" title="Advice on Choosing Where to Apply">Choosing Where to Apply</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-6076 menu-inside-the-yale-admissions-office-podcast"><a href="/podcast">Inside the Yale Admissions Office Podcast</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-1217 menu-visit-&-connect"><a tabindex=0 title="Expand Visit & Connect Menu">Visit & Connect</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first leaf menu-mlid-1231 menu-visit-campus"><a href="/visit-campus" title="Visit Campus">Visit Campus</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-6083 menu-virtual-events"><a href="/virtual-events" title="Virtual Events">Virtual Events</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1232 menu-virtual-tour"><a href="/virtual-tour" title="Virtual Tour">Virtual Tour</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-1234 menu-connect-with-yale-admissions"><a href="/contact-us" title="Connect With Yale Admissions">Connect With Yale Admissions</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="last expanded menu-mlid-1188 menu-affordability"><a tabindex=0 title="Expand Financial Aid Menu">Affordability</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first leaf menu-mlid-1189 menu-the-basics"><a href="/affordability-basics" title="At-a-Glance">The Basics</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1214 menu-the-details"><a href="/affordability-details" title="In-Depth">The Details</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1215 menu-estimate-your-cost"><a href="/estimate-your-cost" title="Estimate Your Cost">Estimate Your Cost</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-1216 menu-questbridge"><a href="/questbridge" title="QuestBridge at Yale">QuestBridge</a></li> </ul></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </section> </div> </div> <div class="grid-2 region region-header-first" id="region-header-first"> <div class="region-inner region-header-first-inner"> <div class="block block-search block-form block-search-form odd block-without-title" id="block-search-form"> <div class="block-inner clearfix"> <div class="content clearfix"> <form class="search-form" role="search" action="/test-flexible" method="post" id="search-block-form" accept-charset="UTF-8"><div><div class="container-inline"> <h2 class="element-invisible">Search form</h2> <div class="form-item form-type-textfield form-item-search-block-form"> <label for="edit-search-block-form--2"><i class="fa fa-search"><span class="element-invisible">Search this site</span></i> </label> <input title="Enter the terms you wish to search for." class="custom-search-box form-text" placeholder="Search this site" type="text" id="edit-search-block-form--2" name="search_block_form" value="" size="15" maxlength="128" /> </div> <div class="form-actions form-wrapper" id="edit-actions"><input style="display:none;" type="submit" id="edit-submit" name="op" value="" class="form-submit" /></div><input type="hidden" name="form_build_id" value="form-9m5aUQvfseSocU1Fa_JQb4NG-mmYkY7mT_cVDSOMBwk" /> <input type="hidden" name="form_id" value="search_block_form" /> </div> </div></form> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></header> <main id="section-content" class="section section-content"> <div id="zone-content-wrapper" class="zone-wrapper zone-content-wrapper clearfix"> <div class="page-title-wrapper default-banner" id="page-title-wrapper" > <div id="page-new-title" class="grid-10"> <h1 class="title" id="page-title">Testing Policy Announcement </h1> </div> </div> <div id="zone-content" class="zone zone-content clearfix container-10"> <div class="grid-6 push-2 region region-content" id="region-content"> <div class="region-inner region-content-inner"> <a id="main-content"></a> <div class="block block-system block-main block-system-main odd block-without-title" id="block-system-main"> <div class="block-inner clearfix"> <div class="content clearfix"> <div class="field-collection-container clearfix"><div class="field field-name-field-introduction field-type-field-collection field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><div class="field-collection-view clearfix view-mode-full field-collection-view-final"><div class="entity entity-field-collection-item field-collection-item-field-introduction clearfix"> <div class="content"> <div class="field field-name-field-introduction-text field-type-text-long field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><p>Yale’s new flexible testing policy</p> </div></div></div> </div> </div> </div></div></div></div></div> <div class="paragraphs-items paragraphs-items-field-paragraphs paragraphs-items-field-paragraphs-full paragraphs-items-full"> <div class="field field-name-field-paragraphs field-type-paragraphs field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><div class="entity entity-paragraphs-item paragraphs-item-one-column square light-grey default-grid single-grid"> <div class="paragraphs-items paragraphs-items-field-first-column paragraphs-items-field-first-column-full paragraphs-items-full"> <div class="field field-name-field-first-column field-type-paragraphs field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><div class="entity entity-paragraphs-item paragraphs-item-paragraph-title-and-description- square light-grey default-grid single-grid"> <div class="field field-name-field-paragraph-title field-type-text field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item even"> <h2> February 2024 </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-name-field-description field-type-text-long field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item even"> <p>For nearly four years Yale’s undergraduate admissions process has been test-optional. The experience, originally necessitated by the pandemic, has been an invaluable opportunity to think deeply about testing policy and to generate new data and analyses. With testing availability now fully restored for prospective applicants around the world, we have reevaluated our policy with the benefit of fresh insights.</p> <p>The task of selecting students from an applicant pool containing tens of thousands of highly qualified students—many more than we can admit—requires an open mind and a healthy dose of humility about our ability to predict the future. For our standardized testing policy, we have tried to take the same approach.</p> <p>As we worked to identify a policy we felt would best serve our applicants and our selection committee, our top priority was advancing <a href="https://catalog.yale.edu/ycps/mission-statement/" target="_blank">our mission</a> to assemble a group of high-achieving students whose strengths and differences contribute to a rich learning environment that “develops their intellectual, moral, civic, and creative capacities to the fullest.”</p> <p>The product of four years of research and reflections is <a href="/standardized-testing" target="_blank">a new policy</a>, announced this week. Yale will again require students to include scores with their applications. But, for the first time, Yale will allow applicants to report Advanced Placement (AP) or International Baccalaureate (IB) exam scores in lieu of the ACT or SAT. </p> <h2>What a test score can and cannot do</h2> <p>Let’s start with what we know to be true: every standardized test is imperfect and incomplete. No exam can demonstrate every student’s college readiness or perfectly predict future performance. Yale has not, does not, and will never rely on testing alone to assess student preparedness. We read applications holistically, using all the information available to paint a picture of a student’s strengths and potential to contribute to a college community. An application is like a jigsaw puzzle: the picture is not complete without all its pieces.</p> <p>A student’s transcript tells our committee much about a candidate’s preparation. But testing can fill in additional parts of the picture. Tests can highlight an applicant’s areas of academic strength, reinforce high school grades, fill in gaps in a transcript stemming from extenuating circumstances, and—most importantly—identify students whose performance stands out in their high school context.</p> <p>Our experience with both test-optional and test-required policies has persuaded us of three things. First, when used thoughtfully as part of a whole-person review process, tests can help increase rather than decrease diversity in our class. Second, a narrow focus on only the ACT and SAT can discourage promising students from considering colleges like Yale. Finally, inviting students to apply without <em>any</em> test scores can, inadvertently, disadvantage students from low-income, first-generation, and rural backgrounds.</p> <p>Here’s how we reached these conclusions.</p> <h2>Evidence and emphasis</h2> <p>Prior to the pandemic, requiring tests had not impeded Yale’s ability to significantly increase the diversity of our student body. Between 2013 and 2019, the number of first-year undergraduates eligible for a Pell Grant increased by 95%, first-generation college students increased 65%, and under-represented minority students increased 52%.</p> <p>Our positive experience of reviewing applications without ACT or SAT scores also taught us that requiring only those tests prior to 2020 likely discouraged some promising students from underrepresented backgrounds from applying. The most recent four applicant pools have been the largest ever and have contained record numbers of applications from students who will be the first in their families to attend college, who live in lower-income neighborhoods, and who identify as members of underrepresented minority groups.</p> <p>While evaluating all these applications, our researchers and readers found that when admissions officers reviewed applications with no scores, they placed greater weight on other parts of the application. But this shift frequently worked to the <em>disadvantage</em> of applicants from lower socio-economic backgrounds.</p> <p>This finding will strike many as counterintuitive. To understand the dynamics, it helps to consider the diversity of high schools our applicants attend.</p> <p>For students attending well-resourced high schools, substitutes for standardized tests are easy to find: transcripts brim with advanced courses, teachers are accustomed to praising students’ unique classroom contributions, and activities lists are full of enrichment opportunities.</p> <p>In other high schools, high-achieving students quickly exhaust the available course offerings, leaving only two or three rigorous classes in their senior year schedule. Teachers with large classes may use positive but generic words of praise in recommendation letters. Students’ out-of-school commitments may include activities that demonstrate extraordinary leadership and contributions to family and community but reveal nothing about their academic preparedness. With no test scores to supplement these components, applications from students attending these schools may leave admissions officers with scant evidence of their readiness for Yale.</p> <p>When students attending these high schools include a score with their application – even a score below Yale’s median range — they give the committee greater confidence that they are likely to achieve academic success in college.</p> <p>This confidence is founded on evidence: Yale’s research from before and after the pandemic has consistently demonstrated that, among all application components, test scores are the single greatest predictor of a student’s future Yale grades. This is true even after controlling for family income and other demographic variables, and it is true for subject-based exams such as AP and IB, in addition to the ACT and SAT.</p> <h2>The right policy for Yale’s whole-person review process</h2> <p>Our applicants are not their scores, and our selection process is not an exercise in sorting students by their performance on standardized exams. Test scores provide one consistent and reliable bit of data among the countless other indicators, factors, and contextual considerations we incorporate into our thoughtful whole-person review process.</p> <p>With our new flexible policy, we hope to empower applicants to put their best foot forward, and to help admission officers respond to excellent students from all contexts. We think the policy better reflects how we consider scores: in combination with other information, mindful of a student’s high school environment, and with the flexibility to admit those promising students whose scores don’t fully represent their potential.</p> <p>To learn more about the policy and how officers incorporate scores when evaluating applications, review <a href="/standardized-testing" target="_blank">our testing webpage</a>, read an <a href="https://news.yale.edu/2024/02/22/yale-announces-new-test-flexible-admissions-policy" target="_blank">interview</a> with Dean of Undergraduate Admissions and Financial Aid Jeremiah Quinlan, and listen to new episodes of our podcast, <a href="/podcast" target="_blank">Inside the Yale Admissions Office</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div></div></div> </div> </div></div></div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <aside class="grid-2 pull-6 region region-sidebar-first" id="region-sidebar-first" aria-label="More Information"> <div class="region-inner region-sidebar-first-inner"> <div class="block block-views block-d4beae00361ef49fa85c9cab97fc58c0 block-views-d4beae00361ef49fa85c9cab97fc58c0 odd block-without-title" id="block-views-d4beae00361ef49fa85c9cab97fc58c0"> <div class="block-inner clearfix"> <div class="content clearfix"> <div class="view view-infogrid-left-side-bar-contents view-id-infogrid_left_side_bar_contents view-display-id-block view-dom-id-31bc6022be162a595b2d4284f120d92c"> <div class="view-content"> <div class="views-row views-row-1 views-row-odd views-row-first views-row-last"> <div class="views-field views-field-field-left-sidebar-items"> <div class="field-content"><div class="entity entity-paragraphs-item paragraphs-item-text-with-optional-link square orange text-with-optional-link-grid text-image-grid single-grid"> <a href="standardized-testing" title="STANDARDIZED TESTING DETAILS"> <div class="field field-name-field-grid-title field-type-text field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-item even"> <h2> STANDARDIZED TESTING DETAILS </h2> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="entity entity-paragraphs-item paragraphs-item-text-with-optional-link square medium-blue text-with-optional-link-grid text-image-grid single-grid"> <a href="https://news.yale.edu/2024/02/22/yale-announces-new-test-flexible-admissions-policy" title="INTERVIEW WITH DEAN QUINLAN"> <div class="field field-name-field-grid-title field-type-text field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-item even"> <h2> INTERVIEW WITH DEAN QUINLAN </h2> </div> </div> <div class="field field-name-field-grid-body field-type-text-long field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-item even"> <p>Dean of Undergraduate Admissions and Financial Aid Jeremiah Quinlan discussed Yale’s testing policy in-depth with Yale News.</p> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="entity entity-paragraphs-item paragraphs-item-text-with-optional-link square light-blue text-with-optional-link-grid text-image-grid single-grid"> <a href="test-flexible-counselors" title="MESSAGE TO COUNSELORS"> <div class="field field-name-field-grid-title field-type-text field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-item even"> <h2> MESSAGE TO COUNSELORS </h2> </div> </div> <div class="field field-name-field-grid-body field-type-text-long field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-item even"> <p>Read Dean Quinlan’s message to high school counselors about Yale’s new test-flexible policy.</p> </div> </div> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </aside> <aside class="grid-2 region region-sidebar-second" id="region-sidebar-second" aria-label="Additional Resources"> <div class="region-inner region-sidebar-second-inner"> <section class="block block-views section-menu block-related-links-block block-views-related-links-block odd" id="block-views-related-links-block"> <div class="block-inner clearfix"> <h2 class="block-title">Related Links</h2> <div class="content clearfix"> <div class="view view-related-links view-id-related_links view-display-id-block view-dom-id-5a436cbd01268c2e1b0304ce36022d75"> <div class="view-content"> <div class="item-list"> <ul> <li class="views-row views-row-1 views-row-odd views-row-first"> <div class="views-field views-field-field-related-links-items"> <div class="field-content"><a href="https://admissions.yale.edu/faq/standardized-testing#t186n1779" title="Testing Policy Announcement">Standardized Testing FAQs</a></div> </div></li> <li class="views-row views-row-2 views-row-even"> <div class="views-field views-field-field-related-links-items"> <div class="field-content"><a href="https://admissions.yale.edu/what-yale-looks-for" title="Testing Policy Announcement">What Yale Looks For</a></div> </div></li> <li class="views-row views-row-3 views-row-odd views-row-last"> <div class="views-field views-field-field-related-links-items"> <div class="field-content"><a href="https://admissions.yale.edu/podcast" title="Testing Policy Announcement">Inside the Yale Admissions Office Podcast</a></div> </div></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> </aside> </div> </div><div id="zone-postscript-wrapper" class="zone-wrapper zone-postscript-wrapper clearfix"> <div id="zone-postscript" class="zone zone-postscript clearfix container-10"> <div class="grid-2 region region-postscript-first" id="region-postscript-first"> <div class="region-inner region-postscript-first-inner"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </main> <footer id="section-footer" class="section section-footer"> <div id="zone-footer-wrapper" class="zone-wrapper zone-footer-wrapper clearfix"> <div id="zone-footer" class="zone zone-footer clearfix container-10"> <div class="grid-2 region region-footer-first" id="region-footer-first"> <div class="region-inner region-footer-first-inner"> <div class="block block-block block-2 block-block-2 odd block-without-title" id="block-block-2"> <div class="block-inner clearfix"> <div class="content clearfix"> <h2><a href="/" title="Home">Yale College Undergraduate Admissions</a></h2> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid-4 region region-footer-second" id="region-footer-second"> <div class="region-inner region-footer-second-inner"> <div class="block block-menu block-menu-footer-menu block-menu-menu-footer-menu odd block-without-title" id="block-menu-menu-footer-menu"> <div class="block-inner clearfix"> <div class="content clearfix"> <ul class="menu"><li class="first leaf menu-home"><a href="/" title="">Home</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-contact-us"><a href="/contact-us">Contact Us</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-faqs"><a href="/faq" title="">FAQs</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-for-educators"><a href="/counselors">For Educators</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-for-parents"><a href="/parents">For Parents</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-accessibility-at-yale"><a href="https://usability.yale.edu/web-accessibility/accessibility-yale">Accessibility at Yale</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid-4 region region-footer-third" id="region-footer-third"> <div class="region-inner region-footer-third-inner"> <div class="block block-menu sharing block-menu-social-buttons block-menu-menu-social-buttons odd block-without-title" id="block-menu-menu-social-buttons"> <div class="block-inner clearfix"> <div class="content clearfix"> <ul class="menu"><li class="first leaf menu-youtube"><a href="http://www.youtube.com/yalecampus" title="Yale Campus YouTube" target="_blank">YouTube</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-instagram"><a href="https://instagram.com/yaleadmissions" title="Yale Undergraduate Admissions Instagram">Instagram</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-twitter"><a href="https://twitter.com/yaleuga" title="Yale Undergraduate Admissions Twitter">Twitter</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-facebook"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/YaleUndergraduateAdmissions" title="Yale Undergraduate Admissions Facebook">Facebook</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div><div id="zone-post-footer-wrapper" class="zone-wrapper zone-post-footer-wrapper clearfix"> <div id="zone-post-footer" class="zone zone-post-footer clearfix container-10"> <div class="grid-10 region region-post-footer-first" id="region-post-footer-first"> <div class="region-inner region-post-footer-first-inner"> <div class="block block-block block-3 block-block-3 odd block-without-title" id="block-block-3"> <div class="block-inner clearfix"> <div class="content clearfix"> <p>Copyright ©2024 Yale University. All rights reserved</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></footer> </div> <div class="region region-page-bottom" id="region-page-bottom"> <div class="region-inner region-page-bottom-inner"> </div> </div> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://admissions.yale.edu/sites/default/files/js/js_8dsY5Qkr-nQvXQucqmbz4gqqQlesa0DZuYZa1ZS9eTE.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> <![CDATA[//><!]]> </script> <script type="text/javascript">window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.info={"beacon":"bam.nr-data.net","licenseKey":"16a1fcb04f","applicationID":"181340780","transactionName":"b1FbZEUEWhACAkVYCVYbbEJeShsKDQVUSUhIXEk=","queueTime":0,"applicationTime":440,"atts":"QxZYEg0eSR4=","errorBeacon":"bam.nr-data.net","agent":""}</script></body> </html>