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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types_and_contexts_of_abuse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Abuse_of_authority" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abuse_of_authority"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Abuse of authority</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abuse_of_authority-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abuse_of_corpse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abuse_of_corpse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Abuse of corpse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abuse_of_corpse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abuse_of_discretion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abuse_of_discretion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Abuse of discretion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abuse_of_discretion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abuse_of_dominance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abuse_of_dominance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Abuse of dominance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abuse_of_dominance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abuse_of_indulgences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abuse_of_indulgences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Abuse of indulgences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abuse_of_indulgences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abuse_of_information" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abuse_of_information"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Abuse of information</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abuse_of_information-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abuse_of_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abuse_of_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Abuse of power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abuse_of_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abuse_of_process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abuse_of_process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Abuse of process</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abuse_of_process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abuse_of_rank" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abuse_of_rank"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>Abuse of rank</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abuse_of_rank-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abuse_of_statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abuse_of_statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10</span> <span>Abuse of statistics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abuse_of_statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abuse_of_trust" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abuse_of_trust"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.11</span> <span>Abuse of trust</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abuse_of_trust-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abusive_supervision" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abusive_supervision"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.12</span> <span>Abusive supervision</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abusive_supervision-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Academic_abuse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academic_abuse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.13</span> <span>Academic abuse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academic_abuse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adolescent_abuse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adolescent_abuse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.14</span> <span>Adolescent abuse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adolescent_abuse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adult_abuse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adult_abuse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.15</span> <span>Adult abuse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adult_abuse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alcohol_use_disorder" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alcohol_use_disorder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.16</span> <span>Alcohol use disorder</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alcohol_use_disorder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Animal_abuse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animal_abuse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.17</span> <span>Animal abuse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animal_abuse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-social_behavior" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-social_behavior"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.18</span> <span>Anti-social behavior</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-social_behavior-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bullying" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bullying"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.19</span> <span>Bullying</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bullying-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Character_assassination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Character_assassination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.20</span> <span>Character assassination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Character_assassination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Child_abuse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Child_abuse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.21</span> <span>Child abuse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Child_abuse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Child_sexual_abuse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Child_sexual_abuse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.21.1</span> <span>Child sexual abuse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Child_sexual_abuse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Child-on-child_sexual_abuse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Child-on-child_sexual_abuse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.21.1.1</span> <span>Child-on-child sexual abuse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Child-on-child_sexual_abuse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_rights_abuse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_rights_abuse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.22</span> <span>Civil rights abuse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_rights_abuse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clandestine_abuse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clandestine_abuse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.23</span> <span>Clandestine abuse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clandestine_abuse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clerical_abuse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clerical_abuse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.24</span> <span>Clerical abuse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clerical_abuse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cyber_abuse_or_cyber_bullying" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cyber_abuse_or_cyber_bullying"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.25</span> <span>Cyber abuse or cyber bullying</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cyber_abuse_or_cyber_bullying-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dating_abuse_or_dating_violence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dating_abuse_or_dating_violence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.26</span> <span>Dating abuse or dating violence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dating_abuse_or_dating_violence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defamation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defamation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.27</span> <span>Defamation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defamation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disability_abuse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disability_abuse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.28</span> <span>Disability abuse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disability_abuse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discriminatory_abuse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discriminatory_abuse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.29</span> <span>Discriminatory abuse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discriminatory_abuse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Domestic_abuse_or_domestic_violence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestic_abuse_or_domestic_violence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.30</span> <span>Domestic abuse or domestic violence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domestic_abuse_or_domestic_violence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_abuse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_abuse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.31</span> <span>Economic abuse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_abuse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elder_abuse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elder_abuse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.32</span> <span>Elder abuse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elder_abuse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emotional_abuse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emotional_abuse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.33</span> <span>Emotional abuse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emotional_abuse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Employee_abuse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Employee_abuse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.34</span> <span>Employee abuse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Employee_abuse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-False_accusations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#False_accusations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.35</span> <span>False accusations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-False_accusations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flag_abuse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flag_abuse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.36</span> <span>Flag abuse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flag_abuse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gaming_the_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gaming_the_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.37</span> <span>Gaming the system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gaming_the_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gaslighting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gaslighting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.38</span> <span>Gaslighting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gaslighting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gay_abuse_or_gay_bashing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gay_abuse_or_gay_bashing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.39</span> <span>Gay abuse or gay bashing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gay_abuse_or_gay_bashing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Harassment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Harassment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.40</span> <span>Harassment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Harassment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hate_crimes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hate_crimes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.41</span> <span>Hate crimes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hate_crimes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hazing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hazing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.42</span> <span>Hazing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hazing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_rights_abuse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_rights_abuse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.43</span> <span>Human rights abuse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_rights_abuse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Humiliation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Humiliation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.44</span> <span>Humiliation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Humiliation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Incivility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Incivility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.45</span> <span>Incivility</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Incivility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Institutional_abuse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Institutional_abuse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.46</span> <span>Institutional abuse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Institutional_abuse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Insult" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Insult"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.47</span> <span>Insult</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Insult-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intimidation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intimidation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.48</span> <span>Intimidation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intimidation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_abuse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_abuse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.49</span> <span>Legal abuse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_abuse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Market_abuse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Market_abuse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.50</span> <span>Market abuse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Market_abuse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medical_abuse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medical_abuse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.51</span> <span>Medical abuse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medical_abuse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_abuse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_abuse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.52</span> <span>Military abuse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_abuse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mind_abuse_or_mind_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mind_abuse_or_mind_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.53</span> <span>Mind abuse or mind control</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mind_abuse_or_mind_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Misconduct" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Misconduct"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.54</span> <span>Misconduct</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Misconduct-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mobbing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mobbing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.55</span> <span>Mobbing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mobbing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Narcissistic_abuse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Narcissistic_abuse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.56</span> <span>Narcissistic abuse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Narcissistic_abuse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neglect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neglect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.57</span> <span>Neglect</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neglect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Negligence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Negligence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.58</span> <span>Negligence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Negligence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parental_abuse_by_children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parental_abuse_by_children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.59</span> <span>Parental abuse by children</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parental_abuse_by_children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Passive–aggressive_behaviour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Passive–aggressive_behaviour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.60</span> <span>Passive–aggressive behaviour</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Passive–aggressive_behaviour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Patient_abuse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patient_abuse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.61</span> <span>Patient abuse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patient_abuse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peer_abuse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peer_abuse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.62</span> <span>Peer abuse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peer_abuse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persecution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persecution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.63</span> <span>Persecution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persecution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physical_abuse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_abuse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.64</span> <span>Physical abuse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical_abuse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Torture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Torture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.64.1</span> <span>Torture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Torture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Police_abuse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Police_abuse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.65</span> <span>Police abuse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Police_abuse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_abuse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_abuse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.66</span> <span>Political abuse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_abuse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prejudice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prejudice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.67</span> <span>Prejudice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prejudice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prison_abuse_or_prisoner_abuse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prison_abuse_or_prisoner_abuse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.68</span> <span>Prison abuse or prisoner abuse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prison_abuse_or_prisoner_abuse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Professional_abuse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Professional_abuse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.69</span> <span>Professional abuse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Professional_abuse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psychological_abuse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychological_abuse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.70</span> <span>Psychological abuse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychological_abuse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Racial_abuse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Racial_abuse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.71</span> <span>Racial abuse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Racial_abuse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ragging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ragging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.72</span> <span>Ragging</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ragging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.73</span> <span>Rape</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relational_aggression" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relational_aggression"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.74</span> <span>Relational aggression</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relational_aggression-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_abuse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_abuse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.75</span> <span>Religious abuse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_abuse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rudeness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rudeness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.76</span> <span>Rudeness</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rudeness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Satanic_ritual_abuse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Satanic_ritual_abuse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.77</span> <span>Satanic ritual abuse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Satanic_ritual_abuse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-School_bullying" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#School_bullying"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.78</span> <span>School bullying</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-School_bullying-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sectarian_abuse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sectarian_abuse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.79</span> <span>Sectarian abuse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sectarian_abuse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Self-abuse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Self-abuse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.80</span> <span>Self-abuse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Self-abuse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sexual_abuse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexual_abuse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.81</span> <span>Sexual abuse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sexual_abuse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sexual_bullying" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexual_bullying"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.82</span> <span>Sexual bullying</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sexual_bullying-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sibling_abuse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sibling_abuse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.83</span> <span>Sibling abuse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sibling_abuse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Smear_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Smear_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.84</span> <span>Smear campaign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Smear_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spiritual_abuse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spiritual_abuse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.85</span> <span>Spiritual abuse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spiritual_abuse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stalking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stalking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.86</span> <span>Stalking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stalking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structural_abuse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structural_abuse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.87</span> <span>Structural abuse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structural_abuse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Substance_use_disorder" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Substance_use_disorder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.88</span> <span>Substance use disorder</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Substance_use_disorder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surveillance_abuse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surveillance_abuse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.89</span> <span>Surveillance abuse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surveillance_abuse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taunting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taunting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.90</span> <span>Taunting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taunting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teacher_abuse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teacher_abuse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.91</span> <span>Teacher abuse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teacher_abuse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teasing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teasing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.92</span> <span>Teasing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teasing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Telephone_abuse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Telephone_abuse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.93</span> <span>Telephone abuse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Telephone_abuse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terrorism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terrorism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.94</span> <span>Terrorism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terrorism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transgender_abuse_or_trans_bashing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transgender_abuse_or_trans_bashing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.95</span> <span>Transgender abuse or trans bashing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transgender_abuse_or_trans_bashing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Umpire_abuse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Umpire_abuse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.96</span> <span>Umpire abuse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Umpire_abuse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verbal_abuse_or_verbal_attacks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbal_abuse_or_verbal_attacks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.97</span> <span>Verbal abuse or verbal attacks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verbal_abuse_or_verbal_attacks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Whispering_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Whispering_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.98</span> <span>Whispering campaign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Whispering_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Workplace_abuse_or_workplace_bullying" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Workplace_abuse_or_workplace_bullying"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.99</span> <span>Workplace abuse or workplace bullying</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Workplace_abuse_or_workplace_bullying-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characteristics_and_styles_of_abuse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics_and_styles_of_abuse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Characteristics and styles of abuse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Characteristics_and_styles_of_abuse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abusive_power_and_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abusive_power_and_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Abusive power and control</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abusive_power_and_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psychological_characteristics_of_abusers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychological_characteristics_of_abusers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Psychological characteristics of abusers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychological_characteristics_of_abusers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects_of_abuse_on_victims" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_of_abuse_on_victims"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Effects of abuse on victims</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects_of_abuse_on_victims-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Abuse</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 35 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">35 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A1%D8%A9" title="إساءة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إساءة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C9%99cav%C3%BCz" title="Təcavüz – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Təcavüz" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="অপব্যবহার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অপব্যবহার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ge%CC%8Dk-th%C4%81i" title="Ge̍k-thāi – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ge̍k-thāi" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Злоупотреба – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Злоупотреба" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab%C3%BAs" title="Abús – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Abús" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misbrug" title="Misbrug – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Misbrug" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missbrauch" title="Missbrauch – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Missbrauch" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%AF%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Κακοποίηση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κακοποίηση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tratu_txar" title="Tratu txar – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tratu txar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87" title="سوءاستفاده – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سوءاستفاده" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abuso_de_poder" title="Abuso de poder – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Abuso de poder" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%99%EB%8C%80" title="학대 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="학대" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="दुर्व्यवहार – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="दुर्व्यवहार" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zlouporaba" title="Zlouporaba – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Zlouporaba" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misnotkun" title="Misnotkun – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Misnotkun" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%AA" title="התעללות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="התעללות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abi" title="Abi – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Abi" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vissza%C3%A9l%C3%A9s" title="Visszaélés – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Visszaélés" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%B3%D9%81" title="تعسف – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تعسف" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%99%90%E5%BE%85" title="虐待 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="虐待" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%93%D9%87_%DA%86%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF" title="ناوړه چلند – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ناوړه چلند" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abuso" title="Abuso – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Abuso" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abuz_(dezambiguizare)" title="Abuz (dezambiguizare) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Abuz (dezambiguizare)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abuzimi" title="Abuzimi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Abuzimi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbusu" title="Abbusu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Abbusu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faroxumayn" title="Faroxumayn – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Faroxumayn" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missbruk" title="Missbruk – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Missbruk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" 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поводження – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Жорстоке поводження" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="بد سلوکی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بد سلوکی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%92%D7%9F" title="באלעסטיגן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="באלעסטיגן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a 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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the mistreatment of people, systems or animals. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Abuse_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Abuse (disambiguation)">Abuse (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Mistreat" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Mistreat_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Mistreat (disambiguation)">Mistreat (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Cleanup_rewrite plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg/40px-Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg/60px-Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg/80px-Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>may need to be rewritten</b> to comply with Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">quality standards</a>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abuse&action=edit">You can help</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Talk:Abuse" title="Talk:Abuse">talk page</a> may contain suggestions.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p><b>Abuse</b> is the improper usage or treatment of a person or thing, often to <a href="/wiki/Distributive_justice" title="Distributive justice">unfairly</a> or improperly gain benefit.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abuse can come in many forms, such as: physical or verbal maltreatment, injury, assault, violation, rape, unjust practices, crimes, or other types of <a href="/wiki/Aggression" title="Aggression">aggression</a>. To these descriptions, one can also add the Kantian notion of the wrongness of using another human being as means to an end rather than as ends in themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some sources describe abuse as "socially constructed", which means there may be more or less recognition of the suffering of a victim at different times and societies.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1044870489">@media all and (max-width:720px){body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .tocright{display:none}.mw-parser-output .tocright{width:100%!important}}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tocright{float:right;clear:right;width:auto;margin:0 0 0.5em 1em}.mw-parser-output .tocright-clear-left{clear:left}.mw-parser-output .tocright-clear-both{clear:both}.mw-parser-output .tocright-clear-none{clear:none}}</style><div class="tocright"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_and_contexts_of_abuse">Types and contexts of abuse</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abuse_of_authority">Abuse of authority</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Abuse_of_authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Abuse of authority">Abuse of authority</a></div> <p>Abuse of authority includes harassment, interference, pressure, and inappropriate requests or favors.<sup id="cite_ref-auto53_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto53-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abuse_of_corpse">Abuse of corpse</h3></div> <dl><dd><i>See: <a href="/wiki/Necrophilia" title="Necrophilia">Necrophilia</a></i></dd></dl><p> Necrophilia involves possessing a physical attraction to dead bodies that may led to acting upon sexual urges. As corpses are dead and cannot give consent, any manipulation, removal of parts, mutilation, or sexual acts performed on a dead body is considered abuse.<sup id="cite_ref-auto72_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto72-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"></p><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b> with: scope and summary. You can help by <span class="anonymous-show"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3AAbuse&preload=Template%3ASubmit+an+edit+request%2Fpreload&action=edit&section=new&editintro=Template%3AEdit+protected%2Feditintro&preloadtitle=Protected+edit+request+on+26+November+2024&preloadparams%5B%5D=edit+fully-protected&preloadparams%5B%5D=Abuse">making an edit request</a></span></span><span class="user-show"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abuse&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a> </span>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abuse_of_discretion">Abuse of discretion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Abuse_of_discretion" class="mw-redirect" title="Abuse of discretion">Abuse of discretion</a></div> <p>An abuse of discretion is a failure to take into proper consideration, the facts and laws relating to a particular matter; an arbitrary or unreasonable departure from precedent and settled judicial custom.<sup id="cite_ref-auto18_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto18-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abuse_of_dominance">Abuse of dominance</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Competition_law" title="Competition law">Competition law</a></div> <p>Market dominance by companies is regulated by public and private enforcement of competition law, also known as antitrust or anti-monopoly law. These laws stop companies from doing things that hurt customers or block fair competition. For example, Article 102 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) prohibits companies in a dominant market position from abusing their power, such as through unfair pricing, limiting production, or refusing to deal with others.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abuse_of_indulgences">Abuse of indulgences</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Indulgence#Late_Medieval_usage" title="Indulgence">Indulgence § Late Medieval usage</a></div> <p>In the Catholic Church, an indulgence is a way to reduce punishment for sin, often by prayer, pilgrimage or good works. In the Middle Ages, some Church officials demanded money in exchange both for forgiveness of sins and for other rewards such as future salvation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abuse_of_information">Abuse of information</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Breach_of_confidence" title="Breach of confidence">Breach of confidence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copyright_infringement" title="Copyright infringement">Copyright infringement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Insider_trading" title="Insider trading">Insider trading</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Plagiarism" title="Plagiarism">Plagiarism</a></div> <p>Abuse of information typically involves a breach of confidence or plagiarism, or extending the confidence of information beyond those authorised. </p><p>In the financial world, <a href="/wiki/Insider_trading" title="Insider trading">Insider trading</a> can also be considered a misuse of internal information that gives an unfair advantage in investment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abuse_of_power">Abuse of power</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Abuse_of_power" title="Abuse of power">Abuse of power</a></div> <p>Abuse of power, in the form of "malfeasance in office" or "official misconduct", is the commission of an unlawful act, done in an official capacity, which affects the performance of official duties. Malfeasance in office is often grounds for a <a href="/wiki/For_cause" class="mw-redirect" title="For cause">for cause</a> removal of an elected official by <a href="/wiki/Statute" title="Statute">statute</a> or <a href="/wiki/Recall_election" title="Recall election">recall election</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abuse_of_process">Abuse of process</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Abuse_of_process" title="Abuse of process">Abuse of process</a></div> <p>A cause of action in <a href="/wiki/Tort" title="Tort">tort</a> arising from one party making a malicious and deliberate misuse or perversion of regularly issued court process (civil or criminal) not justified by the underlying legal action. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abuse_of_rank">Abuse of rank</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rankism" title="Rankism">Rankism</a></div> <p>Rankism (also called abuse of rank) is treating people of a lower rank in an abusive, discriminatory, or exploitative way.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Fuller" title="Robert W. Fuller">Robert W. Fuller</a> claims that rankism includes the abuse of the power inherent in superior rank, with the view that rank-based abuse underlies many other phenomena such as bullying, racism, <a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">sexism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">homophobia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abuse_of_statistics">Abuse of statistics</h3></div> <dl><dd><i>See: <a href="/wiki/Abuse_of_statistics" class="mw-redirect" title="Abuse of statistics">Abuse of statistics</a></i></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abuse_of_trust">Abuse of trust</h3></div> <dl><dd><i>See: <a href="/wiki/Position_of_trust" title="Position of trust">Position of trust</a></i></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abusive_supervision">Abusive supervision</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Abusive_supervision" title="Abusive supervision">Abusive supervision</a></div> <p>Abusive supervision is most commonly studied in the context of the workplace, although can arise in other areas such as in the household and at school. "Abusive supervision has been investigated as an antecedent to negative subordinate workplace outcome".<sup id="cite_ref-auto49_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto49-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto22_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto22-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "<a href="/wiki/Workplace_violence" title="Workplace violence">Workplace violence</a> has combination of situational and personal factors". The study that was conducted looked at the link between abusive supervision and different workplace events.<sup id="cite_ref-Inness_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Inness-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Academic_abuse">Academic abuse</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Workplace_bullying_in_academia" title="Workplace bullying in academia">Workplace bullying in academia</a></div> <p>Academic abuse is a form of workplace bullying which takes place in institutions of higher education, such as colleges and universities. Academia is highly competitive and has a well defined hierarchy, with junior staff being particularly vulnerable. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adolescent_abuse">Adolescent abuse</h3></div> <dl><dd><i>See: <a href="/wiki/Anti-social_behaviour" title="Anti-social behaviour">Anti-social behaviour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juvenile_delinquency" title="Juvenile delinquency">Juvenile delinquency</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parental_abuse_by_adolescents" class="mw-redirect" title="Parental abuse by adolescents">Parental abuse by adolescents</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parental_abuse_of_adolescents" class="mw-redirect" title="Parental abuse of adolescents">Parental abuse of adolescents</a></i></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adult_abuse">Adult abuse</h3></div> <p>Adult abuse refers to the abuse of vulnerable adults.<sup id="cite_ref-auto31_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto31-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alcohol_use_disorder">Alcohol use disorder</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_use_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol use disorder">Alcohol use disorder</a></div> <p>Alcohol use disorder, as described in the <a href="/wiki/DSM-IV" class="mw-redirect" title="DSM-IV">DSM-IV</a>, is a psychiatric diagnosis describing the recurring use of alcoholic beverages despite its negative consequences.<sup id="cite_ref-pubs.niaaa_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pubs.niaaa-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alcohol use disorder is sometimes referred to by the less specific term alcoholism. There are two types of people with alcohol use disorder: those who have anti-social and pleasure-seeking tendencies, and those who are anxiety-ridden- people who are able to go without drinking for long periods of time but are unable to control themselves once they start.<sup id="cite_ref-Neil_R_2010,_p.572_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neil_R_2010,_p.572-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Binge_drinking" title="Binge drinking">Binge drinking</a> is another form of alcohol use disorder. Frequent binge drinking or getting severely drunk more than twice is classed as alcohol misuse.<sup id="cite_ref-Michaud-2007_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michaud-2007-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to research done through international surveys, the heaviest drinkers happen to be the United Kingdom's adolescent generation.<sup id="cite_ref-auto39_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto39-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Animal_abuse">Animal abuse</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cruelty_to_animals" title="Cruelty to animals">Cruelty to animals</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Cruelty_to_animals" title="Category:Cruelty to animals">Category:Cruelty to animals</a></div> <p>Animal abuse is the infliction of suffering or harm upon animals, other than humans, for purposes other than self-defense. More narrowly, it can be harm for specific gain, such as killing animals for fur. Diverging viewpoints are held by jurisdictions throughout the world. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-social_behavior">Anti-social behavior</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anti-social_behavior" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-social behavior">Anti-social behavior</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Incivility" title="Incivility">Incivility</a></div> <p>Anti-social behavior is often seen as public behavior that lacks judgement and consideration for others and may damage them or their property. It may be intentional, as with vandalism or <a href="/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti">graffiti</a>, or the result of negligence. Persistent anti-social behavior may be a manifestation of an <a href="/wiki/Antisocial_personality_disorder" title="Antisocial personality disorder">antisocial personality disorder</a>. The counterpart of anti-social behavior is <a href="/wiki/Social_behavior" title="Social behavior">pro-social behavior</a>, namely any behavior intended to help or benefit another person, group or society.<sup id="cite_ref-auto8_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto8-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bullying">Bullying</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">Bullying</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Template:Bullying" title="Template:Bullying">Template:Bullying</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Bullying&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Bullying (page does not exist)">Category:Bullying</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bullying_in_academia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bullying in academia">Bullying in academia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bullying_in_information_technology" title="Bullying in information technology">Bullying in information technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bullying_in_medicine" title="Bullying in medicine">Bullying in medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bullying_in_the_military" title="Bullying in the military">Bullying in the military</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bullying_in_nursing" title="Bullying in nursing">Bullying in nursing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bullying_in_teaching" title="Bullying in teaching">Bullying in teaching</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gay_bullying" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay bullying">Gay bullying</a>, <a href="/wiki/School_bullying" title="School bullying">School bullying</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sexual_bullying" title="Sexual bullying">Sexual bullying</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Workplace_bullying" title="Workplace bullying">Workplace bullying</a></div> <p>Bullying is repeated acts over time that involves a real or perceived imbalance of power with the more powerful individual or group attacking those who are less powerful.<sup id="cite_ref-auto44_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto44-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bullying may consist of three basic types of abuse – <a href="/wiki/Verbal_abuse" title="Verbal abuse">verbal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physical_abuse" title="Physical abuse">physical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Psychological_abuse" title="Psychological abuse">emotional</a>. It typically involves subtle methods of <a href="/wiki/Coercion" title="Coercion">coercion</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Intimidation" title="Intimidation">intimidation</a>. Bullying can be defined in many different ways. Although the UK currently has no legal definition of bullying,<sup id="cite_ref-auto6_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto6-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some US states have laws against it. Bullying is usually done to coerce others by <a href="/wiki/Fear" title="Fear">fear</a> or <a href="/wiki/Coercion" title="Coercion">threat</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Character_assassination">Character assassination</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Character_assassination" title="Character assassination">Character assassination</a></div> <p>Character assassination is an attempt to tarnish a person's reputation. It may involve exaggeration or <a href="/wiki/Psychological_manipulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological manipulation">manipulation</a> of facts to present an untrue picture of the targeted person. It is a form of <a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">defamation</a> and can be a form of an ad hominem (to the person) argument. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Child_abuse"><span class="anchor" id="Child_abuse"></span> Child abuse</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Child_abuse" title="Child abuse">Child abuse</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Child_abuse" title="Category:Child abuse">Category:Child abuse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Child_neglect" title="Child neglect">Child neglect</a></div> <p>Child abuse is the physical or psychological/emotional mistreatment of children. In the United States, the <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a> (CDC) define child maltreatment as any act or series of acts of commission or omission by a parent or other caregiver that results in harm, potential for harm, or threat of harm to a child.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most child abuse occurs in a child's home, with a smaller amount occurring in the organisations, schools or communities the child interacts with. There are four major categories of child abuse: <a href="/wiki/Neglect" title="Neglect">neglect</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physical_abuse" title="Physical abuse">physical abuse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychological_abuse" title="Psychological abuse">psychological/emotional abuse</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">sexual abuse</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Child_sexual_abuse">Child sexual abuse</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">Child sexual abuse</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Child_sexual_abuse" title="Category:Child sexual abuse">Category:Child sexual abuse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Child sexual abuse laws in the United States">Child sexual abuse laws in the United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/False_allegation_of_child_sexual_abuse" title="False allegation of child sexual abuse">False allegation of child sexual abuse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laws_regarding_child_sexual_abuse" title="Laws regarding child sexual abuse">Laws regarding child sexual abuse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Penn_State_child_sex_abuse_scandal" title="Penn State child sex abuse scandal">Penn State child sex abuse scandal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_child_pornography_and_child_sexual_abuse" title="Relationship between child pornography and child sexual abuse">Relationship between child pornography and child sexual abuse</a></div> <p>Child sexual abuse is a form of <a href="/wiki/Child_abuse" title="Child abuse">child abuse</a> in which an adult or older adolescent abuses a child for sexual stimulation.<sup id="cite_ref-medline2008_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-medline2008-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-APA_Guidelines_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APA_Guidelines-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Different forms of this include: asking or pressuring a child to engage in sexual activities (regardless of the outcome), some types of <a href="/wiki/Indecent_exposure" title="Indecent exposure">indecent exposure</a> of genitalia to a child, displaying pornography to a child, actual <a href="/wiki/Human_sexual_behavior" class="mw-redirect" title="Human sexual behavior">sexual contact</a> against a child, viewing or engaging in physical contact with the child's genitals for sexual purposes, or using a child to produce <a href="/wiki/Child_pornography" title="Child pornography">child pornography</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-medline2008_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-medline2008-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto2_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nspcc_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nspcc-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Child-on-child_sexual_abuse">Child-on-child sexual abuse</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Child-on-child_sexual_abuse" title="Child-on-child sexual abuse">Child-on-child sexual abuse</a></div> <p>Child-on-child sexual abuse refers to a form of <a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">child sexual abuse</a> in which a prepubescent child is sexually abused by one or more other children or adolescent youths, and in which no adult is directly involved. This includes sexual activity between children that occurs without consent, without equality, or as a result of <a href="/wiki/Coercion" title="Coercion">coercion</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-shaw_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shaw-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> particularly when physical force, threats, trickery, or <a href="/wiki/Psychological_manipulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological manipulation">emotional manipulation</a> are used to elicit co-operation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_rights_abuse">Civil rights abuse</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">Civil rights</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clandestine_abuse">Clandestine abuse</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Clandestine_abuse" title="Clandestine abuse">Clandestine abuse</a></div> <p>Clandestine abuse is <a href="/wiki/Sexual_assault" title="Sexual assault">sexual</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychological_abuse" title="Psychological abuse">psychological</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Assault_(tort)" title="Assault (tort)">physical abuse</a> "that is kept secret for a purpose, concealed, or underhanded."<sup id="cite_ref-auto45_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto45-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clerical_abuse">Clerical abuse</h3></div> <dl><dd><i>See: <a href="/wiki/Catholic_sex_abuse_cases" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic sex abuse cases">Catholic sex abuse cases</a></i></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cyber_abuse_or_cyber_bullying"><span class="anchor" id="Cyber_abuse_or_cyber_bullying"></span> Cyber abuse or cyber bullying</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cyberbullying" title="Cyberbullying">Cyberbullying</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Computer_crime" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer crime">Computer crime</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyber-aggression_in_the_workplace" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyber-aggression in the workplace">Cyber-aggression in the workplace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyberstalking" title="Cyberstalking">Cyberstalking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyberterrorism" title="Cyberterrorism">Cyberterrorism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Email_bomb" title="Email bomb">Email bomb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flaming_(Internet)" title="Flaming (Internet)">Flaming (Internet)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harassment_by_computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Harassment by computer">Harassment by computer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Troll_(Internet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Troll (Internet)">Troll (Internet)</a></div> <p>Cyberbullying "involves the use of information and communication technologies to support deliberate, repeated, and hostile behavior by an individual or group, that is intended to harm others." -Bill Belsey<sup id="cite_ref-auto17_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto17-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dating_abuse_or_dating_violence">Dating abuse or dating violence</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dating_abuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Dating abuse">Dating abuse</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Date_rape" title="Date rape">Date rape</a></div> <p>Dating abuse is a pattern of abusive behaviour exhibited by one or both partners in a <a href="/wiki/Dating_(activity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dating (activity)">dating</a> relationship. The behaviour may include, but is not limited to; <a href="/wiki/Physical_abuse" title="Physical abuse">physical abuse</a>; <a href="/wiki/Psychological_abuse" title="Psychological abuse">psychological abuse</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">sexual abuse</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defamation">Defamation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">Defamation</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Libel" class="mw-redirect" title="Libel">Libel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slander" class="mw-redirect" title="Slander">Slander</a></div> <p>Defamation is the communication of a statement that makes a claim, expressly stated or implied to be factual, that may give an <a href="/wiki/Individual" title="Individual">individual</a>, business, <a href="/wiki/Product_(business)" title="Product (business)">product</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_group" title="Social group">group</a>, government or nation a negative image. It is usually – but not always,<sup id="cite_ref-auto4_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto4-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a requirement that this claim be false and that the publication be communicated to someone other than the person defamed (termed the <a href="/wiki/Claimant" class="mw-redirect" title="Claimant">claimant</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disability_abuse">Disability abuse</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Disability_abuse" title="Disability abuse">Disability abuse</a></div> <p>It has been noted that <a href="/wiki/Disabled" class="mw-redirect" title="Disabled">disabled</a> people are disproportionately affected by disability abuse and <a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">bullying</a>, and such activity has been cited as a <a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">hate crime</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Quarmby_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quarmby-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bullying is not limited to those who are visibly disabled – such as wheelchair-users or individuals with physical differences (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Cleft_lip" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleft lip">cleft lip</a>) – but also those with <a href="/wiki/Learning_disabilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Learning disabilities">learning disabilities</a>, <a href="/wiki/Autism" title="Autism">autism</a><sup id="cite_ref-Sainsbury_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sainsbury-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Attwood_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Attwood-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Developmental_coordination_disorder" title="Developmental coordination disorder">developmental coordination disorder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kirby_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kirby-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brookes_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brookes-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the latter case, this is linked to a poor ability in physical education, and this behaviour can be encouraged by an ignorant physical education teacher. Abuse of disabled people is not limited to schools; there are many known cases in which disabled people have been abused by staff of a "care institution", such as the case revealed in a <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> <a href="/wiki/Panorama_(TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Panorama (TV series)">Panorama</a> programme on a Castlebeck care home (<a href="/wiki/Winterbourne_View" class="mw-redirect" title="Winterbourne View">Winterbourne View</a>) near <a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a>, leading to its closure and suspension or firing of staff members.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_News_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_News-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discriminatory_abuse">Discriminatory abuse</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main pages: <a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">Discrimination</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Discrimination" title="Category:Discrimination">Category:Discrimination</a>, <a href="/wiki/Template:Discrimination" title="Template:Discrimination">Template:Discrimination</a>, <a href="/wiki/Template:Discrimination_sidebar" title="Template:Discrimination sidebar">Template:Discrimination sidebar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prejudice" title="Prejudice">Prejudice</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">Religious discrimination</a></div> <p>Discriminatory abuse involves picking on or treating someone unfairly because something about them is different; for example concerning: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ageism" title="Ageism">age</a></li> <li>clothing or appearance</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_discrimination" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic discrimination">ethnicity</a>, nationality or culture including traits like <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">gender</a>, including gender-related traits (e.g., Pregnancy)</li> <li>health (such as HIV/AIDS) or <a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">disability</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Mental_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental disorders">mental disorders</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a> usage</li> <li>lifestyle or occupation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">race</a> or skin colour</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">religion</a> or political affiliation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">sexuality</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">sexual orientation</a></li> <li>social class or creed</li> <li>weight or height</li></ul></div> <p>Discriminatory laws such as <a href="/wiki/Redlining" title="Redlining">redlining</a> have existed in many countries. In some countries, controversial attempts such as <a href="/wiki/Racial_quota" title="Racial quota">racial quotas</a> have been used to redress negative effects of discrimination. </p><p>Other acts of discrimination include <a href="/wiki/Political_libel" class="mw-redirect" title="Political libel">political libel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">defamation</a> of groups and <a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">stereotypes</a> based on <a href="/wiki/Exaggeration" title="Exaggeration">exaggerations</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domestic_abuse_or_domestic_violence"><span class="anchor" id="Domestic_abuse_or_domestic_violence"></span> Domestic abuse or domestic violence</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">Domestic violence</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Domestic_violence" title="Category:Domestic violence">Category:Domestic violence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_domestic_violence" title="Christianity and domestic violence">Christianity and domestic violence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Common_couple_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Common couple violence">Common couple violence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_and_pregnancy" title="Domestic violence and pregnancy">Domestic violence and pregnancy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_domestic_violence_on_children" title="Effects of domestic violence on children">Effects of domestic violence on children</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epidemiology_of_domestic_violence" title="Epidemiology of domestic violence">Epidemiology of domestic violence</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Islam_and_domestic_violence" title="Islam and domestic violence">Islam and domestic violence</a></div> <p>Domestic abuse can be broadly defined as any form of abusive behaviours by one or both partners in an <a href="/wiki/Intimate_relationship" title="Intimate relationship">intimate relationship</a>, such as marriage, cohabitation, family, dating, or even friends. Domestic violence has many forms, including: </p> <ul><li>physical aggression (hitting, kicking, biting, shoving, restraining, throwing objects), or threats thereof</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">sexual abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_abuse" title="Psychological abuse">emotional abuse</a></li> <li>financial abuse (withholding money or controlling all money, including that of other family members)</li> <li>social abuse (restricting access to friends or family, insulting or threatening friends or family), controlling or domineering</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intimidation" title="Intimidation">intimidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalking" title="Stalking">stalking</a></li> <li>passive/covert abuse<sup id="cite_ref-auto16_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto16-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto60_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto60-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Neglect" title="Neglect">neglect</a>)</li> <li><a href="#Economic_abuse">economic deprivation</a></li></ul> <p>Depending on local statues, the domestic violence may or may not constitute a crime, also depending on the severity and duration of specific acts, and other variables. Alcohol consumption<sup id="cite_ref-Markz_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Markz-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Mental_illness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental illness">mental illness</a><sup id="cite_ref-auto38_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto38-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have frequently been associated with abuse. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_abuse">Economic abuse</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economic_abuse" title="Economic abuse">Economic abuse</a></div> <p>Economic abuse is a form of abuse when one intimate partner has control over the other partner's access to economic resources,<sup id="cite_ref-Adams_(2008)_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams_(2008)-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which diminishes the victim's capacity to support him/herself and forces him/her to depend on the perpetrator financially.<sup id="cite_ref-Adams_(2008)_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams_(2008)-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brewster_(2003)_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brewster_(2003)-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sanders_(2004)_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanders_(2004)-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elder_abuse">Elder abuse</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Elder_abuse" title="Elder abuse">Elder abuse</a></div> <p>Elder abuse is a type of harm to older adults involving abuse by trusted individuals in a manner that "causes harm or distress to an older person".<sup id="cite_ref-auto29_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto29-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This definition has been adopted by the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> from a definition put forward by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Action_on_Elder_Abuse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Action on Elder Abuse (page does not exist)">Action on Elder Abuse</a> in the UK. The abuse includes violence, <a href="/wiki/Neglect" title="Neglect">neglect</a>, and other crimes committed against an elderly person and their forms include physical, mental, and financial abuses as well as passive and active neglect.<sup id="cite_ref-auto64_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto64-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emotional_abuse">Emotional abuse</h3></div> <dl><dd><i>See: <a href="/wiki/Psychological_abuse" title="Psychological abuse">Psychological abuse</a></i></dd></dl> <p>While there is an absence of consensus as to the precise definition of emotional abuse, it is classified by the U.S. federal <a href="/wiki/Child_Abuse_Prevention_and_Treatment_Act" title="Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act">Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act</a> as a form of mental injury.<sup id="cite_ref-auto19_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto19-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The typical legal definition, particularly in the area of child welfare, accepted by the majority of U.S. states describes it as injury to the psychological capacity or emotional stability as evidenced by an observable or substantial change in behavior, emotional response or cognition.<sup id="cite_ref-auto55_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto55-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Employee_abuse">Employee abuse</h3></div> <dl><dd><i>See: <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Workplace_abuse_or_workplace_bullying">Workplace abuse or workplace bullying</a></i></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="False_accusations">False accusations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/False_accusations" class="mw-redirect" title="False accusations">False accusations</a></div> <p>False accusations (or false allegations) can be in any of the following contexts: </p> <ul><li>informally in everyday life;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-judicial" class="mw-redirect" title="Quasi-judicial">quasi-judicially</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial">judicially</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flag_abuse">Flag abuse</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Flag_desecration" title="Flag desecration">Flag desecration</a></div> <p>Flag abuse (or flag desecration) is a term applied to various acts that intentionally destroy, damage or mutilate a flag in public, most often a national flag. Often, such action is intended to make a political point against a country or its policies. Some countries have laws forbidding methods of destruction (such as burning in public) or forbidding particular uses (such as for commercial purposes); such laws may distinguish between desecration of the country's own national flag and flags of other countries. Countries may have laws protecting the right to burn a flag as free speech. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gaming_the_system"><span class="anchor" id="Gaming_the_system"></span> Gaming the system</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gaming_the_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaming the system">Gaming the system</a></div> <p>Gaming the system (also called bending the rules, gaming the rules, playing the system, abusing the system, milking the system, or working the system) can be defined as using the rules and procedures meant to protect a system to instead <a href="/wiki/Psychological_manipulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological manipulation">manipulate</a> the system for a desired outcome.<sup id="cite_ref-auto36_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto36-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gaslighting">Gaslighting</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gaslighting" title="Gaslighting">Gaslighting</a></div> <p>Gaslighting is <a href="/wiki/Psychological_manipulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological manipulation">manipulation</a> through persistent <a href="/wiki/Denial" title="Denial">denial</a>, misdirection, contradiction, and <a href="/wiki/Lie" title="Lie">lying</a> in an attempt to <a href="/wiki/Destabilisation" title="Destabilisation">destabilize</a> and delegitimize a target. Its intent is to sow seeds of doubt in the targets, hoping to make them question their own memory, perception, and sanity.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_Dictionary_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_Dictionary-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dorpat_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dorpat-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instances may range from the denial by an abuser that previous abusive incidents ever occurred up to the staging of bizarre events by the abuser with the intention of disorienting the victim. The term owes its origin to <i><a href="/wiki/Gaslight_(play)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaslight (play)">Gaslight</a></i>, a 1938 play and 1944 film, and has been used in clinical and research literature.<sup id="cite_ref-Dorpat1996_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dorpat1996-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JacobsonGottman1998_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JacobsonGottman1998-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gay_abuse_or_gay_bashing"><span class="anchor" id="Gay_abuse_or_gay_bashing"></span> Gay abuse or gay bashing</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gay_bashing" title="Gay bashing">Gay bashing</a></div> <p>Gay bashing and gay bullying are <a href="/wiki/Verbal_abuse" title="Verbal abuse">verbal</a> or <a href="/wiki/Physical_abuse" title="Physical abuse">physical abuse</a> against a person perceived by the aggressor to be gay, lesbian, or <a href="/wiki/Bisexual" class="mw-redirect" title="Bisexual">bisexual</a>, including people who are actually heterosexual, or of non-specific or unknown <a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">sexual orientation</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Harassment">Harassment</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Harassment" title="Harassment">Harassment</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Harassment_by_computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Harassment by computer">Harassment by computer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electronic_harassment" title="Electronic harassment">Electronic harassment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mobile_harassment" title="Mobile harassment">Mobile harassment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Power_harassment" title="Power harassment">Power harassment</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></div> <p>Harassment covers a wide range of offensive behaviour. It is commonly understood as behaviour intended to disturb or upset. In the legal sense, it is behaviour which <i>is found</i> threatening or disturbing. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Power_harassment" title="Power harassment">Power harassment</a> is harassment or unwelcome attention of a political nature, often occurring in the environment of a workplace. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a> refers to persistent and unwanted sexual advances, typically in the workplace, where the consequences of refusing sexual requests are potentially very disadvantageous to the victim. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hate_crimes">Hate crimes</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hate_crimes" class="mw-redirect" title="Hate crimes">Hate crimes</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Hate_crime" title="Category:Hate crime">Category:Hate crime</a>, <a href="/wiki/Disability_hate_crime" title="Disability hate crime">Disability hate crime</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hate_mail" title="Hate mail">Hate mail</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">Hate speech</a></div> <p>Hate crimes occur when a perpetrator targets a victim because of his or her perceived membership in a certain <a href="/wiki/Social_group" title="Social group">social group</a>; usually defined by <a href="/wiki/Race_(classification_of_human_beings)" class="mw-redirect" title="Race (classification of human beings)">racial group</a>, religion, <a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">sexual orientation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">disability</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethnicity" title="Ethnicity">ethnicity</a>, nationality, <a href="/wiki/Ageing" title="Ageing">age</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gender" title="Gender">gender</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">gender identity</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Political_affiliation" class="mw-redirect" title="Political affiliation">political affiliation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-williams_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-williams-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"Hate crime" generally refers to <a href="/wiki/Crime" title="Crime">criminal acts</a> which are seen to have been motivated by <a href="/wiki/Hatred" title="Hatred">hatred</a> of one or more of the listed conditions. Incidents may involve <a href="/wiki/Assault" title="Assault">physical assault</a>, damage to property, <a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">bullying</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harassment" title="Harassment">harassment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Verbal_abuse" title="Verbal abuse">verbal abuse</a> or <a href="/wiki/Insults" class="mw-redirect" title="Insults">insults</a>, or offensive graffiti or inflammatory letters (hate mail).<sup id="cite_ref-ovrbwx_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ovrbwx-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hazing">Hazing</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hazing" title="Hazing">Hazing</a></div> <p>Hazing is considered any activity involving <a href="/wiki/Harassment" title="Harassment">harassment</a>, abuse, or <a href="/wiki/Humiliation" title="Humiliation">humiliation</a> as a way of <a href="/wiki/Initiation" title="Initiation">initiating</a> a person into a <a href="/wiki/Social_group" title="Social group">group</a>. </p><p>Hazing is seen in many different types of groups; including within <a href="/wiki/Gang" title="Gang">gangs</a>, clubs, <a href="/wiki/Team_sport" title="Team sport">sports teams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Military_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Military unit">military units</a>, and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Workplace" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Workplace">workplaces</a>. In the United States and Canada, hazing is often <a href="/wiki/Hazing_in_Greek_letter_organizations" title="Hazing in Greek letter organizations">associated with Greek-letter organisations</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fraternities_and_sororities" title="Fraternities and sororities">fraternities and sororities</a>). Hazing is often prohibited by law and may be either physical (possibly <a href="/wiki/Violence" title="Violence">violent</a>) or mental (possibly <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Degrading" class="extiw" title="wikt:Degrading">degrading</a>) practices. It may also include nudity or sexually oriented activities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_rights_abuse">Human rights abuse</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses" title="Category:Human rights abuses">Category:Human rights abuses</a></div> <p>Human rights are "basic rights and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_(political)" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom (political)">freedoms</a> to which all humans are entitled."<sup id="cite_ref-auto15_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto15-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of rights and freedoms which have come to be commonly thought of as human rights include <a href="/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights" title="Civil and political rights">civil and political rights</a>, such as the right to life and <a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">liberty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of expression</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Equality_before_the_law" title="Equality before the law">equality before the law</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Economic,_social_and_cultural_rights" title="Economic, social and cultural rights">economic, social and cultural rights</a>, including the right to participate in culture, the right to be treated with respect and dignity, the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_food" title="Right to food">right to food</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_work" title="Right to work">right to work</a>, and – in certain countries – the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_education" title="Right to education">right to education</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Humiliation">Humiliation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Humiliation" title="Humiliation">Humiliation</a></div> <p>Humiliation is the abasement of <a href="/wiki/Pride" title="Pride">pride</a>, which creates mortification or leads to a state of being <a href="/wiki/Humility" title="Humility">humbled</a> or reduced to lowliness or <a href="/wiki/Submission_(emotion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Submission (emotion)">submission</a>. It can be brought about through <a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">bullying</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intimidation" title="Intimidation">intimidation</a>, physical or mental mistreatment or trickery, or by <a href="/wiki/Embarrassment" title="Embarrassment">embarrassment</a> if a person is revealed to have committed a socially or legally unacceptable act. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Incivility">Incivility</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Incivility" title="Incivility">Incivility</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Workplace_incivility" title="Workplace incivility">Workplace incivility</a></div> <p>Incivility is a general term for social behaviour lacking in civility or good <a href="/wiki/Manners" class="mw-redirect" title="Manners">manners</a>, ranging from <a href="/wiki/Rude" class="mw-redirect" title="Rude">rudeness</a> or lack of <a href="/wiki/Respect" title="Respect">respect</a> towards elders; vandalism and <a href="/wiki/Hooliganism" title="Hooliganism">hooliganism</a>; or public <a href="/wiki/Drunkenness" class="mw-redirect" title="Drunkenness">drunkenness</a> and threatening behaviour.<sup id="cite_ref-auto32_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto32-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Institutional_abuse">Institutional abuse</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Institutional_abuse" title="Institutional abuse">Institutional abuse</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Foster_care#State_abuses" title="Foster care">Foster care § State abuses</a></div> <p>Institutional abuse can typically occur in a <a href="/wiki/Care_home" class="mw-redirect" title="Care home">care home</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nursing_home" title="Nursing home">nursing home</a>, acute hospital or in-patient setting and can be any of the following:<sup id="cite_ref-auto13_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto13-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">discriminatory abuse</a></li> <li><a href="#Financial_abuse">financial abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neglect" title="Neglect">neglect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_abuse" title="Physical abuse">physical abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_abuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Emotional abuse">psychological and emotional abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">sexual abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verbal_abuse" title="Verbal abuse">verbal abuse</a></li></ul></div> <p><b>Further reading</b> </p> <ul><li>Barter, Christine (1998). <i>Investigating Institutional Abuse of Children (Policy, Practice, Research).</i> National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (NSPCC). <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0902498846" title="Special:BookSources/978-0902498846">978-0902498846</a></li> <li>Beker, Jerome (1982). <i>Institutional Abuse of Children and Youth (Child & Youth Services)</i>. Routledge.</li> <li>Manthorpe J, Penhale B, Stanley N (1999). <i>Institutional Abuse: Perspectives Across the Life Course.</i> Routledge.</li> <li>Westcott, Helen L (1991). <i>Institutional Abuse of Children – From Research to Policy: A Review (Policy, Practice, Research S.) </i>National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (NSPCC).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Insult">Insult</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Insult" title="Insult">Insult</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ad_hominem" title="Ad hominem">Ad hominem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Incivility" title="Incivility">Incivility</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rudeness" title="Rudeness">Rudeness</a></div> <p>An insult is an expression, statement or behaviour considered to be degrading and offensive. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intimidation">Intimidation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Intimidation" title="Intimidation">Intimidation</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Witness_intimidation" class="mw-redirect" title="Witness intimidation">Witness intimidation</a></div> <p><b>Intimidation</b> involves intentional behavior that would cause a person of reasonable apprehension to fear <a href="/wiki/Harm" title="Harm">harm</a> or <a href="/wiki/Injury" title="Injury">injury</a>. Within the context of a criminal prosecution it is not necessary to prove that the behavior caused the victim to experience <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/terror" class="extiw" title="wikt:terror">terror</a> or panic.<sup id="cite_ref-auto10_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto10-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "The calculated use of violence or the <a href="/wiki/Threat" title="Threat">threat</a> of violence to attain goals political, religious, or ideological in nature... through intimidation, <a href="/wiki/Coercion" title="Coercion">coercion</a>, or instilling <a href="/wiki/Fear" title="Fear">fear</a>" can be defined as terrorism.<sup id="cite_ref-auto42_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto42-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_abuse">Legal abuse</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Abuse_of_the_legal_system" title="Category:Abuse of the legal system">Category:Abuse of the legal system</a></div> <p>Legal abuse refers to abuses associated with both <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(common_law)" title="Civil law (common law)">civil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Criminal_law" title="Criminal law">criminal</a> legal action. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Market_abuse">Market abuse</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Market_abuse" title="Market abuse">Market abuse</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Anti-competitive_practices" title="Anti-competitive practices">Anti-competitive practices</a> and <a href="/wiki/Insider_trading" title="Insider trading">Insider trading</a></div> <p>Market abuse may arise in circumstances where financial investors have been unreasonably disadvantaged, directly or indirectly, by others who:<sup id="cite_ref-auto66_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto66-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>have used information which is not publicly available (insider dealing)</li> <li>have distorted the price-setting mechanism of financial instruments</li> <li>have disseminated false or misleading information.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medical_abuse">Medical abuse</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Patient_abuse">Abuse § Patient abuse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patient_abuse" title="Patient abuse">Patient abuse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aggression_in_healthcare" class="mw-redirect" title="Aggression in healthcare">Aggression in healthcare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bullying_in_medicine" title="Bullying in medicine">Bullying in medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bullying_in_nursing" title="Bullying in nursing">Bullying in nursing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medical_malpractice" title="Medical malpractice">Medical malpractice</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Never_events" class="mw-redirect" title="Never events">Never events</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_abuse">Military abuse</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Bullying_in_the_military" title="Bullying in the military">Bullying in the military</a>, <a href="/wiki/Military_use_of_children" class="mw-redirect" title="Military use of children">Military use of children</a>, <a href="/wiki/Military_sexual_trauma" title="Military sexual trauma">Military sexual trauma</a>, <a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">War crime</a>, and <a href="/wiki/War_rape" class="mw-redirect" title="War rape">War rape</a></div> <p><i>War crimes</i> are "violations of the laws or customs of war", including "murder, the ill-treatment or deportation of civilian residents of an occupied territory to slave <a href="/wiki/Labor_camp" title="Labor camp">labor camps</a>", "the murder or ill-treatment of <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoners of war</a>", the killing of hostages, "the wanton destruction of cities, towns and villages, and any devastation not justified by military, or civilian necessity".<sup id="cite_ref-black_book_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-black_book-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>War rape</i> is rape committed by soldiers, other <a href="/wiki/Combatant" title="Combatant">combatants</a> or civilians during armed conflict or war. During war and armed conflict rape is frequently used as means of <a href="/wiki/Psychological_warfare" title="Psychological warfare">psychological warfare</a> to <a href="/wiki/Humiliate" class="mw-redirect" title="Humiliate">humiliate</a> the enemy and undermine their <a href="/wiki/Morale" title="Morale">morale</a>. </p><p><i>Military sexual trauma</i> is <a href="/wiki/Sexual_assault" title="Sexual assault">sexual assault</a> and rape experienced by military personnel. It is often accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Posttraumatic_stress_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Posttraumatic stress disorder">posttraumatic stress disorder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto46_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto46-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mind_abuse_or_mind_control">Mind abuse or mind control</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Brainwashing" title="Brainwashing">Brainwashing</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Mind_control" title="Category:Mind control">Category:Mind control</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mind_games" title="Mind games">Mind games</a></div> <p>Mind abuse or mind control refers to a process in which a group or individual "systematically uses unethically <a href="/wiki/Psychological_manipulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological manipulation">manipulative</a> methods to persuade others to conform to the wishes of the manipulator(s), often to the detriment of the person being manipulated".<sup id="cite_ref-auto58_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto58-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term has been applied to any tactic, <a href="/wiki/Psychological" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological">psychological</a> or otherwise, which can be seen as subverting an individual's sense of control over their own <a href="/wiki/Thinking" class="mw-redirect" title="Thinking">thinking</a>, behaviour, emotions or decision making. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Misconduct">Misconduct</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Misconduct" title="Misconduct">Misconduct</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Duty_to_report_misconduct" title="Duty to report misconduct">Duty to report misconduct</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judicial_misconduct" title="Judicial misconduct">Judicial misconduct</a>, <a href="/wiki/Official_misconduct" class="mw-redirect" title="Official misconduct">Official misconduct</a>, <a href="/wiki/Police_misconduct" title="Police misconduct">Police misconduct</a>, <a href="/wiki/Police_misconduct_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Police misconduct in the United States">Police misconduct in the United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prosecutorial_misconduct" title="Prosecutorial misconduct">Prosecutorial misconduct</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scientific_misconduct" title="Scientific misconduct">Scientific misconduct</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_misconduct" title="Sexual misconduct">Sexual misconduct</a></div> <p>Misconduct means a wrongful, improper, or unlawful conduct motivated by premeditated or intentional purpose or by obstinate indifference to the consequences of one's acts. Three categories of misconduct are <i>official misconduct</i>, <i>professional misconduct </i>and <i>sexual misconduct</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mobbing">Mobbing</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mobbing" title="Mobbing">Mobbing</a></div> <p>Mobbing means <a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">bullying</a> of an individual by a group in any context. Identified as <a href="/wiki/Emotional_abuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Emotional abuse">emotional abuse</a> in the workplace (such as "ganging up" on someone by co-workers, subordinates or superiors) to force someone out of the workplace through rumour, <a href="/wiki/Innuendo" title="Innuendo">innuendo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intimidation" title="Intimidation">intimidation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Humiliation" title="Humiliation">humiliation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Discrediting" class="mw-redirect" title="Discrediting">discrediting</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Isolation_to_facilitate_abuse" title="Isolation to facilitate abuse">isolation</a>, it is also referred to as malicious, nonsexual, nonracial, general <a href="/wiki/Harassment" title="Harassment">harassment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto11_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto11-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mobbing can take place in any group environment such as a workplace, neighbourhood or family. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Narcissistic_abuse">Narcissistic abuse</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Abuse" title="Special:EditPage/Abuse">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Narcissistic abuse is a term that emerged in the late 20th century, and became more prominent in the 2000s decade. It originally referred specifically to abuse by <a href="/wiki/Narcissistic_parent" title="Narcissistic parent">narcissistic parents</a> of their children, but more recently has come to mean any abuse by a <a href="/wiki/Narcissist" class="mw-redirect" title="Narcissist">narcissist</a> (egotistical person or someone with arrogant pride). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neglect">Neglect</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Neglect" title="Neglect">Neglect</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Child_neglect" title="Child neglect">Child neglect</a> and <a href="/wiki/Self-neglect" title="Self-neglect">Self-neglect</a></div> <p>Neglect is a passive form of abuse in which a caregiver responsible for providing care for a victim (a child, a physically or mentally <a href="/wiki/Disabled" class="mw-redirect" title="Disabled">disabled</a> adult, an animal, a plant, or an inanimate object) fails to provide adequate care for the victim's needs, to the detriment of the victim. It is typically seen as a form of laziness or apathy on the form of the caregiver, rather than ignorance due to inability; accordingly, neglect of a child by and adult with mental disorders or who is overworked is not considered abuse, although this may constitute child neglect nonetheless. </p><p>Examples of neglect include failing to provide sufficient <a href="/wiki/Childcare" class="mw-redirect" title="Childcare">supervision</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nourishment" class="mw-redirect" title="Nourishment">nourishment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medical_care" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical care">medical care</a> or other needs for which the victim is helpless to provide for themselves. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Negligence"><span class="anchor" id="Negligence"></span> Negligence</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Negligence" title="Negligence">Negligence</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Legal_malpractice" title="Legal malpractice">Legal malpractice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malpractice" title="Malpractice">Malpractice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medical_malpractice" title="Medical malpractice">Medical malpractice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Negligence_in_employment" title="Negligence in employment">Negligence in employment</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Professional_negligence_in_English_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional negligence in English Law">Professional negligence in English Law</a></div> <p>Negligence is <a href="/wiki/Behavior" title="Behavior">conduct</a> that is <a href="/wiki/Culpability" title="Culpability">culpable</a> (to blame) because it falls short of what a <a href="/wiki/Reasonable_person" title="Reasonable person">reasonable person</a> would do to protect another <a href="/wiki/Individual" title="Individual">individual</a> from foreseeable risks of harm. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parental_abuse_by_children">Parental abuse by children</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Parental_abuse_by_children" title="Parental abuse by children">Parental abuse by children</a></div> <p>Abuse of parents by their children is a common but under-reported and under-researched subject. Parents are quite often subject to levels of <a href="/wiki/Childhood_aggression" class="mw-redirect" title="Childhood aggression">childhood aggression</a>, typically in the form of <a href="/wiki/Verbal_abuse" title="Verbal abuse">verbal</a> or <a href="/wiki/Physical_abuse" title="Physical abuse">physical abuse</a>, in excess of normal childhood aggressive outbursts. Parents feel a sense of <a href="/wiki/Shame" title="Shame">shame</a> and <a href="/wiki/Humiliation" title="Humiliation">humiliation</a> to have that problem, so they rarely seek help; nor is much help available today.<sup id="cite_ref-auto61_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto61-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto23_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto23-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Passive–aggressive_behaviour"><span id="Passive.E2.80.93aggressive_behaviour"></span>Passive–aggressive behaviour</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Passive%E2%80%93aggressive_behavior" class="mw-redirect" title="Passive–aggressive behavior">Passive–aggressive behavior</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mind_games" title="Mind games">Mind games</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neglect" title="Neglect">Neglect</a>, <a href="/wiki/Obstructionism" title="Obstructionism">Obstructionism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Procrastination" title="Procrastination">Procrastination</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silent_treatment" title="Silent treatment">Silent treatment</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Social_undermining" title="Social undermining">Social undermining</a></div> <p>Passive–aggressive behaviour is a form of <a href="/wiki/Covert" class="mw-redirect" title="Covert">covert</a> abuse. It is passive, sometimes obstructionist resistance to following through with expectations in <a href="/wiki/Interpersonal" class="mw-redirect" title="Interpersonal">interpersonal</a> or occupational situations. It can manifest itself as <a href="/wiki/Learned_helplessness" title="Learned helplessness">learned helplessness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Procrastination" title="Procrastination">procrastination</a>, stubbornness, <a href="/wiki/Resentment" title="Resentment">resentment</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sullen" class="extiw" title="wikt:sullen">sullenness</a>, or deliberate and repeated failures in accomplishing tasks for which one is (often explicitly) expected to do. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Patient_abuse"><span class="anchor" id="Patient_abuse"></span> Patient abuse</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Patient_abuse" title="Patient abuse">Patient abuse</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Health_care_professionals_convicted_of_murdering_patients" title="Category:Health care professionals convicted of murdering patients">Category:Health care professionals convicted of murdering patients</a>, <a href="/wiki/Experimentation_on_prisoners" title="Experimentation on prisoners">Experimentation on prisoners</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iatrogenesis" title="Iatrogenesis">Iatrogenesis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medical_harm" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical harm">Medical harm</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Medical_malpractice" title="Medical malpractice">Medical malpractice</a></div> <p>Patient abuse or <a href="/wiki/Neglect" title="Neglect">neglect</a> is any action or failure to act which causes unreasonable suffering, misery or harm to the patient. It includes <a href="/wiki/Physical_abuse" title="Physical abuse">physically striking</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sexual_assault" title="Sexual assault">sexually assaulting</a> a patient. It also includes withholding of necessary food, physical care, and medical attention. It applies to various contexts such as hospitals, nursing homes, clinics and home visits.<sup id="cite_ref-auto20_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto20-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peer_abuse">Peer abuse</h3></div> <p>"Peer abuse" is an expression popularised by author Elizabeth Bennett in 2006 to reinforce the idea that it is as valid to identify <a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">bullying</a> as a form of abuse just as one would identify any other form of abuse.<sup id="cite_ref-auto56_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto56-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term conveys similar connotations to the term <i><a href="/wiki/Peer_victimisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Peer victimisation">peer victimisation</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Persecution">Persecution</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Persecution" title="Persecution">Persecution</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Persecution" title="Category:Persecution">Category:Persecution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Religious_persecution" title="Category:Religious persecution">Category:Religious persecution</a></div> <p>Persecution is the systematic mistreatment of an individual or group by another group. The most common forms are <a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">religious persecution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_persecution" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic persecution">ethnic persecution</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Political_persecution" class="mw-redirect" title="Political persecution">political persecution</a>; though there is naturally some overlap between these terms. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical_abuse">Physical abuse</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Physical_abuse" title="Physical abuse">Physical abuse</a></div> <p>Physical abuse is abuse involving contact intended to cause feelings of intimidation, <a href="/wiki/Pain" title="Pain">pain</a>, injury, or other physical <a href="/wiki/Suffering" title="Suffering">suffering</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bodily_harm" title="Bodily harm">bodily harm</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Torture">Torture</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">Torture</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Psychological_torture_techniques" title="Category:Psychological torture techniques">Category:Psychological torture techniques</a></div> <p>Torture is any act by which severe <a href="/wiki/Suffering" title="Suffering">pain</a>, whether physical or psychological, is intentionally inflicted. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Police_abuse">Police abuse</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Police_brutality" title="Police brutality">Police brutality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Police_corruption" title="Police corruption">Police corruption</a>, <a href="/wiki/Police_misconduct" title="Police misconduct">Police misconduct</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Abuse_of_power#Police_officers" title="Abuse of power">Abuse of power § Police officers</a></div> <p><i>Police brutality</i> is the intentional use of excessive force by a police officer. Though usually physical it has the potential to arise in the form of <a href="/wiki/Verbal_abuse" title="Verbal abuse">verbal attacks</a> or <a href="/wiki/Psychological_abuse" title="Psychological abuse">psychological intimidation</a>. It is in some instances triggered by "<a href="/wiki/Contempt_of_cop" title="Contempt of cop">contempt of cop</a>", i.e., perceived disrespect towards police officers. </p><p><i>Police corruption</i> is a specific form of police misconduct designed to obtain financial benefits or career advancement for a police officer or officers in exchange for not pursuing, or selectively pursuing, an investigation or arrest. </p><p><i>Police misconduct</i> refers to inappropriate actions taken by police officers in connection with their official duties. Police misconduct can lead to a <a href="/wiki/Miscarriage_of_justice" title="Miscarriage of justice">miscarriage of justice</a> and sometimes involves discrimination. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_abuse">Political abuse</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main pages: <a href="/wiki/Political_corruption" title="Political corruption">Political corruption</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Political_corruption" title="Category:Political corruption">Category:Political corruption</a>, <a href="/wiki/Political_repression" title="Political repression">Political repression</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Political_repression" title="Category:Political repression">Category:Political repression</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Political_abuse_of_psychiatry" title="Political abuse of psychiatry">Political abuse of psychiatry</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <span class="anonymous-show"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3AAbuse&preload=Template%3ASubmit+an+edit+request%2Fpreload&action=edit&section=new&editintro=Template%3AEdit+protected%2Feditintro&preloadtitle=Protected+edit+request+on+26+November+2024&preloadparams%5B%5D=edit+fully-protected&preloadparams%5B%5D=Abuse">making an edit request</a></span></span><span class="user-show"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abuse&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a> </span>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2010</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prejudice">Prejudice</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Prejudice" title="Prejudice">Prejudice</a></div> <p>A prejudice is a preconceived belief, opinion, or judgment toward a group of people or a single person because of <a href="/wiki/Race_(classification_of_human_beings)" class="mw-redirect" title="Race (classification of human beings)">race</a>, social class, <a href="/wiki/Gender" title="Gender">gender</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethnicity" title="Ethnicity">ethnicity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">sexual orientation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ageing" title="Ageing">age</a>, <a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">disability</a>, political beliefs, religion, line of work or other personal characteristics. It also means <a href="/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posteriori" title="A priori and a posteriori">a priori</a> beliefs (without knowledge of the facts) and includes "any unreasonable attitude that is unusually resistant to rational influence."<sup id="cite_ref-auto24_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto24-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although positive and negative prejudice both exist, when used negatively, "prejudice" implies fear and <a href="/wiki/Antipathy" title="Antipathy">antipathy</a> toward such a group or person. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prison_abuse_or_prisoner_abuse"><span class="anchor" id="Prison_abuse_or_prisoner_abuse"></span> Prison abuse or prisoner abuse</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_abuse" title="Prisoner abuse">Prisoner abuse</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Military_prisoner_abuse_scandals" title="Category:Military prisoner abuse scandals">Category:Military prisoner abuse scandals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Experimentation_on_prisoners" title="Experimentation on prisoners">Experimentation on prisoners</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Prison_rape" title="Prison rape">Prison rape</a></div> <p>Prisoner abuse is the mistreatment of persons while they are under arrest or incarcerated. Abuse falling into this category includes: </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Physical_abuse" title="Physical abuse">Physical abuse</a>:</b> hitting, beating, or other unauthorised <a href="/wiki/Corporal_punishment" title="Corporal punishment">corporal punishment</a>.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Psychological_abuse" title="Psychological abuse">Psychological abuse</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Taunting" title="Taunting">taunting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sleep_deprivation" title="Sleep deprivation">sleep deprivation</a>, or other forms of psychological abuse, occasionally <a href="/wiki/White_noise" title="White noise">white noise</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">Sexual abuse</a>:</b> forced intercourse, genital mutilation, or other forms of sexual abuse.</li> <li><b>Other abuse:</b> refusal of essential medication, <a href="/wiki/Humiliation" title="Humiliation">humiliation</a>, etc.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_interrogation" class="mw-redirect" title="Enhanced interrogation">Enhanced interrogation</a>:</b> methods implemented in the <a href="/wiki/War_on_Terror" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Terror">War on Terror</a> purportedly needed to extract information since other techniques would not yield results.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">Torture</a>:</b> any act by which severe <a href="/wiki/Suffering" title="Suffering">pain</a>, whether physical or psychological, is intentionally inflicted</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Professional_abuse">Professional abuse</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Professional_abuse" title="Professional abuse">Professional abuse</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Malpractice" title="Malpractice">Malpractice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Professional_ethics" title="Professional ethics">Professional ethics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Professional_negligence_in_English_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional negligence in English Law">Professional negligence in English Law</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Professional_responsibility" title="Professional responsibility">Professional responsibility</a></div> <p>Professional abusers:<sup id="cite_ref-auto57_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto57-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>take advantage of their client or patient's trust</li> <li>exploit their <a href="/wiki/Vulnerability" title="Vulnerability">vulnerability</a></li> <li>do not act in their best interests</li> <li>fail to keep <a href="/wiki/Professional_boundaries" title="Professional boundaries">professional boundaries</a></li></ul> <p>Abuse may be: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discriminatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Discriminatory">discriminatory</a></li> <li><a href="#Financial_abuse">financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_abuse" title="Physical abuse">physical</a>/<a href="/wiki/Neglect" title="Neglect">neglectful</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_abuse" title="Psychological abuse">psychological/emotional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">sexual</a></li></ul> <p>Professional abuse always involves: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abuse_of_trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Abuse of trust">betrayal of trust</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/exploitation" class="extiw" title="wikt:exploitation">exploitation</a> of vulnerability</li> <li>violation of professional boundaries</li></ul> <p><b>Further reading</b> </p> <ul><li>Dorpat, Theodore L (1996). <i>Gaslighting, the Double Whammy, Interrogation and Other Methods of Covert Control in Psychotherapy and Analysis. </i>Jason Aronson, Incorporated.</li> <li>Penfold, P. Susan (1998). <i>Sexual Abuse by Health Professionals: A Personal Search for Meaning and Healing.</i> University of Toronto Press.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Psychological_abuse">Psychological abuse</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Psychological_abuse" title="Psychological abuse">Psychological abuse</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Psychological_abuse" title="Category:Psychological abuse">Category:Psychological abuse</a></div> <p>Psychological abuse, also referred to as emotional abuse or mental abuse, is a form of abuse characterized by a person subjecting or exposing another to behavior that is psychologically harmful. Such abuse is often associated with situations of power imbalance, such as <a href="/wiki/Abusive_relationship" class="mw-redirect" title="Abusive relationship">abusive relationships</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">bullying</a>, <a href="/wiki/Child_abuse" title="Child abuse">child abuse</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Workplace_bullying" title="Workplace bullying">workplace</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Racial_abuse">Racial abuse</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></div> <p>Racism is abusive attitudes or treatment of others based on the belief that <a href="/wiki/Race_(classification_of_human_beings)" class="mw-redirect" title="Race (classification of human beings)">race</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Essentialism" title="Essentialism">primary determinant</a> of human traits and capacities. It is a form of <a href="/wiki/Pride" title="Pride">pride</a> that one's own race is superior and, as a result, has a right to "rule or dominate others", according to a <i><a href="/wiki/Macquarie_Dictionary" title="Macquarie Dictionary">Macquarie Dictionary</a></i> definition. Racism is correlated with and can foster race-based <a href="/wiki/Prejudice" title="Prejudice">prejudice</a>, violence, <a href="/wiki/Dislike" title="Dislike">dislike</a>, discrimination, and <a href="/wiki/Oppression" title="Oppression">oppression</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ragging">Ragging</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ragging" title="Ragging">Ragging</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Anti-raggers_in_Sri_Lankan_universities" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-raggers in Sri Lankan universities">Anti-raggers in Sri Lankan universities</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ragging_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ragging in India">Ragging in India</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ragging_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Ragging in Sri Lanka">Ragging in Sri Lanka</a></div> <p>Ragging is a form of abuse on newcomers to educational institutions in India, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, and Australia. It is similar to the American phenomenon known as <a href="/wiki/Hazing" title="Hazing">hazing</a>. Currently, Sri Lanka is said to be its worst affected country in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-auto59_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto59-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto9_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto9-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rape">Rape</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">Rape</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Rape" title="Category:Rape">Category:Rape</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corrective_rape" title="Corrective rape">Corrective rape</a>, <a href="/wiki/Date_rape" title="Date rape">Date rape</a>, <a href="/wiki/Effects_and_aftermath_of_rape" title="Effects and aftermath of rape">Effects and aftermath of rape</a>, <a href="/wiki/Motivation_for_rape" class="mw-redirect" title="Motivation for rape">Motivation for rape</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prison_rape" title="Prison rape">Prison rape</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rape_by_gender" title="Rape by gender">Rape by gender</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rape_statistics" title="Rape statistics">Rape statistics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rape_trauma_syndrome" title="Rape trauma syndrome">Rape trauma syndrome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spousal_rape" class="mw-redirect" title="Spousal rape">Spousal rape</a>, <a href="/wiki/Types_of_rape" title="Types of rape">Types of rape</a>, and <a href="/wiki/War_rape" class="mw-redirect" title="War rape">War rape</a></div> <p>Rape, a form of <a href="/wiki/Assault" title="Assault">sexual assault</a>, is an assault by a person involving <a href="/wiki/Sexual_intercourse" title="Sexual intercourse">sexual intercourse</a> (with or without sexual penetration) of another without the other's <a href="/wiki/Consent" title="Consent">consent</a> (this includes those who are considered unable to consent, e.g., if they were inebriated or asleep) </p><p>The rate of reporting, prosecution and convictions for rape varies considerably in different jurisdictions. The US Bureau of Justice Statistics (1999) estimated that 91% of US rape victims are female and 9% are male, with 99% of the offenders being male.<sup id="cite_ref-ucsc_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ucsc-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In one survey of women, only two percent of respondents who stated they were sexually assaulted said that the assault was perpetrated by a stranger.<sup id="cite_ref-Abbey_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abbey-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For men, <a href="/wiki/Prison_rape" title="Prison rape">male-male rape in prisons</a> has been a significant problem.<sup id="cite_ref-auto63_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto63-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto69_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto69-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relational_aggression">Relational aggression</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Relational_aggression" title="Relational aggression">Relational aggression</a></div> <p>Relational aggression, also known as covert aggression<sup id="cite_ref-simon_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-simon-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or covert <a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">bullying</a><sup id="cite_ref-Zabolio_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zabolio-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a type of <a href="/wiki/Aggression" title="Aggression">aggression</a> in which harm is caused through damage to <a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_relationship" title="Interpersonal relationship">relationships</a> or social status within a group rather than physical violence.<sup id="cite_ref-Zabolio_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zabolio-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Underwood_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Underwood-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Relational aggression is more common and has been studied more among girls than boys.<sup id="cite_ref-Underwood_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Underwood-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_abuse">Religious abuse</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religious_abuse" title="Religious abuse">Religious abuse</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">Religious discrimination</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Religious persecution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Religious_persecution" title="Category:Religious persecution">Category:Religious persecution</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Religious terrorism</a></div> <p>Religious abuse refers to: </p> <ul><li>use of religious teachings in an abusive manner that causes <a href="/wiki/Psychological_trauma" title="Psychological trauma">psychological harm</a></li> <li>harassment or <a href="/wiki/Humiliation" title="Humiliation">humiliation</a> on the basis of the victim's religion, (see <a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">religious discrimination</a>)</li> <li>misuse of a religion for selfish, secular or <a href="/wiki/Ideological" class="mw-redirect" title="Ideological">ideological</a> ends, see <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and politics">religion and politics</a></li> <li>abuse of a clerical position to perpetrate non-religiously motivated abuse, such as in the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_sex_abuse_cases" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic sex abuse cases">Catholic sex abuse cases</a><sup id="cite_ref-auto65_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto65-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>any form of <a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">religious violence</a>, including: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_sacrifice" title="Human sacrifice">human sacrifice</a></li> <li>violent <a href="/wiki/Initiation_rites" class="mw-redirect" title="Initiation rites">initiation rites</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rudeness">Rudeness</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rudeness" title="Rudeness">Rudeness</a></div> <p>Rudeness (also called impudence or effrontery) is the disrespect and failure to behave within the context of a society or a group of people's social laws or <a href="/wiki/Etiquette" title="Etiquette">etiquette</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Satanic_ritual_abuse">Satanic ritual abuse</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Satanic_ritual_abuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Satanic ritual abuse">Satanic ritual abuse</a></div> <p>Satanic ritual abuse (SRA, sometimes known as ritual abuse, ritualistic abuse, organised abuse, sadistic ritual abuse and other variants) was a <a href="/wiki/Moral_panic" title="Moral panic">moral panic</a> that originated in the United States in the 1980s, spreading throughout the country and eventually to many parts of the world, before subsiding in the late 1990s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="School_bullying">School bullying</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/School_bullying" title="School bullying">School bullying</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bullying_in_teaching" title="Bullying in teaching">Bullying in teaching</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_school_pranks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of school pranks (page does not exist)">List of school pranks</a></div> <p>School bullying is a type of <a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">bullying</a> that occurs in connection with education, either inside or outside of school. Bullying can be physical, verbal, or emotional and is usually repeated over a period of time.<sup id="cite_ref-stopbullyingnow.hrsa.gov_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stopbullyingnow.hrsa.gov-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sectarian_abuse">Sectarian abuse</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sectarianism" title="Sectarianism">Sectarianism</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Self-abuse">Self-abuse</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Self-abasement" title="Self-abasement">Self-abasement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Self-blame" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-blame">Self-blame</a>, <a href="/wiki/Self-destructive_behaviour" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-destructive behaviour">Self-destructive behaviour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Self-harm" title="Self-harm">Self-harm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Self-hatred" title="Self-hatred">Self-hatred</a>, <a href="/wiki/Self-neglect" title="Self-neglect">Self-neglect</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Self-victimization" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-victimization">Self-victimization</a></div> <p>Self-destructive behaviour is a broad set of extreme actions and emotions including <a href="/wiki/Self-harm" title="Self-harm">self-harm</a> and <a href="/wiki/Drug_abuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug abuse">drug abuse</a>. It can take a variety of forms, and may be undertaken for a variety of reasons. It tends to be most visible in young adults and adolescents, but may affect people of any age. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sexual_abuse">Sexual abuse</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">Sexual abuse</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Template:Sexual_abuse" title="Template:Sexual abuse">Template:Sexual abuse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Sexual_abuse" title="Category:Sexual abuse">Category:Sexual abuse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sexual_misconduct" title="Sexual misconduct">Sexual misconduct</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">Sexual slavery</a></div> <p>Sexual abuse is the forcing of undesired sexual behaviour by one person upon another, when that force falls short of being considered a <a href="/wiki/Assault" title="Assault">sexual assault</a>. The offender is referred to as a <i>sexual abuser</i> or – more pejoratively – <i>molester</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-asb_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asb-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term also covers <i>any</i> behaviour by <i>any</i> adult towards a child to stimulate either the adult or child sexually. When the victim is younger than the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent" title="Age of consent">age of consent</a>, it is referred to as <a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">child sexual abuse</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sexual_bullying">Sexual bullying</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sexual_bullying" title="Sexual bullying">Sexual bullying</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_misconduct" title="Sexual misconduct">Sexual misconduct</a></div> <p>Sexual bullying is "any bullying behaviour, whether physical or non-physical, that is based on a person's sexuality or gender. It is when sexuality or gender is used as a weapon by boys or girls towards other boys or girls – although it is more commonly directed at girls. It can be carried out to a person's face, behind their back or through the use of technology."<sup id="cite_ref-NSPCC02_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSPCC02-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sibling_abuse">Sibling abuse</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sibling_abuse" title="Sibling abuse">Sibling abuse</a></div> <p>Sibling abuse is the <a href="/wiki/Physical_abuse" title="Physical abuse">physical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emotional_abuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Emotional abuse">emotional</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">sexual abuse</a> of one sibling by another. </p><p>It is estimated<sup id="cite_ref-auto51_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto51-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that as many as 3% of children are dangerously abusive towards a sibling, making sibling abuse more common than either <a href="/wiki/Child_abuse" title="Child abuse">child abuse</a> by parents or <a href="/wiki/Spousal_abuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Spousal abuse">spousal abuse</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Smear_campaign">Smear campaign</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Smear_campaign" title="Smear campaign">Smear campaign</a></div> <p>A "smear campaign", "smear tactic" or simply "smear" is a <a href="/wiki/Metaphor" title="Metaphor">metaphor</a> for activity that can harm an individual or group's reputation by <a href="/wiki/Conflate#Logic" class="mw-redirect" title="Conflate">conflation</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">stigmatised</a> group. Sometimes smear is used more generally to include any reputation-damaging activity, including such colloquialisms as <a href="/wiki/Mud_slinging" class="mw-redirect" title="Mud slinging">mud slinging</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spiritual_abuse"><span class="anchor" id="Spiritual_abuse"></span> Spiritual abuse</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_abuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritual abuse">Spiritual abuse</a></div> <p>Spiritual abuse occurs when a person in religious authority or a person with a unique spiritual practice misleads and maltreats another person in the name of God(s), religion, or in the mystery of any spiritual concept. Spiritual abuse often refers to an abuser using spiritual or religious rank in taking advantage of the victim's spirituality (mentality and passion on spiritual matters) by putting the victim in a state of unquestioning obedience to an abusive authority. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stalking">Stalking</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Stalking" title="Stalking">Stalking</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cyberstalking" title="Cyberstalking">Cyberstalking</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stalker_(stalking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalker (stalking)">Stalker (stalking)</a></div> <p>Stalking is unwanted attention towards others by individuals (and sometimes groups of people). Stalking behaviours are related to <a href="/wiki/Harassment" title="Harassment">harassment</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intimidation" title="Intimidation">intimidation</a>. The word "stalking" is a term that has different meanings in different contexts in <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">psychiatry</a>; and some legal <a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">jurisdictions</a> use it to refer to a certain type of <a href="/wiki/Criminal_offence" class="mw-redirect" title="Criminal offence">criminal offence</a>. It may also to refer to criminal offences or <a href="/wiki/Civil_wrong" title="Civil wrong">civil wrongs</a> that include conduct which some people consider to be stalking, such as those described in law as "harassment" or similar terms. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structural_abuse"><span class="anchor" id="Structural_abuse"></span> Structural abuse</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Structural_abuse" title="Structural abuse">Structural abuse</a></div> <p>Structural abuse is <a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">sexual</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emotional_abuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Emotional abuse">emotional</a> or <a href="/wiki/Physical_abuse" title="Physical abuse">physical abuse</a> that is imposed on an individual or group by a social or cultural system or authority. Structural abuse is indirect, and exploits the victim on an emotional, mental or psychological level. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Substance_use_disorder"><span class="anchor" id="Substance_abuse"></span> Substance use disorder</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Substance_abuse" title="Substance abuse">Substance abuse</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Substance_abuse" title="Category:Substance abuse">Category:Substance abuse</a></div> <p>A <b>substance use disorder</b> is a patterned use of a drug in which the person consumes the substance in amounts or with methods which are harmful to themselves or others, and is a form of <a href="/wiki/Substance-related_disorder" title="Substance-related disorder">substance-related disorder</a>. Widely differing definitions of substance use disorder are used in public health, medical and criminal justice contexts. In some cases criminal or <a href="/wiki/Anti-social_behavior" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-social behavior">anti-social behavior</a> occurs when the person is under the influence of a drug, and long term personality changes in individuals may occur as well.<sup id="cite_ref-Ksir_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ksir-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to possible physical, social, and psychological harm, use of some drugs may also lead to criminal penalties, although these vary widely depending on the local jurisdiction.<sup id="cite_ref-mosby_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mosby-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surveillance_abuse">Surveillance abuse</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Surveillance_abuse" title="Surveillance abuse">Surveillance abuse</a></div> <p>Surveillance abuse is the use of <a href="/wiki/Surveillance" title="Surveillance">surveillance</a> methods or technology to monitor the activity of an individual or group of individuals in a way which violates the <a href="/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm">social norms</a> or laws of a society. <a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance" title="Mass surveillance">Mass surveillance</a> by the state may constitute surveillance abuse if not appropriately regulated. Surveillance abuse often falls outside the scope of <a href="/wiki/Lawful_interception" title="Lawful interception">lawful interception</a>. It is illegal because it violates peoples' <a href="/wiki/Right_to_privacy" title="Right to privacy">right to privacy</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taunting">Taunting</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Taunting" title="Taunting">Taunting</a></div> <p>A taunt is a <a href="/wiki/Battle_cry" title="Battle cry">battle cry</a>, a method in hand-to-hand combat, sarcastic remark, or <a href="/wiki/Insult" title="Insult">insult</a> intended to demoralise the recipient, or to anger them and encourage reactionary behaviours without thinking.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taunting can exist as a form of social competition to gain control of the target's <a href="/wiki/Cultural_capital" title="Cultural capital">cultural capital</a> (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Social_status" title="Social status">status</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-auto14_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto14-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto25_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto25-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Sociological" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociological">sociological</a> theory, the control of the three social capitals<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is used to produce an advantage in the social hierarchy as to enforce one's own position in relation to others. Taunting is committed by either directly <a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">bullying</a>, or indirectly encouraging others to bully the target. It is also possible to give a response of the same kind, to ensure one's own status. It can be compared to <a href="/wiki/Fighting_words" title="Fighting words">fighting words</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trash-talk" class="mw-redirect" title="Trash-talk">trash-talk</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Teacher_abuse">Teacher abuse</h3></div> <dl><dd><i>See: <a href="/wiki/Teacher_abuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Teacher abuse">Teacher abuse</a></i></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Teasing">Teasing</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Teasing" title="Teasing">Teasing</a></div> <p>Teasing is a word with many meanings. In human interactions, teasing comes in two major forms, <i>playful</i> and <i>hurtful</i>. In mild cases, and especially when it is reciprocal, teasing can be viewed as playful and friendly. However, teasing is often unwelcome and then it takes the form of <a href="/wiki/Harassment" title="Harassment">harassment</a>. In extreme cases, teasing may escalate to actual violence, and may even result in abuse. Children are commonly teased on such matters as their <a href="/wiki/Human_physical_appearance" title="Human physical appearance">appearance</a>, weight, <a href="/wiki/Behaviour" class="mw-redirect" title="Behaviour">behaviour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skill" title="Skill">abilities</a>, and clothing.<sup id="cite_ref-auto68_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto68-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This kind of teasing is often hurtful, even when the teaser believes he or she is being playful. One may also tease an animal. Some animals, such as dogs and cats, may recognise this as play; but in humans, teasing can become hurtful and take the form of <a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">bullying</a> and abuse. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Telephone_abuse">Telephone abuse</h3></div> <dl><dd><i>See: <a href="/wiki/Nuisance_call" title="Nuisance call">Nuisance call</a></i></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terrorism">Terrorism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">Terrorism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Terrorism" title="Category:Terrorism">Category:Terrorism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Terrorism_by_form" title="Category:Terrorism by form">Category:Terrorism by form</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyberterrorism" title="Cyberterrorism">Cyberterrorism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economic_terrorism" title="Economic terrorism">Economic terrorism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Religious terrorism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Religious_terrorism" title="Category:Religious terrorism">Category:Religious terrorism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/State_terrorism" title="State terrorism">State terrorism</a></div> <p>Terrorism is the systematic use of <a href="/wiki/Fear" title="Fear">terror</a> especially as a means of <a href="/wiki/Coercion" title="Coercion">coercion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto70_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto70-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At present, there is no internationally agreed <a href="/wiki/Definition_of_terrorism" title="Definition of terrorism">definition of terrorism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto34_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto34-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto26_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto26-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Common definitions of terrorism refer only to those violent acts which are intended to create fear (terror), are perpetrated for an ideological goal (as opposed to a <a href="/wiki/Lone_wolf_(terrorism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lone wolf (terrorism)">lone attack</a>), and deliberately target or disregard the safety of <a href="/wiki/Non-combatant" title="Non-combatant">non-combatants</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Neutrality_(international_relations)" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutrality (international relations)">neutral</a> <a href="/wiki/Military_personnel" title="Military personnel">military personnel</a> or civilians). It is sometimes sponsored by state policies when a country is not able to prove itself militarily to another enemy country. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transgender_abuse_or_trans_bashing">Transgender abuse or trans bashing</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Trans_bashing" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans bashing">Trans bashing</a></div> <p>Trans bashing is the act of <a href="/wiki/Victimising" class="mw-redirect" title="Victimising">victimising</a> a person physically, sexually, or verbally because they are <a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">transgender</a> or <a href="/wiki/Transsexualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Transsexualism">transsexual</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto43_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto43-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike <a href="/wiki/Gay_bashing" title="Gay bashing">gay bashing</a>, it is committed because of the target's actual or perceived <a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">gender identity</a>, not <a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">sexual orientation</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Umpire_abuse">Umpire abuse</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Umpire_abuse" title="Umpire abuse">Umpire abuse</a></div> <p>Umpire abuse refers to the act of abuse towards an <a href="/wiki/Umpire" title="Umpire">umpire</a>, referee, or other official in sport. The abuse can be <a href="/wiki/Verbal_abuse" title="Verbal abuse">verbal abuse</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Namecalling" class="mw-redirect" title="Namecalling">namecalling</a>), or <a href="/wiki/Physical_abuse" title="Physical abuse">physical abuse</a> (such as punching). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbal_abuse_or_verbal_attacks">Verbal abuse or verbal attacks</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Verbal_abuse" title="Verbal abuse">Verbal abuse</a></div> <p>Verbal abuse is a form of abusive behaviour involving the use of <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a>. It is a form of <a href="/wiki/Profanity" title="Profanity">profanity</a> that can occur with or without the use of <a href="/wiki/Expletive_attributive" title="Expletive attributive">expletives</a>. While oral communication is the most common form of verbal abuse, it also includes abusive words in written form. </p><p>Verbal abuse is a pattern of behaviour that can seriously interfere with one's positive emotional development and can lead to significant detriment to one's <a href="/wiki/Self-esteem" title="Self-esteem">self-esteem</a>, emotional <a href="/wiki/Quality_of_life" title="Quality of life">well-being</a>, and physical state. It has been further described as an ongoing emotional environment organised by the abuser for the purposes of control. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Whispering_campaign">Whispering campaign</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Whispering_campaign" title="Whispering campaign">Whispering campaign</a></div> <p>A whispering campaign is a method of <a href="/wiki/Persuasion" title="Persuasion">persuasion</a> in which damaging rumours or innuendo are spread about the target, while the source of the rumours seeks to avoid being detected while spreading them (for example, a political campaign might distribute anonymous flyers attacking the other candidate). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Workplace_abuse_or_workplace_bullying"><span class="anchor" id="Workplace_abuse_or_workplace_bullying"></span> Workplace abuse or workplace bullying</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Workplace_bullying" title="Workplace bullying">Workplace bullying</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Template:Workplace" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Workplace">Template:Workplace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bullying_in_academia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bullying in academia">Bullying in academia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bullying_in_information_technology" title="Bullying in information technology">Bullying in information technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bullying_in_medicine" title="Bullying in medicine">Bullying in medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bullying_in_nursing" title="Bullying in nursing">Bullying in nursing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bullying_in_teaching" title="Bullying in teaching">Bullying in teaching</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyber-aggression_in_the_workplace" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyber-aggression in the workplace">Cyber-aggression in the workplace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Control_freak" title="Control freak">Control freak</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emotional_tyranny&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emotional tyranny (page does not exist)">Emotional tyranny</a>, <a href="/wiki/Micromanagement" title="Micromanagement">Micromanagement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Negligence_in_employment" title="Negligence in employment">Negligence in employment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Workplace_aggression" title="Workplace aggression">Workplace aggression</a>, <a href="/wiki/Workplace_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Workplace conflict">Workplace conflict</a>, <a href="/wiki/Workplace_incivility" title="Workplace incivility">Workplace incivility</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Workplace_stress" class="mw-redirect" title="Workplace stress">Workplace stress</a></div> <p>Workplace bullying, like <a href="/wiki/Childhood" class="mw-redirect" title="Childhood">childhood</a> <a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">bullying</a>, is the tendency of individuals or groups to use persistent aggressive or unreasonable behaviour against a co-worker. Workplace bullying can include such tactics as <a href="/wiki/Verbal_abuse" title="Verbal abuse">verbal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nonverbal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonverbal">nonverbal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychological_abuse" title="Psychological abuse">psychological</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physical_abuse" title="Physical abuse">physical abuse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Humiliation" title="Humiliation">humiliation</a>. This type of <a href="/wiki/Aggression" title="Aggression">aggression</a> is particularly difficult because unlike the typical forms of <a href="/wiki/School_bullying" title="School bullying">school bullying</a>, workplace bullies often operate within the established rules and policies of their organisation and their society. Bullying in the workplace is in the majority of cases reported as having been perpetrated by a manager and takes a wide variety of forms. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics_and_styles_of_abuse">Characteristics and styles of abuse</h2></div> <div style="float: right;">   <a href="#top">[top]</a></div> <p>Some important characteristics and styles of abuse are:<sup id="cite_ref-auto33_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto33-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>overt abuse</li> <li>covert (or <a href="/wiki/Control_freak" title="Control freak">controlling</a>) abuse</li> <li>unpredictability</li> <li>disproportional (<a href="/wiki/Exaggerated" class="mw-redirect" title="Exaggerated">exaggerated</a>) reactions</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehumanisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Dehumanisation">dehumanisation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Objectification" title="Objectification">objectification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breach_of_confidence" title="Breach of confidence">abuse of information</a></li> <li>impossible situations (<a href="/wiki/Setting_up_to_fail" title="Setting up to fail">setting up to fail</a>)</li> <li>control by proxy</li> <li>ambient abuse (<a href="/wiki/Gaslighting" title="Gaslighting">gaslighting</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Abusive_power_and_control">Abusive power and control</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Abusive_power_and_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Abusive power and control">Abusive power and control</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Coercive_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Coercive power">Coercive power</a></div> <p>Abusive power and control (or controlling behaviour or coercive control) is the way that abusers gain and maintain <a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">power</a> and control over a victim for an <a href="/wiki/Abusive" class="mw-redirect" title="Abusive">abusive</a> purpose such as <a href="/wiki/Psychological_abuse" title="Psychological abuse">psychological</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physical_abuse" title="Physical abuse">physical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">sexual</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Financial_abuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial abuse">financial abuse</a>. The abuse can be for various reasons such as personal gain, personal <a href="/wiki/Gratification" title="Gratification">gratification</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychological_projection" title="Psychological projection">psychological projection</a>, <a href="/wiki/Idealization_and_devaluation" title="Idealization and devaluation">devaluation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Envy" title="Envy">envy</a>, or just for the sake of it as the abuser may simply enjoy exercising power and control. </p><p>Controlling abusers may use multiple tactics to exert power and control over their victims. The tactics themselves are psychologically and sometimes physically abusive. Control may be helped through <a href="/wiki/Economic_abuse#Controlling_mechanism" title="Economic abuse">economic abuse</a> thus limiting the victim's actions as they may then lack the necessary resources to resist the abuse.<sup id="cite_ref-wdachoices_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wdachoices-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The goal of the abuser is to control and <a href="/wiki/Intimidate" class="mw-redirect" title="Intimidate">intimidate</a> the victim or to <a href="/wiki/Social_influence" title="Social influence">influence</a> them to feel that they do not have an equal voice in the relationship.<sup id="cite_ref-Cory_p._30_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cory_p._30-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Psychological_manipulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological manipulation">Manipulators</a> and abusers control their victims with a range of tactics, including <a href="/wiki/Positive_reinforcement" class="mw-redirect" title="Positive reinforcement">positive reinforcement</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Praise" title="Praise">praise</a>, <a href="/wiki/Superficial_charm" title="Superficial charm">superficial charm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flattery" title="Flattery">flattery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ingratiation" title="Ingratiation">ingratiation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Love_bombing" title="Love bombing">love bombing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smiling" class="mw-redirect" title="Smiling">smiling</a>, gifts, attention), <a href="/wiki/Negative_reinforcement" class="mw-redirect" title="Negative reinforcement">negative reinforcement</a>, intermittent or partial reinforcement, <a href="/wiki/Punishment_(psychology)" title="Punishment (psychology)">psychological punishment</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Nagging" title="Nagging">nagging</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silent_treatment" title="Silent treatment">silent treatment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Profanity" title="Profanity">swearing</a>, threats, <a href="/wiki/Intimidation" title="Intimidation">intimidation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emotional_blackmail" title="Emotional blackmail">emotional blackmail</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guilt_trip" title="Guilt trip">guilt trips</a>, inattention) and traumatic tactics (such as <a href="/wiki/Verbal_abuse" title="Verbal abuse">verbal abuse</a> or <a href="/wiki/Explosive_anger" class="mw-redirect" title="Explosive anger">explosive anger</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-braiker_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-braiker-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Vulnerabilities_exploited_by_manipulators" class="mw-redirect" title="Vulnerabilities exploited by manipulators">vulnerabilities</a> of the victim are exploited with those who are particularly vulnerable being most often selected as targets.<sup id="cite_ref-braiker_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-braiker-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-simon2_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-simon2-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kantor_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kantor-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Traumatic_bonding" title="Traumatic bonding">Traumatic bonding</a> can occur between the abuser and victim as the result of ongoing <a href="/wiki/Cycle_of_abuse" title="Cycle of abuse">cycles of abuse</a> in which the intermittent reinforcement of <a href="/wiki/Reward_system" title="Reward system">reward</a> and punishment creates powerful emotional bonds that are resistant to change and a <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_fear" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of fear">climate of fear</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sanderson_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanderson-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An attempt may be made to <a href="/wiki/Normalization_(sociology)" title="Normalization (sociology)">normalise</a>, <a href="/wiki/Legitimise" class="mw-redirect" title="Legitimise">legitimise</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rationalization_(psychology)" title="Rationalization (psychology)">rationalise</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denial" title="Denial">deny</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Minimisation_(psychology)" title="Minimisation (psychology)">minimise</a> the abusive behaviour, or <a href="/wiki/Blame_the_victim" class="mw-redirect" title="Blame the victim">blame the victim</a> for it.<sup id="cite_ref-CrossonTower208_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CrossonTower208-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ferraro_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferraro-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto73_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto73-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Isolation_to_facilitate_abuse" title="Isolation to facilitate abuse">Isolation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaslighting" title="Gaslighting">gaslighting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mind_games" title="Mind games">mind games</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lie" title="Lie">lying</a>, <a href="/wiki/Disinformation" title="Disinformation">disinformation</a>, propaganda, <a href="/wiki/Destabilisation" title="Destabilisation">destabilisation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brainwashing" title="Brainwashing">brainwashing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Divide_and_rule" title="Divide and rule">divide and rule</a> are other strategies that are often used. The victim may be plied with alcohol or drugs or deprived of sleep to help disorientate them.<sup id="cite_ref-auto62_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto62-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Certain personality types feel particularly compelled to control other people. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Psychological_characteristics_of_abusers">Psychological characteristics of abusers</h2></div> <div style="float: right;">   <a href="#top">[top]</a></div> <p>In their review of data from the <a href="/wiki/Dunedin_Multidisciplinary_Health_and_Development_Study" title="Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study">Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study</a> (a longitudinal birth cohort study; n = 941) Moffitt et al.<sup id="cite_ref-auto40_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto40-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> report that while men exhibit more aggression overall, gender is not a reliable predictor of interpersonal aggression, including psychological aggression. The study found that whether male or female, aggressive people share a cluster of traits, including high rates of suspicion and jealousy; sudden and drastic mood swings; poor self-control; and higher than average rates of approval of violence and aggression. Moffitt et al. also argue that <a href="/wiki/Antisocial_personality_disorder" title="Antisocial personality disorder">antisocial</a> men exhibit two distinct types of interpersonal aggression (one against strangers, the other against intimate female partners), while they argue that antisocial women are rarely aggressive against anyone other than intimate male partners. </p><p>Male and female perpetrators of emotional and physical abuse exhibit high rates of <a href="/wiki/Personality_disorder" title="Personality disorder">personality disorders</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto50_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto50-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto67_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto67-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rates of personality disorder in the general population are roughly 15%–20%, while roughly 80% of abusive men in court-ordered treatment programmes have personality disorders.<sup id="cite_ref-Dutton,_D._G._1994_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dutton,_D._G._1994-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Female perpetrators have been found to possess personality disorders revolving around narcissistic and compulsive behaviors.<sup id="cite_ref-auto7_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto7-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some reports on child maltreatment<sup id="cite_ref-auto47_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto47-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> state that mothers use physical discipline on children more often than fathers, while severe injury and sexual abuse are more often perpetrated by men.<sup id="cite_ref-who2002_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-who2002-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Abusers may aim to avoid household chores or exercise total control of family finances. Abusers can be very <a href="/wiki/Psychological_manipulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological manipulation">manipulative</a>, often recruiting friends, law officers and court officials, even the victim's family to their side, while <a href="/wiki/Victim_blaming" title="Victim blaming">shifting blame to the victim</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bancroft_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bancroft-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto48_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto48-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects_of_abuse_on_victims">Effects of abuse on victims</h2></div> <div style="float: right;">   <a href="#top">[top]</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Complex_post-traumatic_stress_disorder" title="Complex post-traumatic stress disorder">Complex post-traumatic stress disorder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Psychological_trauma" title="Psychological trauma">Psychological trauma</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder" title="Post-traumatic stress disorder">Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)</a></div> <p>English et al.<sup id="cite_ref-auto30_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto30-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> report that children whose families are characterised by interpersonal violence, including psychological aggression and verbal aggression, may exhibit a range of serious disorders, including <a href="/wiki/Chronic_depression" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronic depression">chronic depression</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">anxiety</a>, <a href="/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder" title="Post-traumatic stress disorder">post-traumatic stress disorder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dissociation_(psychology)" title="Dissociation (psychology)">dissociation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anger" title="Anger">anger</a>. Additionally, English et al. report that the impact of emotional abuse "did not differ significantly" from that of physical abuse. Johnson et al.<sup id="cite_ref-auto35_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto35-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> report that, in a survey of female patients (n = 825), 24% suffered emotional abuse, and this group experienced higher rates of gynaecological problems. In their study of men emotionally abused by a wife/partner (n = 116), Hines and Malley-Morrison<sup id="cite_ref-auto52_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto52-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> report that victims exhibit high rates of post-traumatic stress disorder and alcoholism. </p><p>Namie's study<sup id="cite_ref-Namie,_G._2000_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Namie,_G._2000-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of <a href="/wiki/Workplace_bullying" title="Workplace bullying">workplace bullying</a> found that 31% of women and 21% of men who reported workplace bullying exhibited three key symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (<a href="/wiki/Hypervigilance" title="Hypervigilance">hypervigilance</a>, intrusive imagery, and avoidance behaviours). A 1998 study of male college students (n = 70) by Simonelli & Ingram<sup id="cite_ref-auto54_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto54-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> found that men who were emotionally abused by their female partners exhibited higher rates of <a href="/wiki/Chronic_depression" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronic depression">chronic depression</a> than the general population. </p><p>A study of college students (n = 80) by Goldsmith and Freyd<sup id="cite_ref-auto28_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto28-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> report that many who have experienced emotional abuse do not characterise the mistreatment as abusive. Additionally, Goldsmith and Freyd show that these people also tend to exhibit higher than average rates of <a href="/wiki/Alexithymia" title="Alexithymia">alexithymia</a> (difficulty identifying and processing their own emotions). </p><p>Jacobson et al.<sup id="cite_ref-auto37_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto37-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> found that women report markedly higher rates of fear during marital conflicts. However, a rejoinder<sup id="cite_ref-auto41_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto41-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> argued that Jacobson's results were invalid due to men and women's drastically differing interpretations of questionnaires. Coker et al.<sup id="cite_ref-auto21_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto21-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> found that the effects of mental abuse were similar whether the victim was male or female. Pimlott-Kubiak and Cortina<sup id="cite_ref-auto27_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto27-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> found that severity and duration of abuse were the only accurate predictors of aftereffects of abuse; sex of perpetrator or victim were not reliable predictors. </p><p>Analysis of a large survey (n = 25,876) by LaRoche<sup id="cite_ref-auto71_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto71-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> found that women abused by men were slightly more likely to seek psychological help than were men abused by women (63% vs. 62%). </p><p>In a 2007 study, Laurent, et al.,<sup id="cite_ref-auto5_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto5-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> report that psychological aggression in young couples (n = 47) is associated with decreased satisfaction for both partners: "psychological aggression may serve as an impediment to couples development because it reflects less mature coercive tactics and an inability to balance self/other needs effectively." A 2008 study by Walsh and Shulman<sup id="cite_ref-Welsh,_Deborah_P_2008._Pages_877-891_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Welsh,_Deborah_P_2008._Pages_877-891-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reports that psychological aggression by females is more likely to be associated with relationship dissatisfaction for both partners, while withdrawal by men is more likely to be associated with relationship dissatisfaction for both partners. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <div style="float: right;">   <a href="#top">[top]</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abuse_defence" class="mw-redirect" title="Abuse defence">Abuse defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abuse_prevention_program" title="Abuse prevention program">Abuse prevention program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aggression" title="Aggression">Aggression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anger" title="Anger">Anger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_grooming" class="mw-redirect" title="Child grooming">Child grooming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destabilisation" title="Destabilisation">Destabilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissociation_(psychology)" title="Dissociation (psychology)">Dissociation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_labour" title="Exploitation of labour">Exploitation of labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour" title="Forced labour">Forced labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_for_Human_Rights" title="International Federation for Human Rights">International Federation for Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissistic_rage" class="mw-redirect" title="Narcissistic rage">Narcissistic rage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pejorative" title="Pejorative">Pejorative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rage_(emotion)" title="Rage (emotion)">Rage (emotion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Re-victimization" class="mw-redirect" title="Re-victimization">Re-victimization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_violence_prevention_through_education" title="School violence prevention through education">School violence prevention through education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">Sexual slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_undermining" title="Social undermining">Social undermining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terms_of_abuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Terms of abuse">Terms of abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimisation" title="Victimisation">Victimisation</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-auto4-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto4_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">e.g., in the case the offense of defamatory libel under the common law of <a href="/wiki/England_and_Wales" title="England and Wales">England and Wales</a>, where prior to the enactment of section 6 of the <a href="/wiki/Libel_Act_1843" title="Libel Act 1843">Libel Act 1843</a> (<a href="/wiki/Excuse_(legal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Excuse (legal)">defense of justification</a> for the public benefit), the truth of the defamatory statement was irrelevant, and it continues to be sufficient that it is published to the defamed person alone.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Economic capital, cultural capital, and social capital, according to sociologist <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bourdieu" title="Pierre Bourdieu">Pierre Bourdieu</a><sup id="cite_ref-auto12_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto12-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div style="float: right;">   <a href="#top">[top]</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/abuse"><i>Abuse – Defined at Merriam-Webster Dictionary</i></a>. Merriam-Webster, Incorporated. 2013 [Word first known to have been used in the 15th century]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2013</span>. <q>abuse [may be defined as the following]...to treat (a person or animal) in a harsh or harmful way...[or] to use or treat (something) in a way that causes damage [or] to use (something) wrongly</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abuse+%E2%80%93+Defined+at+Merriam-Webster+Dictionary&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster%2C+Incorporated&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fabuse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCluskeyHooper2000" class="citation book cs1">McCluskey, Una; Hooper, Carol-Ann (2000). <i>Psychodynamic Perspectives on Abuse: The Cost of Fear</i>. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1853026850" title="Special:BookSources/978-1853026850"><bdi>978-1853026850</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Psychodynamic+Perspectives+on+Abuse%3A+The+Cost+of+Fear&rft.place=London&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Jessica+Kingsley+Publishers&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1853026850&rft.aulast=McCluskey&rft.aufirst=Una&rft.au=Hooper%2C+Carol-Ann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoyleTimms2014" class="citation book cs1">Doyle, Celia; Timms, Charles (2014). <i>Child Neglect and Emotional Abuse: Understanding, Assessment and Response</i>. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780857022301" title="Special:BookSources/9780857022301"><bdi>9780857022301</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Child+Neglect+and+Emotional+Abuse%3A+Understanding%2C+Assessment+and+Response&rft.place=Thousand+Oaks%2C+CA&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Sage&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780857022301&rft.aulast=Doyle&rft.aufirst=Celia&rft.au=Timms%2C+Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto53-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto53_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/new/en/ethics-office/ethics-guidance/abuse-of-power-or-authority/">"Abuse of power or authority | United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization"</a>. <i>unesco.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=unesco.org&rft.atitle=Abuse+of+power+or+authority+%7C+United+Nations+Educational%2C+Scientific+and+Cultural+Organization&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco.org%2Fnew%2Fen%2Fethics-office%2Fethics-guidance%2Fabuse-of-power-or-authority%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto72-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto72_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTroyer2008" class="citation journal cs1">Troyer, John (1 May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/13576270801954518">"Abuse of a corpse: A brief history and re-theorization of necrophilia laws in the USA"</a>. <i>Mortality</i>. <b>13</b> (2): 132–152. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13576270801954518">10.1080/13576270801954518</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1357-6275">1357-6275</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144491253">144491253</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mortality&rft.atitle=Abuse+of+a+corpse%3A+A+brief+history+and+re-theorization+of+necrophilia+laws+in+the+USA&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=132-152&rft.date=2008-05-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144491253%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1357-6275&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13576270801954518&rft.aulast=Troyer&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F13576270801954518&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto18-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto18_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130718005708/http://answers.encyclopedia.com/question/definition-abuse-discretion-344834.html">"Abuse of Discretion"</a>. Answers.encyclopedia.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://answers.encyclopedia.com/question/definition-abuse-discretion-344834.html">the original</a> on 18 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Abuse+of+Discretion&rft.pub=Answers.encyclopedia.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fanswers.encyclopedia.com%2Fquestion%2Fdefinition-abuse-discretion-344834.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaked2020" class="citation journal cs1">Waked, Dina I. (March 2020). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Comparison+of+Hate+Crime+Rates+Across+Protected+and+Unprotected+Groups&rft.pub=Williams+Institute&rft.date=2007-06&rft.au=Stotzer%2C+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.ucla.edu%2Fwilliamsinstitute%2Fpublications%2FComparison%2520of%2520Hate%2520Crime%2520Formatted.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ovrbwx-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ovrbwx_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051126153146/http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/crime-victims/reducing-crime/hate-crime/">"Home Office – Hate crime"</a>. Homeoffice.gov.uk. 26 November 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/crime-victims/reducing-crime/hate-crime/">the original</a> on 26 November 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Home+Office+%E2%80%93+Hate+crime&rft.pub=Homeoffice.gov.uk&rft.date=2005-11-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.homeoffice.gov.uk%2Fcrime-victims%2Freducing-crime%2Fhate-crime%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto15-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto15_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yourdictionary.com/human-rights#americanheritage">"Human rights – Easy to understand definition of human rights by Your Dictionary"</a>. <i>The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (retrieved through Your Dictionary web site)</i> (4 ed.). Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2013</span>. <q>The basic rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled, often held to include the right to life and liberty, freedom of thought and expression, and equality before the law.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Human+rights+%E2%80%93+Easy+to+understand+definition+of+human+rights+by+Your+Dictionary&rft.btitle=The+American+Heritage+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language+%28retrieved+through+Your+Dictionary+web+site%29&rft.edition=4&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yourdictionary.com%2Fhuman-rights%23americanheritage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto32-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto32_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070330162423/http://www.askoxford.com/results/?view=dict&freesearch=incivility&branch=13842570&textsearchtype=exact">"Definition of 'Incivility'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/AskOxford" class="mw-redirect" title="AskOxford">AskOxford</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.askoxford.com/results/?view=dict&freesearch=incivility&branch=13842570&textsearchtype=exact">the original</a> on 30 March 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AskOxford&rft.atitle=Definition+of+%27Incivility%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.askoxford.com%2Fresults%2F%3Fview%3Ddict%26freesearch%3Dincivility%26branch%3D13842570%26textsearchtype%3Dexact&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto13-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto13_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110622014740/http://www.surreycc.gov.uk/sccwebsite/sccwspages.nsf/LookupWebPagesByTITLE_RTF/Institutional+abuse?opendocument">"Institutional abuse"</a>. Surreycc.gov.uk. 18 January 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.surreycc.gov.uk/sccwebsite/sccwspages.nsf/LookupWebPagesByTITLE_RTF/Institutional+abuse?opendocument">the original</a> on 22 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Institutional+abuse&rft.pub=Surreycc.gov.uk&rft.date=2007-01-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.surreycc.gov.uk%2Fsccwebsite%2Fsccwspages.nsf%2FLookupWebPagesByTITLE_RTF%2FInstitutional%2Babuse%3Fopendocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto10-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto10_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Black's law dictionary</i> (9th ed.). St. Paul, MN: West. 2009. p. 737. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780314199508" title="Special:BookSources/9780314199508"><bdi>9780314199508</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black%27s+law+dictionary&rft.place=St.+Paul%2C+MN&rft.pages=737&rft.edition=9th&rft.pub=West&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780314199508&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto42-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto42_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110726044538/http://library.enlisted.info/field-manuals/series-3/FM33-1/GLOSS.PDF">"Terrorism defined in U.S. Army Regulation 190-52 [in Glossary – US Army Manuals, Field Manual 33-1]"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Library.enlisted.info</i>. U.S. Department of Army. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.enlisted.info/field-manuals/series-3/FM33-1/GLOSS.PDF">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 26 July 2011. <q>[Terrorism is] [t]he calculated use of violence or the threat of violence to attain goals, political, religious, or ideological in nature. This is done through intimidation, coercion, or fear. Terrorism involves a criminal act often symbolic in nature and intended to influence an audience beyond the immediate victims. (AR 190-52)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library.enlisted.info&rft.atitle=Terrorism+defined+in+U.S.+Army+Regulation+190-52+%5Bin+Glossary+%E2%80%93+US+Army+Manuals%2C+Field+Manual+33-1%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibrary.enlisted.info%2Ffield-manuals%2Fseries-3%2FFM33-1%2FGLOSS.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto66-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto66_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/internal_market/single_market_services/financial_services_transactions_in_securities/l24035_en.htm">"Market abuse"</a>. Europa (web portal)<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nbcnews.com/id/18494197">the original</a> on 13 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Military+sexual+trauma+%E2%80%93+the+new+face+of+PTSD&rft.pub=NBC+News&rft.date=2007-05-07&rft.au=Dawn+Fratangelo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fid%2F18494197&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto58-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto58_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangone" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Langone" title="Michael Langone">Langone, Michael</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160803145605/http://www.csj.org/studyindex/studycult/cultqa.htm">"Cults: Questions and Answers"</a>. Csj.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csj.org/studyindex/studycult/cultqa.htm">the original</a> on 3 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2009</span>. <q>Mind control (also referred to as 'brainwashing,' 'coercive persuasion,' 'thought reform,' and the 'systematic manipulation of psychological and social influence') refers to a process in which a group or individual systematically uses unethically manipulative methods to persuade others to conform to the wishes of the manipulator(s), often to the detriment of the person being manipulated.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cults%3A+Questions+and+Answers&rft.pub=Csj.org&rft.aulast=Langone&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csj.org%2Fstudyindex%2Fstudycult%2Fcultqa.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto11-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto11_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoa_DavenportRuth_D._SchwartzGail_Pursell_Elliott1999" class="citation book cs1">Noa Davenport; Ruth D. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.ucsc.edu/rape-prevention/statistics.html">the original</a> on 23 December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UCSC+Rape+Prevention+Education%3A+Rape+Statistics&rft.pub=2.ucsc.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.ucsc.edu%2Frape-prevention%2Fstatistics.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbuse" class="Z3988"></span> The study was conducted in Detroit, USA.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abbey-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Abbey_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbbey,_A.BeShears,_R.Clinton-Sherrod,_A.M.McAuslan,_P.2004" class="citation journal cs1">Abbey, A.; BeShears, R.; Clinton-Sherrod, A.M. & McAuslan, P. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hawaii.edu/hivandaids/Similarities_And_Differences_In_Women_s_Sexual_Assault_Experiences_Based_On_Tactics.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 8 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stopbullyingnow.hrsa.gov/index.asp?area=whatbullyingis">the original</a> on 20 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stop+Bullying+Now%21+Information%2C+Prevention%2C+Tips%2C+and+Games&rft.pub=Stopbullyingnow.hrsa.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstopbullyingnow.hrsa.gov%2Findex.asp%3Farea%3Dwhatbullyingis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://parentingteens.about.com/cs/bullying/a/bullyproof.htm">"Teen Bully"</a>. Parentingteens.about.com. 22 October 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved 13 December 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cory_p._30-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cory_p._30_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jill Cory; Karen McAndless-Davis. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qBFdlUnxmkkC&pg=PA30">When Love Hurts: A Woman's Guide to Understanding Abuse in Relationships</a></i>. WomanKind Press; 1 January 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9686016-0-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9686016-0-0">978-0-9686016-0-0</a>. p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-braiker-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-braiker_100-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-braiker_100-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBraiker2004" class="citation book cs1">Braiker, Harriet B. (2004). <i>Who's Pulling Your Strings ? How to Break The Cycle of Manipulation</i>. 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Parkhurst Brothers, Incorporated, Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-935166-30-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-935166-30-6"><bdi>978-1-935166-30-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Sheep%27s+Clothing%3A+Understanding+and+Dealing+with+Manipulative+People&rft.pub=Parkhurst+Brothers%2C+Incorporated%2C+Publishers&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-935166-30-6&rft.aulast=Simon&rft.aufirst=George+K&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kantor-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kantor_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKantor2006" class="citation book cs1">Kantor, Martin (2006). <i>The Psychopathology of Everyday Life: How to Deal with Manipulative People</i>. 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Jessica Kingsley Publishers; 15 June 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84642-811-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84642-811-1">978-1-84642-811-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CrossonTower208-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CrossonTower208_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrosson-Tower2005" class="citation book cs1">Crosson-Tower, Cynthia (2005). <i>Understanding Child Abuse and Neglect</i>. Allyn & Bacon. p. 208. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-205-40183-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-205-40183-3"><bdi>978-0-205-40183-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Child+Abuse+and+Neglect&rft.pages=208&rft.pub=Allyn+%26+Bacon&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-205-40183-3&rft.aulast=Crosson-Tower&rft.aufirst=Cynthia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ferraro-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ferraro_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonique_Mattei_FerraroEoghan_CaseyMichael_McGrathMichael_McGrath2005" class="citation book cs1">Monique Mattei Ferraro; Eoghan Casey; Michael McGrath; Michael McGrath (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BtjzJhcAAGYC&pg=PA159"><i>Investigating Child Exploitation and Pornography: The Internet, the Law and Forensic Science</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Academic_Press" title="Academic Press">Academic Press</a>. p. 159. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0121631055" title="Special:BookSources/978-0121631055"><bdi>978-0121631055</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Investigating+Child+Exploitation+and+Pornography%3A+The+Internet%2C+the+Law+and+Forensic+Science&rft.pages=159&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0121631055&rft.au=Monique+Mattei+Ferraro&rft.au=Eoghan+Casey&rft.au=Michael+McGrath&rft.au=Michael+McGrath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBtjzJhcAAGYC%26pg%3DPA159&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto73-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto73_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristiane_Sanderson2006" class="citation book cs1">Christiane Sanderson (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hpq-SvwKtkUC&pg=PA30"><i>Counselling Adult Survivors of Child Sexual Abuse</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Jessica_Kingsley_Publishers" title="Jessica Kingsley Publishers">Jessica Kingsley Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1843103356" title="Special:BookSources/978-1843103356"><bdi>978-1843103356</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Counselling+Adult+Survivors+of+Child+Sexual+Abuse&rft.pub=Jessica+Kingsley+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1843103356&rft.au=Christiane+Sanderson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHpq-SvwKtkUC%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto62-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto62_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.domesticshelters.org/articles/identifying-abuse/sleep-deprivation-as-abuse">"Sleep Deprivation Used as Abuse Tactic"</a>. <i>DomesticShelters.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DomesticShelters.org&rft.atitle=Sleep+Deprivation+Used+as+Abuse+Tactic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.domesticshelters.org%2Farticles%2Fidentifying-abuse%2Fsleep-deprivation-as-abuse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://federation.edu.au/staff/working-at-feduni/feduni-against-violence/family-and-domestic-violence?a=282376">"Family and Domestic Violence – Healthy Work Healthy Living Tip Sheet"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Family+and+Domestic+Violence+%E2%80%93+Healthy+Work+Healthy+Living+Tip+Sheet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffederation.edu.au%2Fstaff%2Fworking-at-feduni%2Ffeduni-against-violence%2Ffamily-and-domestic-violence%3Fa%3D282376&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto40-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto40_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoffitt,_T.E.Caspi,_A.Rutter,_M.Silva,_P.A.2001" class="citation book cs1">Moffitt, T.E.; Caspi, A.; Rutter, M.; Silva, P.A. 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"Physical and mental health effects of intimate partner violence for men and women". <i>American Journal of Preventive Medicine</i>. <b>23</b> (4): 260–268. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0749-3797%2802%2900514-7">10.1016/S0749-3797(02)00514-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12406480">12406480</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Preventive+Medicine&rft.atitle=Physical+and+mental+health+effects+of+intimate+partner+violence+for+men+and+women&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=260-268&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0749-3797%2802%2900514-7&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12406480&rft.aulast=Coker&rft.aufirst=A.+L.&rft.au=Davis%2C+K.+E.&rft.au=Arias%2C+I.&rft.au=Desai%2C+S.&rft.au=Sanderson%2C+M.&rft.au=Brandt%2C+H.+M.&rft.au=Smith%2C+PH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto27-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto27_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPimlott-KubiakCortina2003" class="citation journal cs1">Pimlott-Kubiak, S.; Cortina, L. 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(2005). "Aspects of the context and consequences of domestic violence. Situational couple violence and intimate terrorism in Canada in 1999." Quebec City: Government of Quebec.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto5-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto5_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeidemarie_K._LaurentHyoun_K._KimaDeborah_M._Capaldi2008" class="citation journal cs1">Heidemarie K. Laurent; Hyoun K. Kima; Deborah M. Capaldi (December 2008) [2007]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2642009">"Interaction and relationship development in stable young couples: Effects of positive engagement, psychological aggression, and withdrawal"</a>. <i>Journal of Adolescence</i>. <b>31</b> (6): 815–835. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.adolescence.2007.11.001">10.1016/j.adolescence.2007.11.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2642009">2642009</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18164053">18164053</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Adolescence&rft.atitle=Interaction+and+relationship+development+in+stable+young+couples%3A+Effects+of+positive+engagement%2C+psychological+aggression%2C+and+withdrawal&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=815-835&rft.date=2008-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2642009%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18164053&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.adolescence.2007.11.001&rft.au=Heidemarie+K.+Laurent&rft.au=Hyoun+K.+Kima&rft.au=Deborah+M.+Capaldi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2642009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Welsh,_Deborah_P_2008._Pages_877-891-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Welsh,_Deborah_P_2008._Pages_877-891_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWelsh,_Deborah_P.Shmuel_Shulman2008" class="citation journal cs1">Welsh, Deborah P.; Shmuel Shulman (December 2008) [2008]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2614117">"Directly observed interaction within adolescent romantic relationships: What have we learned?"</a>. <i>Journal of Adolescence</i>. <b>31</b> (6): 877–891. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.adolescence.2008.10.001">10.1016/j.adolescence.2008.10.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2614117">2614117</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18986697">18986697</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Adolescence&rft.atitle=Directly+observed+interaction+within+adolescent+romantic+relationships%3A+What+have+we+learned%3F&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=877-891&rft.date=2008-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2614117%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18986697&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.adolescence.2008.10.001&rft.au=Welsh%2C+Deborah+P.&rft.au=Shmuel+Shulman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2614117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <div style="float: right;">   <a href="#top">[top]</a></div> <ul><li>Macpherson, Michael Colin <i>The psychology of abuse</i> (1985) Search for this book: <span class="plainlinks">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/search-handle-url?field-keywords=The+psychology+of+abuse">Amazon</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search?search=The+psychology+of+abuse">wp</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=site%3Awikipedia.org+The+psychology+of+abuse">gwp</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=The+psychology+of+abuse">g</a>)</span></li> <li>Behera, Navnita Chadha <i>Perpetuating the divide: Political abuse of history in South Asia journal Contemporary South Asia</i>, Volume 5, Issue 2 July 1996, Pages 191–205</li> <li>Birley, J. <i>Political abuse of psychiatry</i> Psychiatry, Volume 3, Issue 3, Pages 22–25</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonnie2002" class="citation journal cs1">Bonnie, Richard J. (March 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jaapl.org/content/30/1/136">"Political Abuse of Psychiatry in the Soviet Union and in China: Complexities and Controversies"</a>. <i>J Am Acad Psychiatry Law</i>. <b>30</b> (1): 136–144. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110928174809/http://www.jaapl.org/cgi/reprint/30/1/136.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 28 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Am+Acad+Psychiatry+Law&rft.atitle=Political+Abuse+of+Psychiatry+in+the+Soviet+Union+and+in+China%3A+Complexities+and+Controversies&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=136-144&rft.date=2002-03&rft.aulast=Bonnie&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjaapl.org%2Fcontent%2F30%2F1%2F136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbuse" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Zwi, AB. <i>The political abuse of medicine and the challenge of opposing it.</i> Soc Sci Med. 1987;25(6):649-57.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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href="/wiki/Template:Abuse" title="Template:Abuse"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Abuse" title="Template talk:Abuse"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Abuse" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Abuse"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Abuse" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Abuse</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Types_and_contexts_of_abuse">Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adverse_childhood_experiences" title="Adverse childhood experiences">Adverse childhood experiences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-social_behaviour" title="Anti-social behaviour">Anti-social behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">Bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_abuse" title="Child abuse">Child abuse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_neglect" title="Child neglect">neglect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">sexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_in_the_military" title="Children in the military">military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage" title="Child marriage">marriage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruelty_to_animals" title="Cruelty to animals">Cruelty to animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_abuse" title="Disability abuse">Disability abuse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disability_draft" class="mw-redirect" title="Disability draft">military draft</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">Domestic abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elder_abuse" title="Elder abuse">Elder abuse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elder_financial_abuse" title="Elder financial abuse">Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predatory_marriage" title="Predatory marriage">Marriage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaslighting" title="Gaslighting">Gaslighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harassment" title="Harassment">Harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humiliation" title="Humiliation">Humiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incivility" title="Incivility">Incivility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_abuse" title="Institutional abuse">Institutional abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intimidation" title="Intimidation">Intimidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neglect" title="Neglect">Neglect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution" title="Persecution">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_abuse" title="Professional abuse">Professional abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_abuse" title="Psychological abuse">Psychological abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_abuse" title="Physical abuse">Physical abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_abuse" title="Social abuse">Social abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_brutality" title="Police brutality">Police brutality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umpire_abuse" title="Umpire abuse">Referee and umpire abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_abuse" title="Religious abuse">Religious abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">Sexual abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalking" title="Stalking">Stalking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_abuse" title="Structural abuse">Structural abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveillance_abuse" title="Surveillance abuse">Surveillance abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verbal_abuse" title="Verbal abuse">Verbal abuse</a></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Types_and_contexts_of_abuse">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abusive_supervision" title="Abusive supervision">Abusive supervision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abuse_of_power" title="Abuse of power">Abuse of power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controlling_behavior_in_relationships" title="Controlling behavior in relationships">Controlling behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_grooming" class="mw-redirect" title="Child grooming">Child grooming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complex_post-traumatic_stress_disorder" title="Complex post-traumatic stress disorder">Complex post-traumatic stress disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehumanization" title="Dehumanization">Dehumanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial" title="Denial">Denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destabilisation" title="Destabilisation">Destabilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exaggeration" title="Exaggeration">Exaggeration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isolation_to_facilitate_abuse" title="Isolation to facilitate abuse">Isolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just-world_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Just-world hypothesis">Just-world hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lie" title="Lie">Lying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_manipulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological manipulation">Manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimisation_(psychology)" title="Minimisation (psychology)">Minimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissism" title="Narcissism">Narcissism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playing_the_victim" title="Playing the victim">Playing the victim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_projection" title="Psychological projection">Psychological projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_trauma" title="Psychological trauma">Psychological trauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychopathy" title="Psychopathy">Psychopathy</a></li> 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