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Available in 37 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">37 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AC_%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85" title="برنامج رسوم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="برنامج رسوم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Графичен софтуер – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Графичен софтуер" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafik-Software" title="Grafik-Software – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Grafik-Software" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafi%C4%8Dki_program" title="Grafički program – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Grafički program" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programa_de_gr%C3%A0fics" title="Programa de gràfics – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Programa de gràfics" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafick%C3%BD_editor" title="Grafický editor – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Grafický editor" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tegneprogram" title="Tegneprogram – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tegneprogram" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafiksoftware" title="Grafiksoftware – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Grafiksoftware" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pildit%C3%B6%C3%B6tlustarkvara" title="Pilditöötlustarkvara – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pilditöötlustarkvara" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="نرم‌افزار نگاشتار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نرم‌افزار نگاشتار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logiciel_graphique" title="Logiciel graphique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Logiciel graphique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B7%B8%EB%9E%98%ED%94%BD_%EC%86%8C%ED%94%84%ED%8A%B8%EC%9B%A8%EC%96%B4" title="그래픽 소프트웨어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="그래픽 소프트웨어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%86%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AD%D5%B4%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B9" title="Գրաֆիկական խմբագրիչ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գրաֆիկական խմբագրիչ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myndvinnsluforrit" title="Myndvinnsluforrit – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Myndvinnsluforrit" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_grafico" title="Software grafico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Software grafico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%AA_%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%AA_%D7%AA%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%94" title="תוכנת עריכת תמונה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תוכנת עריכת תמונה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafisk%C4%81s_programmas" title="Grafiskās programmas – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Grafiskās programmas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lit%C3%A1mbwisi-liy%C3%A9mi" title="Litámbwisi-liyémi – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Litámbwisi-liyémi" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A9pszerkeszt%C5%91_program" title="Képszerkesztő program – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Képszerkesztő program" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafisch_programma" title="Grafisch programma – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Grafisch programma" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%82%BD%E3%83%95%E3%83%88%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%82%A2" title="グラフィックソフトウェア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="グラフィックソフトウェア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilderedigeringsprogram" title="Bilderedigeringsprogram – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bilderedigeringsprogram" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biletredigeringsprogram" title="Biletredigeringsprogram – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Biletredigeringsprogram" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_graficzny" title="Program graficzny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Program graficzny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editor_gr%C3%A1fico" title="Editor gráfico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Editor gráfico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Графический редактор – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Графический редактор" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A0%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%9C" title="චිත්‍රක මාදුකාංග – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="චිත්‍රක මාදුකාංග" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafi%C4%8Dni_program" title="Grafični program – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Grafični program" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8E%D8%B1%DB%8C_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="نەرمامێری گرافیک – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نەرمامێری گرافیک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuvank%C3%A4sittelyohjelma" title="Kuvankäsittelyohjelma – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kuvankäsittelyohjelma" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafikprogram" title="Grafikprogram – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Grafikprogram" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="வரைகலை மென்பொருள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வரைகலை மென்பொருள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafik_yaz%C4%B1l%C4%B1m%C4%B1" title="Grafik yazılımı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Grafik yazılımı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Графічний редактор – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Графічний редактор" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%E1%BA%A7n_m%E1%BB%81m_%C4%91%E1%BB%93_h%E1%BB%8Da" title="Phần mềm đồ họa – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phần mềm đồ họa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B9%AA%E5%9C%96%E8%BB%9F%E4%BB%B6" title="繪圖軟件 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="繪圖軟件" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%96%E5%83%8F%E8%BB%9F%E4%BB%B6" title="圖像軟件 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="圖像軟件" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q868410#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Graphics+software%22">"Graphics software"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Graphics+software%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Graphics+software%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Graphics+software%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Graphics+software%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Graphics+software%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Computer_graphics" title="Computer graphics">computer graphics</a>, <b>graphics software</b> refers to a <a href="/wiki/Computer_program" title="Computer program">program</a> or collection of programs that enable a person to <a href="/wiki/Image_manipulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Image manipulation">manipulate images</a> or models visually on a <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Computer graphics can be classified into two distinct categories: <a href="/wiki/Raster_graphics" title="Raster graphics">raster graphics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vector_graphics" title="Vector graphics">vector graphics</a>, with further 2D and <a href="/wiki/3D_graphics_software" class="mw-redirect" title="3D graphics software">3D</a> variants. Many graphics programs focus exclusively on either vector or raster graphics, but there are a few that operate on both. It is simple to convert from vector graphics to raster graphics, but going the other way is harder. Some software attempts to do this. </p><p>In addition to static graphics, there are <a href="/wiki/Animation_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Animation software">animation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Video_editing_software" title="Video editing software">video editing</a> software. Different types of software are often designed to edit different types of graphics such as video, photos, and vector-based drawings. The exact sources of graphics may vary for different tasks, but most can read and write files.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most graphics programs have the ability to import and export one or more <a href="/wiki/Graphics_file_formats" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphics file formats">graphics file formats</a>, including those formats written for a particular computer graphics program. Such programs include, but are not limited to: <a href="/wiki/GIMP" title="GIMP">GIMP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Photoshop" title="Adobe Photoshop">Adobe Photoshop</a>, <a href="/wiki/CorelDRAW" title="CorelDRAW">CorelDRAW</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Publisher" title="Microsoft Publisher">Microsoft Publisher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Picasa" title="Picasa">Picasa</a>, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The use of a swatch is a palette of active colours that are selected and rearranged by the preference of the user. A swatch may be used in a program or be part of the universal palette on an <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a>. It is used to change the colour of a text or image and in video editing. Vector graphics animation can be described as a series of mathematical transformations that are applied in sequence to one or more shapes in a scene. Raster graphics animation works in a similar fashion to film-based animation, where a series of still images produces the illusion of continuous movement. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Graphics_software&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/SuperPaint" title="SuperPaint">SuperPaint</a> was one of the earliest graphics software applications, first conceptualized in 1972 and achieving its first stable image in 1973<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fauve Matisse (later <a href="/wiki/Macromedia_xRes" title="Macromedia xRes">Macromedia xRes</a>) was a pioneering program of the early 1990s, notably introducing <a href="/wiki/Layers_(digital_image_editing)" title="Layers (digital image editing)">layers</a> in customer software.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Currently <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Photoshop" title="Adobe Photoshop">Adobe Photoshop</a> is one of the most used and best-known graphics programs in the Americas, having created more custom hardware solutions in the early 1990s, but was initially subject to various litigation. <a href="/wiki/GIMP" title="GIMP">GIMP</a> is a popular open-source alternative to <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Photoshop" title="Adobe Photoshop">Adobe Photoshop</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Graphics_software&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_raster_graphics_editors" title="Comparison of raster graphics editors">Comparison of raster graphics editors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_vector_graphics_editors" title="Comparison of vector graphics editors">Comparison of vector graphics editors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_2D_graphics_software" title="List of 2D graphics software">List of 2D graphics software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_2D_animation_software" title="List of 2D animation software">List of 2D animation software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_raster_graphics_editors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of raster graphics editors">List of raster graphics editors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphic_art_software" title="Graphic art software">Graphic art software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_morphing_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Image morphing software">Image morphing software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_conversion" title="Image conversion">Image conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imc_FAMOS" title="Imc FAMOS">imc FAMOS</a> (1987), graphical data analysis</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raster_graphics_editor" title="Raster graphics editor">Raster graphics editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vector_graphics_editor" title="Vector graphics editor">Vector graphics editor</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span 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title="Anisotropic filtering">Anisotropic filtering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cel_shading" title="Cel shading">Cel shading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluid_animation" title="Fluid animation">Fluid animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_graphics_lighting" title="Computer graphics lighting">Lighting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_illumination" title="Global illumination">Global illumination</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidden-surface_determination" title="Hidden-surface determination">Hidden-surface determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygon_mesh" title="Polygon mesh">Polygon mesh</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Triangle_mesh" title="Triangle mesh">Triangle mesh</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shading" title="Shading">Shading</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deferred_shading" title="Deferred shading">Deferred</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_triangulation" title="Surface triangulation">Surface triangulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wire-frame_model" 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matrix">Shear matrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shader" title="Shader">Shader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texel_(graphics)" title="Texel (graphics)">Texel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translation_(geometry)" title="Translation (geometry)">Translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volume_rendering" title="Volume rendering">Volume rendering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voxel" title="Voxel">Voxel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Graphics software</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_3D_computer_graphics_software" title="List of 3D computer graphics software">3D computer graphics software</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_3D_animation_software" title="List of 3D animation software">animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_3D_modeling_software" title="List of 3D modeling software">modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_3D_rendering_software" title="List of 3D rendering software">rendering</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raster_graphics_editor" title="Raster graphics editor">Raster graphics editors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_vector_graphics_editors" title="Comparison of vector graphics editors">Vector graphics editors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Algorithms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_computer_graphics_algorithms" class="mw-redirect" title="List of computer graphics algorithms">List of computer graphics algorithms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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protocol">Network protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Networking_hardware" title="Networking hardware">Network components</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_scheduler" title="Network scheduler">Network scheduler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_performance" title="Network performance">Network performance evaluation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_service" title="Network service">Network service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interpreter_(computing)" title="Interpreter (computing)">Interpreter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middleware" title="Middleware">Middleware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_machine" title="Virtual machine">Virtual machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></li> <li><a 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href="/wiki/Software_framework" title="Software framework">Software framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">Integrated development environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_configuration_management" title="Software configuration management">Software configuration management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_(computing)" title="Library (computing)">Software library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_repository" title="Software repository">Software repository</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Software_development" title="Software development">Software development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Control_variable_(programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Control variable (programming)">Control variable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_development_process" title="Software development process">Software development process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Requirements_analysis" title="Requirements analysis">Requirements analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_design" title="Software design">Software design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_construction" title="Software construction">Software construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_deployment" title="Software deployment">Software deployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">Software engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_maintenance" title="Software maintenance">Software maintenance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programming_team" title="Programming team">Programming team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_computation" title="Theory of computation">Theory of computation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Model_of_computation" title="Model of computation">Model of computation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stochastic_computing" title="Stochastic computing">Stochastic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_language" title="Formal language">Formal language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automata_theory" title="Automata theory">Automata theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computability_theory" title="Computability theory">Computability theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_complexity_theory" title="Computational complexity theory">Computational complexity theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic_in_computer_science" title="Logic in computer science">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantics_(computer_science)" title="Semantics (computer science)">Semantics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Algorithm" title="Algorithm">Algorithms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algorithm_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Algorithm design">Algorithm design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analysis_of_algorithms" title="Analysis of algorithms">Analysis of algorithms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_efficiency" title="Algorithmic efficiency">Algorithmic efficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randomized_algorithm" title="Randomized algorithm">Randomized algorithm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_geometry" title="Computational geometry">Computational geometry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mathematics of <a href="/wiki/Computing" title="Computing">computing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_mathematics" title="Discrete mathematics">Discrete mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probability" title="Probability">Probability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">Statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_software" title="Mathematical software">Mathematical software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_theory" title="Information theory">Information theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_analysis" title="Mathematical analysis">Mathematical analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerical_analysis" title="Numerical analysis">Numerical analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoretical_computer_science" title="Theoretical computer science">Theoretical computer science</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Information_system" title="Information system">Information systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">Database management system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage">Information storage systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_information_system" title="Enterprise information system">Enterprise information system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_software" title="Social software">Social information systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographic_information_system" title="Geographic information system">Geographic information system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decision_support_system" title="Decision support system">Decision support system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Process control">Process control system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimedia_database" title="Multimedia database">Multimedia information system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_mining" title="Data mining">Data mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_library" title="Digital library">Digital library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">Computing platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_marketing" title="Digital marketing">Digital marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_retrieval" title="Information retrieval">Information retrieval</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_security" title="Computer security">Security</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryptography" title="Cryptography">Cryptography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_methods" title="Formal methods">Formal methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_hacker" title="Security hacker">Security hacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_service_(telecommunication)" title="Security service (telecommunication)">Security services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrusion_detection_system" title="Intrusion detection system">Intrusion detection system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_security" title="Hardware security">Hardware security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_security" title="Network security">Network security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_security" title="Information security">Information security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Application_security" title="Application security">Application security</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction" title="Human–computer interaction">Human–computer interaction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interaction_design" title="Interaction design">Interaction design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_computing" title="Social computing">Social computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubiquitous_computing" title="Ubiquitous computing">Ubiquitous computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visualization_(graphics)" title="Visualization (graphics)">Visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_accessibility" title="Computer accessibility">Accessibility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Concurrency_(computer_science)" title="Concurrency (computer science)">Concurrency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concurrent_computing" title="Concurrent computing">Concurrent computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_computing" title="Parallel computing">Parallel computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_computing" title="Distributed computing">Distributed computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multithreading_(computer_architecture)" title="Multithreading (computer architecture)">Multithreading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiprocessing" title="Multiprocessing">Multiprocessing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_language_processing" title="Natural language processing">Natural language processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning" title="Knowledge representation and reasoning">Knowledge representation and reasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_vision" title="Computer vision">Computer vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automated_planning_and_scheduling" title="Automated planning and scheduling">Automated planning and scheduling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_optimization" title="Mathematical optimization">Search methodology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_theory" title="Control theory">Control method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Philosophy of artificial intelligence">Philosophy of artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_artificial_intelligence" title="Distributed artificial intelligence">Distributed artificial intelligence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">Machine learning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supervised_learning" title="Supervised learning">Supervised learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsupervised_learning" title="Unsupervised learning">Unsupervised learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinforcement_learning" title="Reinforcement learning">Reinforcement learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-task_learning" title="Multi-task learning">Multi-task learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-validation_(statistics)" title="Cross-validation (statistics)">Cross-validation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_graphics" title="Computer graphics">Graphics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_animation" title="Computer animation">Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rendering_(computer_graphics)" title="Rendering (computer graphics)">Rendering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photograph_manipulation" 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