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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Early studies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crystal_habit_and_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crystal_habit_and_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Crystal habit and structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crystal_habit_and_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Varieties_(according_to_microstructure)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Varieties_(according_to_microstructure)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Varieties (according to microstructure)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Varieties_(according_to_microstructure)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Varieties_(according_to_color)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Varieties_(according_to_color)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Varieties (according to color)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Varieties_(according_to_color)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Varieties (according to color) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Varieties_(according_to_color)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Amethyst" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amethyst"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Amethyst</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amethyst-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blue_quartz" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blue_quartz"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Blue quartz</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blue_quartz-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dumortierite_quartz" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dumortierite_quartz"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Dumortierite quartz</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dumortierite_quartz-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citrine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citrine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Citrine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citrine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Milky_quartz" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Milky_quartz"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Milky quartz</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Milky_quartz-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rose_quartz" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rose_quartz"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Rose quartz</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rose_quartz-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Smoky_quartz" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Smoky_quartz"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Smoky quartz</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Smoky_quartz-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prase" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prase"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>Prase</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prase-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prasiolite" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prasiolite"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9</span> <span>Prasiolite</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prasiolite-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Piezoelectricity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Piezoelectricity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Piezoelectricity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Piezoelectricity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occurrence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occurrence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Occurrence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occurrence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mining" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mining"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Mining</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mining-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_silica_minerals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_silica_minerals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Related silica minerals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_silica_minerals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Safety</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Synthetic_and_artificial_treatments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synthetic_and_artificial_treatments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Synthetic and artificial treatments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synthetic_and_artificial_treatments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Quartz</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 96 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-96" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">96 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwarts" title="Kwarts – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kwarts" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC" title="क्वार्टज़ – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="क्वार्टज़" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%88_(%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%86)" title="مرو (معدن) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مرو (معدن)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuarz" title="Cuarz – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Cuarz" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuarzu" title="Cuarzu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cuarzu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvars" title="Kvars – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kvars" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chio%CC%8Dh-eng" title="Chio̍h-eng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chio̍h-eng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%86" title="Кварц – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кварц" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%86" title="Кварц – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Кварц" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C" title="क्वार्ट्ज – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="क्वार्ट्ज" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%86" title="Кварц – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кварц" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvarc" title="Kvarc – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kvarc" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quars" title="Quars – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Quars" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%99emen" title="Křemen – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Křemen" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvarts" title="Kvarts – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kvarts" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarz" title="Quarz – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Quarz" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvarts" title="Kvarts – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kvarts" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%B6%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Χαλαζίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χαλαζίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuarzo" title="Cuarzo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cuarzo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvarco" title="Kvarco – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kvarco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuartzo" title="Kuartzo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kuartzo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B2" title="کوارتز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کوارتز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartz_(min%C3%A9ral)" title="Quartz (minéral) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Quartz (minéral)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grianchloch" title="Grianchloch – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Grianchloch" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eit" title="Eit – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Eit" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuarzo" title="Cuarzo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cuarzo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%CC%8Dk-y%C3%AEn" title="Sa̍k-yîn – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Sa̍k-yîn" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%9D%EC%98%81" title="석영 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="석영" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%BE%D5%A1%D6%80%D6%81" title="Քվարց – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քվարց" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95" title="स्फटिक – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="स्फटिक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%99emje%C5%84" title="Křemjeń – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Křemjeń" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvarc" title="Kvarc – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kvarc" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarco" title="Quarco – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Quarco" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuarsa" title="Kuarsa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kuarsa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarz" title="Quarz – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Quarz" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B7%C3%A6%D0%BD%D1%85%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%80" title="Дзæнхъадур – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Дзæнхъадур" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvars" title="Kvars – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kvars" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarzo" title="Quarzo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Quarzo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A5" title="קוורץ – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קוורץ" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwar%C9%A9t%C9%A9s%C9%A9" title="Kuwarɩtɩsɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Kuwarɩtɩsɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AB%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95_%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%86" title="ಸ್ಫಟಿಕ ಶಿಲೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸ್ಫಟಿಕ ಶಿಲೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98" title="კვარცი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კვარცი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%86" title="Кварц – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Кварц" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%86" title="Кварц – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кварц" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarzum" title="Quarzum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Quarzum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvarcs" title="Kvarcs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kvarcs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaarz_(Mineral)" title="Quaarz (Mineral) – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Quaarz (Mineral)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvarcas" title="Kvarcas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kvarcas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvarc" title="Kvarc – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kvarc" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%86" title="Кварц – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кварц" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatokaranana" title="Vatokaranana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Vatokaranana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ക്വാർട്ട്സ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ക്വാർട്ട്സ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuarza" title="Kuarza – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kuarza" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartzo" title="Quartzo – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Quartzo" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%9C%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA" title="သလင်းကျောက် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သလင်းကျောက်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwarts" title="Kwarts – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kwarts" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E8%8B%B1" title="石英 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="石英" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvarts" title="Kvarts – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kvarts" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvarts" title="Kvarts – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kvarts" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%C3%BCars" title="Qüars – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Qüars" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhagaa_Cicala" title="Dhagaa Cicala – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Dhagaa Cicala" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvars" title="Kvars – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kvars" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%B9%D8%B2" title="کوارٹز – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کوارٹز" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B2" title="کوارتز – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کوارتز" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%90" title="បុស្សរាគម័ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="បុស្សរាគម័" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwarc" title="Kwarc – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kwarc" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartzo" title="Quartzo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Quartzo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuar%C8%9B" title="Cuarț – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cuarț" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qhisqa" title="Qhisqa – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Qhisqa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%86" title="Кварц – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кварц" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%86" title="Кварц – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Кварц" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Quartz" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuarci" title="Kuarci – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kuarci" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarzu" title="Quarzu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Quarzu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%85%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9F%E0%B7%94" title="පළිඟු – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පළිඟු" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Quartz" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreme%C5%88" title="Kremeň – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kremeň" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamena_strela" title="Kamena strela – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kamena strela" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B2" title="کوارتز – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کوارتز" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%86" title="Кварц – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кварц" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvarc" title="Kvarc – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kvarc" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvartsi" title="Kvartsi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kvartsi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvarts" title="Kvarts – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kvarts" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Quartz" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="குவார்ட்சு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="குவார்ட்சு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C" title="ควอตซ์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ควอตซ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuvars" title="Kuvars – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kuvars" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%86" title="Кварц – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кварц" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" 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.mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the mineral. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Quartz_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Quartz (disambiguation)">Quartz (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color:black; background-color: #8BAFDA">Quartz</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Quartz_Br%C3%A9sil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Quartz_Br%C3%A9sil.jpg/220px-Quartz_Br%C3%A9sil.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Quartz_Br%C3%A9sil.jpg/330px-Quartz_Br%C3%A9sil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Quartz_Br%C3%A9sil.jpg/440px-Quartz_Br%C3%A9sil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3529" data-file-height="3006" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Quartz <a href="/wiki/Crystal_cluster" title="Crystal cluster">crystal cluster</a> from <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:black; background-color: #8BAFDA">General</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Category</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Silicate_mineral" title="Silicate mineral">Silicate mineral</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Formula</a><br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(repeating unit)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">SiO<sub>2</sub></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mineral_symbols" title="List of mineral symbols">IMA symbol</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Qz<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Nickel%E2%80%93Strunz_classification" title="Nickel–Strunz classification">Strunz classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data">4.DA.05 (<a href="/wiki/Oxide_minerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxide minerals">oxides</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dana_Classification_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Dana Classification System">Dana classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data">75.01.03.01 (<a href="/wiki/Tectosilicate" class="mw-redirect" title="Tectosilicate">tectosilicates</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_system" title="Crystal system">Crystal system</a></th><td class="infobox-data">α-quartz: <a href="/wiki/Trigonal_crystal_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Trigonal crystal system">trigonal</a> <br />β-quartz: <a href="/wiki/Hexagonal_crystal_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexagonal crystal system">hexagonal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_class" class="mw-redirect" title="Crystal class">Crystal class</a></th><td class="infobox-data">α-quartz: trapezohedral (class 3 2) <br />β-quartz: trapezohedral (class 6 2 2)<sup id="cite_ref-Deer_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deer-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Space_group" title="Space group">Space group</a></th><td class="infobox-data">α-quartz: <i>P3<sub>2</sub>21</i> (no. 154)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />β-quartz: <i>P6<sub>2</sub>22</i> (no. 180) or <i>P6<sub>4</sub>22</i> (no. 181)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure#Unit_cell" title="Crystal structure">Unit cell</a></th><td class="infobox-data">a = 4.9133 <a href="/wiki/Angstrom" title="Angstrom">Å</a>, c = 5.4053 Å; Z = 3</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:black; background-color: #8BAFDA">Identification</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Formula_mass" class="mw-redirect" title="Formula mass">Formula mass</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001600830000000000♠"></span>60.083</span> g·mol<sup>−1</sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Color</th><td class="infobox-data">Colorless, pink, orange, white, green, yellow, blue, purple, dark brown, or black</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_habit" title="Crystal habit">Crystal habit</a></th><td class="infobox-data">6-sided prism ending in 6-sided pyramid (typical), drusy, fine-grained to microcrystalline, massive</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_twinning" title="Crystal twinning">Twinning</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Common Dauphine law, Brazil law, and Japan law</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Cleavage_(crystal)" title="Cleavage (crystal)">Cleavage</a></th><td class="infobox-data">{0110} Indistinct</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Fracture_(mineralogy)" title="Fracture (mineralogy)">Fracture</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Conchoidal</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Tenacity_(mineralogy)" title="Tenacity (mineralogy)">Tenacity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Brittle</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mohs_scale_of_mineral_hardness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohs scale of mineral hardness">Mohs scale</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">hardness</span></th><td class="infobox-data">7 – lower in impure varieties (defining mineral)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Lustre_(mineralogy)" title="Lustre (mineralogy)">Luster</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Vitreous – waxy to dull when massive</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Streak_(mineralogy)" title="Streak (mineralogy)">Streak</a></th><td class="infobox-data">White</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Transparency_and_translucency" title="Transparency and translucency">Diaphaneity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Transparent to nearly opaque</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Specific_gravity" class="mw-redirect" title="Specific gravity">Specific gravity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2.65; variable 2.59–2.63 in impure varieties</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Optical properties</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Uniaxial_crystal" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniaxial crystal">Uniaxial</a> (+)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Refractive_index" title="Refractive index">Refractive index</a></th><td class="infobox-data">n<sub>ω</sub> = 1.543–1.545 <br />n<sub>ε</sub> = 1.552–1.554</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Birefringence" title="Birefringence">Birefringence</a></th><td class="infobox-data">+0.009 (B-G interval)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Pleochroism" title="Pleochroism">Pleochroism</a></th><td class="infobox-data">None</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">Melting point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1670 °C (β <a href="/wiki/Tridymite" title="Tridymite">tridymite</a>); 1713 °C (β <a href="/wiki/Cristobalite" title="Cristobalite">cristobalite</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Deer_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deer-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Solubility" title="Solubility">Solubility</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Insoluble at <a href="/wiki/Standard_conditions_for_temperature_and_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard conditions for temperature and pressure">STP</a>; 1 ppm<sub>mass</sub> at 400 °C and 500  lb/in<sup>2</sup> to 2600 ppm<sub>mass</sub> at 500 °C and 1500 lb/in<sup>2</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Deer_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deer-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other characteristics</th><td class="infobox-data">Lattice: <a href="/wiki/Hexagonal_lattice_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexagonal lattice system">hexagonal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piezoelectricity" title="Piezoelectricity">piezoelectric</a>, may be <a href="/wiki/Triboluminescence" title="Triboluminescence">triboluminescent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chirality_(chemistry)" title="Chirality (chemistry)">chiral</a> (hence optically active if not <a href="/wiki/Racemic_mixture" title="Racemic mixture">racemic</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">References</th><td class="infobox-data"><sup id="cite_ref-Mindat_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mindat-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Handbook_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Handbook-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Webmin_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Webmin-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Klein_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klein-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Quartz</b> is a hard, <a href="/wiki/Crystalline" class="mw-redirect" title="Crystalline">crystalline</a> <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">mineral</a> composed of silica (<a href="/wiki/Silicon_dioxide" title="Silicon dioxide">silicon dioxide</a>). The atoms are linked in a continuous framework of SiO<sub>4</sub> silicon–oxygen <a href="/wiki/Tetrahedral_molecular_geometry" title="Tetrahedral molecular geometry">tetrahedra</a>, with each oxygen being shared between two tetrahedra, giving an overall <a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">chemical formula</a> of <a href="/wiki/Silicon_dioxide" title="Silicon dioxide">SiO<sub>2</sub></a>. Quartz is, therefore, classified structurally as a <a href="/wiki/Silicate_mineral#Tectosilicates" title="Silicate mineral">framework silicate mineral</a> and compositionally as an <a href="/wiki/Oxide_mineral" title="Oxide mineral">oxide mineral</a>. Quartz is the second most abundant <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">mineral</a> in <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Continental_crust" title="Continental crust">continental crust</a>, behind <a href="/wiki/Feldspar" title="Feldspar">feldspar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Quartz exists in two forms, the normal α-quartz and the high-temperature β-quartz, both of which are <a href="/wiki/Chiral" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiral">chiral</a>. The transformation from α-quartz to β-quartz takes place abruptly at 573 °C (846 K; 1,063 °F). Since the transformation is accompanied by a significant change in volume, it can easily induce microfracturing of ceramics or rocks passing through this temperature threshold. </p><p>There are many different varieties of quartz, several of which are classified as <a href="/wiki/Gemstone" title="Gemstone">gemstones</a>. Since antiquity, varieties of quartz have been the most commonly used minerals in the making of <a href="/wiki/Jewellery" title="Jewellery">jewelry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hardstone_carving" title="Hardstone carving">hardstone carvings</a>, especially in Europe and Asia. </p><p>Quartz is the <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">mineral</a> defining the value of 7 on the <a href="/wiki/Mohs_scale_of_hardness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohs scale of hardness">Mohs scale of hardness</a>, a qualitative <a href="/wiki/Scratch_hardness" title="Scratch hardness">scratch</a> method for determining the hardness of a material to abrasion. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quartz&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <i>"quartz"</i> is derived from the <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> word <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Quarz</i></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-Merriam_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merriam-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which had the same form in the first half of the 14th century in <a href="/wiki/Middle_High_German" title="Middle High German">Middle High German</a> and in <a href="/wiki/East_Central_German" title="East Central German">East Central German</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and which came from the <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> dialect term <i><span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">twardy</i></span></i>, which corresponds to the <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a> term <span title="Czech-language text"><i lang="cs">tvrdý</i></span> ("hard").<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some sources, however, attribute the word's origin to the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Saxon_German" title="Upper Saxon German">Saxon</a> word <i>Querkluftertz</i>, meaning <i>cross-vein ore</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tomkeieff1942_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tomkeieff1942-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greeks</a> referred to quartz as <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">κρύσταλλος</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">krustallos</i></span>) derived from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">κρύος</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">kruos</i></span>) meaning "icy cold", because some <a href="/wiki/Philosopher" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosopher">philosophers</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Theophrastus" title="Theophrastus">Theophrastus</a>) understood the mineral to be a form of <a href="/wiki/Supercooling" title="Supercooling">supercooled</a> ice.<sup id="cite_ref-Tomkieff_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tomkieff-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, the term <i><a href="/wiki/Crystal" title="Crystal">rock crystal</a></i> is sometimes used as an alternative name for transparent coarsely crystalline quartz.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_studies">Early studies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quartz&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Roman naturalist <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> believed quartz to be water <a href="/wiki/Ice" title="Ice">ice</a>, permanently frozen after great lengths of time.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He supported this idea by saying that quartz is found near glaciers in the Alps, but not on volcanic mountains, and that large quartz crystals were fashioned into spheres to cool the hands. This idea persisted until at least the 17th century. He also knew of the ability of quartz to split light into a <a href="/wiki/Spectrum" title="Spectrum">spectrum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 17th century, <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Steno" title="Nicolas Steno">Nicolas Steno</a>'s study of quartz paved the way for modern <a href="/wiki/Crystallography" title="Crystallography">crystallography</a>. He discovered that regardless of a quartz crystal's size or shape, its long prism faces always joined at a perfect 60° angle.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Crystal_habit_and_structure">Crystal habit and structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quartz&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Crystal habit and structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:443px;max-width:443px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:121px;max-width:121px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:113px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%CE%91-Quartz.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/%CE%91-Quartz.svg/119px-%CE%91-Quartz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="119" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/%CE%91-Quartz.svg/179px-%CE%91-Quartz.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/%CE%91-Quartz.svg/238px-%CE%91-Quartz.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="852" data-file-height="812" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Crystal structure of α-quartz (red balls are oxygen, gray are silicon)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:141px;max-width:141px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:113px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%CE%92-Quartz.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/%CE%92-Quartz.svg/139px-%CE%92-Quartz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="139" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/%CE%92-Quartz.svg/209px-%CE%92-Quartz.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/%CE%92-Quartz.svg/278px-%CE%92-Quartz.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="994" data-file-height="813" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Crystal structure of β-quartz</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:175px;max-width:175px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:113px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alpha-quartz,_P3_121_and_P3_221.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Alpha-quartz%2C_P3_121_and_P3_221.png/173px-Alpha-quartz%2C_P3_121_and_P3_221.png" decoding="async" width="173" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Alpha-quartz%2C_P3_121_and_P3_221.png/260px-Alpha-quartz%2C_P3_121_and_P3_221.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Alpha-quartz%2C_P3_121_and_P3_221.png/346px-Alpha-quartz%2C_P3_121_and_P3_221.png 2x" data-file-width="3070" data-file-height="2016" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A chiral pair of α-quartz</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Quartz belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Trigonal_crystal_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Trigonal crystal system">trigonal crystal system</a> at room temperature, and to the <a href="/wiki/Hexagonal_crystal_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexagonal crystal system">hexagonal crystal system</a> above 573 °C (846 K; 1,063 °F). The <a href="/wiki/Crystal_habit" title="Crystal habit">ideal crystal shape</a> is a six-sided <a href="/wiki/Prism_(geometry)" title="Prism (geometry)">prism</a> terminating with six-sided pyramid-like <a href="/wiki/Rhombohedron" title="Rhombohedron">rhombohedrons</a> at each end. In nature, quartz crystals are often <a href="/wiki/Crystal_twinning" title="Crystal twinning">twinned</a> (with twin right-handed and left-handed quartz crystals), distorted, or so intergrown with adjacent crystals of quartz or other minerals as to only show part of this shape, or to lack obvious crystal faces altogether and appear <a href="/wiki/Crystal_habit#List_of_crystal_habits" title="Crystal habit">massive</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurlbutKlein1985_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurlbutKlein1985-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENesse2000202–204_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENesse2000202–204-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Well-formed crystals typically form as a <a href="/wiki/Druse_(geology)" title="Druse (geology)">druse</a> (a layer of crystals lining a void), of which quartz <a href="/wiki/Geode" title="Geode">geodes</a> are particularly fine examples.<sup id="cite_ref-sinkankas_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sinkankas-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The crystals are attached at one end to the enclosing rock, and only one termination pyramid is present. However, doubly terminated crystals do occur where they develop freely without attachment, for instance, within <a href="/wiki/Gypsum" title="Gypsum">gypsum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>α-quartz crystallizes in the trigonal crystal system, <a href="/wiki/Space_group" title="Space group">space group</a> <i>P</i>3<sub>1</sub>21 or <i>P</i>3<sub>2</sub>21 (space group 152 or 154 resp.) depending on the chirality. Above 573 °C (846 K; 1,063 °F), α-quartz in <i>P</i>3<sub>1</sub>21 becomes the more symmetric hexagonal <i>P</i>6<sub>4</sub>22 (space group 181), and α-quartz in <i>P</i>3<sub>2</sub>21 goes to space group <i>P</i>6<sub>2</sub>22 (no. 180).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These space groups are truly chiral (they each belong to the 11 enantiomorphous pairs). Both α-quartz and β-quartz are examples of chiral crystal structures composed of achiral building blocks (SiO<sub>4</sub> tetrahedra in the present case). The transformation between α- and β-quartz only involves a comparatively minor rotation of the tetrahedra with respect to one another, without a change in the way they are linked.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurlbutKlein1985_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurlbutKlein1985-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENesse2000201_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENesse2000201-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there is a significant change in volume during this transition,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and this can result in significant microfracturing in ceramics during firing,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in ornamental stone after a fire<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in rocks of the Earth's crust exposed to high temperatures,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thereby damaging materials containing quartz and degrading their physical and mechanical properties. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:00026_40_mm_quartz.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Common, prismatic quartz"><img alt="Common, prismatic quartz" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/00026_40_mm_quartz.jpg/120px-00026_40_mm_quartz.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/00026_40_mm_quartz.jpg/180px-00026_40_mm_quartz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/00026_40_mm_quartz.jpg/240px-00026_40_mm_quartz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3188" data-file-height="2504" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Common, prismatic quartz</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Am%C3%A9thyste,_quartz_300-3-7640.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Sceptered quartz"><img alt="Sceptered quartz" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Am%C3%A9thyste%2C_quartz_300-3-7640.JPG/120px-Am%C3%A9thyste%2C_quartz_300-3-7640.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Am%C3%A9thyste%2C_quartz_300-3-7640.JPG/180px-Am%C3%A9thyste%2C_quartz_300-3-7640.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Am%C3%A9thyste%2C_quartz_300-3-7640.JPG/240px-Am%C3%A9thyste%2C_quartz_300-3-7640.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3180" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sceptered quartz</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Quartz_sceptres_fum%C3%A9s_sur_quartz_(Madagascar)_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sceptered quartz (as aggregates: "Elestial quartz")"><img alt="Sceptered quartz (as aggregates: "Elestial quartz")" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Quartz_sceptres_fum%C3%A9s_sur_quartz_%28Madagascar%29_1.jpg/78px-Quartz_sceptres_fum%C3%A9s_sur_quartz_%28Madagascar%29_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="78" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Quartz_sceptres_fum%C3%A9s_sur_quartz_%28Madagascar%29_1.jpg/117px-Quartz_sceptres_fum%C3%A9s_sur_quartz_%28Madagascar%29_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Quartz_sceptres_fum%C3%A9s_sur_quartz_%28Madagascar%29_1.jpg/156px-Quartz_sceptres_fum%C3%A9s_sur_quartz_%28Madagascar%29_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2603" data-file-height="3989" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sceptered quartz (as aggregates: "Elestial quartz")</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Quartz-314899.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bipyramidal quartz"><img alt="Bipyramidal quartz" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Quartz-314899.jpg/114px-Quartz-314899.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Quartz-314899.jpg/171px-Quartz-314899.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Quartz-314899.jpg/228px-Quartz-314899.jpg 2x" data-file-width="975" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bipyramidal quartz</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Quartz-197980.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tessin or tapered quartz"><img alt="Tessin or tapered quartz" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Quartz-197980.jpg/47px-Quartz-197980.jpg" decoding="async" width="47" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Quartz-197980.jpg/71px-Quartz-197980.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Quartz-197980.jpg/95px-Quartz-197980.jpg 2x" data-file-width="238" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tessin or tapered quartz</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hyaline_quartz-MCG-NM-IMG_7481-black.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Twinned quartz (known as Japan law)"><img alt="Twinned quartz (known as Japan law)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Hyaline_quartz-MCG-NM-IMG_7481-black.jpg/120px-Hyaline_quartz-MCG-NM-IMG_7481-black.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Hyaline_quartz-MCG-NM-IMG_7481-black.jpg/180px-Hyaline_quartz-MCG-NM-IMG_7481-black.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Hyaline_quartz-MCG-NM-IMG_7481-black.jpg/240px-Hyaline_quartz-MCG-NM-IMG_7481-black.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Twinned quartz (known as Japan law)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Quartz_sur_quartz_7(Br%C3%A9sil).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dauphine quartz (single dominant face)"><img alt="Dauphine quartz (single dominant face)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Quartz_sur_quartz_7%28Br%C3%A9sil%29.jpg/80px-Quartz_sur_quartz_7%28Br%C3%A9sil%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Quartz_sur_quartz_7%28Br%C3%A9sil%29.jpg/119px-Quartz_sur_quartz_7%28Br%C3%A9sil%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Quartz_sur_quartz_7%28Br%C3%A9sil%29.jpg/159px-Quartz_sur_quartz_7%28Br%C3%A9sil%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4288" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dauphine quartz (single dominant face)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Herkimer.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title=""Herkimer diamond""><img alt=""Herkimer diamond"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Herkimer.jpg/120px-Herkimer.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Herkimer.jpg/180px-Herkimer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Herkimer.jpg/240px-Herkimer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1804" data-file-height="1586" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">"<a href="/wiki/Herkimer_diamond" title="Herkimer diamond">Herkimer diamond</a>"</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Quartz_crystals_Macro_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Druse quartz"><img alt="Druse quartz" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Quartz_crystals_Macro_1.JPG/120px-Quartz_crystals_Macro_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Quartz_crystals_Macro_1.JPG/180px-Quartz_crystals_Macro_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Quartz_crystals_Macro_1.JPG/240px-Quartz_crystals_Macro_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Druse quartz</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chalcedony_(48723879712).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Granular quartz"><img alt="Granular quartz" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Chalcedony_%2848723879712%29.jpg/120px-Chalcedony_%2848723879712%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Chalcedony_%2848723879712%29.jpg/180px-Chalcedony_%2848723879712%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Chalcedony_%2848723879712%29.jpg/240px-Chalcedony_%2848723879712%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8688" data-file-height="5792" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Granular quartz</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rose_quartz_SiO2_locality_-_Doln%C3%AD_Bory,_Czech_Republic_(50660502442).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Massive quartz"><img alt="Massive quartz" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Rose_quartz_SiO2_locality_-_Doln%C3%AD_Bory%2C_Czech_Republic_%2850660502442%29.jpg/120px-Rose_quartz_SiO2_locality_-_Doln%C3%AD_Bory%2C_Czech_Republic_%2850660502442%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Rose_quartz_SiO2_locality_-_Doln%C3%AD_Bory%2C_Czech_Republic_%2850660502442%29.jpg/180px-Rose_quartz_SiO2_locality_-_Doln%C3%AD_Bory%2C_Czech_Republic_%2850660502442%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Rose_quartz_SiO2_locality_-_Doln%C3%AD_Bory%2C_Czech_Republic_%2850660502442%29.jpg/240px-Rose_quartz_SiO2_locality_-_Doln%C3%AD_Bory%2C_Czech_Republic_%2850660502442%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Massive quartz</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Varieties_(according_to_microstructure)"><span id="Varieties_.28according_to_microstructure.29"></span>Varieties (according to microstructure)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quartz&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Varieties (according to microstructure)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although many of the varietal names historically arose from the color of the mineral, current scientific naming schemes refer primarily to the microstructure of the mineral. Color is a secondary identifier for the cryptocrystalline minerals, although it is a primary identifier for the macrocrystalline varieties.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Major varieties of quartz </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Type</th> <th>Color and description</th> <th>Transparency </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Herkimer_diamond" title="Herkimer diamond">Herkimer diamond</a></td> <td>Colorless</td> <td>Transparent </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rock crystal</td> <td>Colorless</td> <td>Transparent </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amethyst" title="Amethyst">Amethyst</a></td> <td>Purple to violet colored quartz</td> <td>Transparent </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="#Citrine">Citrine</a></td> <td>Yellow quartz ranging to reddish-orange or brown (Madeira citrine), and occasionally greenish yellow</td> <td>Transparent </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ametrine" title="Ametrine">Ametrine</a></td> <td>A mix of amethyst and citrine with hues of purple/violet and yellow or orange/brown</td> <td>Transparent </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="#Rose_quartz">Rose quartz</a></td> <td>Pink, may display <a href="/wiki/Asterism_(gemology)" title="Asterism (gemology)">diasterism</a></td> <td>Transparent </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chalcedony" title="Chalcedony">Chalcedony</a></td> <td>Fibrous, variously translucent, cryptocrystalline quartz occurring in many varieties.<br />The term is often used for white, cloudy, or lightly colored material intergrown with <a href="/wiki/Moganite" title="Moganite">moganite</a>. <br />Otherwise more specific names are used.</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Carnelian" title="Carnelian">Carnelian</a></td> <td>Reddish orange chalcedony</td> <td>Translucent </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aventurine" title="Aventurine">Aventurine</a></td> <td>Quartz with tiny aligned inclusions (usually <a href="/wiki/Mica" title="Mica">mica</a>) that shimmer with <a href="/wiki/Aventurescence" title="Aventurescence">aventurescence</a></td> <td>Translucent to opaque </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Agate" title="Agate">Agate</a></td> <td>Multi-colored, curved or concentric banded chalcedony (cf. Onyx)</td> <td>Semi-translucent to translucent </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Onyx" title="Onyx">Onyx</a></td> <td>Multi-colored, straight banded chalcedony or <a href="/wiki/Chert" title="Chert">chert</a> (cf. Agate)</td> <td>Semi-translucent to opaque </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jasper" title="Jasper">Jasper</a></td> <td>Opaque cryptocrystalline quartz, typically red to brown but often used for other colors</td> <td>Opaque </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="#Milky_quartz">Milky quartz</a></td> <td>White, may display <a href="/wiki/Asterism_(gemology)" title="Asterism (gemology)">diasterism</a></td> <td>Translucent to opaque </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Smoky_quartz" title="Smoky quartz">Smoky quartz</a></td> <td>Light to dark gray, sometimes with a brownish hue</td> <td>Translucent to opaque </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tiger%27s_eye" title="Tiger's eye">Tiger's eye</a></td> <td>Fibrous gold, red-brown or bluish colored chalcedony, exhibiting <a href="/wiki/Chatoyancy" title="Chatoyancy">chatoyancy</a>.</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Prasiolite" title="Prasiolite">Prasiolite</a></td> <td>Green</td> <td>Transparent </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rutilated_quartz" title="Rutilated quartz">Rutilated quartz</a></td> <td>Contains <a href="/wiki/Acicular_(crystal_habit)" title="Acicular (crystal habit)">acicular</a> (needle-like) <a href="/wiki/Inclusion_(mineral)" title="Inclusion (mineral)">inclusions</a> of <a href="/wiki/Rutile" title="Rutile">rutile</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dumortierite quartz</td> <td>Contains large amounts of blue <a href="/wiki/Dumortierite" title="Dumortierite">dumortierite</a> crystals</td> <td>Translucent </td></tr> <tr> <td>Prase</td> <td>Green</td> <td>Translucent </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Varieties_(according_to_color)"><span id="Varieties_.28according_to_color.29"></span>Varieties (according to color)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quartz&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Varieties (according to color)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Transparency.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Transparency.jpg/220px-Transparency.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Transparency.jpg/330px-Transparency.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Transparency.jpg/440px-Transparency.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Quartz crystal demonstrating <a href="/wiki/Transparency_and_translucency" title="Transparency and translucency">transparency</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Pure quartz, traditionally called rock crystal or clear quartz, is colorless and <a href="/wiki/Transparency_and_translucency" title="Transparency and translucency">transparent</a> or translucent and has often been used for <a href="/wiki/Hardstone_carving" title="Hardstone carving">hardstone carvings</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Lothair_Crystal" title="Lothair Crystal">Lothair Crystal</a>. Common colored varieties include citrine, rose quartz, amethyst, smoky quartz, milky quartz, and others.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These color differentiations arise from the presence of impurities which change the molecular orbitals, causing some electronic transitions to take place in the visible spectrum causing colors. </p><p>The most important distinction between types of quartz is that of <i>macrocrystalline</i> (individual crystals visible to the unaided eye) and the <a href="/wiki/Microcrystalline" title="Microcrystalline">microcrystalline</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cryptocrystalline" title="Cryptocrystalline">cryptocrystalline</a> varieties (<a href="/wiki/Aggregate_(geology)" title="Aggregate (geology)">aggregates</a> of crystals visible only under high magnification). The cryptocrystalline varieties are either translucent or mostly opaque, while the transparent varieties tend to be macrocrystalline. <a href="/wiki/Chalcedony" title="Chalcedony">Chalcedony</a> is a cryptocrystalline form of <a href="/wiki/Silica" class="mw-redirect" title="Silica">silica</a> consisting of fine intergrowths of both quartz, and its <a href="/wiki/Monoclinic_crystal_system" title="Monoclinic crystal system">monoclinic</a> polymorph <a href="/wiki/Moganite" title="Moganite">moganite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-heany_1994_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heany_1994-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other opaque gemstone varieties of quartz, or mixed rocks including quartz, often including contrasting bands or patterns of color, are <a href="/wiki/Agate" title="Agate">agate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carnelian" title="Carnelian">carnelian</a> or sard, <a href="/wiki/Onyx" title="Onyx">onyx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heliotrope_(mineral)" title="Heliotrope (mineral)">heliotrope</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jasper" title="Jasper">jasper</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurlbutKlein1985_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurlbutKlein1985-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amethyst">Amethyst</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quartz&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Amethyst"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:322px;max-width:322px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:174px;max-width:174px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:113px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pure_Quartz_at_Senckenberg_Natural_History_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Pure_Quartz_at_Senckenberg_Natural_History_Museum.jpg/172px-Pure_Quartz_at_Senckenberg_Natural_History_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="172" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Pure_Quartz_at_Senckenberg_Natural_History_Museum.jpg/258px-Pure_Quartz_at_Senckenberg_Natural_History_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Pure_Quartz_at_Senckenberg_Natural_History_Museum.jpg/344px-Pure_Quartz_at_Senckenberg_Natural_History_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Rock crystal</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:113px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Amethyst_Siberia_MNHN_Min%C3%A9ralogie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Amethyst_Siberia_MNHN_Min%C3%A9ralogie.jpg/142px-Amethyst_Siberia_MNHN_Min%C3%A9ralogie.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Amethyst_Siberia_MNHN_Min%C3%A9ralogie.jpg/213px-Amethyst_Siberia_MNHN_Min%C3%A9ralogie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Amethyst_Siberia_MNHN_Min%C3%A9ralogie.jpg/284px-Amethyst_Siberia_MNHN_Min%C3%A9ralogie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="3601" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Amethyst</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:179px;max-width:179px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:129px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shattuckite-Quartz-120842.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Shattuckite-Quartz-120842.jpg/177px-Shattuckite-Quartz-120842.jpg" decoding="async" width="177" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Shattuckite-Quartz-120842.jpg/266px-Shattuckite-Quartz-120842.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Shattuckite-Quartz-120842.jpg/354px-Shattuckite-Quartz-120842.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="365" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Blue quartz</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:139px;max-width:139px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:129px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dumortierite-quartz_(Brazil)_10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Dumortierite-quartz_%28Brazil%29_10.jpg/137px-Dumortierite-quartz_%28Brazil%29_10.jpg" decoding="async" width="137" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Dumortierite-quartz_%28Brazil%29_10.jpg/206px-Dumortierite-quartz_%28Brazil%29_10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Dumortierite-quartz_%28Brazil%29_10.jpg/274px-Dumortierite-quartz_%28Brazil%29_10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1658" data-file-height="1569" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Dumortierite quartz</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:169px;max-width:169px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:110px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Citrine_1_(Russie).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Citrine_1_%28Russie%29.jpg/167px-Citrine_1_%28Russie%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="167" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Citrine_1_%28Russie%29.jpg/251px-Citrine_1_%28Russie%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Citrine_1_%28Russie%29.jpg/334px-Citrine_1_%28Russie%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Citrine quartz (natural)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:149px;max-width:149px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:110px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Citrine_Macro_-_Large_Vug.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Citrine_Macro_-_Large_Vug.jpg/147px-Citrine_Macro_-_Large_Vug.jpg" decoding="async" width="147" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Citrine_Macro_-_Large_Vug.jpg/221px-Citrine_Macro_-_Large_Vug.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Citrine_Macro_-_Large_Vug.jpg/294px-Citrine_Macro_-_Large_Vug.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1350" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Citrine quartz (heat-altered amethyst)</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:155px;max-width:155px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:136px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Quartz-221141.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Quartz-221141.jpg/153px-Quartz-221141.jpg" decoding="async" width="153" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Quartz-221141.jpg/230px-Quartz-221141.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Quartz-221141.jpg/306px-Quartz-221141.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="671" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Milky quartz</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:163px;max-width:163px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:136px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Quartz-194084.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Quartz-194084.jpg/161px-Quartz-194084.jpg" decoding="async" width="161" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Quartz-194084.jpg/242px-Quartz-194084.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Quartz-194084.jpg/322px-Quartz-194084.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="510" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Rose quartz</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:159px;max-width:159px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:104px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Quartz_fum%C3%A9_2(Br%C3%A9sil).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Quartz_fum%C3%A9_2%28Br%C3%A9sil%29.jpg/157px-Quartz_fum%C3%A9_2%28Br%C3%A9sil%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="157" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Quartz_fum%C3%A9_2%28Br%C3%A9sil%29.jpg/236px-Quartz_fum%C3%A9_2%28Br%C3%A9sil%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Quartz_fum%C3%A9_2%28Br%C3%A9sil%29.jpg/314px-Quartz_fum%C3%A9_2%28Br%C3%A9sil%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Smoky quartz</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:159px;max-width:159px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:104px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:QuartzPrase.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/QuartzPrase.jpg/157px-QuartzPrase.jpg" decoding="async" width="157" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/QuartzPrase.jpg/236px-QuartzPrase.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/QuartzPrase.jpg/314px-QuartzPrase.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4592" data-file-height="3056" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Prase</div></div></div></div></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Amethyst" title="Amethyst">Amethyst</a> is a form of quartz that ranges from a bright vivid violet to a dark or dull lavender shade. The world's largest deposits of amethysts can be found in Brazil, Mexico, Uruguay, Russia, France, Namibia, and Morocco. Sometimes amethyst and citrine are found growing in the same crystal. It is then referred to as <a href="/wiki/Ametrine" title="Ametrine">ametrine</a>. Amethyst derives its color from traces of iron in its structure.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blue_quartz">Blue quartz</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quartz&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Blue quartz"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Blue quartz contains inclusions of fibrous <a href="/wiki/Magnesio-riebeckite" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnesio-riebeckite">magnesio-riebeckite</a> or <a href="/wiki/Crocidolite" class="mw-redirect" title="Crocidolite">crocidolite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dumortierite_quartz">Dumortierite quartz</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quartz&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Dumortierite quartz"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Inclusions of the mineral <a href="/wiki/Dumortierite" title="Dumortierite">dumortierite</a> within quartz pieces often result in silky-appearing splotches with a blue hue. Shades of purple or gray sometimes also are present. "Dumortierite quartz" (sometimes called "blue quartz") will sometimes feature contrasting light and dark color zones across the material.<sup id="cite_ref-Cally_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cally-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gemstone_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gemstone-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Blue quartz" is a minor gemstone.<sup id="cite_ref-Cally_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cally-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citrine">Citrine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quartz&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Citrine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Citrine is a variety of quartz whose color ranges from pale yellow to brown due to a submicroscopic distribution of colloidal <a href="/wiki/Ferric" title="Ferric">ferric</a> hydroxide impurities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeerHowieZussman1966350_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeerHowieZussman1966350-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Natural citrines are rare; most commercial citrines are heat-treated <a href="/wiki/Amethyst" title="Amethyst">amethysts</a> or <a href="/wiki/Smoky_quartz" title="Smoky quartz">smoky quartzes</a>. However, a heat-treated amethyst will have small lines in the crystal, as opposed to a natural citrine's cloudy or smoky appearance. It is nearly impossible to differentiate between cut citrine and yellow <a href="/wiki/Topaz" title="Topaz">topaz</a> visually, but they differ in <a href="/wiki/Mohs_scale_of_mineral_hardness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohs scale of mineral hardness">hardness</a>. Brazil is the leading producer of citrine, with much of its production coming from the state of <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_do_Sul" title="Rio Grande do Sul">Rio Grande do Sul</a>. The name is derived from the Latin word <i>citrina</i> which means "yellow" and is also the origin of the word "<a href="/wiki/Citron" title="Citron">citron</a>". Sometimes citrine and amethyst can be found together in the same crystal, which is then referred to as <a href="/wiki/Ametrine" title="Ametrine">ametrine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Citrine has been referred to as the "merchant's stone" or "money stone", due to a superstition that it would bring prosperity.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Citrine was first appreciated as a golden-yellow gemstone in Greece between 300 and 150 BC, during the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic Age">Hellenistic Age</a>. Yellow quartz was used prior to that to decorate jewelry and tools but it was not highly sought after.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Milky_quartz">Milky quartz</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quartz&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Milky quartz"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Milk quartz or milky quartz is the most common variety of crystalline quartz. The white color is caused by minute <a href="/wiki/Fluid_inclusions" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluid inclusions">fluid inclusions</a> of gas, liquid, or both, trapped during crystal formation,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making it of little value for optical and quality gemstone applications.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rose_quartz">Rose quartz</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quartz&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Rose quartz"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Rose Quartz" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Rose_Quartz_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Rose Quartz (disambiguation)">Rose Quartz (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p>Rose quartz is a type of quartz that exhibits a pale pink to rose red hue. The color is usually considered as due to trace amounts of <a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">titanium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a> in the material. Some rose quartz contains microscopic <a href="/wiki/Rutile" title="Rutile">rutile</a> needles that produce <a href="/wiki/Asterism_(gemology)" title="Asterism (gemology)">asterism</a> in transmitted light. Recent <a href="/wiki/X-ray_crystallography" title="X-ray crystallography">X-ray diffraction</a> studies suggest that the color is due to thin microscopic fibers of possibly <a href="/wiki/Dumortierite" title="Dumortierite">dumortierite</a> within the quartz.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additionally, there is a rare type of pink quartz (also frequently called crystalline rose quartz) with color that is thought to be caused by trace amounts of <a href="/wiki/Phosphate" title="Phosphate">phosphate</a> or <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a>. The color in crystals is apparently photosensitive and subject to fading. The first crystals were found in a <a href="/wiki/Pegmatite" title="Pegmatite">pegmatite</a> found near <a href="/wiki/Rumford,_Maine" title="Rumford, Maine">Rumford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a>, US, and in <a href="/wiki/Minas_Gerais" title="Minas Gerais">Minas Gerais</a>, Brazil.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The crystals found are more transparent and euhedral, due to the impurities of phosphate and aluminium that formed crystalline rose quartz, unlike the <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> and microscopic <a href="/wiki/Dumortierite" title="Dumortierite">dumortierite</a> fibers that formed rose quartz.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Smoky_quartz">Smoky quartz</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quartz&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Smoky quartz"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Smoky_quartz" title="Smoky quartz">Smoky quartz</a> is a gray, translucent version of quartz. It ranges in clarity from almost complete transparency to a brownish-gray crystal that is almost opaque. Some can also be black. The translucency results from natural irradiation acting on minute traces of aluminum in the crystal structure.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prase">Prase</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quartz&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Prase"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prase is a green variety of quartz.<sup id="cite_ref-MindatPrase_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MindatPrase-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The green color is caused by inclusions of <a href="/wiki/Amphibole" title="Amphibole">amphibole</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Klemme_etal_2018_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klemme_etal_2018-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prasiolite">Prasiolite</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quartz&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Prasiolite"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Praseolite" class="mw-redirect" title="Praseolite">Praseolite</a>.</div> <p><a href="/wiki/Prasiolite" title="Prasiolite">Prasiolite</a>, also known as <i>vermarine</i>, is a variety of quartz that is green in color.<sup id="cite_ref-QtzPage_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-QtzPage-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The green is caused by iron ions.<sup id="cite_ref-Klemme_etal_2018_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klemme_etal_2018-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a rare mineral in nature and is typically found with amethyst; most "prasiolite" is not natural – it has been artificially produced by heating of amethyst. <span class="citation-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">Since 1950</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, almost all natural prasiolite has come from a small <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazilian</a> mine, but it is also seen in <a href="/wiki/Lower_Silesia" title="Lower Silesia">Lower Silesia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>. Naturally occurring prasiolite is also found in the <a href="/wiki/Thunder_Bay" title="Thunder Bay">Thunder Bay</a> area of <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-QtzPage_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-QtzPage-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Piezoelectricity">Piezoelectricity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quartz&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Piezoelectricity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Quartz crystals have <a href="/wiki/Piezoelectricity" title="Piezoelectricity">piezoelectric</a> properties; they develop an <a href="/wiki/Electric_potential" title="Electric potential">electric potential</a> upon the application of <a href="/wiki/Stress_(mechanics)" title="Stress (mechanics)">mechanical stress</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Quartz's piezoelectric properties were discovered by <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Curie" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacques Curie">Jacques</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">Pierre Curie</a> in 1880.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Occurrence">Occurrence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quartz&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Occurrence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quartz_vein_in_sandstone_(Thunderhead_Sandstone,_Neoproterozoic;_Clingmans_Dome,_Great_Smoky_Mountains,_North_Carolina,_USA)_2_(36619574200).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Quartz_vein_in_sandstone_%28Thunderhead_Sandstone%2C_Neoproterozoic%3B_Clingmans_Dome%2C_Great_Smoky_Mountains%2C_North_Carolina%2C_USA%29_2_%2836619574200%29.jpg/220px-Quartz_vein_in_sandstone_%28Thunderhead_Sandstone%2C_Neoproterozoic%3B_Clingmans_Dome%2C_Great_Smoky_Mountains%2C_North_Carolina%2C_USA%29_2_%2836619574200%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Quartz_vein_in_sandstone_%28Thunderhead_Sandstone%2C_Neoproterozoic%3B_Clingmans_Dome%2C_Great_Smoky_Mountains%2C_North_Carolina%2C_USA%29_2_%2836619574200%29.jpg/330px-Quartz_vein_in_sandstone_%28Thunderhead_Sandstone%2C_Neoproterozoic%3B_Clingmans_Dome%2C_Great_Smoky_Mountains%2C_North_Carolina%2C_USA%29_2_%2836619574200%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Quartz_vein_in_sandstone_%28Thunderhead_Sandstone%2C_Neoproterozoic%3B_Clingmans_Dome%2C_Great_Smoky_Mountains%2C_North_Carolina%2C_USA%29_2_%2836619574200%29.jpg/440px-Quartz_vein_in_sandstone_%28Thunderhead_Sandstone%2C_Neoproterozoic%3B_Clingmans_Dome%2C_Great_Smoky_Mountains%2C_North_Carolina%2C_USA%29_2_%2836619574200%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Quartz vein in sandstone, North Carolina</figcaption></figure> <p>Quartz is a defining constituent of <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Felsic" title="Felsic">felsic</a> <a href="/wiki/Igneous_rock" title="Igneous rock">igneous rocks</a>. It is very common in <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">sedimentary rocks</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shale" title="Shale">shale</a>. It is a common constituent of <a href="/wiki/Schist" title="Schist">schist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gneiss" title="Gneiss">gneiss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quartzite" title="Quartzite">quartzite</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Metamorphic_rock" title="Metamorphic rock">metamorphic rocks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurlbutKlein1985_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurlbutKlein1985-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Quartz has the lowest potential for <a href="/wiki/Weathering" title="Weathering">weathering</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Goldich_dissolution_series" title="Goldich dissolution series">Goldich dissolution series</a> and consequently it is very common as a residual mineral in stream sediments and residual <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soils</a>. Generally a high presence of quartz suggests a "<a href="/wiki/Maturity_(sedimentology)" title="Maturity (sedimentology)">mature</a>" rock, since it indicates the rock has been heavily reworked and quartz was the primary mineral that endured heavy weathering.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the majority of quartz crystallizes from molten <a href="/wiki/Magma" title="Magma">magma</a>, quartz also chemically precipitates from hot <a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_circulation" title="Hydrothermal circulation">hydrothermal</a> <a href="/wiki/Vein_(geology)" title="Vein (geology)">veins</a> as <a href="/wiki/Gangue" title="Gangue">gangue</a>, sometimes with <a href="/wiki/Ore" title="Ore">ore</a> minerals like gold, silver and copper. Large crystals of quartz are found in magmatic <a href="/wiki/Pegmatite" title="Pegmatite">pegmatites</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurlbutKlein1985_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurlbutKlein1985-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Well-formed crystals may reach several meters in length and <a href="/wiki/Mass" title="Mass">weigh</a> hundreds of kilograms.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The largest documented single crystal of quartz was found near <a href="/wiki/Itapor%C3%A3" title="Itaporã">Itapore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goyaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Goyaz">Goiaz</a>, Brazil; it measured approximately 6.1 m × 1.5 m × 1.5 m (20 ft × 5 ft × 5 ft) and weighed over 39,900 kg (88,000 lb).<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mining">Mining</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quartz&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Mining"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Quartz is extracted from <a href="/wiki/Open-pit_mining" title="Open-pit mining">open pit mines</a>. Miners occasionally use explosives to expose deep pockets of quartz. More frequently, <a href="/wiki/Bulldozer" title="Bulldozer">bulldozers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Backhoe" title="Backhoe">backhoes</a> are used to remove soil and clay and expose quartz veins, which are then worked using hand tools. Care must be taken to avoid sudden temperature changes that may damage the crystals.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_silica_minerals">Related silica minerals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quartz&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Related silica minerals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Silica_minerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Silica minerals">Silica minerals</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:P-T_Diagram_for_SiO2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/P-T_Diagram_for_SiO2.svg/290px-P-T_Diagram_for_SiO2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/P-T_Diagram_for_SiO2.svg/435px-P-T_Diagram_for_SiO2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/P-T_Diagram_for_SiO2.svg/580px-P-T_Diagram_for_SiO2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1028" data-file-height="1028" /></a><figcaption>Pressure-temperature diagram showing the stability ranges for the two forms of quartz and some other forms of silica<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Tridymite" title="Tridymite">Tridymite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cristobalite" title="Cristobalite">cristobalite</a> are high-temperature <a href="/wiki/Polymorphism_(materials_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polymorphism (materials science)">polymorphs</a> of SiO<sub>2</sub> that occur in high-silica <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcanic</a> rocks. <a href="/wiki/Coesite" title="Coesite">Coesite</a> is a denser polymorph of SiO<sub>2</sub> found in some meteorite impact sites and in metamorphic rocks formed at pressures greater than those typical of the Earth's crust. <a href="/wiki/Stishovite" title="Stishovite">Stishovite</a> is a yet denser and higher-pressure polymorph of SiO<sub>2</sub> found in some meteorite impact sites.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENesse2000201–202_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENesse2000201–202-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Moganite" title="Moganite">Moganite</a> is a monoclinic polymorph. <a href="/wiki/Lechatelierite" title="Lechatelierite">Lechatelierite</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Amorphous_solid" title="Amorphous solid">amorphous</a> silica <a href="/wiki/Glass" title="Glass">glass</a> SiO<sub>2</sub> which is formed by <a href="/wiki/Lightning" title="Lightning">lightning</a> strikes in quartz <a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">sand</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Safety">Safety</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quartz&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Safety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As quartz is a form of silica, it is a possible cause for concern in various workplaces. Cutting, grinding, chipping, sanding, drilling, and polishing natural and manufactured stone products can release hazardous levels of very small, crystalline silica dust particles into the air that workers breathe.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crystalline silica of respirable size is a recognized human <a href="/wiki/Carcinogen" title="Carcinogen">carcinogen</a> and may lead to other diseases of the lungs such as <a href="/wiki/Silicosis" title="Silicosis">silicosis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_fibrosis" title="Pulmonary fibrosis">pulmonary fibrosis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Synthetic_and_artificial_treatments">Synthetic and artificial treatments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quartz&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Synthetic and artificial treatments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quartz_synthese_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A long, thin quartz crystal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Quartz_synthese_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Quartz_synthese_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Quartz_synthese_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Quartz_synthese_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Quartz_synthese_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Quartz_synthese_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6614" data-file-height="1843" /></a><figcaption>A synthetic quartz crystal grown by the <a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_synthesis" title="Hydrothermal synthesis">hydrothermal method</a>, about 19 centimetres (7.5 in) long and weighing about 127 grams (4.5 oz)</figcaption></figure> <p>Not all varieties of quartz are naturally occurring. Some clear quartz crystals can be treated using heat or <a href="/wiki/Gemstone_irradiation" title="Gemstone irradiation">gamma-irradiation</a> to induce color where it would not otherwise have occurred naturally. Susceptibility to such treatments depends on the location from which the quartz was mined.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prasiolite, an olive colored material, is produced by heat treatment;<sup id="cite_ref-henn-etal-2012_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-henn-etal-2012-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> natural prasiolite has also been observed in Lower Silesia in Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although citrine occurs naturally, the majority is the result of heat-treating amethyst or smoky quartz.<sup id="cite_ref-henn-etal-2012_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-henn-etal-2012-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Carnelian" title="Carnelian">Carnelian</a> has been heat-treated to deepen its color since prehistoric times.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because natural quartz is often <a href="/wiki/Crystal_twinning" title="Crystal twinning">twinned</a>, synthetic quartz is produced for use in industry. Large, flawless, single crystals are synthesized in an <a href="/wiki/Autoclave_(industrial)" class="mw-redirect" title="Autoclave (industrial)">autoclave</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_synthesis" title="Hydrothermal synthesis">hydrothermal process</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurlbutKlein1985_22-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurlbutKlein1985-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-buisson-arnaud-1994_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buisson-arnaud-1994-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like other crystals, quartz may be <a href="/wiki/Metal-coated_crystal" title="Metal-coated crystal">coated with metal vapors</a> to give it an attractive sheen.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quartz&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Quartz is the most common material identified as the mystical substance <a href="/wiki/Maban" title="Maban">maban</a> in <a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Aboriginal mythology">Australian Aboriginal mythology</a>. It is found regularly in passage tomb cemeteries in Europe in a burial context, such as <a href="/wiki/Newgrange" title="Newgrange">Newgrange</a> or <a href="/wiki/Carrowmore" title="Carrowmore">Carrowmore</a> in <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a>. Quartz was also used in <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Ireland" title="Prehistoric Ireland">Prehistoric Ireland</a>, as well as many other countries, for <a href="/wiki/Stone_tool" title="Stone tool">stone tools</a>; both vein quartz and rock crystal were <a href="/wiki/Knapping" title="Knapping">knapped</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">lithic technology</a> of the prehistoric peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While <a href="/wiki/Jade" title="Jade">jade</a> has been since earliest times the most prized semi-precious stone for carving in <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian</a> America, in Europe and the Middle East the different varieties of quartz were the most commonly used for the various types of <a href="/wiki/Jewellery" title="Jewellery">jewelry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hardstone_carving" title="Hardstone carving">hardstone carving</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Engraved_gem" title="Engraved gem">engraved gems</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cameo_(carving)" title="Cameo (carving)">cameo gems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rock_crystal_vase" title="Rock crystal vase">rock crystal vases</a>, and extravagant vessels. The tradition continued to produce objects that were very highly valued until the mid-19th century, when it largely fell from fashion except in jewelry. Cameo technique exploits the bands of color in onyx and other varieties. </p><p>Efforts to synthesize quartz began in the mid-nineteenth century as scientists attempted to create minerals under laboratory conditions that mimicked the conditions in which the minerals formed in nature: German geologist <a href="/wiki/Karl_Emil_von_Schafh%C3%A4utl" title="Karl Emil von Schafhäutl">Karl Emil von Schafhäutl</a> (1803–1890) was the first person to synthesize quartz when in 1845 he created microscopic quartz crystals in a <a href="/wiki/Pressure_cooking" class="mw-redirect" title="Pressure cooking">pressure cooker</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the quality and size of the crystals that were produced by these early efforts were poor.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Elemental impurity incorporation strongly influences the ability to process and utilize quartz. Naturally occurring quartz crystals of extremely high purity, necessary for the crucibles and other equipment used for growing <a href="/wiki/Monocrystalline_silicon" title="Monocrystalline silicon">silicon</a> <a href="/wiki/Wafer_(electronics)" title="Wafer (electronics)">wafers</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">semiconductor</a> industry, are expensive and rare. These high-purity quartz are defined as containing less than 50 ppm of impurity elements.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A major mining location for high purity quartz is the Spruce Pine Gem Mine in <a href="/wiki/Spruce_Pine,_North_Carolina" title="Spruce Pine, North Carolina">Spruce Pine, North Carolina</a>, United States.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Quartz may also be found in <a href="/wiki/Caldoveiro_Peak" title="Caldoveiro Peak">Caldoveiro Peak</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Asturias" title="Asturias">Asturias</a>, Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the 1930s, the electronics industry had become dependent on quartz crystals. The only source of suitable crystals was Brazil; however, <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> disrupted the supplies from Brazil, so nations attempted to synthesize quartz on a commercial scale. German mineralogist Richard Nacken (1884–1971) achieved some success during the 1930s and 1940s.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the war, many laboratories attempted to grow large quartz crystals. In the United States, the U.S. Army Signal Corps contracted with <a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Laboratories</a> and with the <a href="/wiki/Brush_Development_Company" title="Brush Development Company">Brush Development Company</a> of Cleveland, Ohio to synthesize crystals following Nacken's lead.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Prior to World War II, Brush Development produced piezoelectric crystals for record players.) By 1948, Brush Development had grown crystals that were 1.5 inches (3.8 cm) in diameter, the largest at that time.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 1950s, <a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_synthesis" title="Hydrothermal synthesis">hydrothermal synthesis</a> techniques were producing synthetic quartz crystals on an industrial scale, and today virtually all the quartz crystal used in the modern electronics industry is synthetic.<sup id="cite_ref-buisson-arnaud-1994_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buisson-arnaud-1994-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An early use of the piezoelectricity of quartz crystals was in <a href="/wiki/Phonograph" title="Phonograph">phonograph</a> pickups. One of the most common piezoelectric uses of quartz today is as a <a href="/wiki/Crystal_oscillator" title="Crystal oscillator">crystal oscillator</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Crystal_oscillator" title="Crystal oscillator">quartz oscillator</a> or resonator was first developed by <a href="/wiki/Walter_Guyton_Cady" title="Walter Guyton Cady">Walter Guyton Cady</a> in 1921.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/G._W._Pierce" title="G. W. Pierce">George Washington Pierce</a> designed and patented <a href="/wiki/Pierce_oscillator" title="Pierce oscillator">quartz crystal oscillators</a> in 1923.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Quartz_clock" title="Quartz clock">quartz clock</a> is a familiar device using the mineral. Warren Marrison created the first quartz oscillator clock based on the work of Cady and Pierce in 1927.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The resonant frequency of a quartz crystal oscillator is changed by mechanically loading it, and this principle is used for very accurate measurements of very small mass changes in the <a href="/wiki/Quartz_crystal_microbalance" title="Quartz crystal microbalance">quartz crystal microbalance</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Thin-film_thickness_monitor" title="Thin-film thickness monitor">thin-film thickness monitors</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sauerbrey_1959_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sauerbrey_1959-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Milan_Jug_with_cut_festoon_decoration.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rock crystal jug with cut festoon decoration by Milan workshop from the second half of the 16th century, National Museum in Warsaw. The city of Milan, apart from Prague and Florence, was the main Renaissance centre for crystal cutting.[93]"><img alt="Rock crystal jug with cut festoon decoration by Milan workshop from the second half of the 16th century, National Museum in Warsaw. The city of Milan, apart from Prague and Florence, was the main Renaissance centre for crystal cutting.[93]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Milan_Jug_with_cut_festoon_decoration.jpg/146px-Milan_Jug_with_cut_festoon_decoration.jpg" decoding="async" width="146" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Milan_Jug_with_cut_festoon_decoration.jpg/219px-Milan_Jug_with_cut_festoon_decoration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Milan_Jug_with_cut_festoon_decoration.jpg/292px-Milan_Jug_with_cut_festoon_decoration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2456" data-file-height="3368" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rock crystal jug with cut festoon decoration by <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> workshop from the second half of the 16th century, <a href="/wiki/National_Museum,_Warsaw" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum, Warsaw">National Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>. The city of Milan, apart from <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a> and <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>, was the main <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> centre for crystal cutting.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Prototype_synthetic_quartz_autoclave_1959.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Synthetic quartz crystals produced in the autoclave shown in Western Electric's pilot hydrothermal quartz plant in 1959"><img alt="Synthetic quartz crystals produced in the autoclave shown in Western Electric's pilot hydrothermal quartz plant in 1959" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Prototype_synthetic_quartz_autoclave_1959.jpg/165px-Prototype_synthetic_quartz_autoclave_1959.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Prototype_synthetic_quartz_autoclave_1959.jpg/248px-Prototype_synthetic_quartz_autoclave_1959.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Prototype_synthetic_quartz_autoclave_1959.jpg/331px-Prototype_synthetic_quartz_autoclave_1959.jpg 2x" data-file-width="345" data-file-height="417" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Synthetic quartz crystals produced in the autoclave shown in <a href="/wiki/Western_Electric" title="Western Electric">Western Electric</a>'s pilot hydrothermal quartz plant in 1959</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ewer_birds_Louvre_MR333.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fatimid ewer in carved rock crystal (clear quartz) with gold lid, c. 1000"><img alt="Fatimid ewer in carved rock crystal (clear quartz) with gold lid, c. 1000" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Ewer_birds_Louvre_MR333.jpg/136px-Ewer_birds_Louvre_MR333.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Ewer_birds_Louvre_MR333.jpg/203px-Ewer_birds_Louvre_MR333.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Ewer_birds_Louvre_MR333.jpg/271px-Ewer_birds_Louvre_MR333.jpg 2x" data-file-width="866" data-file-height="1276" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid</a> ewer in carved rock crystal (clear quartz) with gold lid, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1000</span></div> </li> </ul> <p>Almost all the industrial demand for quartz crystal (used primarily in electronics) is met with synthetic quartz produced by the hydrothermal process. However, synthetic crystals are less prized for use as gemstones.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The popularity of <a href="/wiki/Crystal_healing" title="Crystal healing">crystal healing</a> has increased the demand for natural quartz crystals, which are now often mined in <a href="/wiki/Developing_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing countries">developing countries</a> using primitive mining methods, sometimes involving <a href="/wiki/Child_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Child labor">child labor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quartz&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/42px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/56px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png 2x" data-file-width="2790" data-file-height="2776" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Earth_sciences" title="Portal:Earth sciences">Earth sciences portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fused_quartz" title="Fused quartz">Fused quartz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minerals" title="List of minerals">List of minerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartz_fiber" title="Quartz fiber">Quartz fiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartz_reef_mining" title="Quartz reef mining">Quartz reef mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartzolite" title="Quartzolite">Quartzolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shocked_quartz" title="Shocked quartz">Shocked quartz</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quartz&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1">"Quartz". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199653065.001.0001/acref-9780199653065-e-6907"><i>A Dictionary of Geology and Earth Sciences</i></a>. Oxford University Press. 19 September 2013. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-965306-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-965306-5"><bdi>978-0-19-965306-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Quartz&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Geology+and+Earth+Sciences&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013-09-19&rft.isbn=978-0-19-965306-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199653065.001.0001%2Facref-9780199653065-e-6907&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarr2021" class="citation journal cs1">Warr, L.N. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1180%2Fmgm.2021.43">"IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols"</a>. <i>Mineralogical Magazine</i>. <b>85</b> (3): 291–320. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021MinM...85..291W">2021MinM...85..291W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1180%2Fmgm.2021.43">10.1180/mgm.2021.43</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:235729616">235729616</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mineralogical+Magazine&rft.atitle=IMA%E2%80%93CNMNC+approved+mineral+symbols&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=291-320&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A235729616%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1180%2Fmgm.2021.43&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021MinM...85..291W&rft.aulast=Warr&rft.aufirst=L.N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1180%252Fmgm.2021.43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Deer-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Deer_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Deer_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Deer_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeerHowieZussman1966" class="citation book cs1">Deer, W. A.; Howie, R.A.; Zussman, J. (1966). <i>An introduction to the rock-forming minerals</i>. New York: Wiley. pp. 340–355. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-44210-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-582-44210-9"><bdi>0-582-44210-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+introduction+to+the+rock-forming+minerals&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=340-355&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=0-582-44210-9&rft.aulast=Deer&rft.aufirst=W.+A.&rft.au=Howie%2C+R.A.&rft.au=Zussman%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAntaoHassanWangLee2008" class="citation journal cs1">Antao, S. M.; Hassan, I.; Wang, J.; Lee, P. L.; Toby, B. H. (1 December 2008). "State-Of-The-Art High-Resolution Powder X-Ray Diffraction (HRPXRD) Illustrated with Rietveld Structure Refinement of Quartz, Sodalite, Tremolite, and Meionite". <i>The Canadian Mineralogist</i>. <b>46</b> (6): 1501–1509. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3749%2Fcanmin.46.5.1501">10.3749/canmin.46.5.1501</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Canadian+Mineralogist&rft.atitle=State-Of-The-Art+High-Resolution+Powder+X-Ray+Diffraction+%28HRPXRD%29+Illustrated+with+Rietveld+Structure+Refinement+of+Quartz%2C+Sodalite%2C+Tremolite%2C+and+Meionite&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1501-1509&rft.date=2008-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3749%2Fcanmin.46.5.1501&rft.aulast=Antao&rft.aufirst=S.+M.&rft.au=Hassan%2C+I.&rft.au=Wang%2C+J.&rft.au=Lee%2C+P.+L.&rft.au=Toby%2C+B.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKihara1990" class="citation journal cs1">Kihara, K. (1990). "An X-ray study of the temperature dependence of the quartz structure". <i>European Journal of Mineralogy</i>. <b>2</b> (1): 63–77. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990EJMin...2...63K">1990EJMin...2...63K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1127%2Fejm%2F2%2F1%2F0063">10.1127/ejm/2/1/0063</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42%2F146327">2027.42/146327</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Mineralogy&rft.atitle=An+X-ray+study+of+the+temperature+dependence+of+the+quartz+structure&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=63-77&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027.42%2F146327&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1127%2Fejm%2F2%2F1%2F0063&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1990EJMin...2...63K&rft.aulast=Kihara&rft.aufirst=K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mindat-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mindat_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mindat.org/min-3337.html">Quartz</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051214053641/http://www.mindat.org/min-3337.html">Archived</a> 14 December 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Mindat.org. Retrieved 2013-03-07.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Handbook-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Handbook_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnthony,_John_W.Bideaux,_Richard_A.Bladh,_Kenneth_W.Nichols,_Monte_C.1990" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Anthony, John W.; Bideaux, Richard A.; Bladh, Kenneth W.; Nichols, Monte C., eds. (29 January 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rruff.geo.arizona.edu/doclib/hom/quartz.pdf">"Quartz"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Handbook of Mineralogy</i>. Vol. III (Halides, Hydroxides, Oxides). Chantilly, VA: Mineralogical Society of America. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0962209724" title="Special:BookSources/0962209724"><bdi>0962209724</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100401032832/http://rruff.geo.arizona.edu/doclib/hom/quartz.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 1 April 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Quartz&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Mineralogy&rft.place=Chantilly%2C+VA&rft.pub=Mineralogical+Society+of+America&rft.date=1990-01-29&rft.isbn=0962209724&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frruff.geo.arizona.edu%2Fdoclib%2Fhom%2Fquartz.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Webmin-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Webmin_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webmineral.com/data/Quartz.shtml">Quartz</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061112152609/http://webmineral.com/data/Quartz.shtml">Archived</a> 12 November 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Webmineral.com. Retrieved 2013-03-07.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Klein-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Klein_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHurlbutKlein1985" class="citation book cs1">Hurlbut, Cornelius S.; Klein, Cornelis (1985). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/manualofmineralo00klei"><i>Manual of Mineralogy</i></a></span> (20 ed.). Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-80580-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-80580-7"><bdi>0-471-80580-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manual+of+Mineralogy&rft.edition=20&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-471-80580-7&rft.aulast=Hurlbut&rft.aufirst=Cornelius+S.&rft.au=Klein%2C+Cornelis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmanualofmineralo00klei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndersonAnderson2010" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, Robert S.; Anderson, Suzanne P. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hDt5A2-km_wC"><i>Geomorphology: The Mechanics and Chemistry of Landscapes</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 187. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-78870-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-78870-0"><bdi>978-1-139-78870-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geomorphology%3A+The+Mechanics+and+Chemistry+of+Landscapes&rft.pages=187&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-139-78870-0&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Robert+S.&rft.au=Anderson%2C+Suzanne+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhDt5A2-km_wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Merriam-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Merriam_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/quartz">"Quartz"</a>. <i>Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Quartz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fquartz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dwds.de/wb/Quarz">Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201042329/https://www.dwds.de/wb/Quarz">Archived</a> 1 December 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (in German)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201043652/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/quartz">"Quartz | Definition of quartz by Lexico"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/quartz">the original</a> on 1 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Quartz+%26%23124%3B+Definition+of+quartz+by+Lexico&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fquartz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070904052949/http://www.mineralatlas.com/mineral%20general%20descriptions/Q/quartzpcd.htm">Mineral Atlas</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup>, Queensland University of Technology. Mineralatlas.com. Retrieved 2013-03-07.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tomkeieff1942-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tomkeieff1942_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomkeieff1942" class="citation journal cs1">Tomkeieff, S.I. (1942). "On the origin of the name 'quartz'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Mineralogical Magazine</i>. <b>26</b> (176): 172–178. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1942MinM...26..172T">1942MinM...26..172T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1180%2Fminmag.1942.026.176.04">10.1180/minmag.1942.026.176.04</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mineralogical+Magazine&rft.atitle=On+the+origin+of+the+name+%27quartz%27&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=176&rft.pages=172-178&rft.date=1942&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1180%2Fminmag.1942.026.176.04&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1942MinM...26..172T&rft.aulast=Tomkeieff&rft.aufirst=S.I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tomkieff-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tomkieff_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomkeieff,_S.I.1942" class="citation journal cs1">Tomkeieff, S.I. (1942). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.minersoc.org/pages/Archive-MM/Volume_26/26-176-172.pdf">"On the origin of the name 'quartz'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Mineralogical Magazine</i>. <b>26</b> (176): 172–178. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1942MinM...26..172T">1942MinM...26..172T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1180%2Fminmag.1942.026.176.04">10.1180/minmag.1942.026.176.04</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150904013105/http://www.minersoc.org/pages/Archive-MM/Volume_26/26-176-172.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 4 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mineralogical+Magazine&rft.atitle=On+the+origin+of+the+name+%27quartz%27&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=176&rft.pages=172-178&rft.date=1942&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1180%2Fminmag.1942.026.176.04&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1942MinM...26..172T&rft.au=Tomkeieff%2C+S.I.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.minersoc.org%2Fpages%2FArchive-MM%2FVolume_26%2F26-176-172.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgadoLozanoGarcía_SanjuánTriviño2016" class="citation journal cs1">Morgado, Antonio; Lozano, José Antonio; García Sanjuán, Leonardo; Triviño, Miriam Luciañez; Odriozola, Carlos P.; Irisarri, Daniel Lamarca; Flores, Álvaro Fernández (December 2016). "The allure of rock crystal in Copper Age southern Iberia: Technical skill and distinguished objects from Valencina de la Concepción (Seville, Spain)". <i>Quaternary International</i>. <b>424</b>: 232–249. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016QuInt.424..232M">2016QuInt.424..232M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.quaint.2015.08.004">10.1016/j.quaint.2015.08.004</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quaternary+International&rft.atitle=The+allure+of+rock+crystal+in+Copper+Age+southern+Iberia%3A+Technical+skill+and+distinguished+objects+from+Valencina+de+la+Concepci%C3%B3n+%28Seville%2C+Spain%29&rft.volume=424&rft.pages=232-249&rft.date=2016-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.quaint.2015.08.004&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016QuInt.424..232M&rft.aulast=Morgado&rft.aufirst=Antonio&rft.au=Lozano%2C+Jos%C3%A9+Antonio&rft.au=Garc%C3%ADa+Sanju%C3%A1n%2C+Leonardo&rft.au=Trivi%C3%B1o%2C+Miriam+Lucia%C3%B1ez&rft.au=Odriozola%2C+Carlos+P.&rft.au=Irisarri%2C+Daniel+Lamarca&rft.au=Flores%2C+%C3%81lvaro+Fern%C3%A1ndez&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNesse2000" class="citation book cs1">Nesse, William D. (2000). <i>Introduction to mineralogy</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 205. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195106916" title="Special:BookSources/9780195106916"><bdi>9780195106916</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+mineralogy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=205&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780195106916&rft.aulast=Nesse&rft.aufirst=William+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pliny the Elder, <i>The Natural History</i>, Book 37, Chapter 9. Available on-line at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137%3Abook%3D37%3Achapter%3D9">Perseus.Tufts.edu</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121109044605/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137%3Abook%3D37%3Achapter%3D9">Archived</a> 9 November 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTutton1910" class="citation journal cs1">Tutton, A.E. (1910). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+of+Arkansas&rft.atitle=Quartz+Mining&rft.aulast=McMillen&rft.aufirst=Allen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopediaofarkansas.net%2Fentries%2Fquartz-mining-1173%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEleanor_McKenzie2017" class="citation web cs1">Eleanor McKenzie (25 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sciencing.com/quartz-extracted-8700692.html">"How Is Quartz Extracted?"</a>. <i>sciencing.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Present status and evolution"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Le Journal de Physique IV</i>. <b>04</b> (C2): C2–25–C2-32. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1051%2Fjp4%3A1994204">10.1051/jp4:1994204</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9636198">9636198</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Journal+de+Physique+IV&rft.atitle=Hydrothermal+growth+of+quartz+crystals+in+industry.+Present+status+and+evolution&rft.volume=04&rft.issue=C2&rft.pages=C2-25-C2-32&rft.date=1994-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1051%2Fjp4%3A1994204&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A9636198%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Buisson&rft.aufirst=X.&rft.au=Arnaud%2C+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhal.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fjpa-00252472%2Ffile%2Fajp-jp4199404C204.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Webster,_Michael_O'Donoghue2006" class="citation book cs1">Robert Webster, Michael O'Donoghue (January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZwcM5H-wHNoC&q=%22%222aqua+aura%22%222+-healing&pg=PT28"><i>Gems: Their Sources, Descriptions and Identification</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Geology+In&rft.atitle=How+is+Aura+Rainbow+Quartz+Made%3F&rft.date=2017&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geologyin.com%2F2017%2F06%2Fhow-is-aura-rainbow-quartz-made.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lithicsireland.ie/phd_quartz_lithic_technology_chap_3.html">"Driscoll, Killian. 2010. Understanding quartz technology in early prehistoric Ireland"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170625005416/http://www.lithicsireland.ie/phd_quartz_lithic_technology_chap_3.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Driscoll%2C+Killian.+2010.+Understanding+quartz+technology+in+early+prehistoric+Ireland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lithicsireland.ie%2Fphd_quartz_lithic_technology_chap_3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Schafhäutl1845" class="citation journal cs1">von Schafhäutl, Karl Emil (10 April 1845). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/gelehrteanzeige06wissgoog#page/n298/mode/1up">"Die neuesten geologischen Hypothesen und ihr Verhältniß zur Naturwissenschaft überhaupt (Fortsetzung)"</a> [The latest geological hypotheses and their relation to science in general (continuation)]. <i>Gelehrte Anzeigen</i>. <b>20</b> (72). <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">München</a>: im Verlage der königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, in Commission der Franz'schen Buchhandlung: 577–584. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1478717">1478717</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gelehrte+Anzeigen&rft.atitle=Die+neuesten+geologischen+Hypothesen+und+ihr+Verh%C3%A4ltni%C3%9F+zur+Naturwissenschaft+%C3%BCberhaupt+%28Fortsetzung%29&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=72&rft.pages=577-584&rft.date=1845-04-10&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1478717&rft.aulast=von+Schafh%C3%A4utl&rft.aufirst=Karl+Emil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fgelehrteanzeige06wissgoog%23page%2Fn298%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuartz" class="Z3988"></span> From page 578: 5) <i>Bildeten sich aus Wasser, in welchen ich im Papinianischen Topfe frisch gefällte Kieselsäure aufgelöst hatte, beym Verdampfen schon nach 8 Tagen Krystalle, die zwar mikroscopisch, aber sehr wohl erkenntlich aus sechseitigen Prismen mit derselben gewöhnlichen Pyramide bestanden.</i> ( 5) There formed from water in which I had dissolved freshly precipitated silicic acid in a Papin pot [i.e., pressure cooker], after just 8 days of evaporating, crystals, which albeit were microscopic but consisted of very easily recognizable six-sided prisms with their usual pyramids.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Byrappa, K. and Yoshimura, Masahiro (2001) <i>Handbook of Hydrothermal Technology</i>. Norwich, New York: Noyes Publications. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/008094681X" title="Special:BookSources/008094681X">008094681X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-rYel1Q2HB8C&pg=PA53">Chapter 2: History of Hydrothermal Technology</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGötzePanMüller2021" class="citation journal cs1">Götze, Jens; Pan, Yuanming; Müller, Axel (October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1180%2Fmgm.2021.72">"Mineralogy and mineral chemistry of quartz: A review"</a>. <i>Mineralogical Magazine</i>. <b>85</b> (5): 639–664. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021MinM...85..639G">2021MinM...85..639G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1180%2Fmgm.2021.72">10.1180/mgm.2021.72</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0026-461X">0026-461X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:243849577">243849577</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mineralogical+Magazine&rft.atitle=Mineralogy+and+mineral+chemistry+of+quartz%3A+A+review&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=639-664&rft.date=2021-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1180%2Fmgm.2021.72&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A243849577%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0026-461X&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021MinM...85..639G&rft.aulast=G%C3%B6tze&rft.aufirst=Jens&rft.au=Pan%2C+Yuanming&rft.au=M%C3%BCller%2C+Axel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1180%252Fmgm.2021.72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson,_Sue2009" class="citation news cs1">Nelson, Sue (2 August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/8178580.stm">"Silicon Valley's secret recipe"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090805092039/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/8178580.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Silicon+Valley%27s+secret+recipe&rft.date=2009-08-02&rft.au=Nelson%2C+Sue&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Ftechnology%2F8178580.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mindat.org/loc-122679.html">"Caldoveiro Mine, Tameza, Asturias, Spain"</a>. mindat.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180212083356/https://www.mindat.org/loc-122679.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Caldoveiro+Mine%2C+Tameza%2C+Asturias%2C+Spain&rft.pub=mindat.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mindat.org%2Floc-122679.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nacken, R. (1950) "Hydrothermal Synthese als Grundlage für Züchtung von Quarz-Kristallen" (Hydrothermal synthesis as a basis for the production of quartz crystals), <i>Chemiker Zeitung</i>, <b>74</b> : 745–749.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHale1948" class="citation journal cs1">Hale, D. R. (1948). "The Laboratory Growing of Quartz". <i>Science</i>. <b>107</b> (2781): 393–394. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1948Sci...107..393H">1948Sci...107..393H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.107.2781.393">10.1126/science.107.2781.393</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17783928">17783928</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=The+Laboratory+Growing+of+Quartz&rft.volume=107&rft.issue=2781&rft.pages=393-394&rft.date=1948&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17783928&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.107.2781.393&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1948Sci...107..393H&rft.aulast=Hale&rft.aufirst=D.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLombardi2011" class="citation journal cs1">Lombardi, M. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tf.nist.gov/general/pdf/2534.pdf">"The evolution of time measurement, Part 2: Quartz clocks [Recalibration]"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine</i>. <b>14</b> (5): 41–48. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMIM.2011.6041381">10.1109/MIM.2011.6041381</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32582517">32582517</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130527002612/http://tf.nist.gov/general/pdf/2534.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 27 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Instrumentation+%26+Measurement+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+evolution+of+time+measurement%2C+Part+2%3A+Quartz+clocks+%5BRecalibration%5D&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=41-48&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FMIM.2011.6041381&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A32582517%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Lombardi&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftf.nist.gov%2Fgeneral%2Fpdf%2F2534.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pCQDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA148">"Record crystal"</a>, <i>Popular Science</i>, <b>154</b> (2) : 148 (February 1949).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brush Development's team of scientists included: Danforth R. Hale, Andrew R. Sobek, and Charles Baldwin Sawyer (1895–1964). The company's U.S. patents included: <ul><li>Sobek, Andrew R. "Apparatus for growing single crystals of quartz", <span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US2674520">U.S. patent 2,674,520</a></span>; filed: 11 April 1950; issued: 6 April 1954.</li> <li>Sobek, Andrew R. and Hale, Danforth R. "Method and apparatus for growing single crystals of quartz", <span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US2675303">U.S. patent 2,675,303</a></span>; filed: 11 April 1950; issued: 13 April 1954.</li> <li>Sawyer, Charles B. "Production of artificial crystals", <span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US3013867">U.S. patent 3,013,867</a></span>; filed: 27 March 1959; issued: 19 December 1961. (This patent was assigned to Sawyer Research Products of Eastlake, Ohio.)</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCady,_W._G.1921" class="citation journal cs1">Cady, W. G. (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/2523161">"The piezoelectric resonator"</a>. <i>Physical Review</i>. <b>17</b>: 531–533. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRev.17.508">10.1103/PhysRev.17.508</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review&rft.atitle=The+piezoelectric+resonator&rft.volume=17&rft.pages=531-533&rft.date=1921&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRev.17.508&rft.au=Cady%2C+W.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F2523161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090104143758/http://invention.smithsonian.org/centerpieces/quartz/inventors/cady.html">"The Quartz Watch – Walter Guyton Cady"</a>. The Lemelson Center, National Museum of American History, <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://invention.smithsonian.org/centerpieces/quartz/inventors/cady.html">the original</a> on 4 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Quartz+Watch+%E2%80%93+Walter+Guyton+Cady&rft.pub=The+Lemelson+Center%2C+National+Museum+of+American+History%2C+Smithsonian+Institution&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finvention.smithsonian.org%2Fcenterpieces%2Fquartz%2Finventors%2Fcady.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPierce,_G._W.1923" class="citation journal cs1">Pierce, G. W. (1923). "Piezoelectric crystal resonators and crystal oscillators applied to the precision calibration of wavemeters". <i>Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences</i>. <b>59</b> (4): 81–106. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F20026061">10.2307/20026061</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Finu.30000089308260">2027/inu.30000089308260</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20026061">20026061</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+American+Academy+of+Arts+and+Sciences&rft.atitle=Piezoelectric+crystal+resonators+and+crystal+oscillators+applied+to+the+precision+calibration+of+wavemeters&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=81-106&rft.date=1923&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Finu.30000089308260&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20026061%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F20026061&rft.au=Pierce%2C+G.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pierce, George W. "Electrical system", <span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US2133642">U.S. patent 2,133,642</a></span>, filed: 25 February 1924; issued: 18 October 1938.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090104145422/http://invention.smithsonian.org/centerpieces/quartz/inventors/pierce.html">"The Quartz Watch – George Washington Pierce"</a>. The Lemelson Center, National Museum of American History, <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://invention.smithsonian.org/centerpieces/quartz/inventors/pierce.html">the original</a> on 4 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Quartz+Watch+%E2%80%93+George+Washington+Pierce&rft.pub=The+Lemelson+Center%2C+National+Museum+of+American+History%2C+Smithsonian+Institution&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finvention.smithsonian.org%2Fcenterpieces%2Fquartz%2Finventors%2Fpierce.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090125110103/http://invention.smithsonian.org/centerpieces/quartz/inventors/clock.html">"The Quartz Watch – Warren Marrison"</a>. The Lemelson Center, National Museum of American History, <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://invention.smithsonian.org/centerpieces/quartz/inventors/clock.html">the original</a> on 25 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Quartz+Watch+%E2%80%93+Warren+Marrison&rft.pub=The+Lemelson+Center%2C+National+Museum+of+American+History%2C+Smithsonian+Institution&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finvention.smithsonian.org%2Fcenterpieces%2Fquartz%2Finventors%2Fclock.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sauerbrey_1959-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sauerbrey_1959_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSauerbrey1959" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Sauerbrey" title="Günter Sauerbrey">Sauerbrey, Günter Hans</a> (April 1959) [1959-02-21]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jmfriedt.sequanux.org/t/sauerbrey.pdf">"Verwendung von Schwingquarzen zur Wägung dünner Schichten und zur Mikrowägung"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Zeitschrift_f%C3%BCr_Physik" title="Zeitschrift für Physik">Zeitschrift für Physik</a></i> (in German). <b>155</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/Springer-Verlag" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer-Verlag">Springer-Verlag</a>: 206–222. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1959ZPhy..155..206S">1959ZPhy..155..206S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01337937">10.1007/BF01337937</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0044-3328">0044-3328</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:122855173">122855173</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190226103453/http://jmfriedt.sequanux.org/t/sauerbrey.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 26 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Physik&rft.atitle=Verwendung+von+Schwingquarzen+zur+W%C3%A4gung+d%C3%BCnner+Schichten+und+zur+Mikrow%C3%A4gung&rft.volume=155&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=206-222&rft.date=1959-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF01337937&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A122855173%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0044-3328&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1959ZPhy..155..206S&rft.aulast=Sauerbrey&rft.aufirst=G%C3%BCnter+Hans&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjmfriedt.sequanux.org%2Ft%2Fsauerbrey.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuartz" class="Z3988"></span> (NB. This was partially presented at Physikertagung in Heidelberg in October 1957.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BVcvAQAAIAAJ"><i>The International Antiques Yearbook</i></a>. Studio Vista Limited. 1972. p. 78. <q>Apart from Prague and Florence, the main Renaissance centre for crystal cutting was Milan.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+International+Antiques+Yearbook&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=Studio+Vista+Limited&rft.date=1972&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBVcvAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gemselect.com/other-info/synthetic-quartz.php">"Hydrothermal Quartz"</a>. <i>Gem Select</i>. GemSelect.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gem+Select&rft.atitle=Hydrothermal+Quartz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gemselect.com%2Fother-info%2Fsynthetic-quartz.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcClure2019" class="citation news cs1">McClure, Tess (17 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2019/sep/17/healing-crystals-wellness-mining-madagascar">"Dark crystals: the brutal reality behind a booming wellness craze"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Photos and illustrations</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071120041430/http://www.minsocam.org/msa/collectors_corner/arc/silicanom.htm">Gilbert Hart, "Nomenclature of Silica", <i>American Mineralogist</i>, Volume 12, pp. 383–395. 1927</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090107020810/http://invention.smithsonian.org/centerpieces/Quartz/inventors/index.html">"The Quartz Watch – Inventors"</a>. The Lemelson Center, National Museum of American History, <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://invention.smithsonian.org/centerpieces/quartz/inventors/index.html">the original</a> on 7 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Quartz+Watch+%E2%80%93+Inventors&rft.pub=The+Lemelson+Center%2C+National+Museum+of+American+History%2C+Smithsonian+Institution&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finvention.smithsonian.org%2Fcenterpieces%2Fquartz%2Finventors%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuartz" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012101816/http://www.connogue.com/quartslab/html/terminology.html">Terminology used to describe the characteristics of quartz crystals when used as oscillators</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lithicsireland.ie/phd_quartz_lithic_technology_chap_1.html">Quartz use as prehistoric stone tool raw 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hardness</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1 <a href="/wiki/Talc" title="Talc">Talc</a></li> <li>2 <a href="/wiki/Gypsum" title="Gypsum">Gypsum</a></li> <li>3 <a href="/wiki/Calcite" title="Calcite">Calcite</a></li> <li>4 <a href="/wiki/Fluorite" title="Fluorite">Fluorite</a></li> <li>5 <a href="/wiki/Apatite" title="Apatite">Apatite</a></li> <li>6 <a href="/wiki/Orthoclase" title="Orthoclase">Orthoclase</a></li> <li>7 <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Quartz</a></li> <li>8 <a href="/wiki/Topaz" title="Topaz">Topaz</a></li> <li>9 <a href="/wiki/Corundum" title="Corundum">Corundum</a></li> <li>10 <a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">Diamond</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Silica_minerals" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Silicon_dioxide" title="Silicon dioxide">Silica</a> <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">minerals</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure">Crystalline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coesite" title="Coesite">Coesite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cristobalite" title="Cristobalite">Cristobalite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keatite" title="Keatite">Keatite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moganite" title="Moganite">Moganite</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Quartz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seifertite" title="Seifertite">Seifertite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stishovite" title="Stishovite">Stishovite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tridymite" title="Tridymite">Tridymite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cryptocrystalline" title="Cryptocrystalline">Cryptocrystalline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chalcedony" title="Chalcedony">Chalcedony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chert" title="Chert">Chert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">Flint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasper" title="Jasper">Jasper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Amorphous_solid" title="Amorphous solid">Amorphous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fulgurite" title="Fulgurite">Fulgurite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lechatelierite" title="Lechatelierite">Lechatelierite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opal" title="Opal">Opal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tiger%27s_eye" title="Tiger's eye">Tiger's eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqeeq" title="Aqeeq">Aqeeq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable varieties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chalcedony" title="Chalcedony">Chalcedony</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agate" title="Agate">Agate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnelian" title="Carnelian">Carnelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrome_chalcedony" title="Chrome chalcedony">Chrome chalcedony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysoprase" title="Chrysoprase">Chrysoprase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliotrope_(mineral)" title="Heliotrope (mineral)">Heliotrope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moss_agate" title="Moss agate">Moss agate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onyx" title="Onyx">Onyx</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Opal" title="Opal">Opal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiorite" title="Fiorite">Fiorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geyserite" title="Geyserite">Geyserite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Quartz</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amethyst" title="Amethyst">Amethyst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ametrine" title="Ametrine">Ametrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herkimer_diamond" title="Herkimer diamond">Herkimer diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoky_quartz" title="Smoky quartz">Smoky quartz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shocked_quartz" title="Shocked quartz">Shocked quartz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prasiolite" title="Prasiolite">Prasiolite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Am%C3%A9thystre_sceptre2.jpg/23px-Am%C3%A9thystre_sceptre2.jpg" decoding="async" width="23" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Am%C3%A9thystre_sceptre2.jpg/34px-Am%C3%A9thystre_sceptre2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Am%C3%A9thystre_sceptre2.jpg/46px-Am%C3%A9thystre_sceptre2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2893" data-file-height="3552" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Minerals" title="Portal:Minerals">Minerals portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10648195">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quartz&oldid=1258671320">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quartz&oldid=1258671320</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Quartz" title="Category:Quartz">Quartz</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dielectrics" 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