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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Crew" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crew"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Crew</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Crew-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Crew subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Crew-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Support_crew" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Support_crew"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Support crew</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Support_crew-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crew_seat_assignments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crew_seat_assignments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Crew seat assignments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crew_seat_assignments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mission_background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mission_background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Mission background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mission_background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shuttle_processing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shuttle_processing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Shuttle processing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shuttle_processing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Launch_attempts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Launch_attempts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Launch attempts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Launch_attempts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mission_insignia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mission_insignia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Mission insignia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mission_insignia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mission_summary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mission_summary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Mission summary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mission_summary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">STS-9</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B3_%D8%AA%D9%8A_%D8%A5%D8%B3-9" title="إس تي إس-9 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إس تي إس-9" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-9" title="STS-9 – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="STS-9" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-9" title="STS-9 – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="STS-9" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-9" title="STS-9 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="STS-9" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-9" title="STS-9 – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="STS-9" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-9" title="STS-9 – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="STS-9" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-9" title="STS-9 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="STS-9" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-9" title="STS-9 – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="STS-9" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-9" title="STS-9 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="STS-9" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%E2%80%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3-%DB%B9" title="اس‌تی‌اس-۹ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اس‌تی‌اس-۹" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-9" title="STS-9 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="STS-9" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-9" title="STS-9 – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="STS-9" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-9" title="STS-9 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="STS-9" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-9" title="STS-9 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="STS-9" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-9" title="STS-9 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="STS-9" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-9" title="STS-9 – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="STS-9" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS%E2%80%939" title="STS–9 – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="STS–9" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-9" title="STS-9 – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="STS-9" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-9" title="STS-9 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="STS-9" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-9" title="STS-9 – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="STS-9" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-9" title="STS-9 – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="STS-9" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-9" title="STS-9 – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="STS-9" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-9" title="STS-9 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="STS-9" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-9" title="STS-9 – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="STS-9" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-9" title="STS-9 – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="STS-9" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-9" title="STS-9 – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="STS-9" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-9" title="STS-9 – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="STS-9" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-9" title="STS-9 – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="STS-9" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-9" title="STS-9 – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="STS-9" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-9" title="STS-9 – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="STS-9" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-9" title="STS-9 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="STS-9" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q312052#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/STS-9" title="View the content page 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1983 American crewed spaceflight and first flight with Spacelab</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the American instrumental rock band, see <a href="/wiki/Sound_Tribe_Sector_9" title="Sound Tribe Sector 9">Sound Tribe Sector 9</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1089065853">.mw-parser-output .ib-spaceflight{width:25em}.mw-parser-output .ib-spaceflight .infobox-header{background:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .ib-edit-wd{float:right}</style><table class="infobox ib-spaceflight"><caption class="infobox-title">STS-9</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:STS-9_Spacelab_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/STS-9_Spacelab_1.jpg/260px-STS-9_Spacelab_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/STS-9_Spacelab_1.jpg/390px-STS-9_Spacelab_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/STS-9_Spacelab_1.jpg/520px-STS-9_Spacelab_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4095" data-file-height="4158" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">View of <i>Columbia</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s payload bay, showing <a href="/wiki/Spacelab" title="Spacelab">Spacelab</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Names</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Space_Transportation_System" title="Space Transportation System">Space Transportation System</a>-9<br /><a href="/wiki/Spacelab" title="Spacelab">Spacelab 1</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mission type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Micro-g_environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Micro-g environment">Microgravity research</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Operator</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/International_Designator" title="International Designator">COSPAR ID</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1983-116A">1983-116A</a></span><span class="ib-edit-wd"> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q312052#P247" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Satellite_Catalog_Number" title="Satellite Catalog Number">SATCAT <abbr title="number">no.</abbr></a></th><td class="infobox-data">14523<span style="float:right"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q312052?uselang=en#P377" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mission duration</th><td class="infobox-data">10 days, 12 hours, 47 minutes, 24 seconds</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Distance travelled</th><td class="infobox-data">6,913,504 km (4,295,852 mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Orbits completed</th><td class="infobox-data">167</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Spacecraft properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spacecraft</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a></span> <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia" title="Space Shuttle Columbia"><i>Columbia</i></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch mass</th><td class="infobox-data">112,918 kg (248,942 lb)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Landing mass</th><td class="infobox-data">99,800 kg (220,000 lb)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Payload mass</th><td class="infobox-data">15,068 kg (33,219 lb)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Crew</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Crew size</th><td class="infobox-data">6</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Members</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Young_(astronaut)" title="John Young (astronaut)">John Young</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Brewster_H._Shaw" title="Brewster H. Shaw">Brewster H. Shaw</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Parker" title="Robert A. Parker">Robert A. Parker</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Garriott" title="Owen Garriott">Owen Garriott</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Byron_K._Lichtenberg" title="Byron K. Lichtenberg">Byron K. Lichtenberg</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ulf_Merbold" title="Ulf Merbold">Ulf Merbold</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Start of mission</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch date</th><td class="infobox-data">November 28, 1983, 16:00:00<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">November 28, 1983, 16:00:00</span>)</span><span class="nowrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a> (11:00<span class="nowrap"> </span>am<span class="nowrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Standard_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Standard Time">EST</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch site</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39A" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A">LC-39A</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Contractor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rockwell_International" title="Rockwell International">Rockwell International</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">End of mission</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Landing date</th><td class="infobox-data">December 8, 1983, 23:47:24<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend itvend">December 8, 1983, 23:47:24</span>)</span><span class="nowrap"> </span>UTC (3:47:24<span class="nowrap"> </span>pm<span class="nowrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Standard_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Standard Time">PST</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Landing site</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Edwards_Air_Force_Base" title="Edwards Air Force Base">Edwards</a>, Runway<span class="nowrap"> </span>17</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Orbital parameters</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference system</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Geocentric_orbit" title="Geocentric orbit">Geocentric orbit</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Regime</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">Low Earth orbit</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Apsis" title="Apsis">Perigee altitude</a></th><td class="infobox-data">240 km (150 mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Apsis" title="Apsis">Apogee altitude</a></th><td class="infobox-data">253 km (157 mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_inclination" title="Orbital inclination">Inclination</a></th><td class="infobox-data">57.00°≠≈</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_period" title="Orbital period">Period</a></th><td class="infobox-data">89.50 minutes</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Sts-9-patch.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Sts-9-patch.png/180px-Sts-9-patch.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Sts-9-patch.png/270px-Sts-9-patch.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Sts-9-patch.png/360px-Sts-9-patch.png 2x" data-file-width="483" data-file-height="554" /></a></span><br />STS-9 mission patch<br /> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Sts-9_crew.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Sts-9_crew.jpg/220px-Sts-9_crew.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Sts-9_crew.jpg/330px-Sts-9_crew.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Sts-9_crew.jpg/440px-Sts-9_crew.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4120" data-file-height="3088" /></a></span><br />From left: <a href="/wiki/Owen_Garriott" title="Owen Garriott">Garriott</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byron_K._Lichtenberg" title="Byron K. Lichtenberg">Lichtenberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brewster_H._Shaw" title="Brewster H. Shaw">Shaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Young_(astronaut)" title="John Young (astronaut)">Young</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ulf_Merbold" title="Ulf Merbold">Merbold</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Parker" title="Robert A. Parker">Parker</a><div class="" style="width:100%; text-align:center; border-top:1px #aaa solid"><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Space Shuttle program</a></div><div style="width:100%"><div style="float: left; text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;" class="noprint">← <a href="/wiki/STS-8" title="STS-8">STS-8</a></div><div style="float: right; text-align:right;padding-left:0.5em;" class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/STS-41-B" title="STS-41-B">STS-41-B</a> (10) →</div></div><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>STS-9</b> (also referred to <b>Spacelab 1</b>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was the ninth <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a> mission and the sixth mission of the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia" title="Space Shuttle Columbia">Space Shuttle <i>Columbia</i></a>. Launched on November 28, 1983, the ten-day mission carried the first <a href="/wiki/Spacelab" title="Spacelab">Spacelab</a> laboratory module into orbit. </p><p>STS-9 was also the last time the original STS numbering system was used until <a href="/wiki/STS-26" title="STS-26">STS-26</a>, which was designated in the aftermath of the 1986 <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger_disaster" title="Space Shuttle Challenger disaster"><i>Challenger</i> disaster</a> of <a href="/wiki/STS-51-L" title="STS-51-L">STS-51-L</a>. Under the new system, STS-9 would have been designated as STS-41-A. STS-9's originally planned successor, <a href="/wiki/Canceled_Space_Shuttle_missions" title="Canceled Space Shuttle missions">STS-10</a>, was canceled due to payload issues; it was instead followed by <a href="/wiki/STS-41-B" title="STS-41-B">STS-41-B</a>. After this mission, <i>Columbia</i> was taken out of service for renovations and did not fly again until <a href="/wiki/STS-61-C" title="STS-61-C">STS-61-C</a> in early January 1986. </p><p>STS-9 sent the first non-U.S. citizen into space on the Shuttle, <a href="/wiki/Ulf_Merbold" title="Ulf Merbold">Ulf Merbold</a>, becoming the first ESA and first <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West German</a> citizen to go into space.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Crew">Crew</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=STS-9&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Crew"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:150px;"><a href="/wiki/Astronaut_ranks_and_positions" title="Astronaut ranks and positions">Position</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2" style="width:200px;">Astronaut </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Commander </th> <td colspan="2"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/John_Young_(astronaut)" title="John Young (astronaut)">John Young</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Solid_red.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Member of Red Team"><img alt="Member of Red Team" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Solid_red.svg/8px-Solid_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Solid_red.svg/12px-Solid_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Solid_red.svg/16px-Solid_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span><br />Sixth and last spaceflight </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Pilot </th> <td colspan="2"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Brewster_H._Shaw" title="Brewster H. Shaw">Brewster H. Shaw</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Solid_blue.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Member of Blue Team"><img alt="Member of Blue Team" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Solid_blue.svg/8px-Solid_blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Solid_blue.svg/12px-Solid_blue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Solid_blue.svg/16px-Solid_blue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span><br />First spaceflight </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Mission Specialist 1 </th> <td colspan="2"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Owen_Garriott" title="Owen Garriott">Owen Garriott</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Solid_blue.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Member of Blue Team"><img alt="Member of Blue Team" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Solid_blue.svg/8px-Solid_blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Solid_blue.svg/12px-Solid_blue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Solid_blue.svg/16px-Solid_blue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span><br />Second and last spaceflight </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Mission Specialist 2<br />Flight Engineer </th> <td colspan="2"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Parker" title="Robert A. Parker">Robert A. Parker</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Solid_red.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Member of Red Team"><img alt="Member of Red Team" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Solid_red.svg/8px-Solid_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Solid_red.svg/12px-Solid_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Solid_red.svg/16px-Solid_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span><br />First spaceflight </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Payload Specialist 1 </th> <td colspan="2"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ulf_Merbold" title="Ulf Merbold">Ulf Merbold</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">ESA</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Solid_red.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Member of Red Team"><img alt="Member of Red Team" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Solid_red.svg/8px-Solid_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Solid_red.svg/12px-Solid_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Solid_red.svg/16px-Solid_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span><br />First spaceflight </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Payload Specialist 2 </th> <td colspan="2"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Byron_K._Lichtenberg" title="Byron K. Lichtenberg">Byron K. Lichtenberg</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Solid_blue.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Member of Blue Team"><img alt="Member of Blue Team" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Solid_blue.svg/8px-Solid_blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Solid_blue.svg/12px-Solid_blue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Solid_blue.svg/16px-Solid_blue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span><br />First spaceflight </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Solid_blue.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Member of Blue Team"><img alt="Member of Blue Team" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Solid_blue.svg/8px-Solid_blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Solid_blue.svg/12px-Solid_blue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Solid_blue.svg/16px-Solid_blue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> Member of Blue Team<br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Solid_red.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Member of Red Team"><img alt="Member of Red Team" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Solid_red.svg/8px-Solid_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Solid_red.svg/12px-Solid_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Solid_red.svg/16px-Solid_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> Member of Red Team </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <caption>Backup crew </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:150px;"><a href="/wiki/Astronaut_ranks_and_positions" title="Astronaut ranks and positions">Position</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2" style="width:200px;">Astronaut </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Payload Specialist 1 </th> <td colspan="2"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands"><img alt="Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wubbo_Ockels" title="Wubbo Ockels">Wubbo Ockels</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">ESA</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Payload Specialist 2 </th> <td colspan="2"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Lampton" title="Michael Lampton">Michael Lampton</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Support_crew">Support crew</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=STS-9&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Support crew"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_E._Blaha" title="John E. Blaha">John E. Blaha</a> (entry CAPCOM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Chang_D%C3%ADaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin Chang Díaz">Franklin R. Chang-Diaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_L._Cleave" title="Mary L. Cleave">Mary L. Cleave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Lee_Fisher" title="Anna Lee Fisher">Anna L. Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Frederick_Fisher" title="William Frederick Fisher">William F. Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Gardner_(astronaut)" title="Guy Gardner (astronaut)">Guy S. Gardner</a> (ascent CAPCOM)</li> <li>Charles Lewis (<a href="/wiki/Marshall_Space_Flight_Center" title="Marshall Space Flight Center">Marshall</a> CAPCOM)</li> <li>William Bock (<a href="/wiki/Marshall_Space_Flight_Center" title="Marshall Space Flight Center">Marshall</a> CAPCOM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryan_D._O%27Connor" title="Bryan D. O'Connor">Bryan D. O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wubbo_Ockels" title="Wubbo Ockels">Wubbo Ockels</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crew_seat_assignments">Crew seat assignments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=STS-9&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Crew seat assignments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Seat<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Launch </th> <th>Landing </th> <td rowspan="8"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Space_Shuttle_seating_plan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Space_Shuttle_seating_plan.svg/150px-Space_Shuttle_seating_plan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Space_Shuttle_seating_plan.svg/225px-Space_Shuttle_seating_plan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Space_Shuttle_seating_plan.svg/300px-Space_Shuttle_seating_plan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="834" /></a></span><br />Seats 1–4 are on the flight deck.<br />Seats 5–7 are on the mid-deck. </td></tr> <tr> <th>1 </th> <td colspan="2">Young </td></tr> <tr> <th>2 </th> <td colspan="2">Shaw </td></tr> <tr> <th>3 </th> <td colspan="2" style="background-color:lightgray"><i>Unused</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>4 </th> <td colspan="2">Parker </td></tr> <tr> <th>5 </th> <td colspan="2">Garriott </td></tr> <tr> <th>6 </th> <td colspan="2">Lichtenberg </td></tr> <tr> <th>7 </th> <td colspan="2">Merbold </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mission_background">Mission background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=STS-9&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mission background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>STS-9's six-member crew, the largest of any human space mission at the time, included John W. Young, commander, on his second shuttle flight; Brewster H. Shaw, pilot; Owen K. Garriott and Robert A. Parker, both mission specialists; and Byron K. Lichtenberg and Ulf Merbold, payload specialists – the first two non-NASA <a href="/wiki/Astronaut" title="Astronaut">astronauts</a> to fly on the Space Shuttle. Merbold, a citizen of <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a>, was the first foreign citizen to participate in a Space Shuttle flight. Lichtenberg was a researcher at the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> (MIT). Prior to STS-9, the scientist-astronaut Garriott had spent 56 days in orbit in 1973 aboard <a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a>. Commanding the mission was veteran astronaut John W. Young, making his sixth and final flight over an 18-year career that saw him fly twice each in <a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Project Gemini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apollo_(spacecraft)" title="Apollo (spacecraft)">Apollo</a>, and the Space Shuttle, which included two journeys to the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> and making him the most experienced space traveler to date. Young, who also commanded <i>Columbia</i> on its maiden voyage <a href="/wiki/STS-1" title="STS-1">STS-1</a>, was the first person to fly the same space vehicle into orbit more than once. STS-9 marked the only time that two pre-Shuttle era astronaut veterans (Garriott and Young) would fly on the same Space Shuttle mission. STS-9 was also the first Space Shuttle mission to have more than one veteran astronaut. </p><p>The mission was devoted entirely to <a href="/wiki/Spacelab" title="Spacelab">Spacelab</a> 1, a joint NASA/<a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a> (ESA) program designed to demonstrate the ability to conduct advanced scientific research in space. Both the mission specialists and payload specialists worked in the Spacelab module and coordinated their efforts with scientists at the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Space_Flight_Center" title="Marshall Space Flight Center">Marshall Space Flight Center</a> (MSFC) Payload Operations Control Center (POCC), which was then located at the <a href="/wiki/Johnson_Space_Center" title="Johnson Space Center">Johnson Space Center</a> (JSC) in <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>. Funding for Spacelab 1 was provided by the ESA. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Shuttle_processing">Shuttle processing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=STS-9&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Shuttle processing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After <i>Columbia's</i> return from <a href="/wiki/STS-5" title="STS-5">STS-5</a> in November 1982, it received several modifications and changes in preparation for STS-9. Most of these changes were intended to support the Spacelab module and crew, such as the addition of a tunnel connecting the Spacelab to the orbiter's airlock, and additional provisions for the mission's six crew members, such as a galley and sleeping bunks. <i>Columbia</i> also received the more powerful <a href="/wiki/RS-25" title="RS-25">Space Shuttle Main Engines</a> introduced with <i><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger" title="Space Shuttle Challenger">Challenger</a></i>, which were rated for 104% maximum thrust; its original main engines were later refurbished for use with <i><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Atlantis" title="Space Shuttle Atlantis">Atlantis</a></i>, which was still under construction at the time. Also added to the shuttle were higher capacity fuel cells and a <a href="/wiki/Ku_band" title="Ku band">Ku-band</a> antenna for use with the <a href="/wiki/Tracking_and_Data_Relay_Satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Tracking and Data Relay Satellite">Tracking and Data Relay Satellite</a> (TDRS).<sup id="cite_ref-presskit_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-presskit-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The mission's original launch date of October 29, 1983, was scrubbed due to concerns with the exhaust nozzle on the right <a href="/wiki/Solid_rocket_booster" title="Solid rocket booster">solid rocket booster</a> (SRB). For the first time in the history of the shuttle program, the shuttle stack was rolled back to the <a href="/wiki/Vehicle_Assembly_Building" title="Vehicle Assembly Building">Vehicle Assembly Building</a> (VAB), where it was destacked and the orbiter returned to the <a href="/wiki/Orbiter_Processing_Facility" title="Orbiter Processing Facility">Orbiter Processing Facility</a> (OPF), while the suspect booster underwent repairs. The shuttle was restacked and returned to the launch pad on November 8, 1983.<sup id="cite_ref-presskit_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-presskit-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Launch_attempts">Launch attempts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=STS-9&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Launch attempts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Attempt</th> <th>Planned</th> <th>Result</th> <th>Turnaround</th> <th>Reason</th> <th>Decision point</th> <th>Weather go (%)</th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td><span data-sort-value="October 29, 1983, 12:00:00 p.m. !">29 Oct 1983, 12:00:00 pm</span></td> <td>Scrubbed</td> <td>—</td> <td>Technical</td> <td><span data-sort-value="October 19, 1983 !">19 Oct 1983, 12:00 am</span> (T−43:00:00)</td> <td></td> <td>SRB nozzle issues. Launch and decision point times are approximate, dates are accurate. </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><span data-sort-value="November 28, 1983, 11:00:00 a.m. !">28 Nov 1983, 11:00:00 am</span></td> <td>Success</td> <td>29 days 22 hours 60 minutes</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mission_insignia">Mission insignia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=STS-9&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Mission insignia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The mission's main payload, Spacelab 1, is depicted in the payload bay of the <i>Columbia</i>. The nine stars and the path of the orbiter indicate the flight's numerical designation, STS-9. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mission_summary">Mission summary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=STS-9&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Mission summary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sts-9lift.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Sts-9lift.jpg/220px-Sts-9lift.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Sts-9lift.jpg/330px-Sts-9lift.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Sts-9lift.jpg/440px-Sts-9lift.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2670" data-file-height="2101" /></a><figcaption>STS-9 launches from Kennedy Space Center, on November 28, 1983.</figcaption></figure> <p>STS-9 launched successfully from <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a> at 11:00:00 a.m. EST on November 28, 1983. The shuttle's crew was divided into two teams, each working 12-hour shifts for the duration of the mission. Young, Parker and Merbold formed the Red Team, while Shaw, Garriott and Lichtenberg made up the Blue Team. Usually, Young and Shaw were assigned to the flight deck, while the mission and payload specialists worked inside the Spacelab. </p><p>Over the course of the mission, 72 scientific experiments were carried out, spanning the fields of atmospheric and <a href="/wiki/Plasma_physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Plasma physics">plasma physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solar_physics" title="Solar physics">solar physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Material_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Material science">material sciences</a>, <a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology">astrobiology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Earth_observation" title="Earth observation">Earth observations</a>. The Spacelab effort went so well that the mission was extended an additional day to 10 days, making it the longest-duration shuttle flight at that time. In addition, Garriott made the first <a href="/wiki/Ham_radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Ham radio">ham radio</a> transmissions by an <a href="/wiki/Amateur_radio" title="Amateur radio">amateur radio</a> operator in space during the flight. This led to many further space flights incorporating amateur radio as an educational and back-up communications tool. </p><p>The Spacelab 1 mission was highly successful, proving the feasibility of the concept of carrying out complex experiments in space using non-NASA persons trained as payload specialists in collaboration with a POCC. Moreover, the <a href="/wiki/TDRS-1" title="TDRS-1">TDRS-1</a> satellite, now fully operational, was able to relay significant amounts of data through its ground terminal to the POCC. </p><p>During orbiter orientation, four hours before re-entry, one of the <a href="/wiki/Fly-by-wire" title="Fly-by-wire">flight control</a> computers crashed when the <a href="/wiki/Reaction_Control_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Reaction Control System">Reaction Control System</a> (RCS) thrusters were fired. A few minutes later, a second crashed in a similar fashion, but was successfully rebooted. Young delayed the landing, letting the orbiter drift. He later testified: "Had we then activated the Backup Flight Software, loss of vehicle and crew would have resulted". Post-flight analysis revealed the GPCs <i>(General Purpose Computers)</i><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> failed when the RCS thruster motion knocked a piece of <a href="/wiki/Solder" title="Solder">solder</a> loose and shorted out the CPU board. A GPC running BFS may or may not have the same soldering defect as the rest of the GPCs. Switching the vehicle to the BFS from normal flight control can happen relatively instantaneously, and that particular GPC running the BFS could also be affected by the same failure due to the soldering defect. If such a failure occurred, switching the vehicle back to normal flight control software on multiple GPCs from a single GPC running BFS takes a lot longer, in essence leaving the vehicle without any control at all during the change. </p><p><i>Columbia</i> landed on Runway 17 at <a href="/wiki/Edwards_Air_Force_Base" title="Edwards Air Force Base">Edwards Air Force Base</a> on December 8, 1983, at 03:47:24 p.m. <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Time_Zone" title="Pacific Time Zone">PST</a>, having completed 167 orbits and travelled 4.3 million miles (6.9 million kilometres) over the course of its mission. Right before landing, two of the orbiter's three <a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_power_unit" title="Auxiliary power unit">auxiliary power units</a> (APUs) caught fire due to a <a href="/wiki/Hydrazine" title="Hydrazine">hydrazine</a> leak, but the orbiter nonetheless landed successfully. <i>Columbia</i> was ferried back to KSC on December 15, 1983. The leak was later discovered after it had burned itself out and caused major damage to the compartment. By this time, <i>Discovery</i> had been delivered just three weeks before the launch of STS-9. This allowed NASA to take <i>Columbia</i> out of service for an extensive renovation and upgrade program to bring it up to date with <i>Challenger</i> as well as <i>Discovery</i> and later on <i>Atlantis</i>, which would be delivered in 1985. As a result, <i>Columbia</i> would not fly at all during 1984–1985. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=STS-9&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/28px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/42px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/56px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Spaceflight" title="Portal:Spaceflight">Spaceflight portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_human_spaceflights" title="List of human spaceflights">List of human spaceflights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_missions" title="List of Space Shuttle missions">List of Space Shuttle missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spaceflight-related_accidents_and_incidents#Non-fatal_incidents_during_spaceflight" title="List of spaceflight-related accidents and incidents">List of spaceflight-related accidents and incidents</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=STS-9&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://enterfiringroom.ksc.nasa.gov/funFactsSTSNumbers.htm">"Fun facts about STS numbering"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100527232806/http://enterfiringroom.ksc.nasa.gov/funFactsSTSNumbers.htm">Archived</a> May 27, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. NASA/KSC October 29, 2004. Retrieved July 20, 2013. <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Human_Spaceflight/Astronauts/Ulf_Merbold">"Ulf Merbold"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ulf+Merbold&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esa.int%2FOur_Activities%2FHuman_Spaceflight%2FAstronauts%2FUlf_Merbold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASTS-9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spacefacts.de/mission/english/sts-9.htm">"STS-9"</a>. Spacefacts<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 26,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=STS-9&rft.pub=Spacefacts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspacefacts.de%2Fmission%2Fenglish%2Fsts-9.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASTS-9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-presskit-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-presskit_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-presskit_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shuttlepresskit.com/STS-9/STS9.pdf">"STS-9 Press Kit"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. NASA<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 26,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=STS-9+Press+Kit&rft.pub=NASA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shuttlepresskit.com%2FSTS-9%2FSTS9.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASTS-9" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1984" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, Richard (1984). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/voyagesofcolumbi00lewi/page/204"><i>The voyages of Columbia: the first true spaceship</i></a></span>. Columbia University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/voyagesofcolumbi00lewi/page/204">204</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-05924-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-05924-4"><bdi>978-0-231-05924-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+voyages+of+Columbia%3A+the+first+true+spaceship&rft.pages=204&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-231-05924-4&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvoyagesofcolumbi00lewi%2Fpage%2F204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASTS-9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230324161815/https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/news/rollbacks.html">"Shuttle Rollbacks"</a>. NASA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/news/rollbacks.html">the original</a> on March 24, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 26,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shuttle+Rollbacks&rft.pub=NASA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fmission_pages%2Fshuttle%2Fnews%2Frollbacks.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASTS-9" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spaceshuttleguide.com/system/data_processing_system.htm">"Space Shuttle DATA PROCESSING SYSTEM Manual; Interior of the Flight Deck of the Space Shuttles"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Space+Shuttle+DATA+PROCESSING+SYSTEM+Manual%3B+Interior+of+the+Flight+Deck+of+the+Space+Shuttles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spaceshuttleguide.com%2Fsystem%2Fdata_processing_system.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASTS-9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=STS-9&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLong1983" class="citation magazine cs1">Long, Michael E. (September 1983). "Spacelab 1". <i>National Geographic (magazine)</i>. Vol. 164, no. 3. pp. 301–307. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-9358">0027-9358</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/643483454">643483454</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic+%28magazine%29&rft.atitle=Spacelab+1&rft.volume=164&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=301-307&rft.date=1983-09&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F643483454&rft.issn=0027-9358&rft.aulast=Long&rft.aufirst=Michael+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASTS-9" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=STS-9&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-9.html">STS-9 mission summary</a> NASA</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nss.org/resources/library/shuttlevideos/shuttle09.htm">STS-9 video highlights</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120717201813/http://www.nss.org/resources/library/shuttlevideos/shuttle09.htm">Archived</a> July 17, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> NSS</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeumann1989" class="citation journal cs1">Neumann, Peter G. (January 20, 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catless.ncl.ac.uk/Risks/8.13.html#subj3">"Space shuttle computer problems, 1981–1985"</a>. <i>The Risks Digest</i>. <b>8</b> (13)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 20,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Risks+Digest&rft.atitle=Space+shuttle+computer+problems%2C+1981%E2%80%931985&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=13&rft.date=1989-01-20&rft.aulast=Neumann&rft.aufirst=Peter+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcatless.ncl.ac.uk%2FRisks%2F8.13.html%23subj3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASTS-9" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output 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title="STS-61-C">STS-61-C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-28" title="STS-28">STS-28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-32" title="STS-32">STS-32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-35" title="STS-35">STS-35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-40" title="STS-40">STS-40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-50" title="STS-50">STS-50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-52" title="STS-52">STS-52</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-55" title="STS-55">STS-55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-58" title="STS-58">STS-58</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-62" title="STS-62">STS-62</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-65" title="STS-65">STS-65</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-73" title="STS-73">STS-73</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-75" title="STS-75">STS-75</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-78" title="STS-78">STS-78</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-80" title="STS-80">STS-80</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-83" title="STS-83">STS-83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-94" title="STS-94">STS-94</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-87" title="STS-87">STS-87</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-90" title="STS-90">STS-90</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-93" title="STS-93">STS-93</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-109" title="STS-109">STS-109</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-107" title="STS-107">STS-107</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Space_Shuttle_Columbia_lands_following_STS-62_on_18_March_1994._(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Space_Shuttle_Columbia_lands_following_STS-62_on_18_March_1994._%28cropped%29.jpg/130px-Space_Shuttle_Columbia_lands_following_STS-62_on_18_March_1994._%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Space_Shuttle_Columbia_lands_following_STS-62_on_18_March_1994._%28cropped%29.jpg/195px-Space_Shuttle_Columbia_lands_following_STS-62_on_18_March_1994._%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Space_Shuttle_Columbia_lands_following_STS-62_on_18_March_1994._%28cropped%29.jpg/260px-Space_Shuttle_Columbia_lands_following_STS-62_on_18_March_1994._%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="868" data-file-height="521" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Status</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Out of service: <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia_disaster" title="Space Shuttle Columbia disaster"><i>Columbia</i> disaster (destroyed)</a> 1 February 2003 (<a href="/wiki/STS-107" title="STS-107">STS-107</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Accident_Investigation_Board" title="Columbia Accident Investigation Board"><i>Columbia</i> Accident Investigation Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-61-E" title="STS-61-E">STS-61-E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-61-H" title="STS-61-H">STS-61-H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancelled_Space_Shuttle_missions" class="mw-redirect" title="Cancelled Space Shuttle missions">STS-144</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Memorial_Space_Center" title="Columbia Memorial Space Center">Columbia Memorial Space Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Hills_(Mars)" title="Columbia Hills (Mars)">Columbia Hills (Mars)</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Countdown_(Rush_song)" title="Countdown (Rush song)">Countdown</a>" (1982 song)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hail_Columbia_(film)" title="Hail Columbia (film)">Hail Columbia</a></i> (1982 documentary)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Columbia:_The_Tragic_Loss" title="Columbia: The Tragic Loss">Columbia: The Tragic Loss</a></i> (2004 documentary)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="U.S._Space_Shuttle_missions" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:All_U.S._Space_Shuttle_Missions" title="Template:All U.S. Space Shuttle Missions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:All_U.S._Space_Shuttle_Missions" title="Template talk:All U.S. Space Shuttle Missions"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:All_U.S._Space_Shuttle_Missions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:All U.S. Space Shuttle Missions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="U.S._Space_Shuttle_missions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_missions" title="List of Space Shuttle missions">U.S. Space Shuttle missions</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Completed<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_crews" title="List of Space Shuttle crews">(crews)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1977 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Approach_and_Landing_Tests" title="Approach and Landing Tests">Approach and Landing Tests</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1981 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-1" title="STS-1">STS-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-2" title="STS-2">STS-2</a></li></ul></li> <li>1982 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-3" title="STS-3">STS-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-4" title="STS-4">STS-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-5" title="STS-5">STS-5</a></li></ul></li> <li>1983 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-6" title="STS-6">STS-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-7" title="STS-7">STS-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-8" title="STS-8">STS-8</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">STS-9</a></li></ul></li> <li>1984 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-41-B" title="STS-41-B">STS-41-B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-41-C" title="STS-41-C">STS-41-C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-41-D" title="STS-41-D">STS-41-D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-41-G" title="STS-41-G">STS-41-G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-51-A" title="STS-51-A">STS-51-A</a></li></ul></li> <li>1985 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-51-C" title="STS-51-C">STS-51-C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-51-D" title="STS-51-D">STS-51-D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-51-B" title="STS-51-B">STS-51-B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-51-G" title="STS-51-G">STS-51-G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-51-F" title="STS-51-F">STS-51-F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-51-I" title="STS-51-I">STS-51-I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-51-J" title="STS-51-J">STS-51-J</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-61-A" title="STS-61-A">STS-61-A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-61-B" title="STS-61-B">STS-61-B</a></li></ul></li> <li>1986 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-61-C" title="STS-61-C">STS-61-C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-51-L" title="STS-51-L">STS-51-L</a>†</li></ul></li> <li>1988 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-26" title="STS-26">STS-26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-27" title="STS-27">STS-27</a></li></ul></li> <li>1989 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-29" title="STS-29">STS-29</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-30" title="STS-30">STS-30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-28" title="STS-28">STS-28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-34" title="STS-34">STS-34</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-33" title="STS-33">STS-33</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1990 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-32" title="STS-32">STS-32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-36" title="STS-36">STS-36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-31" title="STS-31">STS-31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-41" title="STS-41">STS-41</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-38" title="STS-38">STS-38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-35" title="STS-35">STS-35</a></li></ul></li> <li>1991 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-37" title="STS-37">STS-37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-39" title="STS-39">STS-39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-40" title="STS-40">STS-40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-43" title="STS-43">STS-43</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-48" title="STS-48">STS-48</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-44" title="STS-44">STS-44</a></li></ul></li> <li>1992 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-42" title="STS-42">STS-42</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-45" title="STS-45">STS-45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-49" title="STS-49">STS-49</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-50" title="STS-50">STS-50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-46" title="STS-46">STS-46</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-47" title="STS-47">STS-47</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-52" title="STS-52">STS-52</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-53" title="STS-53">STS-53</a></li></ul></li> <li>1993 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-54" title="STS-54">STS-54</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-56" title="STS-56">STS-56</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-55" title="STS-55">STS-55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-57" title="STS-57">STS-57</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-51" title="STS-51">STS-51</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-58" title="STS-58">STS-58</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-61" title="STS-61">STS-61</a></li></ul></li> <li>1994 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-60" title="STS-60">STS-60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-62" title="STS-62">STS-62</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-59" title="STS-59">STS-59</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-65" title="STS-65">STS-65</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-64" title="STS-64">STS-64</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-68" title="STS-68">STS-68</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-66" title="STS-66">STS-66</a></li></ul></li> <li>1995 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-63" title="STS-63">STS-63</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-67" title="STS-67">STS-67</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-71" title="STS-71">STS-71</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-70" title="STS-70">STS-70</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-69" title="STS-69">STS-69</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-73" title="STS-73">STS-73</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-74" title="STS-74">STS-74</a></li></ul></li> <li>1996 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-72" title="STS-72">STS-72</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-75" title="STS-75">STS-75</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-76" title="STS-76">STS-76</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-77" title="STS-77">STS-77</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-78" title="STS-78">STS-78</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-79" title="STS-79">STS-79</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-80" title="STS-80">STS-80</a></li></ul></li> <li>1997 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-81" title="STS-81">STS-81</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-82" title="STS-82">STS-82</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-83" title="STS-83">STS-83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-84" title="STS-84">STS-84</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-94" title="STS-94">STS-94</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-85" title="STS-85">STS-85</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-86" title="STS-86">STS-86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-87" title="STS-87">STS-87</a></li></ul></li> <li>1998 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-89" title="STS-89">STS-89</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-90" title="STS-90">STS-90</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-91" title="STS-91">STS-91</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-95" title="STS-95">STS-95</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-88" title="STS-88">STS-88</a></li></ul></li> <li>1999 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-96" title="STS-96">STS-96</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-93" title="STS-93">STS-93</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-103" title="STS-103">STS-103</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2000 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-99" title="STS-99">STS-99</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-101" title="STS-101">STS-101</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-106" title="STS-106">STS-106</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-92" title="STS-92">STS-92</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-97" title="STS-97">STS-97</a></li></ul></li> <li>2001 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-98" title="STS-98">STS-98</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-102" title="STS-102">STS-102</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-100" title="STS-100">STS-100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-104" title="STS-104">STS-104</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-105" title="STS-105">STS-105</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-108" title="STS-108">STS-108</a></li></ul></li> <li>2002 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-109" title="STS-109">STS-109</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-110" title="STS-110">STS-110</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-111" title="STS-111">STS-111</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-112" title="STS-112">STS-112</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-113" title="STS-113">STS-113</a></li></ul></li> <li>2003 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-107" title="STS-107">STS-107</a>†</li></ul></li> <li>2005 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-114" title="STS-114">STS-114</a></li></ul></li> <li>2006 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-121" title="STS-121">STS-121</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-115" title="STS-115">STS-115</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-116" title="STS-116">STS-116</a></li></ul></li> <li>2007 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-117" title="STS-117">STS-117</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-118" title="STS-118">STS-118</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-120" title="STS-120">STS-120</a></li></ul></li> <li>2008 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-122" title="STS-122">STS-122</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-123" title="STS-123">STS-123</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-124" title="STS-124">STS-124</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-126" title="STS-126">STS-126</a></li></ul></li> <li>2009 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-119" title="STS-119">STS-119</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-125" title="STS-125">STS-125</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-127" title="STS-127">STS-127</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-128" title="STS-128">STS-128</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-129" title="STS-129">STS-129</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2010 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-130" title="STS-130">STS-130</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-131" title="STS-131">STS-131</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-132" title="STS-132">STS-132</a></li></ul></li> <li>2011 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-133" title="STS-133">STS-133</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-134" title="STS-134">STS-134</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-135" title="STS-135">STS-135</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Canceled_Space_Shuttle_missions" title="Canceled Space Shuttle missions">Cancelled</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canceled_Space_Shuttle_missions" title="Canceled Space Shuttle missions">STS-41-F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-61-E" title="STS-61-E">STS-61-E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-61-F" title="STS-61-F">STS-61-F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-61-G" title="STS-61-G">STS-61-G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-61-H" title="STS-61-H">STS-61-H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-62-A" title="STS-62-A">STS-62-A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-61-M" title="STS-61-M">STS-61-M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-61-J" title="STS-61-J">STS-61-J</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canceled_Space_Shuttle_missions" title="Canceled Space Shuttle missions">STS-144</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-3xx" title="STS-3xx">STS-3xx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-400" title="STS-400">STS-400</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canceled_Space_Shuttle_missions" title="Canceled Space Shuttle missions">Others</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_orbiter" title="Space Shuttle orbiter">Orbiters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Atlantis" title="Space Shuttle Atlantis">Atlantis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger" title="Space Shuttle Challenger">Challenger</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger_disaster" title="Space Shuttle Challenger disaster">disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogers_Commission_Report" title="Rogers Commission Report">report</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia" title="Space Shuttle Columbia">Columbia</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia_disaster" title="Space Shuttle Columbia disaster">disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Accident_Investigation_Board" title="Columbia Accident Investigation Board">investigation</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Discovery" title="Space Shuttle Discovery">Discovery</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Endeavour" title="Space Shuttle Endeavour">Endeavour</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Enterprise" title="Space Shuttle Enterprise">Enterprise</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>†</sup> indicates failure missions.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="←_1982Orbital_launches_in_19831984_→" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Orbital_launches_in_1983" title="Template:Orbital launches in 1983"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Orbital_launches_in_1983" title="Template talk:Orbital launches in 1983"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Orbital_launches_in_1983" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Orbital launches in 1983"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="←_1982Orbital_launches_in_19831984_→" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div style="float: left;"><a href="/wiki/1982_in_spaceflight" title="1982 in spaceflight">← 1982</a></div><a href="/wiki/1983_in_spaceflight" title="1983 in spaceflight"><span class="vevent"><span class="summary">Orbital launches in <span class="dtstart">1983</span></span></span></a><div style="float: right;"><a href="/wiki/1984_in_spaceflight" title="1984 in spaceflight">1984 →</a></div></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">January</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1437&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1437 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1437</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=January_1983_Kosmos-3M_launch_failure&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="January 1983 Kosmos-3M launch failure (page does not exist)">Unnamed</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">February</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_0252&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 0252 (page does not exist)">OPS 0252</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_0252_SSU-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 0252 SSU-1 (page does not exist)">OPS 0252 SSU-1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_0252_SSU-2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 0252 SSU-2 (page does not exist)">OPS 0252 SSU-2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_0252_SSU-3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 0252 SSU-3 (page does not exist)">OPS 0252 SSU-3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">March</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_1443" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosmos 1443">Kosmos 1443</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOAA-8" title="NOAA-8">NOAA-8</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">April</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><u><a href="/wiki/STS-6" title="STS-6">STS-6</a></u> (<a href="/wiki/TDRS-1" title="TDRS-1">TDRS-1</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_2925&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 2925 (page does not exist)">OPS 2925</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_T-8" title="Soyuz T-8">Soyuz T-8</a></u></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">May</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intelsat_V_F-6" title="Intelsat V F-6">Intelsat V F-6</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">June</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_6432&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 6432 (page does not exist)">OPS 6432</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_6432_SSU-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 6432 SSU-1 (page does not exist)">OPS 6432 SSU-1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_6432_SSU-2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 6432 SSU-2 (page does not exist)">OPS 6432 SSU-2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_6432_SSU-3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 6432 SSU-3 (page does not exist)">OPS 6432 SSU-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutelsat_I_F-1" title="Eutelsat I F-1">ECS-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSCAR-10" class="mw-redirect" title="OSCAR-10">OSCAR-10</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/STS-7" title="STS-7">STS-7</a></u> (<a href="/wiki/Anik_(satellite)" title="Anik (satellite)">Anik C2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palapa" title="Palapa">Palapa B1</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=SPAS-01&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SPAS-01 (page does not exist)">SPAS-01</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=OSTA-2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OSTA-2 (page does not exist)">OSTA-2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_0721&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 0721 (page does not exist)">OPS 0721</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_3899&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 3899 (page does not exist)">OPS 3899</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_T-9" title="Soyuz T-9">Soyuz T-9</a></u></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">July</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_7304&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 7304 (page does not exist)">OPS 7304</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">August</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Progress_17" title="Progress 17">Progress 17</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">September</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><u><a href="/wiki/STS-8" title="STS-8">STS-8</a></u> (<a href="/wiki/INSAT-1B" title="INSAT-1B">INSAT-1B</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">October</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intelsat_V_F-7" title="Intelsat V F-7">Intelsat V F-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_18" title="Progress 18">Progress 18</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">November</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><u><a class="mw-selflink selflink">STS-9</a></u></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unknown<br />month</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1428&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1428 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1428</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1429&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1429 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1429</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1430&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1430 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1430</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1431&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1431 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1431</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1432&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1432 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1432</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1433&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1433 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1433</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1434&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1434 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1434</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1435&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1435 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1435</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1436&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1436 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1436</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRAS" title="IRAS">IRAS</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plasma_Interaction_Experiment_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plasma Interaction Experiment 2 (page does not exist)">PIX-2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1438&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1438 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1438</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sakura_2a&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sakura 2a (page does not exist)">Sakura 2a</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1439&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1439 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1439</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LIPS-2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LIPS-2 (page does not exist)">LIPS-2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1440&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1440 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1440</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1441&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1441 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1441</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenma" title="Tenma">Tenma</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1442&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1442 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1442</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1444&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1444 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1444</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molniya-3_No.34&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molniya-3 No.34 (page does not exist)">Molniya-3 No.34</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekran_No.18L&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekran No.18L (page does not exist)">Ekran No.18L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_1445" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosmos 1445">Kosmos 1445</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1446&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1446 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1446</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molniya-1-56&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molniya-1-56 (page does not exist)">Molniya-1-56</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astron_(spacecraft)" title="Astron (spacecraft)">Astron</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1447&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1447 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1447</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1448&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1448 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1448</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1449&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1449 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1449</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molniya-1_No.68&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molniya-1 No.68 (page does not exist)">Molniya-1 No.68</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1450&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1450 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1450</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gran%27_No.23L&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gran' No.23L (page does not exist)">Gran' No.23L</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1451&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1451 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1451</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satcom_(satellite)" title="Satcom (satellite)">Satcom 1R</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1452&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1452 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1452</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rohini_RS-D2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rohini RS-D2 (page does not exist)">Rohini RS-D2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1453&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1453 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1453</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1454&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1454 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1454</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1455&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1455 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1455</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_1456" title="Kosmos 1456">Kosmos 1456</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1457&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1457 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1457</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1458&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1458 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1458</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOES_6" title="GOES 6">GOES 6</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1459&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1459 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1459</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1460&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1460 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1460</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1461&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1461 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1461</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1462&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1462 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1462</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1463&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1463 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1463</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1464&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1464 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1464</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1465&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1465 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1465</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1466&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1466 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1466</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EXOSAT" title="EXOSAT">EXOSAT</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1467&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1467 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1467</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_15" title="Venera 15">Venera 15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_16" title="Venera 16">Venera 16</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1468&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1468 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1468</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1469&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1469 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1469</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1470&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1470 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1470</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HILAT&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HILAT (page does not exist)">HILAT</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1471&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1471 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1471</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_1" title="Galaxy 1">Galaxy 1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gorizont_No.17L&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gorizont No.17L (page does not exist)">Gorizont No.17L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prognoz_9" title="Prognoz 9">Prognoz 9</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1472&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1472 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1472</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1473&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1473 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1473</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1474&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1474 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1474</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1475&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1475 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1475</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1476&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1476 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1476</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1477&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1477 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1477</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1478&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1478 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1478</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1479&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1479 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1479</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1480&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1480 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1480</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_1481" title="Kosmos 1481">Kosmos 1481</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1482&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1482 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1482</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_7994&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 7994 (page does not exist)">OPS 7994</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molniya-1_No.66&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molniya-1 No.66 (page does not exist)">Molniya-1 No.66</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1483&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1483 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1483</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_1484" title="Kosmos 1484">Kosmos 1484</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1485&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1485 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1485</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telstar_301" title="Telstar 301">Telstar 301</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1486&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1486 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1486</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1487&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1487 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1487</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sakura_2b&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sakura 2b (page does not exist)">Sakura 2b</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1488&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1488 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1488</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1489&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1489 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1489</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1490&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1490 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1490</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1491&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1491 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1491</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1492&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1492 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1492</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fanhui_Shi_Weixing_6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fanhui Shi Weixing 6 (page does not exist)">Fanhui Shi Weixing 6</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1493&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1493 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1493</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gran%27_No.24L&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gran' No.24L (page does not exist)">Gran' No.24L</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molniya-3_No.32&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molniya-3 No.32 (page does not exist)">Molniya-3 No.32</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1494&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1494 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1494</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1495&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1495 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1495</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1496&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1496 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1496</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satcom_2R&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Satcom 2R (page does not exist)">Satcom 2R</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1497&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1497 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1497</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1498&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1498 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1498</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1499&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1499 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1499</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaxy-2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galaxy-2 (page does not exist)">Galaxy-2</a></li> <li><u><i><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_7K-ST_No._16L" class="mw-redirect" title="Soyuz 7K-ST No. 16L">Soyuz 7K-ST No. 16L</a></i></u></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1500&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1500 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1500</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekran_No.25L&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekran No.25L (page does not exist)">Ekran No.25L</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1501&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1501 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1501</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1502&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1502 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1502</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1503&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1503 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1503</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1504&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1504 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1504</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1505&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1505 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1505</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1506&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1506 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1506</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meteor-2_No.10&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meteor-2 No.10 (page does not exist)">Meteor-2 No.10</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1507&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1507 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1507</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1508&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1508 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1508</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1509&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1509 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1509</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_1294&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 1294 (page does not exist)">OPS 1294</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molniya-1_No.48&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molniya-1 No.48 (page does not exist)">Molniya-1 No.48</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1510&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1510 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1510</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1511&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1511 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1511</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gorizont_No.18L&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gorizont No.18L (page does not exist)">Gorizont No.18L</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1512&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1512 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1512</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1513&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1513 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1513</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_1514" title="Kosmos 1514">Kosmos 1514</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1515&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1515 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1515</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molniya-3_No.35&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molniya-3 No.35 (page does not exist)">Molniya-3 No.35</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1516&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1516 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1516</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_1517" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosmos 1517">Kosmos 1517</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_1518" title="Kosmos 1518">Kosmos 1518</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1519&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1519 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1519</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1520&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1520 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1520</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1521&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1521 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1521</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Launches are separated by dots ( • ), payloads by commas ( , ), multiple names for the same satellite by slashes ( / ).<br /><u>Crewed flights</u> are underlined. Launch failures are marked with the † sign. 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