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id="toc-Takeover_of_the_hospital" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Takeover_of_the_hospital"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Takeover of the hospital</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Takeover_of_the_hospital-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ovčara_farm" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ovčara_farm"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Ovčara farm</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ovčara_farm-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Igor_Kačić" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Igor_Kačić"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Igor Kačić</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Igor_Kačić-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Massacre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Massacre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Massacre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Massacre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Aftermath subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Discovery_of_the_mass_grave" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discovery_of_the_mass_grave"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Discovery of the mass grave</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discovery_of_the_mass_grave-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exhumation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exhumation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Exhumation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exhumation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_crime_trials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_crime_trials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>War crime trials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_crime_trials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commemoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commemoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Commemoration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commemoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Vukovar massacre</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B0%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%88%D9%83%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="مذبحة فوكوفار – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مذبحة فوكوفار" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Вуковарско клане – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Вуковарско клане" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masakr_u_Vukovaru" title="Masakr u Vukovaru – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Masakr u Vukovaru" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matan%C3%A7a_de_Vukovar" title="Matança de Vukovar – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Matança de Vukovar" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masakr_na_farm%C4%9B_Ov%C4%8Dara" title="Masakr na farmě Ovčara – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Masakr na farmě Ovčara" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massaker_von_Vukovar" title="Massaker von Vukovar – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Massaker von Vukovar" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masacre_de_Vukovar" title="Masacre de Vukovar – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Masacre de Vukovar" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%88%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="کشتار ووکوار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کشتار ووکوار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacre_de_Vukovar" title="Massacre de Vukovar – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Massacre de Vukovar" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B6%80%EC%BD%94%EB%B0%94%EB%A5%B4_%ED%95%99%EC%82%B4" title="부코바르 학살 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="부코바르 학살" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ov%C4%8Dara" title="Ovčara – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ovčara" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembantaian_Vukovar" title="Pembantaian Vukovar – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pembantaian Vukovar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vukov%C3%A1ri_m%C3%A9sz%C3%A1rl%C3%A1s" title="Vukovári mészárlás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vukovári mészárlás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembunuhan_beramai-ramai_di_Vukovar" title="Pembunuhan beramai-ramai di Vukovar – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pembunuhan beramai-ramai di Vukovar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloedbad_van_Vukovar" title="Bloedbad van Vukovar – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bloedbad van Vukovar" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%B4%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A1%E3%83%AB%E3%81%AE%E8%99%90%E6%AE%BA" title="ヴコヴァルの虐殺 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヴコヴァルの虐殺" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacre_de_Vukovar" title="Massacre de Vukovar – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Massacre de Vukovar" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masacrul_de_la_Vukovar" title="Masacrul de la Vukovar – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Masacrul de la Vukovar" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Вуковарская резня – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вуковарская резня" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masaker_v_Ov%C4%8Dare" title="Masaker v Ovčare – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Masaker v Ovčare" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9E%D0%B2%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Масакр на Овчари – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Масакр на Овчари" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masakr_na_Ov%C4%8Dari" title="Masakr na Ovčari – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Masakr na Ovčari" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vukovarmassakern" title="Vukovarmassakern – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vukovarmassakern" data-language-autonym="Svenska" 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.latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Vukovar_massacre&params=45_17_44_N_19_03_33_E_region:HR"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">45°17′44″N</span> <span class="longitude">19°03′33″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">45.29556°N 19.05917°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">45.29556; 19.05917</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Massacre of civilians and prisoners of war following the Battle of Vukovar</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size:125%;">Vukovar massacre</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Croatian_War_of_Independence" title="Croatian War of Independence">Croatian War of Independence</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:300px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:300px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:300px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Croatia_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vukovar is located in Croatia"><img alt="Vukovar is located in Croatia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Croatia_location_map.svg/300px-Croatia_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Croatia_location_map.svg/450px-Croatia_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Croatia_location_map.svg/600px-Croatia_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1097" data-file-height="1062" /></a></span><div style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cro-occup-lines-Jan92.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Cro-occup-lines-Jan92.svg/300px-Cro-occup-lines-Jan92.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Cro-occup-lines-Jan92.svg/450px-Cro-occup-lines-Jan92.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Cro-occup-lines-Jan92.svg/600px-Cro-occup-lines-Jan92.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2508" data-file-height="2427" /></a></span></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:32.009%;left:87.635%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Vukovar"><img alt="Vukovar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div><a href="/wiki/Vukovar" title="Vukovar">Vukovar</a></div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Vukovar on the map of Croatia; areas held by the JNA and Croatian Serb troops in late 1991 are highlighted in red</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data location"><a href="/wiki/Grabovo,_Croatia" title="Grabovo, Croatia">Grabovo</a>, just outside <a href="/wiki/Vukovar" title="Vukovar">Vukovar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Vukovar_massacre&params=45_17_44_N_19_03_33_E_region:HR"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">45°17′44″N</span> <span class="longitude">19°03′33″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">45.29556°N 19.05917°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">45.29556; 19.05917</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">November 20, 1991<span class="noprint">; 33 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1991-11-20</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Target</th><td class="infobox-data">Croat <a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners of war">prisoners of war</a> and civilians, as well as some Serbs, Muslims, and Hungarians</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Attack type</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mass_murder" title="Mass murder">Mass murder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Summary_execution" title="Summary execution">summary executions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Victims</th><td class="infobox-data">200 killed and exhumed at the site<br /><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 60 missing, presumed dead</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Perpetrators</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Serb" class="mw-redirect" title="Croatian Serb">Croatian Serb</a> <a href="/wiki/Territorial_Defense_(Yugoslavia)" title="Territorial Defense (Yugoslavia)">Territorial Defense</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leva_Supoderica" title="Leva Supoderica">Leva Supoderica</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Serbian_paramilitary_formations" title="List of Serbian paramilitary formations">Serbian paramilitary unit</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_People%27s_Army" title="Yugoslav People's Army">Yugoslav People's Army</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output 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style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Croatian_War_of_Independence" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Croatian War of Independence"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Croatian_War_of_Independence" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Croatian_War_of_Independence" title="Croatian War of Independence">Croatian War <br /> of Independence</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>1991</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakrac_clash" title="Pakrac clash">Pakrac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plitvice_Lakes_incident" title="Plitvice Lakes incident">Plitvice Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borovo_Selo" title="Battle of Borovo Selo">Borovo Selo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_riot_in_Zadar" title="1991 riot in Zadar">Zadar riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_protest_in_Split" title="1991 protest in Split">Split protest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisak_killings" title="Sisak killings">Sisak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Defense_of_Topusko_in_1991&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Defense of Topusko in 1991 (page does not exist)">Topusko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Stinger" title="Operation Stinger">Stinger</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Glina_(1991)" title="Battles of Glina (1991)">Glina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hrvatska_Kostajnica" title="Battle of Hrvatska Kostajnica">Hrvatska Kostajnica</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kijevo" title="Siege of Kijevo">Kijevo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Labrador" title="Operation Labrador">Labrador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banija_villages_killings" title="Banija villages killings">Banija villages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vukovar" title="Battle of Vukovar">Vukovar</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Br%C4%91ani_%2791" title="Operation Brđani '91">Brđani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Osijek" title="Battle of Osijek">Osijek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gospi%C4%87" title="Battle of Gospić">Gospić</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospi%C4%87_massacre" title="Gospić massacre">Massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrinja_Fighting" title="Petrinja Fighting">Petrinja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kusonje" title="Battle of Kusonje">Kusonje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korana_bridge_killings" title="Korana bridge killings">Korana bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Barracks" title="Battle of the Barracks">The Barracks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vara%C5%BEdin_Barracks" title="Siege of Varaždin Barracks">Varaždin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bjelovar_Barracks" title="Siege of Bjelovar Barracks">Bjelovar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zadar" title="Battle of Zadar">Zadar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C5%A0ibenik" title="Battle of Šibenik">Šibenik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Yugoslav_campaign_in_Croatia" title="1991 Yugoslav campaign in Croatia">JNA campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Dubrovnik" title="Siege of Dubrovnik">Dubrovnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Ceri%C4%87" title="Capture of Cerić">Cerić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_the_Banski_Dvori" title="Bombing of the Banski Dvori">Banski Dvori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Slunj" title="Siege of Slunj">Slunj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0iroka_Kula_massacre" title="Široka Kula massacre">Široka Kula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovas_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Lovas massacre">Lovas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clashes_in_Bogdanovci" title="Clashes in Bogdanovci">Bogdanovci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ernestinovo" title="Battle of Ernestinovo">Ernestinovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%C4%87in_massacre" title="Baćin massacre">Baćin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Barcs" title="Bombing of Barcs">Barcs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saborsko_massacre" title="Saborsko massacre">Saborsko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertas_convoy" title="Libertas convoy">Libertas convoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Po%C5%BEega_villages_killings" class="mw-redirect" title="Požega villages killings">Požega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Swath-10" title="Operation Swath-10">Swath 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erdut_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Erdut massacre">Erdut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dalmatian_Channels" title="Battle of the Dalmatian Channels">Dalmatian channels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kostri%C4%87i_massacre" title="Kostrići massacre"> Kostrići</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C5%A0kabrnja_(1991)" title="Battle of Škabrnja (1991)">Škabrnja</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0kabrnja_massacre" title="Škabrnja massacre">Massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Antunovac" title="Battle for Antunovac">Antunovac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vance_plan" title="Vance plan">Vance plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Whirlwind" title="Operation Whirlwind">Whirlwind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulin_Dvor_massacre" title="Paulin Dvor massacre">Paulin Dvor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gornje_Jame_massacre" title="Gornje Jame massacre">Gornje Jame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Orkan_91" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Orkan 91">Orkan 91</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vo%C4%87in_massacre" title="Voćin massacre">Voćin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C5%A1evica_massacre" title="Joševica massacre">Joševica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Devil%27s_Beam" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Devil's Beam">Devil's Beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bru%C5%A1ka_massacre" title="Bruška massacre">Bruška</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrsar_airport_bombing" title="Vrsar airport bombing">Vrsar airport</a></li></ul> <p><b>1992</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarajevo_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarajevo Agreement">Sarajevo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_European_Community_Monitor_Mission_helicopter_downing" title="1992 European Community Monitor Mission helicopter downing">ECMM helicopter downing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Baranja" title="Operation Baranja">Baranja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jackal" title="Operation Jackal">Jackal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Miljevci_Plateau" title="Battle of the Miljevci Plateau">Miljevci Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tiger_(1992)" title="Operation Tiger (1992)">Tiger</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Liberated_Land" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Liberated Land">Liberated Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Konavle" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Konavle">Konavle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Vla%C5%A1tica" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Vlaštica">Vlaštica</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Berbir" title="Operation Berbir">Berbir</a></li></ul> <p><b>1993</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Maslenica" title="Operation Maslenica">Maslenica</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Chameleon_%2793&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Operation Chameleon '93 (page does not exist)">Chameleon '93</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Medak_Pocket" title="Operation Medak Pocket">Medak Pocket</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Rain" title="Operation Rain">Rain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Angela" title="Operation Angela">Angela</a></li></ul> <p><b>1994</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Winter_%2794" title="Operation Winter '94">Winter '94</a></li></ul> <p><b>1995</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Leap_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Leap 1">Leap 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Flash" title="Operation Flash">Flash</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medari_massacre" title="Medari massacre">Medari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagreb_rocket_attacks" title="Zagreb rocket attacks">Zagreb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Leap_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Leap 2">Leap 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Summer_%2795" title="Operation Summer '95">Summer '95</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Storm" title="Operation Storm">Storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi%C4%87_killings" title="Komić killings">Komić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kijani_killings" title="Kijani killings">Kijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golubi%C4%87_killings" title="Golubić killings">Golubić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzdolje_killings" title="Uzdolje killings">Uzdolje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_1995_Bosanski_Petrovac_refugee_column_bombing" title="August 1995 Bosanski Petrovac refugee column bombing">Bosanski Petrovac bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvor_massacre" title="Dvor massacre">Dvor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grubori_massacre" title="Grubori massacre">Grubori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go%C5%A1i%C4%87_killings" title="Gošić killings">Gošić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Mistral_2" title="Operation Mistral 2">Maestral 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Una" title="Operation Una">Una</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varivode_massacre" title="Varivode massacre">Varivode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Vukovar_%2795" title="Operation Vukovar '95">Vukovar '95</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Croatian_War_of_Independence" title="Timeline of the Croatian War of Independence">Timeline of all major events</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Log_Revolution" title="Log Revolution">Log Revolution</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Croats_in_Serbia_during_the_war_in_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Croats in Serbia during the war in Croatia">Events in Serbia</a></i></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The <b>Vukovar massacre</b>, also known as the <b>Vukovar hospital massacre</b> or the <b>Ovčara massacre</b>, was the killing of Croatian <a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners of war">prisoners of war</a> and civilians by Serb paramilitaries, to whom they had been turned over by the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_People%27s_Army" title="Yugoslav People's Army">Yugoslav People's Army</a> (JNA), at the Ovčara farm southeast of <a href="/wiki/Vukovar" title="Vukovar">Vukovar</a> on 20 November 1991, during the <a href="/wiki/Croatian_War_of_Independence" title="Croatian War of Independence">Croatian War of Independence</a>. The massacre occurred shortly after <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vukovar" title="Battle of Vukovar">Vukovar's capture</a> by the JNA, <a href="/wiki/Territorial_Defense_(Yugoslavia)" title="Territorial Defense (Yugoslavia)">Territorial Defence</a> (TO), and paramilitaries from neighbouring Serbia. It was the largest massacre of the Croatian War of Independence. </p><p>In the final days of the battle, the evacuation of the Vukovar hospital was negotiated between Croatian authorities, the JNA and the <a href="/wiki/European_Community_Monitor_Mission" class="mw-redirect" title="European Community Monitor Mission">European Community Monitor Mission</a> in cooperation with the <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a> (ICRC). The JNA subsequently refused the ICRC access to the hospital despite the agreement and removed approximately 300 people from its premises. The group, largely consisting of Croats but also including Serbs, Hungarians, Muslims and two foreign nationals who fought on the side of the <a href="/wiki/Croatian_National_Guard" title="Croatian National Guard">Croatian National Guard</a>, was initially transported to the JNA barracks in Vukovar. Several prisoners were identified as hospital staff and removed from the group to be returned to the hospital while the rest of them were transported to the Ovčara farm south of Vukovar. Once at the farm, the prisoners were beaten for several hours before the JNA pulled its troops from the site, leaving the prisoners in the custody of the Croatian Serb TO and Serbian paramilitaries. The prisoners were then taken to a prepared site, shot in groups of ten to twenty and buried in a <a href="/wiki/Mass_grave" title="Mass grave">mass grave</a>. </p><p>The mass grave was discovered in October 1992 and guarded by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Protection_Force" title="United Nations Protection Force">United Nations Protection Force</a> which had deployed to the area earlier that year. In 1996, 200 sets of remains were exhumed from the grave by <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_former_Yugoslavia" title="International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia">International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia</a> (ICTY) investigators. Croatia believes 61 others were buried in a different grave on the site, while ICTY prosecutors believe that figure stands at 60. The ICTY convicted two JNA officers in connection with the massacre, and also <a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Trial of Slobodan Milošević">tried</a> former <a href="/wiki/Serbian_President" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian President">Serbian President</a> <a href="/wiki/Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Slobodan Milošević">Slobodan Milošević</a> for a number of war crimes, including those committed at Vukovar. Milošević died in prison before his trial could be completed. Several former members of the Croatian Serb TO and Serbian paramilitary units have been tried by the Serbian judiciary and convicted for their involvement in the massacre. In February 2015, the <a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a> ruled that the siege, massacre and simultaneous atrocities committed elsewhere in Croatia did not constitute <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>. </p><p>The site of the mass grave is marked by a monument and the storage building used at Ovčara farm to hold the prisoners in captivity before their execution was rebuilt as a memorial centre in 2006. By July 2014, the centre had been visited by about 500,000 tourists. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vukovar_massacre&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1990, ethnic tensions between <a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Croats" title="Croats">Croats</a> worsened after the <a href="/wiki/Croatian_parliamentary_election,_1990" class="mw-redirect" title="Croatian parliamentary election, 1990">electoral defeat</a> of the government of the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Croatia" title="Socialist Republic of Croatia">Socialist Republic of Croatia</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Democratic_Union" title="Croatian Democratic Union">Croatian Democratic Union</a> (<a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbo-Croatian language">Serbo-Croatian</a>: <i lang="sh">Hrvatska demokratska zajednica</i> – HDZ). The <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_People%27s_Army" title="Yugoslav People's Army">Yugoslav People's Army</a> (Serbo-Croatian: <i lang="sh">Jugoslovenska narodna armija</i> – JNA) confiscated Croatia's <a href="/wiki/Territorial_Defense_(Yugoslavia)" title="Territorial Defense (Yugoslavia)">Territorial Defence</a> (Serbo-Croatian: <i lang="sh">Teritorijalna obrana</i> – TO) weapons to minimize resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoare2010117_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoare2010117-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 17 August, the tensions escalated into an <a href="/wiki/Log_Revolution" title="Log Revolution">open revolt</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Serbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Croatian Serbs">Croatian Serbs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoare2010118_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoare2010118-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rebellion was centred on the predominantly Serb-populated areas of the <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatian</a> hinterland around <a href="/wiki/Knin" title="Knin">Knin</a>, approximately 60 kilometres (37 miles) north-east of <a href="/wiki/Split,_Croatia" title="Split, Croatia">Split</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_New_York_Times_19_August_1990_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_New_York_Times_19_August_1990-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as parts of <a href="/wiki/Lika" title="Lika">Lika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kordun" title="Kordun">Kordun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banovina_(region)" title="Banovina (region)">Banovina</a> and eastern <a href="/wiki/Slavonia" title="Slavonia">Slavonia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodward1995170_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodward1995170-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 1991, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Serbia_(1990%E2%80%932006)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Serbia (1990–2006)">Serbia</a>, supported by <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Montenegro" title="Socialist Republic of Montenegro">Montenegro</a> and Serbia's provinces of <a href="/wiki/Vojvodina" title="Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Province_of_Kosovo_and_Metohija" title="Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija">Kosovo</a>, unsuccessfully tried to obtain the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Presidency" class="mw-redirect" title="Yugoslav Presidency">Yugoslav Presidency</a>'s approval for a JNA operation to disarm Croatia's security forces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoare2010118–119_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoare2010118–119-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The request was denied, and a <a href="/wiki/Pakrac_clash" title="Pakrac clash">bloodless skirmish</a> between Serb insurgents and the <a href="/wiki/Croatian_special_police_order_of_battle_in_1991%E2%80%9395" class="mw-redirect" title="Croatian special police order of battle in 1991–95">Croatian special police</a> occurred that March.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamet2006384–385_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamet2006384–385-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This prompted the JNA itself to ask the Federal Presidency to grant it wartime authority and declare a <a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency" title="State of emergency">state of emergency</a>. Even though the request was backed by Serbia and its allies, on 15 March, the Federal Presidency declined. Serbian President <a href="/wiki/Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Slobodan Milošević">Slobodan Milošević</a>, preferring a campaign to expand Serbia rather than to preserve <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federative_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist Federative Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> with Croatia as a federal unit, publicly threatened to replace the JNA with a Serbian army and declared that he no longer recognized the authority of the Federal Presidency. As the JNA came under Milošević's control, the JNA abandoned its plans to preserve Yugoslavia in favour of expanding Serbia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoare2010119_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoare2010119-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first casualties of the conflict <a href="/wiki/Plitvice_Lakes_incident" title="Plitvice Lakes incident">occurred by the end of March</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngelberg_3_March_1991_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngelberg_3_March_1991-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early April, the leaders of the Serb revolt in Croatia declared their intention to unite the areas under their control with Serbia. These areas came to be viewed as breakaway regions by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Croatia" title="Government of Croatia">Government of Croatia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESudetic_2_April_1991_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESudetic_2_April_1991-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the beginning of 1991, Croatia had no regular army. To bolster its defence, Croatia doubled its police numbers to about 20,000. The most effective part of the Croatian police force was a 3,000-strong special police comprising twelve <a href="/wiki/Battalion" title="Battalion">battalions</a> organised along military lines. There were also 9,000–10,000 regionally organised reserve police in 16 battalions and 10 companies, but they lacked weapons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECIA200286_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA200286-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to the deteriorating situation, the Croatian government established the <a href="/wiki/Croatian_National_Guard" title="Croatian National Guard">Croatian National Guard</a> (Serbo-Croatian: <i lang="sh">Zbor narodne garde</i> – ZNG) in May by expanding the special police battalions into four all-professional guards brigades. Under the control of the Croatian <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Croatia)" title="Ministry of Defence (Croatia)">Ministry of Defence</a> and commanded by retired JNA <a href="/wiki/General" class="mw-redirect" title="General">General</a> <a href="/wiki/Martin_%C5%A0pegelj" title="Martin Špegelj">Martin Špegelj</a>, the four guards brigades comprised approximately 8,000 troops.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEECIS1999272–278_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEECIS1999272–278-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reserve police, also expanded to 40,000, was attached to the ZNG and reorganised into 19 brigades and 14 independent battalions. The guards brigades were the only units of the ZNG that were fully equipped with <a href="/wiki/Small_arms" class="mw-redirect" title="Small arms">small arms</a>; throughout the ZNG there was a lack of heavier weapons and there was poor command and control structure above the brigade level.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECIA200286_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA200286-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The shortage of heavy weapons was so severe that the ZNG resorted to using <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>-era arms taken from museums and film studios.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamet2006400_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamet2006400-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time, the Croatian weapon stockpile consisted of 30,000 small arms purchased abroad and 15,000 previously owned by the police. To replace the personnel lost to the guards brigades, a new 10,000-strong special police was established.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECIA200286_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA200286-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prelude">Prelude</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vukovar_massacre&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Prelude"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_3_-_Croatia_-_Eastern_Slavonia,_September_1991-January_1992.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map showing JNA military operations in eastern Slavonia, Syrmia and Baranja from September 1991 to January 1992, indicating movements from Serbia to cut off and reduce Vukovar and to capture territory south of Osijek." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Map_3_-_Croatia_-_Eastern_Slavonia%2C_September_1991-January_1992.jpg/220px-Map_3_-_Croatia_-_Eastern_Slavonia%2C_September_1991-January_1992.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Map_3_-_Croatia_-_Eastern_Slavonia%2C_September_1991-January_1992.jpg/330px-Map_3_-_Croatia_-_Eastern_Slavonia%2C_September_1991-January_1992.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Map_3_-_Croatia_-_Eastern_Slavonia%2C_September_1991-January_1992.jpg/440px-Map_3_-_Croatia_-_Eastern_Slavonia%2C_September_1991-January_1992.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1214" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Map of military operations in eastern Slavonia, September 1991 – January 1992.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vukovar" title="Battle of Vukovar">Battle of Vukovar</a></div> <p>After Croatia launched the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Barracks" title="Battle of the Barracks">Battle of the Barracks</a> on 14–15 September to capture the JNA's facilities in Croatia, the JNA launched a small-scale operation against <a href="/wiki/Vukovar" title="Vukovar">Vukovar</a> to relieve the city garrison.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECIA200298–99_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA200298–99-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, it began large-scale <a href="/wiki/Mobilization" title="Mobilization">mobilisation</a> of men in preparation for its <a href="/wiki/1991_Yugoslav_campaign_in_Croatia" title="1991 Yugoslav campaign in Croatia">campaign in Croatia</a>. It was met with widespread refusal of mobilised personnel to report to their designated units, desertions and an overall lack of enthusiasm for the campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECIA200298_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA200298-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The response rate was particularly poor in <a href="/wiki/Central_Serbia" title="Central Serbia">Central Serbia</a>, where only 26 percent of those called up reported for service.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarijan2012264_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarijan2012264-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This resulted in low troop availability, forcing the JNA to deploy fewer infantry units.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECIA200298_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA200298-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The JNA's offensive operations, directly associated with the campaign in the east Croatian region of <a href="/wiki/Slavonia" title="Slavonia">Slavonia</a>, were launched on 20 September. The assault on Vukovar gradually became the main effort of the campaign as the JNA was repeatedly unable to capture the city. The fighting in and around Vukovar lasted months and eventually drew in the JNA's main armoured force, which had previously been slated to advance west towards Serb-held areas in western Slavonia. In addition to relieving its Vukovar garrison, the JNA wished to dissipate the Croatian forces in the city so that they would not pose any threat to its rear in the event that the campaign progressed west of <a href="/wiki/Vinkovci" title="Vinkovci">Vinkovci</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECIA200299_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA200299-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The JNA was reinforced by local Serb-manned TO units and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Serbian_paramilitary_formations" title="List of Serbian paramilitary formations">Serbian paramilitary volunteers</a> who were meant to replace those reservists that had failed to respond to their call-up. The volunteers were often motivated by ethnic hatred, looted countless homes and committed numerous atrocities against civilians. After more than two months of fighting, the Croatian forces surrendered on 18 November.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECIA2002100–101_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA2002100–101-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vukovar sustained significant damage due to the JNA's artillery and rocket barrages. By the end of the battle, over 700,000 shells and other missiles had been fired at the city,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStoverWeinstein20048_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoverWeinstein20048-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at a rate of up to 12,000 per day.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorton2003132_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorton2003132-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timeline">Timeline</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vukovar_massacre&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Timeline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evacuation_arrangements">Evacuation arrangements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vukovar_massacre&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Evacuation arrangements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px"><div style="position:relative;width:300px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Croatia_location_map_Osijek-Zupanja-Ilok.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location map of eastern Slavonia"><img alt="Location map of eastern Slavonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Croatia_location_map_Osijek-Zupanja-Ilok.svg/300px-Croatia_location_map_Osijek-Zupanja-Ilok.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Croatia_location_map_Osijek-Zupanja-Ilok.svg/450px-Croatia_location_map_Osijek-Zupanja-Ilok.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Croatia_location_map_Osijek-Zupanja-Ilok.svg/600px-Croatia_location_map_Osijek-Zupanja-Ilok.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="408" data-file-height="296" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:43.86%;left:57.143%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Vukovar"><img alt="Vukovar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:4px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Vukovar" title="Vukovar">Vukovar</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:36.842%;left:54.464%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Borovo Naselje"><img alt="Borovo Naselje" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div><a href="/wiki/Borovo_Naselje" title="Borovo Naselje">Borovo Naselje</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:46.653%;left:45.372%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Zidine jct."><img alt="Zidine jct." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Zidine jct.</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:53.221%;left:61.234%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Ovčara"><img alt="Ovčara" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:4px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Ov%C4%8Dara_camp" title="Ovčara camp">Ovčara</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:54.386%;left:39.286%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Vinkovci"><img alt="Vinkovci" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div><a href="/wiki/Vinkovci" title="Vinkovci">Vinkovci</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:8.772%;left:29.464%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Osijek"><img alt="Osijek" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div><a href="/wiki/Osijek" title="Osijek">Osijek</a></div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Croatia_location_map_Osijek-Zupanja-Ilok.svg" title="File:Croatia location map Osijek-Zupanja-Ilok.svg">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Map of eastern Slavonia area between Osijek and Vukovar (<a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Croatia" title="Counties of Croatia">Modern county</a> lines provided for reference)</div></div></div> <p>On 17 November, <a href="/wiki/Major_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Major General">Major General</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrija_Ra%C5%A1eta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrija Rašeta (page does not exist)">Andrija Rašeta</a>, the commander of the JNA 5th (Zagreb) Military District, notified the <a href="/wiki/European_Community_Monitor_Mission" class="mw-redirect" title="European Community Monitor Mission">European Community Monitor Mission</a> (ECMM) that the JNA accepted in principle the quick evacuation of vulnerable persons from Vukovar. At the time, it was estimated that there were about 400 people trapped in the city's hospital, but the actual number was later discovered to be about 450.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChenu_18_November_1995_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChenu_18_November_1995-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This included about 40 patients receiving treatment for severe injuries sustained over the preceding few days and about 360 patients recovering from wounds suffered earlier on. In addition to these individuals, some civilians had taken shelter in the hospital in the final days of the battle. They moved there expecting to be evacuated from the city,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovi_list_9_April_2013_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENovi_list_9_April_2013-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> even though the hospital itself was subjected to daily artillery attack.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDnevnik_17_November_2006_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDnevnik_17_November_2006-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, a number of Croatian troops took refuge in the hospital posing as patients or staff.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKleinJonesMcDowell1998_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKleinJonesMcDowell1998-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 18 November, the Tripartite Commission, consisting of representatives of Croatia, the JNA and the ECMM, discussed methods of evacuation with representatives of the <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a> (ICRC), the <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res" title="Médecins Sans Frontières">Médecins Sans Frontières</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Malteser_International" title="Malteser International">Malteser International</a>. On the night of 18/19 November, Rašeta and Croatian <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_(Croatia)" title="Ministry of Health (Croatia)">Health Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Andrija_Hebrang_(son)" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrija Hebrang (son)">Andrija Hebrang</a> signed an agreement on the evacuation. The agreement guaranteed<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChenu_18_November_1995_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChenu_18_November_1995-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that the evacuees would travel via the route Lužac suburb–<a href="/wiki/Bogdanovci" title="Bogdanovci">Bogdanovci</a>–<a href="/wiki/Marinci,_Vukovar-Srijem_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Marinci, Vukovar-Srijem County">Marinci</a>–Zidine junction–<a href="/wiki/Nu%C5%A1tar" title="Nuštar">Nuštar</a>–Vinkovci.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENazor_March_2011_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENazor_March_2011-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were to be handed over to international authorities at the Zidine junction, the hospital was to be placed under the control of the ICRC and the ECMM was to oversee the entire operation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChenu_18_November_1995_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChenu_18_November_1995-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hebrang notified the hospital director Vesna Bosanac of the agreement and told her that ICRC teams would arrive.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovi_list_9_April_2013_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENovi_list_9_April_2013-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That evening <a href="/wiki/Sini%C5%A1a_Glava%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Siniša Glavašević">Siniša Glavašević</a>, a radio reporter who had covered the entire course of the siege from within the city, broadcast his final report from the hospital.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELončar201029_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELončar201029-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Glavašević himself hoped to leave the city with the ICRC, fearing for his life should the Serb paramilitaries capture him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittle_23_June_2011_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELittle_23_June_2011-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Takeover_of_the_hospital">Takeover of the hospital</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vukovar_massacre&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Takeover of the hospital"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On the morning of 19 November, the ECMM became aware that organised resistance had ceased in Vukovar, but it did not receive any information on the fate of the hospital patients. Consequently, the head of the ECMM, ambassador Dirk Jan van Houten, contacted Rašeta asking him to intervene on the ECMM's behalf.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChenu_18_November_1995_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChenu_18_November_1995-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That day, a JNA unit arrived at the hospital and Bosanac was taken to meet JNA <a href="/wiki/Colonel" title="Colonel">Colonel</a> <a href="/wiki/Mile_Mrk%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Mile Mrkšić">Mile Mrkšić</a>. According to Bosanac, Mrkšić told her that he was not obligated by the evacuation agreement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovi_list_9_April_2013_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENovi_list_9_April_2013-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even though the ICRC was not granted access to Vukovar by JNA officers at the scene,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChenu_18_November_1995_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChenu_18_November_1995-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the early evening of 19 November, ICRC representative Nicolas Borsinger managed to reach the hospital claiming he had an appointment with "a general". Once there, Borsinger found a JNA <a href="/wiki/Captain_(armed_forces)" title="Captain (armed forces)">captain</a> in charge of the facility who agreed to grant the ICRC access. Borsinger then rejoined the ICRC convoy that was moving towards the hospital to evacuate it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStover201155_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStover201155-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hospital was also toured by French reporter Agnès Vahramian that day,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvanković_18_November_2010_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvanković_18_November_2010-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and there she recorded an interview with <a href="/wiki/Jean-Michel_Nicolier" title="Jean-Michel Nicolier">Jean-Michel Nicolier</a>, a wounded Frenchman who fought alongside Croatian forces in Vukovar. Vahramian offered Nicolier a <a href="/wiki/Press_pass" title="Press pass">press pass</a> to try to get him out of the city, but he refused.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVuković_3_October_2012_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVuković_3_October_2012-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the morning of 20 November, the ICRC convoy reached Vukovar, only to be stopped at a bridge near the hospital. An armoured vehicle blocked access to the bridge leading to the hospital,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeBor_28_September_2007_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeBor_28_September_2007-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a JNA officer at the scene, <a href="/wiki/Major_(rank)" title="Major (rank)">Major</a> <a href="/wiki/Veselin_%C5%A0ljivan%C4%8Danin" title="Veselin Šljivančanin">Veselin Šljivančanin</a>, refused to let the ICRC pass.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStover201155_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStover201155-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In order to facilitate negotiations with the ICRC at the scene, <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> reporter <a href="/wiki/Martin_Bell" title="Martin Bell">Martin Bell</a> volunteered his interpreter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBell_22_August_201112:55–13:10_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell_22_August_201112:55–13:10-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a confrontation recorded by television cameras, Šljivančanin told the ICRC personnel: "This is my country, we have conquered this. This is Yugoslavia, and I am in command here!"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKurspahić200379_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurspahić200379-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ECMM personnel that had arrived at the Zidine junction to meet the returning convoy were informed by the JNA that the evacuees would instead be turned over to them in <a href="/wiki/Bosanski_%C5%A0amac" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosanski Šamac">Bosanski Šamac</a>, in northern Bosnia, on 22 November.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChenu_18_November_1995_20-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChenu_18_November_1995-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Šljivančanin held back the convoy, the prisoners were smuggled out of the hospital in buses in another direction.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeBor_28_September_2007_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeBor_28_September_2007-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In total, approximately 300 people were taken away from the hospital.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKovacevic_9_March_2004_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKovacevic_9_March_2004-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ovčara_farm"><span id="Ov.C4.8Dara_farm"></span>Ovčara farm</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vukovar_massacre&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ovčara farm"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Later on 20 November, Šljivančanin and Colonel <a href="/wiki/Neboj%C5%A1a_Pavkovi%C4%87" title="Nebojša Pavković">Nebojša Pavković</a> informed the press that the JNA would provide buses to transport the wounded out of Vukovar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPavelić_29_May_2006_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPavelić_29_May_2006-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, at about 10:30,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassese2009820_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECassese2009820-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the buses took the prisoners to the JNA barracks on the southern edge of Vukovar, where 15 men were separated from the group and returned to the hospital after being identified as hospital staff.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKleinJonesMcDowell1998_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKleinJonesMcDowell1998-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During their stay in the barracks, the Croatian Serb TO and Serbian paramilitaries threatened the prisoners. Croatian Serb leaders opposed moving the prisoners to detention facilities in Serbia, claiming they wished to prosecute them for alleged crimes committed against Serbs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassese2009820_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECassese2009820-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After spending two hours at the barracks, the buses took the prisoners to the Ovčara farm near the village of <a href="/wiki/Grabovo,_Croatia" title="Grabovo, Croatia">Grabovo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStover201156_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStover201156-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The group largely consisted of Croats, but also included several ethnic Serbs, <a href="/wiki/Muslims_(nationality)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslims (nationality)">Muslims</a>, ethnic Hungarians, the French national Nicolier, and one German national who fought in defence of Vukovar. It also included Rašeta's nephew, who worked at the Vukovar <a href="/wiki/Hospital_pharmacy" title="Hospital pharmacy">hospital pharmacy</a> at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvanković_18_November_2010_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvanković_18_November_2010-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The group taken to Ovčara consisted of 261 people. Sources disagree as to whether the group included one,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBell_22_August_201121:50–23:10_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell_22_August_201121:50–23:10-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or two women, one of whom was five months pregnant.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArmatta2010190_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmatta2010190-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The age of the prisoners ranged from 16 to 72.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBell_22_August_201121:50–23:10_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell_22_August_201121:50–23:10-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The youngest among them was 16-year-old Igor Kačić.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradarić_18_November_2012_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradarić_18_November_2012-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorovac_18_November_2012_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorovac_18_November_2012-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Igor_Kačić"><span id="Igor_Ka.C4.8Di.C4.87"></span>Igor Kačić</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vukovar_massacre&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Igor Kačić"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Igor_Kačić"></span> On November 20, 1991, two days after the fall of Vukovar, Kačić, his mother, and sisters came out of the make-shift shelter of the Vukovar hospital basement with other refugees under orders of the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_People%27s_Army" title="Yugoslav People's Army">Yugoslav People's Army</a> and local Serb forces. Outside, <a href="/wiki/Veselin_%C5%A0ljivan%C4%8Danin" title="Veselin Šljivančanin">Veselin Šljivančanin</a>, officer of the Yugoslav People's Army, was standing at the door separating the men from women and children. He pointed to Kačić, who was a tall and strong young man, and he put him among the men, saying: "You over there!". Igor Kačić's mother asked Šljivančanin "Why him, he's just a kid?" as she showed him Igor's health card with the date of his birth. Šljivančanin replied: "We'll check everything." That was the last time his mother and sisters saw Kačić. He was killed at <a href="/wiki/Ov%C4%8Dara,_Vukovar-Syrmia_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovčara, Vukovar-Syrmia County">Ovčara</a> the same day.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorovac_18_November_2012_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorovac_18_November_2012-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Massacre">Massacre</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vukovar_massacre&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Massacre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ovcara_building.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Ovcara_building.JPG/220px-Ovcara_building.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Ovcara_building.JPG/330px-Ovcara_building.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Ovcara_building.JPG/440px-Ovcara_building.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>The Ovčara farm in 2005, prior to the opening of the Ovčara Memorial Centre</figcaption></figure> <p>The prisoners were forced onto buses. Once they reached Ovčara, ten kilometres (six miles) away from Vukovar,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOttaway_7_January_1994_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOttaway_7_January_1994-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the captives were ordered from the buses one-by-one and forced to <a href="/wiki/Running_the_gauntlet" title="Running the gauntlet">run the gauntlet</a> past dozens of JNA troops and Serb paramilitaries towards a farm storage building. <a href="/wiki/Slavko_Dokmanovi%C4%87" title="Slavko Dokmanović">Slavko Dokmanović</a>, a former mayor of Vukovar, was one of the armed men involved in beating prisoners. As the captives were beaten, they were also stripped of their personal belongings, money and jewelry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStover201156_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStover201156-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the course of the day, the JNA military police failed to prevent soldiers of the Croatian Serb TO and Serbian paramilitaries from beating the prisoners in the storage building. They were beaten using sticks, rifle butts, chains,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassese2009820_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECassese2009820-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> baseball bats, and in one instance a wounded prisoner was beaten with his own crutches. By sundown, at least two men were beaten to death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStover201156–57_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStover201156–57-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, one of the captors shot five prisoners, including one Frenchman,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBijelić_27_September_2004_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBijelić_27_September_2004-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who is presumed to be Nicolier.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERašović_3_June_2012_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERašović_3_June_2012-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seven or eight men were returned to Vukovar on orders of the JNA, presumably released at the intervention of their Serb neighbours.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKleinJonesMcDowell1998_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKleinJonesMcDowell1998-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStover201157_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStover201157-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ultimately, Mrkšić ordered the JNA military police to withdraw from the farm, leaving the prisoners in the custody of a Croatian Serb TO unit led by Miroljub Vujović,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassese2009820_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECassese2009820-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> commander of the Croatian Serb TO in Vukovar, and the <i>Leva Supoderica</i> paramilitary unit.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETagirov_8_July_2004_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETagirov_8_July_2004-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Leva Supoderica</i> was a volunteer unit set up by the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Radical_Party" title="Serbian Radical Party">Serbian Radical Party</a> (<a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbo-Croatian language">Serbo-Croatian</a>: <i lang="sh">Srpska radikalna stranka</i>; SRS) in <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0id" title="Šid">Šid</a>, Serbia,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETagirov_8_July_2004_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETagirov_8_July_2004-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and subordinated to the JNA's 1st Guards Mechanised Brigade.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolitika_15_January_2008_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolitika_15_January_2008-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At about 18:00, the prisoners were divided into groups.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarden_26_January_1993_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarden_26_January_1993-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each group of 10 to 20 was loaded onto a truck and transported several hundred metres (yards) from the building towards a wooded ravine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStover201157_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStover201157-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the prisoners reached the previously prepared execution site, they were shot and buried in a <a href="/wiki/Mass_grave" title="Mass grave">mass grave</a> using a bulldozer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKleinJonesMcDowell1998_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKleinJonesMcDowell1998-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After 15–20 minutes, the truck would return empty to pick up the next group.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarden_26_January_1993_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarden_26_January_1993-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The final group of prisoners was executed just outside the farm building itself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolitika_1_July_2013_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolitika_1_July_2013-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 22:00 that evening, all of the prisoners had been killed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStover201157_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStover201157-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most sources place the number of victims at around 260.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKleinJonesMcDowell1998_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKleinJonesMcDowell1998-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This figure has been used by ICTY prosecutors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEICTY_22_July_201111_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEICTY_22_July_201111-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some estimates of the death toll go as high as 264.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHudson_25_September_2007_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHudson_25_September_2007-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArmatta2010191_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmatta2010191-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Croatian authorities believe that the total figure stands at 261.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorovac_18_November_2014_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorovac_18_November_2014-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vukovar_massacre&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Croatian Serb forces turned Ovčara into a <a href="/wiki/Internment_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Internment camp">prison camp</a> in early October 1991. Aside from the massacre, 3,000–4,000 male prisoners were temporarily held in the <a href="/wiki/Ov%C4%8Dara_camp" title="Ovčara camp">Ovčara camp</a> at some point during autumn of 1991 before being transported to the <a href="/wiki/Sremska_Mitrovica_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Sremska Mitrovica camp">prison in Sremska Mitrovica</a> or to the local JNA barracks, which was the transit point for Serbian <a href="/wiki/Detention_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Detention camp">detention camps</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Staji%C4%87evo_camp" title="Stajićevo camp">Stajićevo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Begejci_camp" title="Begejci camp">Begejci</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStoverPeress1998108–109_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoverPeress1998108–109-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following a series of political agreements concluded in 1991 and a ceasefire between the JNA and Croatia in early 1992, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Protection_Force" title="United Nations Protection Force">United Nations Protection Force</a> (UNPROFOR) was deployed for <a href="/wiki/Peacekeeping" title="Peacekeeping">peacekeeping</a> in certain parts of Croatia, including Vukovar and its surroundings. It began its deployment in March 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrbovich2008299–300_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrbovich2008299–300-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discovery_of_the_mass_grave">Discovery of the mass grave</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vukovar_massacre&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Discovery of the mass grave"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vukovar_-_Ovcara.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Vukovar_-_Ovcara.jpg/170px-Vukovar_-_Ovcara.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Vukovar_-_Ovcara.jpg/255px-Vukovar_-_Ovcara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Vukovar_-_Ovcara.jpg/340px-Vukovar_-_Ovcara.jpg 2x" data-file-width="681" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>A black marble monument has marked the site of the Ovčara <a href="/wiki/Mass_grave" title="Mass grave">mass grave</a> since 1998.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Forensic_anthropology" title="Forensic anthropology">Forensic anthropologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Clyde_Snow" title="Clyde Snow">Clyde Snow</a> learned of the massacre during his visit to <a href="/wiki/Zagreb" title="Zagreb">Zagreb</a> in October 1992. Snow travelled there as a <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> (UN) team member sent to investigate reports of war crimes. In a meeting Snow had with the <a href="/wiki/Dean_(education)" title="Dean (education)">dean</a> of the <a href="/wiki/School_of_Medicine,_University_of_Zagreb" title="School of Medicine, University of Zagreb">Zagreb University School of Medicine</a>, he was introduced to a former soldier who claimed to have survived the massacre and told Snow where it took place. Three days later, Snow went to Vukovar and drove to Ovčara accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police" title="Royal Canadian Mounted Police">Royal Canadian Mounted Police</a> <a href="/wiki/Sergeant" title="Sergeant">Sergeant</a> Larry Moore who was deployed to the region with the UNPROFOR. At the site, Moore spotted a human skull in the mud. A few days later, the UN declared the site a <a href="/wiki/Crime_scene" title="Crime scene">crime scene</a> and deployed Russian UNPROFOR troops to guard it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStover201152_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStover201152-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Snow put together a four-man team including himself to conduct a preliminary investigation of the site before the winter, and the team arrived at the site in December 1992. They examined the site still under guard by the Russian troops, excavated the skull spotted by Moore and the rest of the body, as well as another set of partially covered remains. The team excavated a one metre (3.3 feet) trench across the site. That allowed them to detect a few more bodies and infer the size of the grave. The information they obtained led Snow to conclude that the grave may contain more than two hundred bodies. The investigators also found spent <a href="/wiki/Cartridge_(firearms)" title="Cartridge (firearms)">cartridges</a> consistent with standard Yugoslav-built <a href="/wiki/AK-47" title="AK-47">AK-47s</a> on one side of the grave and bullet holes in trees on the opposite side, leading them to conclude that a <a href="/wiki/Firing_squad" class="mw-redirect" title="Firing squad">firing squad</a> had stood on one side of the pit and fired across or into it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStover201152–53_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStover201152–53-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Croatian authorities launched initiatives to exhume the bodies buried at Ovčara in 1993 and 1994, but those were unsuccessful.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarjanović_19_January_2014_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarjanović_19_January_2014-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A five-member Commission of Experts appointed by the <a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" title="Secretary-General of the United Nations">UN Secretary General</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUN_27_May_19941_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUN_27_May_19941-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> came to Ovčara to exhume the victims in October 1993. However, they were prevented from carrying out their work by the local Croatian Serb administration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUN_27_May_199479_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUN_27_May_199479-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the Croatian Serb authorities blocked several attempts to further investigate the mass grave at Ovčara, still under constant guard by the Russian peacekeepers, the site was visited by then-<a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_the_United_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to the United Nations">U.S. Ambassador to the UN</a> <a href="/wiki/Madeleine_Albright" title="Madeleine Albright">Madeleine Albright</a> in January 1994. She used the occasion to stress U.S. support for the <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_former_Yugoslavia" title="International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia">International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia</a> (ICTY), which had been set up in 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOttaway_7_January_1994_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOttaway_7_January_1994-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exhumation">Exhumation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vukovar_massacre&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Exhumation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ovcara_victims2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Ovcara_victims2.jpg/220px-Ovcara_victims2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Ovcara_victims2.jpg/330px-Ovcara_victims2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Ovcara_victims2.jpg/440px-Ovcara_victims2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1224" /></a><figcaption>Documents and personal belongings of the victims displayed at the Ovčara Memorial Centre</figcaption></figure> <p>The political situation in the area did not change until 1995. That year, Croatia militarily defeated the Croatian Serbs in offensives <a href="/wiki/Codename" class="mw-redirect" title="Codename">codenamed</a> <a href="/wiki/Operation_Flash" title="Operation Flash">Flash</a> and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Storm" title="Operation Storm">Storm</a>, in May and August respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERametMatić200746_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERametMatić200746-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That left eastern Slavonia as the last remaining Croatian Serb-held area.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPartos_13_June_2003_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPartos_13_June_2003-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gradual restoration of the area to Croatian rule was agreed upon in November through the <a href="/wiki/Erdut_Agreement" title="Erdut Agreement">Erdut Agreement</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERametMatić200746_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERametMatić200746-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Transitional_Administration_for_Eastern_Slavonia,_Baranja_and_Western_Sirmium" title="United Nations Transitional Administration for Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Sirmium">United Nations Transitional Administration for Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Sirmium</a> (UNTAES) peacekeeping mission was deployed to implement the agreement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERametMatić2007p._60,_note_37_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERametMatić2007p._60,_note_37-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The exhumation of the remains at Ovčara began on 1 September 1996 while the site was still under the constant guard of peacekeepers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUN_Chronology_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUN_Chronology-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exhumation was conducted by ICTY personnel and the <a href="/wiki/Physicians_for_Human_Rights" title="Physicians for Human Rights">Physicians for Human Rights</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUN_1_October_19965_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUN_1_October_19965-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with Croatian observers at the site. The excavation works uncovered a mass grave encompassing approximately 30 square metres (320 square feet) and containing a heap of intertwined bodies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarjanović_19_January_2014_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarjanović_19_January_2014-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the bodies exhibited evidence of multiple gunshot wounds. By 24 October, 200 sets of remains were recovered from the grave.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_New_York_Times_24_October_1996_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_New_York_Times_24_October_1996-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The remains were transported for forensic examination to the Zagreb University School of Medicine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUN_1_October_19965_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUN_1_October_19965-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the four years preceding the exhumation, Croatian authorities collected <i>ante-mortem</i> information on presumed victims, built a modern <a href="/wiki/Morgue" title="Morgue">morgue</a> at the School of Medicine and trained <a href="/wiki/Geneticist" title="Geneticist">geneticists</a> in <a href="/wiki/DNA_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA analysis">DNA analysis</a> to allow for the identification of those who could not be identified by ICTY investigators using traditional methods. By October 2002, 184 victims were identified, largely using DNA analyses,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStoverWeinstein200489_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoverWeinstein200489-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the figure was increased to 194 by 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradarić_20_November_2010_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradarić_20_November_2010-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Glavašević's remains were among those exhumed at Ovčara.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDnevnik_4_November_2014_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDnevnik_4_November_2014-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Croatian authorities suspect that a further 61 individuals killed at Ovčara were buried there as well.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorovac_18_November_2014_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorovac_18_November_2014-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They suspect one or more additional mass graves exist in the general area, or that the bodies originally buried at the site were moved to a secondary grave.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarjanović_19_January_2014_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarjanović_19_January_2014-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevenka Nekić, the Croatian author of a book on Nicolier, claims that an additional shallow grave was excavated at Ovčara in November 1991 and that Nicolier and 60 others were buried there. According to her, they were exhumed by Croatian Serb authorities and moved to a secondary location in early 1992 because the grave was so shallow that body parts protruded through the ground surface.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVuković_3_October_2012_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVuković_3_October_2012-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_crime_trials">War crime trials</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vukovar_massacre&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: War crime trials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In November 1995, the ICTY indicted Mrkšić, Šljivančanin and JNA captain <a href="/wiki/Miroslav_Radi%C4%87" title="Miroslav Radić">Miroslav Radić</a> for war crimes related to the Ovčara massacre.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerlez_5_January_1996_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerlez_5_January_1996-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The group was subsequently termed the "Vukovar three" by the media.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKovacevic_9_March_2004_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKovacevic_9_March_2004-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ICTY also charged Dokmanović, mayor of Vukovar at the time, with war crimes in connection with the massacre in a <a href="/wiki/Sealed_indictment" class="mw-redirect" title="Sealed indictment">sealed indictment</a> in March 1996. He was arrested by UNTAES troops in Operation Little Flower and transferred to the ICTY via <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cepin" title="Čepin">Čepin</a> Airfield on 27 June 1997. The operation was the first arrest of a person indicted by the ICTY by any UN force in the former Yugoslavia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKleinJonesMcDowell1998_23-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKleinJonesMcDowell1998-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dokmanović's trial never produced a verdict, however. He hanged himself in his ICTY prison cell on 28 June 1998, several days before a verdict was to be announced.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStover201157_45-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStover201157-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ICTY also linked Serb warlord <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDeljko_Ra%C5%BEnatovi%C4%87" class="mw-redirect" title="Željko Ražnatović">Željko Ražnatović</a> and his paramilitary formations to the massacre, but he was assassinated in Belgrade before he could be brought to trial.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBBC_News_15_January_2000_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC_News_15_January_2000-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mrkšić surrendered to the ICTY in the Netherlands in May 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKovacevic_9_March_2004_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKovacevic_9_March_2004-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Radić and Šljivančanin were arrested in Serbia in May and June 2003 respectively. The arrests were made shortly before the expiration of a deadline set by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">U.S. Congress</a> linking financial assistance to Serbia to its cooperation with the ICTY.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoare2005220_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoare2005220-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2007, the ICTY convicted Mrkšić and Šljivančanin, but acquitted Radić. Mrkšić received a 20-year prison sentence, while Šljivančanin was sentenced to five years in prison. In 2009, Šljivančanin's sentence was increased to 17 years in prison on appeal and finally reduced to ten years following a review of the judgment in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark2014134–135_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark2014134–135-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ICTY also indicted Milošević, as well as <a href="/wiki/Jovica_Stani%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Jovica Stanišić">Jovica Stanišić</a> and <a href="/wiki/Franko_Simatovi%C4%87" title="Franko Simatović">Franko Simatović</a> of the Serbian <a href="/wiki/State_Security_Service_(Serbia)" class="mw-redirect" title="State Security Service (Serbia)">State Security Service</a>, Croatian Serb political leader <a href="/wiki/Goran_Had%C5%BEi%C4%87" title="Goran Hadžić">Goran Hadžić</a> and the leader of the Serbian Radical Party <a href="/wiki/Vojislav_%C5%A0e%C5%A1elj" title="Vojislav Šešelj">Vojislav Šešelj</a> for various war crimes, including those committed in Vukovar. <a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Trial of Slobodan Milošević">Milošević's trial</a> ended without any verdict upon his death in March 2006, while the Vukovar-related charges against Stanišić and Simatović were dropped from their indictments even before the pair were acquitted on all counts in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark2014p._135,_note_15_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark2014p._135,_note_15-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 2016, Šešelj was acquitted on all counts, pending appeal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBBC_News_31_March_2016_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC_News_31_March_2016-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018, he was convicted of <a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">hate speech</a> for inciting the deportation of Croats from <a href="/wiki/Hrtkovci" title="Hrtkovci">Hrtkovci</a> in 1992, and sentenced to ten years imprisonment, but acquitted on all other counts, including those pertaining to Vukovar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBBC_News_11_April_2018_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC_News_11_April_2018-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hadžić died of cancer in July 2016, before his trial could be completed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBBC_News_12_July_2016_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC_News_12_July_2016-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2015<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vukovar_massacre&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, Serbian authorities have convicted 15 people in connection with the Ovčara massacre. In 2010, Vujović and Stanko Vujanović (deputy commander of Croatian Serb TO in Vukovar) were convicted and sentenced to 20 years in prison along with eleven others,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDerikonjić_14_February_2015_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDerikonjić_14_February_2015-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> all of them former members of the Croatian Serb TO or <i>Leva Supoderica</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETagirov_8_July_2004_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETagirov_8_July_2004-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Predrag Milojević, Đorđe Šošić, Miroslav Đanković and Saša Radak were sentenced to 20 years in prison, Milan Vojnović and Ivan Antonijević were sentenced to 15 years in prison, Jovica Perić was sentenced to 13 years, Nada Kalaba was sentenced to 11 years, Milan Lančužanin was sentenced to seven, and Predrag Dragović and Goran Mugoša were given five-year prison sentences.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDerikonjić_14_February_2015_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDerikonjić_14_February_2015-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 2013, these convictions were set aside by the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Serbia" title="Constitutional Court of Serbia">Constitutional Court of Serbia</a> and the case was returned to the Court of Appeals for a new trial.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDerikonjić_14_December_2013_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDerikonjić_14_December_2013-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 2015, Vujović, Vujanović, Milojević, Radak, Šošić and Đanković were released from custody based on a decision of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Cassation_(Serbia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court of Cassation (Serbia)">Supreme Court of Cassation</a> pending a retrial by the Court of Appeals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDerikonjić_14_February_2015_78-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDerikonjić_14_February_2015-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a separate trial completed in 2014, Serbian authorities convicted and sentenced Petar Ćirić to 15 years in prison for participating in the massacre as a member of <i>Leva Supoderica</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELisjak_25_November_2014_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELisjak_25_November_2014-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 2015, the <a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a> (ICJ) ruled that the siege and ensuing massacre did not constitute genocide, though it confirmed that serious crimes had taken place.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair_3_February_2015_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair_3_February_2015-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBBC_News_3_February_2015_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC_News_3_February_2015-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commemoration">Commemoration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vukovar_massacre&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Commemoration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ovcara_Memorial.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Ovcara_Memorial.JPG/220px-Ovcara_Memorial.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Ovcara_Memorial.JPG/330px-Ovcara_Memorial.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Ovcara_Memorial.JPG/440px-Ovcara_Memorial.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>By 2014, the Ovčara Memorial Centre had received about 500,000 visitors</figcaption></figure> <p>Since 1998, the victims of the Battle of Vukovar and the events that occurred in its immediate aftermath are commemorated annually on 18 November by a procession starting at the Vukovar hospital and reaching the city's memorial cemetery. In 2014, the event drew 80,000 participants.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButigan_18_November_2014_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButigan_18_November_2014-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Remembrance_Day_(Croatia)" title="Remembrance Day (Croatia)">The Day of Remembrance of the Victims of Vukovar </a> became a national public holiday in 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBalkan_Insight_18_November_2020_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalkan_Insight_18_November_2020-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A monument sculpted by Slavomir Drinković that marks the site of the mass grave at Ovčara was unveiled on 30 December 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHRT_30_December_1998_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHRT_30_December_1998-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Monuments of the same design have subsequently been used to mark all the other mass graves from the Croatian War of Independence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiluš_19_June_2007_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiluš_19_June_2007-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The massacre itself has come to be referred to as the Vukovar massacre,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBideleuxJeffries2007312_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBideleuxJeffries2007312-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Ovčara massacre,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStover201152_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStover201152-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the Vukovar hospital massacre.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGow2003163_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGow2003163-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was by far the largest massacre committed during the Croatian War of Independence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECencich2013120_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECencich2013120-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2006, the Ovčara Memorial Centre, designed by Miljenko Romić, opened at the site of the former Ovčara farm.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlas_Slavonije_17_November_2012_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlas_Slavonije_17_November_2012-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The centre opened in a remodeled storage building where prisoners were held on 20 November 1991 before they were executed. The dim interior of the building, accessed through a glass-encased foyer, features illuminated photographs of 200 victims exhumed from the mass grave and the 61 missing who were executed at Ovčara. The concrete floor contains encased spent cartridges and the Spiral of Evil (Serbo-Croatian: <i lang="sh">Spirala zla</i>) sculpture displaying the names of 261 victims. The ceiling contains 261 lighting fixtures symbolising the number of victims. The centre also contains an exhibition of personal belongings and documents found in the mass grave. The completion of the centre was funded by the City of Zagreb at the cost of 2 million <a href="/wiki/Croatian_kuna" title="Croatian kuna">kuna</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 270,000 <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euro</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButigan_23_November_2006_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButigan_23_November_2006-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By July 2014, the centre was visited by about 500,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlego_7_July_2014_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlego_7_July_2014-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year, Croatia launched an education programme which entails visits to the centre by eighth-grade pupils, and 50,000 pupils are scheduled to visit the centre annually.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradarić_31_October_2014_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradarić_31_October_2014-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010, Serbian President <a href="/wiki/Boris_Tadi%C4%87" title="Boris Tadić">Boris Tadić</a> visited the memorial centre and the mass grave site, as the first Serbian head of state to do so. He laid wreaths at the site and apologized on behalf of the Serbian state.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBBC_News_4_November_2010_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC_News_4_November_2010-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several victims of the massacre are honoured individually in Vukovar. There is a monument honouring Kačić together with his father who was killed on 2 October 1991 during the Battle of Vukovar,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradarić_18_November_2012_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradarić_18_November_2012-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a bridge in the city is named after Nicolier,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradarić_18_October_2014_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradarić_18_October_2014-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and one of the city's schools is named after Glavašević.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIndex.hr_5_November_2007_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIndex.hr_5_November_2007-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vukovar_massacre&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of massacres in Croatia">List of massacres in Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velepromet_camp" title="Velepromet camp">Velepromet camp</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vukovar_massacre&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoare2010117-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoare2010117_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoare2010">Hoare 2010</a>, p. 117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoare2010118-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoare2010118_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoare2010">Hoare 2010</a>, p. 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_New_York_Times_19_August_1990-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_New_York_Times_19_August_1990_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThe_New_York_Times_19_August_1990">The New York Times 19 August 1990</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodward1995170-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodward1995170_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWoodward1995">Woodward 1995</a>, p. 170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoare2010118–119-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoare2010118–119_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoare2010">Hoare 2010</a>, pp. 118–119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERamet2006384–385-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamet2006384–385_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRamet2006">Ramet 2006</a>, pp. 384–385.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoare2010119-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoare2010119_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoare2010">Hoare 2010</a>, p. 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngelberg_3_March_1991-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngelberg_3_March_1991_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEngelberg_3_March_1991">Engelberg 3 March 1991</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESudetic_2_April_1991-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESudetic_2_April_1991_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSudetic_2_April_1991">Sudetic 2 April 1991</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA200286-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECIA200286_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECIA200286_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECIA200286_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCIA2002">CIA 2002</a>, p. 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEECIS1999272–278-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEECIS1999272–278_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEECIS1999">EECIS 1999</a>, pp. 272–278.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERamet2006400-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamet2006400_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRamet2006">Ramet 2006</a>, p. 400.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA200298–99-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECIA200298–99_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCIA2002">CIA 2002</a>, pp. 98–99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA200298-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECIA200298_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECIA200298_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCIA2002">CIA 2002</a>, p. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarijan2012264-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarijan2012264_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarijan2012">Marijan 2012</a>, p. 264.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA200299-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECIA200299_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCIA2002">CIA 2002</a>, p. 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA2002100–101-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECIA2002100–101_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCIA2002">CIA 2002</a>, pp. 100–101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoverWeinstein20048-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStoverWeinstein20048_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStoverWeinstein2004">Stover & Weinstein 2004</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorton2003132-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorton2003132_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHorton2003">Horton 2003</a>, p. 132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChenu_18_November_1995-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChenu_18_November_1995_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChenu_18_November_1995_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChenu_18_November_1995_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChenu_18_November_1995_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChenu_18_November_1995_20-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChenu_18_November_1995_20-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChenu_18_November_1995">Chenu 18 November 1995</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENovi_list_9_April_2013-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovi_list_9_April_2013_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovi_list_9_April_2013_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovi_list_9_April_2013_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNovi_list_9_April_2013">Novi list 9 April 2013</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDnevnik_17_November_2006-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDnevnik_17_November_2006_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDnevnik_17_November_2006">Dnevnik 17 November 2006</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKleinJonesMcDowell1998-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKleinJonesMcDowell1998_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKleinJonesMcDowell1998_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKleinJonesMcDowell1998_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKleinJonesMcDowell1998_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKleinJonesMcDowell1998_23-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKleinJonesMcDowell1998_23-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKleinJonesMcDowell1998">Klein, Jones & McDowell 1998</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENazor_March_2011-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENazor_March_2011_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNazor_March_2011">Nazor March 2011</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELončar201029-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELončar201029_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLončar2010">Lončar 2010</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELittle_23_June_2011-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittle_23_June_2011_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLittle_23_June_2011">Little 23 June 2011</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStover201155-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStover201155_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStover201155_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStover2011">Stover 2011</a>, p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvanković_18_November_2010-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvanković_18_November_2010_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvanković_18_November_2010_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIvanković_18_November_2010">Ivanković 18 November 2010</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVuković_3_October_2012-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVuković_3_October_2012_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVuković_3_October_2012_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVuković_3_October_2012">Vuković 3 October 2012</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeBor_28_September_2007-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeBor_28_September_2007_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeBor_28_September_2007_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeBor_28_September_2007">LeBor 28 September 2007</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell_22_August_201112:55–13:10-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBell_22_August_201112:55–13:10_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBell_22_August_2011">Bell 22 August 2011</a>, 12:55–13:10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurspahić200379-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKurspahić200379_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKurspahić2003">Kurspahić 2003</a>, p. 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKovacevic_9_March_2004-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKovacevic_9_March_2004_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKovacevic_9_March_2004_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKovacevic_9_March_2004_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKovacevic_9_March_2004">Kovacevic 9 March 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPavelić_29_May_2006-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPavelić_29_May_2006_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPavelić_29_May_2006">Pavelić 29 May 2006</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECassese2009820-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassese2009820_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassese2009820_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassese2009820_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassese2009820_35-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCassese2009">Cassese 2009</a>, p. 820.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStover201156-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStover201156_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStover201156_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStover2011">Stover 2011</a>, p. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell_22_August_201121:50–23:10-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBell_22_August_201121:50–23:10_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBell_22_August_201121:50–23:10_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBell_22_August_2011">Bell 22 August 2011</a>, 21:50–23:10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmatta2010190-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArmatta2010190_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArmatta2010">Armatta 2010</a>, p. 190.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradarić_18_November_2012-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradarić_18_November_2012_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradarić_18_November_2012_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBradarić_18_November_2012">Bradarić 18 November 2012</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorovac_18_November_2012-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorovac_18_November_2012_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorovac_18_November_2012_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBorovac_18_November_2012">Borovac 18 November 2012</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOttaway_7_January_1994-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOttaway_7_January_1994_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOttaway_7_January_1994_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOttaway_7_January_1994">Ottaway 7 January 1994</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStover201156–57-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStover201156–57_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStover2011">Stover 2011</a>, pp. 56–57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBijelić_27_September_2004-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBijelić_27_September_2004_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBijelić_27_September_2004">Bijelić 27 September 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERašović_3_June_2012-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERašović_3_June_2012_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRašović_3_June_2012">Rašović 3 June 2012</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStover201157-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStover201157_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStover201157_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStover201157_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStover201157_45-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStover2011">Stover 2011</a>, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETagirov_8_July_2004-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETagirov_8_July_2004_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETagirov_8_July_2004_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETagirov_8_July_2004_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTagirov_8_July_2004">Tagirov 8 July 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolitika_15_January_2008-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolitika_15_January_2008_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPolitika_15_January_2008">Politika 15 January 2008</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarden_26_January_1993-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarden_26_January_1993_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarden_26_January_1993_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarden_26_January_1993">Harden 26 January 1993</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolitika_1_July_2013-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolitika_1_July_2013_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPolitika_1_July_2013">Politika 1 July 2013</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEICTY_22_July_201111-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEICTY_22_July_201111_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFICTY_22_July_2011">ICTY 22 July 2011</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHudson_25_September_2007-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHudson_25_September_2007_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHudson_25_September_2007">Hudson 25 September 2007</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmatta2010191-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArmatta2010191_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArmatta2010">Armatta 2010</a>, p. 191.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorovac_18_November_2014-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorovac_18_November_2014_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorovac_18_November_2014_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBorovac_18_November_2014">Borovac 18 November 2014</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoverPeress1998108–109-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStoverPeress1998108–109_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStoverPeress1998">Stover & Peress 1998</a>, pp. 108–109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrbovich2008299–300-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrbovich2008299–300_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrbovich2008">Trbovich 2008</a>, pp. 299–300.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStover201152-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStover201152_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStover201152_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStover2011">Stover 2011</a>, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStover201152–53-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStover201152–53_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStover2011">Stover 2011</a>, pp. 52–53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarjanović_19_January_2014-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarjanović_19_January_2014_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarjanović_19_January_2014_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarjanović_19_January_2014_58-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarjanović_19_January_2014">Marjanović 19 January 2014</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUN_27_May_19941-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUN_27_May_19941_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUN_27_May_1994">UN 27 May 1994</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUN_27_May_199479-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUN_27_May_199479_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUN_27_May_1994">UN 27 May 1994</a>, p. 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERametMatić200746-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERametMatić200746_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERametMatić200746_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRametMatić2007">Ramet & Matić 2007</a>, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPartos_13_June_2003-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPartos_13_June_2003_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPartos_13_June_2003">Partos 13 June 2003</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERametMatić2007p._60,_note_37-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERametMatić2007p._60,_note_37_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRametMatić2007">Ramet & Matić 2007</a>, p. 60, note 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUN_Chronology-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUN_Chronology_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUN_Chronology">UN Chronology</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUN_1_October_19965-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUN_1_October_19965_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUN_1_October_19965_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUN_1_October_1996">UN 1 October 1996</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_New_York_Times_24_October_1996-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_New_York_Times_24_October_1996_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThe_New_York_Times_24_October_1996">The New York Times 24 October 1996</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoverWeinstein200489-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStoverWeinstein200489_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStoverWeinstein2004">Stover & Weinstein 2004</a>, p. 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradarić_20_November_2010-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradarić_20_November_2010_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBradarić_20_November_2010">Bradarić 20 November 2010</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDnevnik_4_November_2014-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDnevnik_4_November_2014_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDnevnik_4_November_2014">Dnevnik 4 November 2014</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerlez_5_January_1996-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerlez_5_January_1996_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPerlez_5_January_1996">Perlez 5 January 1996</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC_News_15_January_2000-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBBC_News_15_January_2000_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBBC_News_15_January_2000">BBC News 15 January 2000</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoare2005220-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoare2005220_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoare2005">Hoare 2005</a>, p. 220.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark2014134–135-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark2014134–135_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClark2014">Clark 2014</a>, pp. 134–135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark2014p._135,_note_15-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark2014p._135,_note_15_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClark2014">Clark 2014</a>, p. 135, note 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC_News_31_March_2016-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBBC_News_31_March_2016_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBBC_News_31_March_2016">BBC News 31 March 2016</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC_News_11_April_2018-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBBC_News_11_April_2018_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBBC_News_11_April_2018">BBC News 11 April 2018</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC_News_12_July_2016-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBBC_News_12_July_2016_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBBC_News_12_July_2016">BBC News 12 July 2016</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDerikonjić_14_February_2015-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDerikonjić_14_February_2015_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDerikonjić_14_February_2015_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDerikonjić_14_February_2015_78-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDerikonjić_14_February_2015">Derikonjić 14 February 2015</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDerikonjić_14_December_2013-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDerikonjić_14_December_2013_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDerikonjić_14_December_2013">Derikonjić 14 December 2013</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELisjak_25_November_2014-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELisjak_25_November_2014_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLisjak_25_November_2014">Lisjak 25 November 2014</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair_3_February_2015-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair_3_February_2015_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlair_3_February_2015">Blair 3 February 2015</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC_News_3_February_2015-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBBC_News_3_February_2015_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBBC_News_3_February_2015">BBC News 3 February 2015</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEButigan_18_November_2014-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButigan_18_November_2014_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFButigan_18_November_2014">Butigan 18 November 2014</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalkan_Insight_18_November_2020-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBalkan_Insight_18_November_2020_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBalkan_Insight_18_November_2020">Balkan Insight 18 November 2020</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHRT_30_December_1998-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHRT_30_December_1998_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHRT_30_December_1998">HRT 30 December 1998</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiluš_19_June_2007-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiluš_19_June_2007_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBiluš_19_June_2007">Biluš 19 June 2007</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBideleuxJeffries2007312-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBideleuxJeffries2007312_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBideleuxJeffries2007">Bideleux & Jeffries 2007</a>, p. 312.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGow2003163-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGow2003163_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGow2003">Gow 2003</a>, p. 163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECencich2013120-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECencich2013120_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCencich2013">Cencich 2013</a>, p. 120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlas_Slavonije_17_November_2012-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlas_Slavonije_17_November_2012_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGlas_Slavonije_17_November_2012">Glas Slavonije 17 November 2012</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEButigan_23_November_2006-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButigan_23_November_2006_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFButigan_23_November_2006">Butigan 23 November 2006</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlego_7_July_2014-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlego_7_July_2014_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlego_7_July_2014">Flego 7 July 2014</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradarić_31_October_2014-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradarić_31_October_2014_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBradarić_31_October_2014">Bradarić 31 October 2014</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC_News_4_November_2010-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBBC_News_4_November_2010_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBBC_News_4_November_2010">BBC News 4 November 2010</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradarić_18_October_2014-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradarić_18_October_2014_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBradarić_18_October_2014">Bradarić 18 October 2014</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIndex.hr_5_November_2007-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIndex.hr_5_November_2007_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIndex.hr_5_November_2007">Index.hr 5 November 2007</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vukovar_massacre&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Books</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFArmatta2010" class="citation book cs1">Armatta, Judith (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pXygFoqg-G0C"><i>Twilight of Impunity: The War Crimes Trial of Slobodan Milosevic</i></a>. Durham, North Carolina: <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-4746-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-4746-0"><bdi>978-0-8223-4746-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Twilight+of+Impunity%3A+The+War+Crimes+Trial+of+Slobodan+Milosevic&rft.place=Durham%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-4746-0&rft.aulast=Armatta&rft.aufirst=Judith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpXygFoqg-G0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVukovar+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBideleuxJeffries2007" class="citation book cs1">Bideleux, Robert; Jeffries, Ian (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/balkanspostcommu0000bide"><i>The Balkans: A Post-Communist History</i></a></span>. London, England: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134583287" title="Special:BookSources/9781134583287"><bdi>9781134583287</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Balkans%3A+A+Post-Communist+History&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781134583287&rft.aulast=Bideleux&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Jeffries%2C+Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbalkanspostcommu0000bide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVukovar+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCassese2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Cassese" title="Antonio Cassese">Cassese, Antonio</a>, ed. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ioJoAgAAQBAJ"><i>The Oxford Companion to International Criminal Justice</i></a>. Oxford, England: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191553448" title="Special:BookSources/9780191553448"><bdi>9780191553448</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+International+Criminal+Justice&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780191553448&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DioJoAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVukovar+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCencich2013" class="citation book cs1">Cencich, John R. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tKiYPwudOZoC"><i>The Devil's Garden: A War Crimes Investigator's Story</i></a>. Lincoln, Nebraska: <a href="/wiki/Potomac_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Potomac Books">Potomac Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781612341729" title="Special:BookSources/9781612341729"><bdi>9781612341729</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Devil%27s+Garden%3A+A+War+Crimes+Investigator%27s+Story&rft.place=Lincoln%2C+Nebraska&rft.pub=Potomac+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781612341729&rft.aulast=Cencich&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtKiYPwudOZoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVukovar+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCIA2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>, Office of Russian and European Analysis (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=it1IAQAAIAAJ"><i>Balkan Battlegrounds: A Military History of the Yugoslav Conflict, 1990–1995</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>: Central Intelligence Agency. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780160664724" title="Special:BookSources/9780160664724"><bdi>9780160664724</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/50396958">50396958</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Balkan+Battlegrounds%3A+A+Military+History+of+the+Yugoslav+Conflict%2C+1990%E2%80%931995&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F50396958&rft.isbn=9780160664724&rft.au=Central+Intelligence+Agency%2C+Office+of+Russian+and+European+Analysis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dit1IAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVukovar+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2014" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Janine Natalya (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=373cAwAAQBAJ"><i>International Trials and Reconciliation: Assessing the Impact of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia</i></a>. London, England: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317974758" title="Special:BookSources/9781317974758"><bdi>9781317974758</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Trials+and+Reconciliation%3A+Assessing+the+Impact+of+the+International+Criminal+Tribunal+for+the+Former+Yugoslavia&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781317974758&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Janine+Natalya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D373cAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVukovar+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEECIS1999" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qmN95fFocsMC"><i>Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States</i></a>. London, England: Routledge. 1999. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85743-058-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85743-058-5"><bdi>978-1-85743-058-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eastern+Europe+and+the+Commonwealth+of+Independent+States&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-85743-058-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqmN95fFocsMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVukovar+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGow2003" class="citation book cs1">Gow, James (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LCAbMi9yeGsC"><i>The Serbian Project and Its Adversaries: A Strategy of War Crimes</i></a>. London, England: <a href="/wiki/C._Hurst_%26_Co." title="C. Hurst & Co.">C. Hurst & Co.</a> <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781850656463" title="Special:BookSources/9781850656463"><bdi>9781850656463</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Serbian+Project+and+Its+Adversaries%3A+A+Strategy+of+War+Crimes&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pub=C.+Hurst+%26+Co.&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781850656463&rft.aulast=Gow&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLCAbMi9yeGsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVukovar+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoare2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marko_Attila_Hoare" title="Marko Attila Hoare">Hoare, Marko Attila</a> (2005). "Crime and the Economy in Serbia after Milošević". In Ramet, Sabrina P. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aENQit9KT0sC"><i>Serbia Since 1989: Politics and Society under Milošević and After</i></a>. Seattle, Washington: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington_Press" title="University of Washington Press">University of Washington Press</a>. pp. 212–226. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780295802077" title="Special:BookSources/9780295802077"><bdi>9780295802077</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Crime+and+the+Economy+in+Serbia+after+Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87&rft.btitle=Serbia+Since+1989%3A+Politics+and+Society+under+Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87+and+After&rft.place=Seattle%2C+Washington&rft.pages=212-226&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780295802077&rft.aulast=Hoare&rft.aufirst=Marko+Attila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaENQit9KT0sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVukovar+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoare2010" class="citation book cs1">Hoare, Marko Attila (2010). "The War of Yugoslav Succession". In Ramet, Sabrina P. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oFXdiS25N78C"><i>Central and Southeast European Politics Since 1989</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>, England: Cambridge University Press. pp. 111–136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-48750-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-48750-4"><bdi>978-1-139-48750-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+War+of+Yugoslav+Succession&rft.btitle=Central+and+Southeast+European+Politics+Since+1989&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pages=111-136&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-139-48750-4&rft.aulast=Hoare&rft.aufirst=Marko+Attila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoFXdiS25N78C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVukovar+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorton2003" class="citation book cs1">Horton, Richard C. (2003). <i>Second Opinion: Doctors, Diseases and Decisions in Modern Medicine</i>. London: Granta Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86207-587-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86207-587-0"><bdi>978-1-86207-587-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Second+Opinion%3A+Doctors%2C+Diseases+and+Decisions+in+Modern+Medicine&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Granta+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-86207-587-0&rft.aulast=Horton&rft.aufirst=Richard+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVukovar+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurspahić2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kemal_Kurspahi%C4%87" title="Kemal Kurspahić">Kurspahić, Kemal</a> (2003). <i>Prime Time Crime: Balkan Media in War and Peace</i>. Washington, D.C.: US Institute of Peace Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-929223-39-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-929223-39-8"><bdi>978-1-929223-39-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prime+Time+Crime%3A+Balkan+Media+in+War+and+Peace&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=US+Institute+of+Peace+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-929223-39-8&rft.aulast=Kurspahi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Kemal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVukovar+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamet2006" class="citation book cs1">Ramet, Sabrina P. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FTw3lEqi2-oC"><i>The Three Yugoslavias: State-Building And Legitimation, 1918–2006</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomington,_Indiana" title="Bloomington, Indiana">Bloomington, Indiana</a>: <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Press" title="Indiana University Press">Indiana University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34656-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34656-8"><bdi>978-0-253-34656-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Three+Yugoslavias%3A+State-Building+And+Legitimation%2C+1918%E2%80%932006&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+Indiana&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-253-34656-8&rft.aulast=Ramet&rft.aufirst=Sabrina+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFTw3lEqi2-oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVukovar+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRametMatić2007" class="citation book cs1">Ramet, Sabrina P.; Matić, Davorka (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LIAOo5oYThUC"><i>Democratic Transition in Croatia: Value Transformation, Education & Media</i></a>. College Station, Texas: <a href="/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University_Press" title="Texas A&M University Press">Texas A&M University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58544-587-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58544-587-5"><bdi>978-1-58544-587-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Democratic+Transition+in+Croatia%3A+Value+Transformation%2C+Education+%26+Media&rft.place=College+Station%2C+Texas&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-58544-587-5&rft.aulast=Ramet&rft.aufirst=Sabrina+P.&rft.au=Mati%C4%87%2C+Davorka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLIAOo5oYThUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVukovar+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStoverPeress1998" class="citation book cs1">Stover, Eric; Peress, Gilles (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IYbdAAAAIAAJ"><i>The Graves: Srebrenica and Vukovar</i></a>. Zurich, Switzerland: Scalo. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783931141769" title="Special:BookSources/9783931141769"><bdi>9783931141769</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Graves%3A+Srebrenica+and+Vukovar&rft.place=Zurich%2C+Switzerland&rft.pub=Scalo&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9783931141769&rft.aulast=Stover&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft.au=Peress%2C+Gilles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIYbdAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVukovar+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStoverWeinstein2004" class="citation book cs1">Stover, Eric; Weinstein, Harvey M (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MdEC6SF7xwsC"><i>My Neighbor, My Enemy: Justice and Community in the Aftermath of Mass Atrocity</i></a>. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-54264-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-54264-7"><bdi>978-0-521-54264-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Neighbor%2C+My+Enemy%3A+Justice+and+Community+in+the+Aftermath+of+Mass+Atrocity&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-521-54264-7&rft.aulast=Stover&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft.au=Weinstein%2C+Harvey+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMdEC6SF7xwsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVukovar+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStover2011" class="citation book cs1">Stover, Eric (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HRzrknUnm6cC"><i>The Witnesses: War Crimes and the Promise of Justice in The Hague</i></a>. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Press" title="University of Pennsylvania Press">University of Pennsylvania Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780812203783" title="Special:BookSources/9780812203783"><bdi>9780812203783</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Witnesses%3A+War+Crimes+and+the+Promise+of+Justice+in+The+Hague&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780812203783&rft.aulast=Stover&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHRzrknUnm6cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVukovar+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrbovich2008" class="citation book cs1">Trbovich, Ana S. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0uPN9_B3Lr4C"><i>A Legal Geography of Yugoslavia's Disintegration</i></a>. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195333435" title="Special:BookSources/9780195333435"><bdi>9780195333435</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Legal+Geography+of+Yugoslavia%27s+Disintegration&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780195333435&rft.aulast=Trbovich&rft.aufirst=Ana+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0uPN9_B3Lr4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVukovar+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodward1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Susan_L._Woodward" title="Susan L. Woodward">Woodward, Susan L.</a> (1995). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/balkantragedycha00wood"><i>Balkan Tragedy: Chaos and Dissolution after the Cold War</i></a></span>. Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/Brookings_Institution_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Brookings Institution Press">Brookings Institution Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780815722953" title="Special:BookSources/9780815722953"><bdi>9780815722953</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Balkan+Tragedy%3A+Chaos+and+Dissolution+after+the+Cold+War&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780815722953&rft.aulast=Woodward&rft.aufirst=Susan+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbalkantragedycha00wood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVukovar+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <dl><dt>Scientific journal articles</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKleinJonesMcDowell1998" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Paul_Klein" title="Jacques Paul Klein">Klein, Jacques Paul</a>; Jones, David Sterling; McDowell, Paul J. (1 April 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402104359/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-32279220.html">"Operation Little Flower: The United Nations' apprehension of an indicted war criminal"</a>. <i>Military Intelligence Professional Bulletin</i>. <a href="/wiki/Fort_Huachuca" title="Fort Huachuca">Fort Huachuca</a>, Arizona: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Intelligence_Center" title="United States Army Intelligence Center">United States Army Intelligence Center</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0026-4024">0026-4024</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-32279220.html">the original</a> on 2015-04-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-03-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Military+Intelligence+Professional+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Operation+Little+Flower%3A+The+United+Nations%27+apprehension+of+an+indicted+war+criminal&rft.date=1998-04-01&rft.issn=0026-4024&rft.aulast=Klein&rft.aufirst=Jacques+Paul&rft.au=Jones%2C+David+Sterling&rft.au=McDowell%2C+Paul+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1P3-32279220.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVukovar+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLončar2010" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lončar, Marko (May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hrcak.srce.hr/80574?lang=en">"Činjenice o "Optužnici" koju je pročitao Siniša Glavašević"</a> [Facts on the "Indictment" Read by Siniša Glavašević]. <i>National Security and the Future</i> (in Croatian). <b>11</b> (2–3). Zagreb, Croatia: St. George Association: 9–60. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1332-4454">1332-4454</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Security+and+the+Future&rft.atitle=%C4%8Cinjenice+o+%22Optu%C5%BEnici%22+koju+je+pro%C4%8Ditao+Sini%C5%A1a+Glava%C5%A1evi%C4%87&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2%E2%80%933&rft.pages=9-60&rft.date=2010-05&rft.issn=1332-4454&rft.aulast=Lon%C4%8Dar&rft.aufirst=Marko&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhrcak.srce.hr%2F80574%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVukovar+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarijan2012" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Marijan, Davor (November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=133719&lang=en">"Zamisao i propast napadne operacije Jugoslavenske narodne armije na Hrvatsku u rujnu 1991. godine"</a> [The Conception and Failure of the Offensive Operation of the Yugoslav National Army in September 1991]. <i>Journal of Contemporary History</i> (in Croatian). <b>44</b> (2). Croatian Institute of History: 251–275. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0590-9597">0590-9597</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+History&rft.atitle=Zamisao+i+propast+napadne+operacije+Jugoslavenske+narodne+armije+na+Hrvatsku+u+rujnu+1991.+godine&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=251-275&rft.date=2012-11&rft.issn=0590-9597&rft.aulast=Marijan&rft.aufirst=Davor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhrcak.srce.hr%2Findex.php%3Fshow%3Dclanak%26id_clanak_jezik%3D133719%26lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVukovar+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <dl><dt>News reports</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBell_22_August_2011" class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Bell" title="Martin Bell">Bell, Martin</a> (22 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b013f0xr"><i>Return to Vukovar</i></a> (Radio broadcast). <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_4" title="BBC Radio 4">BBC Radio 4</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-05-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Return+to+Vukovar&rft.pub=BBC+Radio+4&rft.date=2011-08-22&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fprogrammes%2Fb013f0xr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVukovar+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBijelić_27_September_2004" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bijelić, N. (27 September 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.novosti.rs/vesti/naslovna/aktuelno.69.html:162169-Stuka-se-hvalioda-je-streljao">"Štuka se hvalio da je streljao"</a> [Štuka Boasted about Shootings]. <i><a href="/wiki/Ve%C4%8Dernje_novosti" title="Večernje novosti">Večernje novosti</a></i> (in Serbian). Belgrade, Serbia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ve%C4%8Dernje+novosti&rft.atitle=%C5%A0tuka+se+hvalio+da+je+streljao&rft.date=2004-09-27&rft.aulast=Bijeli%C4%87&rft.aufirst=N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.novosti.rs%2Fvesti%2Fnaslovna%2Faktuelno.69.html%3A162169-Stuka-se-hvalioda-je-streljao&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVukovar+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiluš_19_June_2007" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Biluš, Marina (19 June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arhiva.nacional.hr/clanak/35427/slavomir-drinkovic-kipar-patriot-na-celu-stoljetne-akademije">"Slavomir Drinković – kipar patriot na čelu stoljetne akademije"</a> [Slavomir Drinković – Patriot Sculptor Heads Century-old Academy]. <i><a href="/wiki/Nacional_(weekly)" title="Nacional (weekly)">Nacional</a></i> (in Croatian). Zagreb, Croatia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nacional&rft.atitle=Slavomir+Drinkovi%C4%87+%E2%80%93+kipar+patriot+na+%C4%8Delu+stoljetne+akademije&rft.date=2007-06-19&rft.aulast=Bilu%C5%A1&rft.aufirst=Marina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farhiva.nacional.hr%2Fclanak%2F35427%2Fslavomir-drinkovic-kipar-patriot-na-celu-stoljetne-akademije&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVukovar+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDnevnik_4_November_2014" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dnevnik.hr/vijesti/hrvatska/na-danasnji-dan-rodjen-je-sinisa-glavasevic-hrvatski-knjizevnik-i-novinar---359418.html">"Bio je književnik i novinar, a postao je simbol Vukovara"</a> [He was a Writer and a Journalist, and Became a Symbol of Vukovar] (in Croatian). Zagreb, Croatia: Nova TV (Croatia). HINA. 4 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bio+je+knji%C5%BEevnik+i+novinar%2C+a+postao+je+simbol+Vukovara&rft.place=Zagreb%2C+Croatia&rft.pub=Nova+TV+%28Croatia%29&rft.date=2014-11-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdnevnik.hr%2Fvijesti%2Fhrvatska%2Fna-danasnji-dan-rodjen-je-sinisa-glavasevic-hrvatski-knjizevnik-i-novinar---359418.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVukovar+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlair_3_February_2015" class="citation news cs1">Blair, David (3 February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/croatia/11386973/International-Court-of-Justice-clears-Croatia-and-Serbia-of-genocide.html">"International Court of Justice clears Croatia and Serbia of genocide"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i>. London, England.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=International+Court+of+Justice+clears+Croatia+and+Serbia+of+genocide&rft.date=2015-02-03&rft.aulast=Blair&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Feurope%2Fcroatia%2F11386973%2FInternational-Court-of-Justice-clears-Croatia-and-Serbia-of-genocide.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVukovar+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_New_York_Times_24_October_1996" class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1996/10/25/world/bodies-link-officers-to-croat-executions.html">"Bodies Link Officers To Croat Executions"</a></span>. <i>The New York Times</i>. New York City. 24 October 1996. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150526171906/https://www.nytimes.com/1996/10/25/world/bodies-link-officers-to-croat-executions.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-05-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Bodies+Link+Officers+To+Croat+Executions&rft.date=1996-10-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1996%2F10%2F25%2Fworld%2Fbodies-link-officers-to-croat-executions.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVukovar+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorovac_18_November_2012" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Borovac, Marina (18 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vecernji.hr/vijesti/igor-je-dzepu-nosio-igracke-a-ramenu-pusku-clanak-476603">"Igor je u džepu nosio igračke, a na ramenu pušku"</a> [Igor carried toys in his pocket and a rifle on his shoulder]. <i>Večernji list</i> (in Croatian). Zagreb, Croatia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-11-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ve%C4%8Dernji+list&rft.atitle=Igor+je+u+d%C5%BEepu+nosio+igra%C4%8Dke%2C+a+na+ramenu+pu%C5%A1ku&rft.date=2012-11-18&rft.aulast=Borovac&rft.aufirst=Marina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vecernji.hr%2Fvijesti%2Figor-je-dzepu-nosio-igracke-a-ramenu-pusku-clanak-476603&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVukovar+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorovac_18_November_2014" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Borovac, Marina (18 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vecernji.hr/hrvatska/dvaput-smo-bili-na-identifikaciji-zrtava-ovcare-ali-974093">"Dvaput smo bili na identifikaciji žrtava Ovčare, ali..."</a> [We Went to Ovčara Victims' Identification Twice, but...]. <i>Večernji list</i> (in Croatian). Zagreb, Croatia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ve%C4%8Dernji+list&rft.atitle=Dvaput+smo+bili+na+identifikaciji+%C5%BErtava+Ov%C4%8Dare%2C+ali...&rft.date=2014-11-18&rft.aulast=Borovac&rft.aufirst=Marina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vecernji.hr%2Fhrvatska%2Fdvaput-smo-bili-na-identifikaciji-zrtava-ovcare-ali-974093&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVukovar+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradarić_20_November_2010" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bradarić, Branimir (20 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vecernji.hr/hrvatska/susretom-grad-to-ste-vi-zakljucen-dan-sjecanja-217962">"Susretom "Grad - to ste vi" zaključen Dan sjećanja"</a> [Meeting "City - It Is You" Concludes the Day of Remembrance]. <i>Večernji list</i> (in Croatian). Zagreb, Croatia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ve%C4%8Dernji+list&rft.atitle=Susretom+%22Grad+-+to+ste+vi%22+zaklju%C4%8Den+Dan+sje%C4%87anja&rft.date=2010-11-20&rft.aulast=Bradari%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Branimir&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vecernji.hr%2Fhrvatska%2Fsusretom-grad-to-ste-vi-zakljucen-dan-sjecanja-217962&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVukovar+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradarić_18_November_2012" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bradarić, Branimir (18 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vecernji.hr/slavonija/otkriven-spomenik-za-legendu-obrane-i-najmladju-zrtvu-ovcare-476835">"Otkriven spomenik za legendu obrane i najmlađu žrtvu Ovčare"</a> [Monument to a Defence Legend and the Youngest Victim of Ovčara Unveiled]. <i>Večernji list</i> (in Croatian). Zagreb, Croatia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ve%C4%8Dernji+list&rft.atitle=Otkriven+spomenik+za+legendu+obrane+i+najmla%C4%91u+%C5%BErtvu+Ov%C4%8Dare&rft.date=2012-11-18&rft.aulast=Bradari%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Branimir&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vecernji.hr%2Fslavonija%2Fotkriven-spomenik-za-legendu-obrane-i-najmladju-zrtvu-ovcare-476835&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVukovar+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradarić_18_October_2014" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bradarić, Branimir (18 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vecernji.hr/slavonija/pjesacki-most-u-vukovaru-ponio-ime-po-francuskom-dragovoljcu-jean-michelu-nicolieru-968063">"Pješački most u Vukovaru ponio ime po francuskom dragovoljcu Jean-Michelu Nicolieru"</a> [Pedestrian Bridge in Vukovar Named After French Volunteer Jean-Michel Nicolier]. <i>Večernji list</i> (in Croatian). Zagreb, Croatia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ve%C4%8Dernji+list&rft.atitle=Pje%C5%A1a%C4%8Dki+most+u+Vukovaru+ponio+ime+po+francuskom+dragovoljcu+Jean-Michelu+Nicolieru&rft.date=2014-10-18&rft.aulast=Bradari%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Branimir&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vecernji.hr%2Fslavonija%2Fpjesacki-most-u-vukovaru-ponio-ime-po-francuskom-dragovoljcu-jean-michelu-nicolieru-968063&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVukovar+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradarić_31_October_2014" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bradarić, Branimir (31 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vecernji.hr/hrvatska/matic-s-ucenicima-u-vukovaru-istina-o-ratu-je-jedna-jedina-970692">"Matić s učenicima u Vukovaru: Istina o ratu je jedna jedina"</a> [Matić With Pupils in Vukovar: There is a Single Truth about the War]. <i>Večernji list</i> (in Croatian). Zagreb, Croatia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ve%C4%8Dernji+list&rft.atitle=Mati%C4%87+s+u%C4%8Denicima+u+Vukovaru%3A+Istina+o+ratu+je+jedna+jedina&rft.date=2014-10-31&rft.aulast=Bradari%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Branimir&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vecernji.hr%2Fhrvatska%2Fmatic-s-ucenicima-u-vukovaru-istina-o-ratu-je-jedna-jedina-970692&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVukovar+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButigan_23_November_2006" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Butigan, Sanja (23 November 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jutarnji.hr/spomen-dom-ovcara--svi-imaju-isti-datum-smrti/163478/">"Spomen-dom Ovčara: Svi imaju isti datum smrti"</a> [Ovčara Memorial Centre: Everyone's Date of Death is the Same]. <i><a href="/wiki/Jutarnji_list" title="Jutarnji list">Jutarnji list</a></i> (in Croatian). Zagreb, Croatia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jutarnji+list&rft.atitle=Spomen-dom+Ov%C4%8Dara%3A+Svi+imaju+isti+datum+smrti&rft.date=2006-11-23&rft.aulast=Butigan&rft.aufirst=Sanja&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jutarnji.hr%2Fspomen-dom-ovcara--svi-imaju-isti-datum-smrti%2F163478%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVukovar+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButigan_18_November_2014" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Butigan, Sanja (18 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.glas-slavonije.hr/253229/1/U-Vukovaru-80-tisuca-ljudi-kolone-ulicama-grada-spojile-se-u-jedinstvenu---bez-podjela">"Vukovar je zaslužio mir i dostojanstvo - jedinstvena je poruka sudionika Dana sjećanja"</a> [Vukovar Deserves Peace and Dignity - Single Message of those Attending the Remembrance Day]. <i><a href="/wiki/Glas_Slavonije" title="Glas Slavonije">Glas Slavonije</a></i> (in Croatian). Zagreb, Croatia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Glas+Slavonije&rft.atitle=Vukovar+je+zaslu%C5%BEio+mir+i+dostojanstvo+-+jedinstvena+je+poruka+sudionika+Dana+sje%C4%87anja&rft.date=2014-11-18&rft.aulast=Butigan&rft.aufirst=Sanja&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.glas-slavonije.hr%2F253229%2F1%2FU-Vukovaru-80-tisuca-ljudi-kolone-ulicama-grada-spojile-se-u-jedinstvenu---bez-podjela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVukovar+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChenu_18_November_1995" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Chenu, Georges-Marie (18 November 1995). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1995/11/18/18-novembre-1991-la-chute-de-vukovar_3886503_1819218.html?xtmc=vukovar&xtcr=1">"18 novembre 1991, la chute de Vukovar"</a></span> [18 November 1991, Fall of Vukovar]. <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Monde" title="Le Monde">Le Monde</a></i> (in French). Paris, France.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde&rft.atitle=18+novembre+1991%2C+la+chute+de+Vukovar&rft.date=1995-11-18&rft.aulast=Chenu&rft.aufirst=Georges-Marie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Farchives%2Farticle%2F1995%2F11%2F18%2F18-novembre-1991-la-chute-de-vukovar_3886503_1819218.html%3Fxtmc%3Dvukovar%26xtcr%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVukovar+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDerikonjić_14_December_2013" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Derikonjić, Miroslava (14 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politika.rs/rubrike/Hronika/Ustavni-sud-ukinuo-presudu-za-Ovcaru.lt.html">"Ustavni sud ukinuo presudu za Ovčaru"</a> [Constitutional Court Sets Aside Ovčara Judgment]. <i><a href="/wiki/Politika" title="Politika">Politika</a></i> (in Serbian). Belgrade, Serbia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politika&rft.atitle=Ustavni+sud+ukinuo+presudu+za+Ov%C4%8Daru&rft.date=2013-12-14&rft.aulast=Derikonji%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Miroslava&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.politika.rs%2Frubrike%2FHronika%2FUstavni-sud-ukinuo-presudu-za-Ovcaru.lt.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVukovar+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDerikonjić_14_February_2015" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Derikonjić, Miroslava (14 February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politika.rs/rubrike/Hronika/Okrivljeni-za-zlocin-na-Ovcari-na-slobodi-posle-12-godina.lt.html">"Okrivljeni za zločin na "Ovčari" na slobodi posle 12 godina"</a> [Accused for Ovčara Crime Released after 12 Years]. <i>Politika</i> (in Serbian). Belgrade, Serbia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politika&rft.atitle=Okrivljeni+za+zlo%C4%8Din+na+%22Ov%C4%8Dari%22+na+slobodi+posle+12+godina&rft.date=2015-02-14&rft.aulast=Derikonji%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Miroslava&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.politika.rs%2Frubrike%2FHronika%2FOkrivljeni-za-zlocin-na-Ovcari-na-slobodi-posle-12-godina.lt.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVukovar+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngelberg_3_March_1991" class="citation news cs1">Engelberg, Stephen (3 March 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1991/03/03/world/belgrade-sends-troops-to-croatia-town.html">"Belgrade Sends Troops to Croatia Town"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. New York City. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131002222925/http://www.nytimes.com/1991/03/03/world/belgrade-sends-troops-to-croatia-town.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-10-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-01-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Belgrade+Sends+Troops+to+Croatia+Town&rft.date=1991-03-03&rft.aulast=Engelberg&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1991%2F03%2F03%2Fworld%2Fbelgrade-sends-troops-to-croatia-town.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVukovar+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlego_7_July_2014" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Flego, Miroslav (7 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vecernji.hr/slavonija/ovcaru-i-memorijalno-groblje-posjetilo-oko-pola-milijuna-turista-949019">"Ovčaru i Memorijalno groblje posjetilo oko pola milijuna turista"</a> [Ovčara and the Memorial Cemetery Visited by about Half a Million Tourists]. <i>Večernji list</i> (in Croatian). Zagreb, Croatia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ve%C4%8Dernji+list&rft.atitle=Ov%C4%8Daru+i+Memorijalno+groblje+posjetilo+oko+pola+milijuna+turista&rft.date=2014-07-07&rft.aulast=Flego&rft.aufirst=Miroslav&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vecernji.hr%2Fslavonija%2Fovcaru-i-memorijalno-groblje-posjetilo-oko-pola-milijuna-turista-949019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVukovar+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlas_Slavonije_17_November_2012" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.glas-slavonije.hr/181917/11/Mjesta-stradanja-ratne-91-godine">"Mjesta stradanja ratne '91. godine"</a> [Places of Suffering in Wartime Year of 1991]. <i>Glas Slavonije</i> (in Croatian). 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United Nations. 1 October 1996. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N96/259/51/PDF/N9625951.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2015-04-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-03-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Report+Of+The+Secretary-General+on+the+United+Nations+Transitional+Administration+for+Eastern+Slavonia%2C+Baranja+and+Western+Sirmium&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft.date=1996-10-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdaccess-dds-ny.un.org%2Fdoc%2FUNDOC%2FGEN%2FN96%2F259%2F51%2FPDF%2FN9625951.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVukovar+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUN_Chronology" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180614203415/https://www.un.org/Depts/DPKO/Missions/untaes_e.htm">"Brief Chronology 15 January 1996 – 15 January 1998"</a>. United Nations. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/Depts/DPKO/Missions/untaes_e.htm">the original</a> on 2018-06-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brief+Chronology+15+January+1996+%E2%80%93+15+January+1998&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2FDepts%2FDPKO%2FMissions%2Funtaes_e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVukovar+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vukovar_massacre&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVladisavljevicStojanovic2020" class="citation news cs1">Vladisavljevic, Anja; Stojanovic, Milica (18 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://balkaninsight.com/2020/11/18/the-vukovar-murders-which-units-killed-civilians-in-croatia-in-1991/">"The Vukovar Murders: Which Units Killed Civilians in Croatia in 1991?"</a>. <i>Balkan Insight</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-11-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Balkan+Insight&rft.atitle=The+Vukovar+Murders%3A+Which+Units+Killed+Civilians+in+Croatia+in+1991%3F&rft.date=2020-11-18&rft.aulast=Vladisavljevic&rft.aufirst=Anja&rft.au=Stojanovic%2C+Milica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbalkaninsight.com%2F2020%2F11%2F18%2Fthe-vukovar-murders-which-units-killed-civilians-in-croatia-in-1991%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVukovar+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Croatian_War_of_Independence" title="Template:Croatian War of Independence"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Croatian_War_of_Independence" title="Template talk:Croatian War of Independence"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Croatian_War_of_Independence" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Croatian War of Independence"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Croatian_War_of_Independence" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Croatian_War_of_Independence" title="Croatian War of Independence">Croatian War of Independence</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Part of the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prelude</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Log_Revolution" title="Log Revolution">Log Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAO_Krajina" title="SAO Krajina">SAO Krajina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1991</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakrac_clash" title="Pakrac clash">Pakrac clash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plitvice_Lakes_incident" title="Plitvice Lakes incident">Plitvice Lakes incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kijevo" title="Siege of Kijevo">Siege of Kijevo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borovo_Selo" title="Battle of Borovo Selo">Battle of Borovo Selo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_riot_in_Zadar" title="1991 riot in Zadar">1991 riot in Zadar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_protest_in_Split" title="1991 protest in Split">1991 protest in Split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAO_Eastern_Slavonia,_Baranja_and_Western_Syrmia" title="SAO Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia">SAO Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_killings_of_Serbs_in_Vukovar" title="1991 killings of Serbs in Vukovar">Killings of Serbs in Vukovar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisak_killings" title="Sisak killings">Sisak killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenja_killings" title="Tenja killings">Tenja killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Stinger" title="Operation Stinger">Operation Stinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalj_massacre" title="Dalj massacre">Dalj massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Labrador" title="Operation Labrador">Operation Labrador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAO_Western_Slavonia" title="SAO Western Slavonia">SAO Western Slavonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banija_villages_killings" title="Banija villages killings">Banija villages killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vukovar" title="Battle of Vukovar">Battle of Vukovar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Osijek" title="Battle of Osijek">Battle of Osijek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gospi%C4%87" title="Battle of Gospić">Battle of Gospić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrinja_killings" title="Petrinja killings">Petrinja killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berak_killings" title="Berak killings">Berak killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kusonje" title="Battle of Kusonje">Battle of Kusonje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cetekovac_massacre" title="Četekovac massacre">Četekovac massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Barracks" title="Battle of the Barracks">Battle of the Barracks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vara%C5%BEdin_Barracks" title="Siege of Varaždin Barracks">Siege of Varaždin Barracks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bjelovar_Barracks" title="Siege of Bjelovar Barracks">Siege of Bjelovar Barracks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zadar" title="Battle of Zadar">Battle of Zadar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C5%A0ibenik" title="Battle of Šibenik">Battle of Šibenik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Yugoslav_campaign_in_Croatia" title="1991 Yugoslav campaign in Croatia">1991 Yugoslav campaign in Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korana_bridge_killings" title="Korana bridge killings">Korana bridge killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tovarnik_massacre" title="Tovarnik massacre">Tovarnik massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Dubrovnik" title="Siege of Dubrovnik">Siege of Dubrovnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novo_Selo_Glinsko_massacre" title="Novo Selo Glinsko massacre">Novo Selo Glinsko massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Banski_dvori" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing of Banski dvori">Bombing of Banski dvori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0iroka_Kula_massacre" title="Široka Kula massacre">Široka Kula massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovas_killings" title="Lovas killings">Lovas killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospi%C4%87_massacre" title="Gospić massacre">Gospić massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%C4%87in_massacre" title="Baćin massacre">Baćin massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saborsko_massacre" title="Saborsko massacre">Saborsko massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Po%C5%BEega_villages_massacre" title="Požega villages massacre">Požega villages massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Otkos_10" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Otkos 10">Operation Otkos 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Logori%C5%A1te" title="Battle of Logorište">Battle of Logorište</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poljanak_and_Vukovi%C4%87i_massacres" title="Poljanak and Vukovići massacres">Poljanak and Vukovići massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erdut_killings" title="Erdut killings">Erdut killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pula_airport_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Pula airport incident">Pula incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dalmatian_channels" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Dalmatian channels">Battle of the Dalmatian channels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kostri%C4%87i_massacre" title="Kostrići massacre">Kostrići massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0kabrnja_massacre" title="Škabrnja massacre">Škabrnja massacre</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vukovar massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_killings_of_Serbs_in_Novska" title="1991 killings of Serbs in Novska">Novska murders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vance_plan" title="Vance plan">Vance plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_the_Zec_family" title="Murder of the Zec family">Murder of the Zec family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Whirlwind" title="Operation Whirlwind">Operation Whirlwind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulin_Dvor_massacre" title="Paulin Dvor massacre">Paulin Dvor massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gornje_Jame_massacre" title="Gornje Jame massacre">Gornje Jame massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Orkan_91" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Orkan 91">Operation Orkan 91</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vo%C4%87in_massacre" title="Voćin massacre">Voćin massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C5%A1evica_massacre" title="Joševica massacre">Joševica massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Devil%27s_Beam" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Devil's Beam">Operation Devil's Beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bru%C5%A1ka_massacre" title="Bruška massacre">Bruška massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrsar_airport_bombing" title="Vrsar airport bombing">Vrsar airport bombing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1992</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarajevo_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarajevo Agreement">Sarajevo Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_European_Community_Monitor_Mission_helicopter_downing" title="1992 European Community Monitor Mission helicopter downing">1992 European Community Monitor Mission helicopter downing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Baranja" title="Operation Baranja">Operation Baranja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jackal" title="Operation Jackal">Operation Jackal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Miljevci_Plateau" title="Battle of the Miljevci Plateau">Battle of the Miljevci Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tiger_(1992)" title="Operation Tiger (1992)">Operation Tiger (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Liberated_Land" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Liberated Land">Operation Liberated Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Konavle" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Konavle">Battle of Konavle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Vla%C5%A1tica" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Vlaštica">Operation Vlaštica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1993–94</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Maslenica" title="Operation Maslenica">Operation Maslenica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daruvar_Agreement" title="Daruvar Agreement">Daruvar Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Backstop" title="Operation Backstop">Operation Backstop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Medak_Pocket" title="Operation Medak Pocket">Operation Medak Pocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z-4_Plan" title="Z-4 Plan">Z-4 Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Winter_%2794" title="Operation Winter '94">Operation Winter '94</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1995</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Leap_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Leap 1">Operation Leap 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Flash" title="Operation Flash">Operation Flash</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medari_massacre" title="Medari massacre">Medari massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagreb_rocket_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Zagreb rocket attack">Zagreb rocket attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Leap_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Leap 2">Operation Leap 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Summer_%2795" title="Operation Summer '95">Operation Summer '95</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Storm" title="Operation Storm">Operation Storm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kijani_killings" title="Kijani killings">Kijani killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golubi%C4%87_killings" title="Golubić killings">Golubić killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzdolje_killings" title="Uzdolje killings">Uzdolje killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_1995_Bosanski_Petrovac_refugee_column_bombing" title="August 1995 Bosanski Petrovac refugee column bombing">Bosanski Petrovac refugee column bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvor_massacre" title="Dvor massacre">Dvor massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi%C4%87_killings" title="Komić killings">Komić killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go%C5%A1i%C4%87_killings" title="Gošić killings">Gošić killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varivode_massacre" title="Varivode massacre">Varivode massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Mistral_2" title="Operation Mistral 2">Operation Maestral 2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Croatian_War_of_Independence" title="Timeline of the Croatian War of Independence">Timeline of the Croatian War of Independence</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Internment camps</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Begejci_camp" title="Begejci camp">Begejci camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bu%C4%8Dje_camp" title="Bučje camp">Bučje camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerestinec_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerestinec camp">Kerestinec camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knin_camp" title="Knin camp">Knin camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuline_prison" title="Kuline prison">Kuline prison camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lora_prison_camp" title="Lora prison camp">Lora prison camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marino_Selo_camp" title="Marino Selo camp">Marino Selo camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ov%C4%8Dara_camp" title="Ovčara camp">Ovčara camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakra%C4%8Dka_Poljana_camp" title="Pakračka Poljana camp">Pakračka Poljana camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sremska_Mitrovica_prison_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Sremska Mitrovica prison camp">Sremska Mitrovica prison camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staji%C4%87evo_camp" title="Stajićevo camp">Stajićevo camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velepromet_camp" title="Velepromet camp">Velepromet camp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Croatia" title="Independence of Croatia">Independence of Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Croats_in_Serbia_during_the_war_in_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Croats in Serbia during the war in Croatia">Persecution of Croats in Serbia during the war in Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erdut_Agreement" title="Erdut Agreement">Erdut Agreement</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Transitional_Administration_for_Eastern_Slavonia,_Baranja_and_Western_Sirmium" title="United Nations Transitional Administration for Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Sirmium">UNTAES</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Croatian_War_of_Independence" title="Category:Croatian War of Independence">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Croatian_War_of_Independence" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Croatian War of Independence">Commons</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Vukovar" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Vukovar" title="Template:Vukovar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Vukovar" title="Template talk:Vukovar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Vukovar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Vukovar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Vukovar" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Vukovar" title="Vukovar">Vukovar</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Vukovar" title="Lordship of Vukovar">Lordship of Vukovar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2nd_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2nd Congress of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia (page does not exist)">2nd Congress of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vukovar_resolution" title="Vukovar resolution">Vukovar resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vukovar" title="Battle of Vukovar">Battle of Vukovar</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vukovar massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Cyrillic_protests_in_Croatia" title="Anti-Cyrillic protests in Croatia">Anti-Cyrillic protests in Croatia</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vukovar_Wappen.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Vukovar"><img alt="Coat of arms of Vukovar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Vukovar_Wappen.gif/64px-Vukovar_Wappen.gif" decoding="async" width="64" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Vukovar_Wappen.gif/96px-Vukovar_Wappen.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Vukovar_Wappen.gif/128px-Vukovar_Wappen.gif 2x" data-file-width="402" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Coat of arms of Vukovar</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borovo_Naselje" title="Borovo Naselje">Borovo Naselje</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Centar_(Vukovar)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Centar (Vukovar) (page does not exist)">Centar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lu%C5%BEac_(Vukovar)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lužac (Vukovar) (page does not exist)">Lužac</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mitnica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mitnica (page does not exist)">Mitnica</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petrova_gora_(Vukovar)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petrova gora (Vukovar) (page does not exist)">Petrova gora</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sajmi%C5%A1te_(Vukovar)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sajmište (Vukovar) (page does not exist)">Sajmište</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supoderica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Supoderica (page does not exist)">Supoderica</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trpinjska_cesta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trpinjska cesta (page does not exist)">Trpinjska cesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sotin" title="Sotin">Sotin</a> (settlement)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipova%C4%8Da,_Vukovar-Syrmia_County" title="Lipovača, Vukovar-Syrmia County">Lipovača</a> (settlement)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Buildings and<br /> landmarks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_Archives_in_Vukovar" title="State Archives in Vukovar">State Archives in Vukovar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borovo_Sports_Hall" title="Borovo Sports Hall">Borovo Sports Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia%E2%80%93Serbia_relations#Consulate_General_of_Serbia_in_Vukovar" title="Croatia–Serbia relations">Consulate of Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dudik_Memorial_Park" title="Dudik Memorial Park">Dudik Memorial Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eltz_Manor" title="Eltz Manor">Eltz Manor</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franciscan_monastery_in_Vukovar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franciscan monastery in Vukovar (page does not exist)">Franciscan monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Memorial_Cemetery_of_The_Victims_of_Homeland_War_in_Vukovar" title="National Memorial Cemetery of The Victims of Homeland War in Vukovar">National Memorial Cemetery of The Victims of Homeland War in Vukovar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vukovar_Hospital" title="Vukovar Hospital">Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Cemetery_of_Vukovar" title="Jewish Cemetery of Vukovar">Jewish Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Syrmia_County" title="Palace of Syrmia County">Palace of Syrmia County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Military_Cemetery,_Vukovar" title="Serbian Military Cemetery, Vukovar">Serbian Military Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vu%C4%8Dedol_Culture_Museum" title="Vučedol Culture Museum">Vučedol Culture Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vukovar_Plateau" title="Vukovar Plateau">Vukovar Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vukovar_water_tower" title="Vukovar water tower">Water tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Hall,_Vukovar" title="Workers' Hall, Vukovar">Workers’ Hall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places of worship</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saints_Philip_and_James,_Vukovar" title="Church of Saints Philip and James, Vukovar">St. Philip and James Church</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_Saint_Roch,_Vukovar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Church of Saint Roch, Vukovar (page does not exist)">St. Roch's Church</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_Our_Lady_of_Fatima,_Vukovar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Church of Our Lady of Fatima, Vukovar (page does not exist)">Our Lady of Fatima Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vukovar_Synagogue" title="Vukovar Synagogue">Vukovar Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_St._Nicholas,_Vukovar" title="Church of St. Nicholas, Vukovar">St. Nicholas Orthodox Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Croatian_Home_Vukovar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Croatian Home Vukovar (page does not exist)">Croatian Home Vukovar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=City_Museum_Vukovar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="City Museum Vukovar (page does not exist)">City Museum Vukovar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Council_of_Municipalities" title="Joint Council of Municipalities">Joint Council of Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serbian_Home_Vukovar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serbian Home Vukovar (page does not exist)">Serbian Home Vukovar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbs_of_Vukovar" title="Serbs of Vukovar">Serbs of Vukovar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lavoslav_Ru%C5%BEi%C4%8Dka_Polytechnic_Vukovar" title="Lavoslav Ružička Polytechnic Vukovar">Lavoslav Ružička Polytechnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vukovar_Gymnasium" title="Vukovar Gymnasium">Vukovar Gymnasium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Vukovar" title="Port of Vukovar">Vukovar Port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vukovar%E2%80%93Borovo_Naselje_railway_station" title="Vukovar–Borovo Naselje railway station">Vukovar–Borovo Naselje railway station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D2_road_(Croatia)" title="D2 road (Croatia)">D2 road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D55_road" title="D55 road">D55 road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D57_road" title="D57 road">D57 road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D519_road" title="D519 road">D519 road</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manifestations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bonofest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bonofest (page does not exist)">Bonofest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vukovar_Film_Festival" title="Vukovar Film Festival">Vukovar Film Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vukovar_festival_of_chamber_music&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vukovar festival of chamber music (page does not exist)">Festival of chamber music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Neighboring municipalities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borovo,_Croatia" title="Borovo, Croatia">Borovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trpinja" title="Trpinja">Trpinja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogdanovci" title="Bogdanovci">Bogdanovci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negoslavci" title="Negoslavci">Negoslavci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tompojevci" title="Tompojevci">Tompojevci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovas,_Croatia" title="Lovas, Croatia">Lovas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%C4%8D,_Serbia" title="Bač, Serbia">Bač</a> (<a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wars_and_battles_involving_Croatia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wars_and_battles_involving_Croatia" title="Template:Wars and battles involving Croatia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wars_and_battles_involving_Croatia" title="Template talk:Wars and battles involving Croatia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wars_and_battles_involving_Croatia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wars and battles involving Croatia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wars_and_battles_involving_Croatia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Croatia" title="Military history of Croatia">Wars and battles involving Croatia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Medieval wars<br />and battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;vertical-align:top;">8th/9th-century battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Trsat" title="Siege of Trsat">Siege of Trsat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebellion_of_Ljudevit" class="mw-redirect" title="Rebellion of Ljudevit">Rebellion of Ljudevit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kupa" title="Battle of Kupa">Battle of Kupa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Makarska_(887)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Makarska (887) (page does not exist)">Battle of Makarska (887)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;vertical-align:top;">Croatian–Hungarian wars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Drava_River" title="Battle of Drava River">Battle of Drava River</a> (925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gvozd_Mountain" title="Battle of Gvozd Mountain">Battle of Gvozd Mountain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Croatian%E2%80%93Bulgarian_wars" title="Croatian–Bulgarian wars">Croatian–Bulgarian wars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croatian%E2%80%93Bulgarian_battle_of_854" class="mw-redirect" title="Croatian–Bulgarian battle of 854">Croatian–Bulgarian battle of 854</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian%E2%80%93Bulgarian_battle_of_926" title="Croatian–Bulgarian battle of 926">Croatian–Bulgarian battle of 927</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Zadar_(998)" title="Siege of Zadar (998)">Siege of Zadar (998)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Croatian-Venetian_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Croatian-Venetian wars">Croatian-Venetian wars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Omi%C5%A1_(948)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Omiš (948) (page does not exist)">Battle of Omiš (948)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lastovo_(1000)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Lastovo (1000)">Battle of Lastovo (1000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Zadar_(1345%E2%80%931346)" title="Siege of Zadar (1345–1346)">Siege of Zadar (1345–1346)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;vertical-align:top;">High and Late Middle Ages<br />wars and battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Zadar" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Zadar">Siege of Zadar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Crusade" title="Fifth Crusade">Fifth Crusade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mohi" title="Battle of Mohi">Battle of Mohi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grobnik_Field" title="Battle of Grobnik Field">Battle of Grobnik Field</a> (legendary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bliska" title="Battle of Bliska">Battle of Bliska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Hum_(1326%E2%80%931329)" class="mw-redirect" title="War of Hum (1326–1329)">War of Hum (1326–1329)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian%E2%80%93Ragusan_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnian–Ragusan War">Bosnian-Dubrovnik War (1403-1404)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Samobor" title="Battle of Samobor">Battle of Samobor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_of_Varna" title="Crusade of Varna">Crusade of Varna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Una" title="Battle of Una">Battle of Una</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vrpile" title="Battle of Vrpile">Battle of Vrpile Gulch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crown_of_Zvonimir_(Croatia).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Crown_of_Zvonimir_%28Croatia%29.svg/85px-Crown_of_Zvonimir_%28Croatia%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Crown_of_Zvonimir_%28Croatia%29.svg/128px-Crown_of_Zvonimir_%28Croatia%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Crown_of_Zvonimir_%28Croatia%29.svg/170px-Crown_of_Zvonimir_%28Croatia%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="208" data-file-height="144" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coa_Croatia_Country_History_(with_crown)_(1868-1918).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Coa_Croatia_Country_History_%28with_crown%29_%281868-1918%29.svg/70px-Coa_Croatia_Country_History_%28with_crown%29_%281868-1918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Coa_Croatia_Country_History_%28with_crown%29_%281868-1918%29.svg/105px-Coa_Croatia_Country_History_%28with_crown%29_%281868-1918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Coa_Croatia_Country_History_%28with_crown%29_%281868-1918%29.svg/140px-Coa_Croatia_Country_History_%28with_crown%29_%281868-1918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="255" data-file-height="470" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Croatia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Coat_of_arms_of_Croatia.svg/70px-Coat_of_arms_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Coat_of_arms_of_Croatia.svg/105px-Coat_of_arms_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Coat_of_arms_of_Croatia.svg/140px-Coat_of_arms_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1386" data-file-height="1844" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Croatian%E2%80%93Ottoman_wars" title="Croatian–Ottoman wars">Croatian–Ottoman wars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_Croatian%E2%80%93Ottoman_War" title="Hundred Years' Croatian–Ottoman War">Hundred Years'<br />Croatian–Ottoman War</a><br />(1493–1593)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Krbava_Field" title="Battle of Krbava Field">Battle of Krbava Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dubica" title="Battle of Dubica">Battle of Dubica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Knin" title="Siege of Knin">Siege of Knin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moh%C3%A1cs" title="Battle of Mohács">Battle of Mohács</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jajce" title="Siege of Jajce">Siege of Jajce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_campaign_of_1527%E2%80%931528" title="Hungarian campaign of 1527–1528">Hungarian campaign of 1527–1528</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_campaign_of_1529" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkan campaign of 1529">Balkan campaign of 1529</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_War_in_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Little War in Hungary">Little War in Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vara%C5%BEdin_(1527)" title="Siege of Varaždin (1527)">Siege of Varaždin (1527)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Belaj" title="Battle of Belaj">Battle of Belaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_K%C5%91szeg" title="Siege of Kőszeg">Siege of Kőszeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Klis" title="Siege of Klis">Siege of Klis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katzianer%27s_Campaign" title="Katzianer's Campaign">Katzianer's Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gorjani" title="Battle of Gorjani">Battle of Gorjani</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_%C4%90ur%C4%91evac_(1552)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Đurđevac (1552) (page does not exist)">Siege of Đurđevac (1552)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hrastovica_(1561)" title="Battle of Hrastovica (1561)">Battle of Hrastovica (1561)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Szigetv%C3%A1r" title="Siege of Szigetvár">Siege of Szigetvár</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Gvozdansko" title="Siege of Gvozdansko">Siege of Gvozdansko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Slunj" title="Battle of Slunj">Battle of Slunj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Biha%C4%87_(1592)" title="Siege of Bihać (1592)">Siege of Bihać (1592)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brest_(1592)" title="Battle of Brest (1592)">Battle of Brest (1592)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sisak" title="Battle of Sisak">Battle of Sisak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Long_Turkish_War" title="Long Turkish War">Long War</a><br />(1593–1606)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brest_(1596)" title="Battle of Brest (1596)">Battle of Brest (1596)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Keresztes" title="Battle of Keresztes">Battle of Keresztes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Austro-Turkish_War_(1663%E2%80%931664)" title="Austro-Turkish War (1663–1664)">Austro-Turkish War</a><br />(1663–1664)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Zr%C3%ADnyi%C3%BAjv%C3%A1r" title="First Battle of Zrínyiújvár">First Battle of Novi Zrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_at_Jurjeve_Stijene" title="Battle at Jurjeve Stijene">Battle of Otočac (1663)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Zr%C3%ADnyi%C3%BAjv%C3%A1r" title="Second Battle of Zrínyiújvár">Second Battle of Novi Zrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Novi_Zrin_(1664)" title="Siege of Novi Zrin (1664)">Siege of Novi Zrin (1664)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saint_Gotthard_(1664)" title="Battle of Saint Gotthard (1664)">Battle of Saint Gotthard (1664)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Croatian-Slavonian-Dalmatian_theater_in_Great_Turkish_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Croatian-Slavonian-Dalmatian theater in Great Turkish War">Great Turkish War</a><br />(1683–1699)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Virovitica_(1684)" title="Siege of Virovitica (1684)">Siege of Virovitica (1684)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osijek_Incursion_(1685)" class="mw-redirect" title="Osijek Incursion (1685)">Osijek Incursion (1685)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moh%C3%A1cs_(1687)" title="Battle of Mohács (1687)">Battle of Mohács (1687)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian-Slavonian-Dalmatian_theater_in_Great_Turkish_War#Siege_of_Udbina" class="mw-redirect" title="Croatian-Slavonian-Dalmatian theater in Great Turkish War">Siege of Udbina Castle (1689)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Biha%C4%87_(1697)" title="Siege of Bihać (1697)">Siege of Bihać (1697)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Slankamen" title="Battle of Slankamen">Battle of Slankamen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zenta" title="Battle of Zenta">Battle of Senta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;vertical-align:top;">18th-century<br />Ottoman wars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saint_Gotthard_(1705)" title="Battle of Saint Gotthard (1705)">Battle of Saint Gotthard (1705)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Sinj_(1715)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Sinj (1715) (page does not exist)">Siege of Sinj (1715)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Petrovaradin" title="Battle of Petrovaradin">Battle of Petrovaradin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Banja_Luka" title="Battle of Banja Luka">Battle of Banja Luka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Relief_of_Dre%C5%BEnik_(1788)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Relief of Drežnik (1788) (page does not exist)">Relief of Drežnik (1788)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief_of_Cetingrad" title="Relief of Cetingrad">Relief of Cetingrad (1790)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">European 17th/18th-<br />century wars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uskok_War" title="Uskok War">Uskok War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sablat" title="Battle of Sablat">Battle of Sablat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Heidelberg_(1622)" title="Siege of Heidelberg (1622)">Siege of Heidelberg (1622)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Magdeburg" title="Sack of Magdeburg">Sack of Magdeburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Breitenfeld_(1631)" title="Battle of Breitenfeld (1631)">Battle of Breitenfeld (1631)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_L%C3%BCtzen_(1632)" title="Battle of Lützen (1632)">Battle of Lützen (1632)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_N%C3%B6rdlingen_(1634)" title="Battle of Nördlingen (1634)">Battle of Nördlingen (1634)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lobositz" title="Battle of Lobositz">Battle of Lobositz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kol%C3%ADn" title="Battle of Kolín">Battle of Kolín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Breslau_(1757)" title="Battle of Breslau (1757)">Battle of Breslau (1757)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hochkirch" title="Battle of Hochkirch">Battle of Hochkirch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Meissen" title="Battle of Meissen">Battle of Meissen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Landeshut_(1760)" title="Battle of Landeshut (1760)">Battle of Landeshut (1760)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Liegnitz_(1760)" title="Battle of Liegnitz (1760)">Battle of Liegnitz (1760)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">19th-century wars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">French Revolutionary</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Castiglione" title="Battle of Castiglione">Battle of Castiglione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bassano" title="Battle of Bassano">Battle of Bassano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ostrach" title="Battle of Ostrach">Battle of Ostrach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stockach_(1799)" title="Battle of Stockach (1799)">Battle of Stockach (1799)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marengo" title="Battle of Marengo">Battle of Marengo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Caldiero_(1805)" title="Battle of Caldiero (1805)">Battle of Caldiero (1805)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Austerlitz" title="Battle of Austerlitz">Battle of Austerlitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Landshut_(1809)" title="Battle of Landshut (1809)">Battle of Landshut (1809)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neumarkt-Sankt_Veit" title="Battle of Neumarkt-Sankt Veit">Battle of Neumarkt-Sankt Veit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sankt_Michael" title="Battle of Sankt Michael">Battle of Sankt Michael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raab_(1809)" title="Battle of Raab (1809)">Battle of Raab (1809)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Graz" title="Battle of Graz">Battle of Graz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leipzig" title="Battle of Leipzig">Battle of Leipzig</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848%E2%80%9349" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1848–49">Hungarian Revolution<br />of 1848–49</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_P%C3%A1kozd" title="Battle of Pákozd">Battle of Pákozd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_Uprising" title="Vienna Uprising">Vienna Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Schwechat" title="Battle of Schwechat">Battle of Schwechat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C3%B3r" title="Battle of Mór">Battle of Mór</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_K%C3%A1polna" title="Battle of Kápolna">Battle of Kápolna</a></li> <li>Battles of Komárom <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Kom%C3%A1rom_(1849)" title="First Battle of Komárom (1849)">First battle</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Kom%C3%A1rom_(1849)" title="Second Battle of Komárom (1849)">Second battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Kom%C3%A1rom_(1849)" title="Third Battle of Komárom (1849)">Third battle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Temesv%C3%A1r" title="Battle of Temesvár">Battle of Temesvár</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Third_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Third Italian War of Independence">Third Italian War<br />of Independence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Custoza_(1866)" title="Battle of Custoza (1866)">Battle of Custoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lissa_(1866)" title="Battle of Lissa (1866)">Battle of Vis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_campaign_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_in_1878#Occupation" title="Austro-Hungarian campaign in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878">Austro-Hungarian –<br />Bosnia-Herzegovinian War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jajce_(1878)" title="Battle of Jajce (1878)">Battle of Jajce (1878)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Vitez_(1878)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Vitez (1878) (page does not exist)">Battle of Vitez (1878)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarajevo_(1878)" title="Battle of Sarajevo (1878)">Battle of Sarajevo (1878)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Livno_(1878)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Livno (1878) (page does not exist)">Battle of Livno (1878)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">20th-century wars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;vertical-align:top;">World War I</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Campaign_of_World_War_I" title="Adriatic Campaign of World War I">Adriatic Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Galicia" title="Battle of Galicia">Battle of Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_the_Isonzo" title="Battles of the Isonzo">Battle of Soča</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Caporetto" title="Battle of Caporetto">Battle of Caporetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Ancona" title="Bombardment of Ancona">Bombardment of Ancona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Piave_River" title="Second Battle of the Piave River">Second Battle of the Piave River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vittorio_Veneto" title="Battle of Vittorio Veneto">Battle of Vittorio Veneto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;vertical-align:top;">World War II</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">Invasion of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kozara" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Kozara">Battle of Kozara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Livno" title="Battle of Livno">Battle of Livno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neretva" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Neretva">Battle of Neretva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Otto_(1943)" title="Operation Otto (1943)">Operation Otto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Sutjeska" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Sutjeska">Battle of the Sutjeska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Drvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Raid on Drvar">Raid on Drvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrmian_Front" title="Syrmian Front">Syrmian Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Knin" title="Battle of Knin">Battle of Knin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mostar" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Mostar">Battle of Mostar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lijev%C4%8De_Field" title="Battle of Lijevče Field">Battle of Lijevče Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sarajevo_(1945)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Sarajevo (1945)">Battle of Sarajevo (1945)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Croatian_War_of_Independence" title="Croatian War of Independence">Croatian War of Independence</a><br />(1991–1995)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakrac_clash" title="Pakrac clash">Pakrac clash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plitvice_Lakes_incident" title="Plitvice Lakes incident">Plitvice Lakes incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borovo_Selo_killings" class="mw-redirect" title="Borovo Selo killings">Borovo Selo killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Stinger" title="Operation Stinger">Operation Stinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Yugoslav_campaign_in_Croatia" title="1991 Yugoslav campaign in Croatia">1991 Yugoslav campaign in Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalj_massacre" title="Dalj massacre">Dalj massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Osijek" title="Battle of Osijek">Battle of Osijek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vukovar" title="Battle of Vukovar">Battle of Vukovar</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vukovar massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gospi%C4%87" title="Battle of Gospić">Battle of Gospić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C5%A0ibenik" title="Battle of Šibenik">Battle of Šibenik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zadar" title="Battle of Zadar">Battle of Zadar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kusonje" title="Battle of Kusonje">Battle of Kusonje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Barracks" title="Battle of the Barracks">Battle of the Barracks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vara%C5%BEdin_Barracks" title="Siege of Varaždin Barracks">Siege of Varaždin Barracks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bjelovar_Barracks" title="Siege of Bjelovar Barracks">Siege of Bjelovar Barracks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dalmatian_Channels" title="Battle of the Dalmatian Channels">Battle of the Dalmatian Channels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospi%C4%87_massacre" title="Gospić massacre">Gospić massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Dubrovnik" title="Siege of Dubrovnik">Siege of Dubrovnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Otkos_10" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Otkos 10">Operation Otkos 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Orkan_91" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Orkan 91">Operation Orkan 91</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Whirlwind" title="Operation Whirlwind">Operation Whirlwind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Baranja" title="Operation Baranja">Operation Baranja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jackal" title="Operation Jackal">Operation Jackal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Miljevci_Plateau" title="Battle of the Miljevci Plateau">Battle of the Miljevci Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tiger_(1992)" title="Operation Tiger (1992)">Operation Tiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Maslenica" title="Operation Maslenica">Operation Maslenica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daruvar_Agreement" title="Daruvar Agreement">Daruvar Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Medak_Pocket" title="Operation Medak Pocket">Operation Medak Pocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Winter_%2794" title="Operation Winter '94">Operation Winter '94</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Flash" title="Operation Flash">Operation Flash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Summer_%2795" title="Operation Summer '95">Operation Summer '95</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Storm" title="Operation Storm">Operation Storm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/War_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Bosnia and Herzegovina">War in Bosnia and Herzegovina</a><br />(1992–1995)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kupres_(1992)" title="Battle of Kupres (1992)">Battle of Kupres (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sarajevo" title="Siege of Sarajevo">Siege of Sarajevo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Biha%C4%87_(1992%E2%80%9395)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Bihać (1992–95)">Siege of Bihać (1992–95)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Vrbas_%2792" title="Operation Vrbas '92">Operation Vrbas '92</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Koridor" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Koridor">Operation Koridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C5%BDep%C4%8De" title="Battle of Žepče">Battle of Žepče</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mostar" title="Siege of Mostar">Siege of Mostar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Neretva_%2793" title="Operation Neretva '93">Operation Neretva '93</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tvigi_94" title="Operation Tvigi 94">Operation Tvigi 94</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kupres_(1994)" title="Battle of Kupres (1994)">Battle of Kupres (Operation Cincar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ora%C5%A1je" title="Battle of Orašje">Battle of Orašje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Mistral_2" title="Operation Mistral 2">Operation Maestral 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Una" title="Operation Una">Operation Una</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Southern_Move" title="Operation Southern Move">Operation Southern Move</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">21st-century<br />conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan<br />(2001–2021)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Security_Assistance_Force" title="International Security Assistance Force">International Security Assistance Force (ISAF)</a> (2003–2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resolute_Support_Mission" title="Resolute Support Mission">Resolute Support Mission Force (RS)</a> (2015–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights</a> <a href="/wiki/Ceasefire" title="Ceasefire">ceasefire</a><br />after <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Disengagement_Observer_Force" title="United Nations Disengagement Observer Force">United Nations Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF)</a> (2008–2013)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Category:Battles_involving_Croatia" title="Category:Battles involving Croatia">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vukovar_massacre&oldid=1256217463">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vukovar_massacre&oldid=1256217463</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1990s_murders_in_Croatia" title="Category:1990s murders in Croatia">1990s murders in Croatia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1991_in_Croatia" title="Category:1991 in Croatia">1991 in Croatia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1991_crimes_in_Croatia" title="Category:1991 crimes in Croatia">1991 crimes in Croatia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1991_murders_in_Europe" title="Category:1991 murders in Europe">1991 murders in Europe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anti-Croat_sentiment" title="Category:Anti-Croat sentiment">Anti-Croat sentiment</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Attacks_on_hospitals_during_the_Yugoslav_Wars" title="Category:Attacks on hospitals during the Yugoslav Wars">Attacks on hospitals during the Yugoslav Wars</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_cleansing_in_the_Yugoslav_Wars" title="Category:Ethnic cleansing in the Yugoslav Wars">Ethnic cleansing in the Yugoslav Wars</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Vukovar" title="Category:History of Vukovar">History of Vukovar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Massacres_in_1991" title="Category:Massacres in 1991">Massacres in 1991</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Massacres_in_Croatia" title="Category:Massacres in Croatia">Massacres in Croatia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:November_1991_events_in_Yugoslavia" title="Category:November 1991 events in Yugoslavia">November 1991 events in Yugoslavia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Yugoslav_Wars_prisoner_of_war_massacres" title="Category:Yugoslav Wars prisoner of war massacres">Yugoslav Wars prisoner of war massacres</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Republic_of_Serbian_Krajina" title="Category:Republic of Serbian Krajina">Republic of Serbian Krajina</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Serbian_war_crimes_in_the_Croatian_War_of_Independence" title="Category:Serbian war crimes in the Croatian War of Independence">Serbian war crimes in the Croatian War of Independence</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Massacres_of_Croats" title="Category:Massacres of Croats">Massacres of Croats</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Massacres_in_the_Croatian_War_of_Independence" title="Category:Massacres in the Croatian War of Independence">Massacres in the Croatian War of Independence</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Attacks_on_buildings_and_structures_in_Croatia" title="Category:Attacks on buildings and structures in Croatia">Attacks on buildings and structures in Croatia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Attacks_on_buildings_and_structures_in_1991" title="Category:Attacks on buildings and structures in 1991">Attacks on buildings and structures in 1991</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Yugoslav_People%27s_Army" title="Category:Yugoslav People's Army">Yugoslav People's Army</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a 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