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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Task and command structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Task_and_command_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Organization</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Organization-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Organization subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Structure_and_organization_in_late_1980s_and_at_beginning_of_1990s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure_and_organization_in_late_1980s_and_at_beginning_of_1990s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Structure and organization in late 1980s and at beginning of 1990s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structure_and_organization_in_late_1980s_and_at_beginning_of_1990s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ground_Forces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ground_Forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Ground Forces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ground_Forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air_Force" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air_Force"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Air Force</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air_Force-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Navy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Navy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Navy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Navy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_education_and_composition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_education_and_composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Military education and composition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_education_and_composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anniversaries_and_rewards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anniversaries_and_rewards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Anniversaries and rewards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anniversaries_and_rewards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Industry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Infrastructure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Oath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Doctrine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Doctrine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Doctrine</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Doctrine-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Doctrine subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Doctrine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dissolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dissolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Dissolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dissolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peacekeeping_operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peacekeeping_operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Peacekeeping operations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peacekeeping_operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Successor_militaries_of_the_former_Yugoslavia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Successor_militaries_of_the_former_Yugoslavia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Successor militaries of the former Yugoslavia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Successor_militaries_of_the_former_Yugoslavia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operational_experience" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operational_experience"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Operational experience</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operational_experience-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Yugoslav People's Army</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 45 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-45" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">45 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B4_%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8%D9%8A" title="جيش يوغوسلافيا الشعبي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جيش يوغوسلافيا الشعبي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Югаслаўская народная армія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Югаслаўская народная армія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Югославска народна армия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Югославска народна армия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugoslavenska_narodna_armija" title="Jugoslavenska narodna armija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Jugoslavenska narodna armija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex%C3%A8rcit_Popular_Iugoslau" title="Exèrcit Popular Iugoslau – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Exèrcit Popular Iugoslau" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugosl%C3%A1vsk%C3%A1_lidov%C3%A1_arm%C3%A1da" title="Jugoslávská lidová armáda – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jugoslávská lidová armáda" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugoslaviske_folkeh%C3%A6r" title="Jugoslaviske folkehær – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Jugoslaviske folkehær" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugoslawische_Volksarmee" title="Jugoslawische Volksarmee – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Jugoslawische Volksarmee" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%9B%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%A3%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Γιουγκοσλαβικός Λαϊκός Στρατός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γιουγκοσλαβικός Λαϊκός Στρατός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ej%C3%A9rcito_Popular_Yugoslavo" title="Ejército Popular Yugoslavo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ejército Popular Yugoslavo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugoslava_Popola_Armeo" title="Jugoslava Popola Armeo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Jugoslava Popola Armeo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B4_%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%82_%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C" title="ارتش خلق یوگسلاوی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ارتش خلق یوگسلاوی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arm%C3%A9e_populaire_yougoslave" title="Armée populaire yougoslave – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Armée populaire yougoslave" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EA%B3%A0%EC%8A%AC%EB%9D%BC%EB%B9%84%EC%95%84_%EC%9D%B8%EB%AF%BC%EA%B5%B0" title="유고슬라비아 인민군 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="유고슬라비아 인민군" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugoslavenska_narodna_armija" title="Jugoslavenska narodna armija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Jugoslavenska narodna armija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tentara_Rakyat_Yugoslavia" title="Tentara Rakyat Yugoslavia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tentara Rakyat Yugoslavia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugoslovenska_narodna_armija" title="Jugoslovenska narodna armija – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Jugoslovenska narodna armija" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A6%D7%91%D7%90_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%9E%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%95%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%99" title="הצבא העממי היוגוסלבי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הצבא העממי היוגוסלבי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="იუგოსლავიის სახალხო არმია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იუგოსლავიის სახალხო არმია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugoslavijos_karin%C4%97s_paj%C4%97gos" title="Jugoslavijos karinės pajėgos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Jugoslavijos karinės pajėgos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugoszl%C3%A1v_N%C3%A9phadsereg" title="Jugoszláv Néphadsereg – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Jugoszláv Néphadsereg" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Југословенска народна армија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Југословенска народна армија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B4_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%89" title="الجيش الشعبى اليوجوسلافى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الجيش الشعبى اليوجوسلافى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tentera_Rakyat_Yugoslav" title="Tentera Rakyat Yugoslav – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tentera Rakyat Yugoslav" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joegoslavisch_Volksleger" title="Joegoslavisch Volksleger – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Joegoslavisch Volksleger" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A6%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B4%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A9%E3%83%93%E3%82%A2%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E8%BB%8D" title="ユーゴスラビア人民軍 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ユーゴスラビア人民軍" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_jugoslaviske_folkeh%C3%A6ren" title="Den jugoslaviske folkehæren – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den jugoslaviske folkehæren" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armada_Populara_Iogoslava" title="Armada Populara Iogoslava – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Armada Populara Iogoslava" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugos%C5%82owia%C5%84ska_Armia_Ludowa" title="Jugosłowiańska Armia Ludowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jugosłowiańska Armia Ludowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex%C3%A9rcito_Popular_Iugoslavo" title="Exército Popular Iugoslavo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Exército Popular Iugoslavo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" 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href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ushtria_Popullore_Jugosllave" title="Ushtria Popullore Jugosllave – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ushtria Popullore Jugosllave" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslav_People%27s_Army" title="Yugoslav People's Army – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Yugoslav People's Army" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juhoslovansk%C3%A1_%C4%BEudov%C3%A1_arm%C3%A1da" title="Juhoslovanská ľudová armáda – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Juhoslovanská ľudová armáda" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Yugoslav+People%27s+Army%22">"Yugoslav People's Army"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Yugoslav+People%27s+Army%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Yugoslav+People%27s+Army%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Yugoslav+People%27s+Army%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Yugoslav+People%27s+Army%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Yugoslav+People%27s+Army%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2008</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Yugoslav People's Army</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"><span title="Serbo-Croatian-language text"><span lang="sh-Cyrl">Југословенска народна армија</span></span><br /><span title="Serbo-Croatian-language text"><i lang="sh-Latn">Jugoslavenska narodna armija</i></span><br /><span title="Slovene-language text"><i lang="sl">Jugoslovanska ljudska armada</i></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Logo_of_the_JNA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Logo_of_the_JNA.svg/131px-Logo_of_the_JNA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="131" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Logo_of_the_JNA.svg/197px-Logo_of_the_JNA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Logo_of_the_JNA.svg/262px-Logo_of_the_JNA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="130" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Yugoslav_People%27s_Army_(1991-1992).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Emblem_of_the_Yugoslav_People%27s_Army_%281991-1992%29.svg/126px-Emblem_of_the_Yugoslav_People%27s_Army_%281991-1992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="126" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Emblem_of_the_Yugoslav_People%27s_Army_%281991-1992%29.svg/189px-Emblem_of_the_Yugoslav_People%27s_Army_%281991-1992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Emblem_of_the_Yugoslav_People%27s_Army_%281991-1992%29.svg/252px-Emblem_of_the_Yugoslav_People%27s_Army_%281991-1992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2063" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">JNA coat of arms: left (1951–1991); right (1991–1992)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">1 March 1945<span class="noprint">; 79 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1 March 1945</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Disbanded</th><td class="infobox-data">20 May 1992<span class="noprint">; 32 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend">20 May 1992</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Military_branch" title="Military branch">Service branches</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Ground_Forces" title="Yugoslav Ground Forces">Yugoslav Ground Forces</a> (KoV)<br /><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Navy" title="Yugoslav Navy">Yugoslav Navy</a> (JRM)<br /><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Air_Force" title="Yugoslav Air Force">Yugoslav Air Force</a> (JRV)<br /><a href="/wiki/Territorial_Defense_(Yugoslavia)" title="Territorial Defense (Yugoslavia)">Territorial Defense</a> (TO)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Headquarters#Military" title="Headquarters">Headquarters</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>, Yugoslavia</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_leadership" title="Category:Military leadership">Leadership</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_the_SFRY" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidency of the SFRY">Commander-in-Chief</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_Yugoslavia" title="Marshal of Yugoslavia">Marshal</a> <a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a> (1945–1980)</li><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Presidency_of_Yugoslavia" title="President of the Presidency of Yugoslavia">President of the Presidency of Yugoslavia</a> (1980–1992)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Federal_secretary_of_people%27s_defense_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal secretary of people's defense of Yugoslavia">Federal Secretary of People's Defence</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Yugoslavia)#SFR_Yugoslavia_(1945–1992)" title="Ministry of Defence (Yugoslavia)"><i>See list</i></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_General_Staff_(Yugoslavia)" title="Chief of the General Staff (Yugoslavia)">Chief of the General Staff</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_General_Staff_(Yugoslavia)#Yugoslav_People's_Army_(1945–1992)" title="Chief of the General Staff (Yugoslavia)"><i>See list</i></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Personnel</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Military age</th><td class="infobox-data">15–65</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a></th><td class="infobox-data">18</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Available for<br />military service</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 12,000,000 (1978)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, age 15–65</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Active personnel</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 275,341 (1990)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Military_reserve" title="Military reserve">Reserve personnel</a></th><td class="infobox-data">783,037 (1990)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Related articles</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslav Partisans</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Military_rank" title="Military rank">Ranks</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_People%27s_Army_ranks" class="mw-redirect" title="Yugoslav People's Army ranks">Yugoslav People's Army ranks</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Yugoslav People's Army</b> (<b>JNA</b>/<span title="Serbo-Croatian-language text"><span lang="sh-Cyrl"><b>ЈНА</b></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_language" title="Montenegrin language">Montenegrin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a>: <span lang="sr">Југословенска народна армија</span>, <span title="Serbian-language text"><i lang="sr">Jugoslovenska narodna armija</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_language" title="Bosnian language">Bosnian</a>: <i lang="bs">Jugoslavenska narodna armija</i>; <a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a>: <i lang="sl">Jugoslovanska ljudska armada</i>, <b>JLA</b>), also called the <b>Yugoslav National Army</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was the military of the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a> and its antecedents from 1945 to 1992. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yugoslav_People%27s_Army&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The origins of the JNA started during the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslav Partisans</a> of World War II. As a predecessor of the JNA, the People's Liberation Army of Yugoslavia (NOVJ) was formed as a part of the <a href="/wiki/Resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance during World War II">anti-fascist</a> <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">People's Liberation War of Yugoslavia</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Bosnia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnia">Bosnian</a> town of <a href="/wiki/Rudo" title="Rudo">Rudo</a> on 22 December 1941. After the Yugoslav Partisans liberated the country from the <a href="/wiki/Axis_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis Powers">Axis Powers</a>, that date was officially celebrated as the "Day of the Army" in the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a> (SFR Yugoslavia). </p><p>In March 1945, the NOVJ was renamed the "Yugoslav Army" ("<i>Jugoslavenska/Jugoslovenska Armija</i>") and, on its 10th anniversary, on 22 December 1951, "People's" ("<i>Narodna</i>") was added.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrifunovska1994202_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrifunovska1994202-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The support the Soviets had within JNA ranks during the <a href="/wiki/Informbiro_period" title="Informbiro period">Informbiro period</a>, after 1948, is contested. Low-end estimates indicate that 10–15% of the army's personnel favoured the Soviet position. Yugoslav sources estimate the number of military members arrested ranged from 4,153 officers and soldiers (estimated by Radonjić), to 7,000 imprisoned officers estimated by <a href="/wiki/Milovan_%C4%90ilas" class="mw-redirect" title="Milovan Đilas">Milovan Đilas</a>. The purge included 22 officers in the presidential guard regiment reporting directly to <a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Tito</a>, including Momčilo Đurić, wartime commander of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Headquarters_(Yugoslav_Partisans)" title="Supreme Headquarters (Yugoslav Partisans)">Yugoslav Partisan Supreme Headquarters</a> escort battalion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanac1988159–161_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanac1988159–161-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this period of Soviet blockade, the Yugoslav Army's development stagnated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDimitrijevic199721_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDimitrijevic199721-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Forty-nine Yugoslav Army graduates of the <a href="/wiki/Military_Academy_of_the_General_Staff_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Russia" title="Military Academy of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of Russia">General Staff Academy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Frunze_Military_Academy" title="Frunze Military Academy">Frunze Academy</a>, and other Soviet military academies were deemed potential Soviet supporters. Many of those attending such academies in the USSR at the time of the <a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito–Stalin split</a> never returned to Yugoslavia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanac1988159–162_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanac1988159–162-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The split particularly affected the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Air_Force" title="Yugoslav Air Force">Air Force</a>. Almost all Air Force officers had Soviet training, and some of them fled Yugoslavia in Air Force planes. The defectors included <a href="/wiki/Major_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Major General">Major General</a> Pero Popivoda, who was the head of the Air Force operational service. The <a href="/wiki/Batajnica_Air_Base" title="Batajnica Air Base">Batajnica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgrade_Nikola_Tesla_Airport" title="Belgrade Nikola Tesla Airport">Zemun</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pan%C4%8Devo_Airport" title="Pančevo Airport">Pančevo</a> airbases near <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a> saw several attacks by groups of saboteurs. The Zemun airbase commander and his deputy fled to Romania.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanac1988161–163_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanac1988161–163-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 1948 and 1955, the United States gave Yugoslavia <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US</a>$600 million in direct military grants and an equal amount in economic aid, enabling Yugoslavia to devote more of its domestic resources to defence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtis1992231_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtis1992231-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After two visits to the United States by Colonel General <a href="/wiki/Ko%C4%8Da_Popovi%C4%87" title="Koča Popović">Koča Popović</a> and Colonel General <a href="/w/index.php?title=Milo_Kilibarda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Milo Kilibarda (page does not exist)">Milo Kilibarda</a> in May–June and August 1951, respectively, U.S. weaponry began arriving by late 1951.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDimitrijevic199721,_22_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDimitrijevic199721,_22-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1952 the Armed Forces had grown to 500,000 troops, and defence expenditures consumed 22 percent of the <a href="/wiki/Gross_national_product" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross national product">gross national product</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Military_Assistance_Advisory_Group" title="Military Assistance Advisory Group">Military Assistance Advisory Group</a> (MAAG) of 30 officers commanded by Brigadier General John W. Harmony<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was established by the United States in Belgrade in 1951. It operated for ten years, disbursing military grants and arranging another US$1 billion in arms sales on favorable terms. Among weapons transferred were 599 <a href="/wiki/M4_Sherman" title="M4 Sherman">M-4A3 tanks</a>, 319 M-47 tanks, 715 M-7, M-18, and M-36 self-propelled guns, 565 M-3A1 and M-8 armored cars, and a total of total of 760 105mm, 155mm, and 203mm artillery pieces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDimitrijevic199723,_24_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDimitrijevic199723,_24-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The artillery pieces delivered were used to reequip artillery units within Yugoslavia's eight divisions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDimitrijevic199724_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDimitrijevic199724-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Task_and_command_structure">Task and command structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yugoslav_People%27s_Army&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Task and command structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under the constitution and laws of SFR Yugoslavia, the Yugoslav People's Army was a part of the armed forces with the <a href="/wiki/Territorial_Defense_(Yugoslavia)" title="Territorial Defense (Yugoslavia)">Territorial Defense</a> as the joint armed forces of all working people and citizens of Yugoslavia. The main task of the Yugoslav People's Army was to protect the independence, sovereignty, territorial integrity and social organization of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.<sup id="cite_ref-mojustav_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mojustav-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Yugoslavia" title="Presidency of Yugoslavia">Presidency of Yugoslavia</a> was the supreme commander of the armed forces and in command of Yugoslav People's Army, some duties from the presidency could be given to the Secretary of Defence.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Yugoslavia)" title="Ministry of Defence (Yugoslavia)">Secretary of Defence</a> was the officer with the highest military rank that could command the armed forces, including the Yugoslav People's Army and <a href="/wiki/Territorial_Defense_(Yugoslavia)" title="Territorial Defense (Yugoslavia)">Territorial Defense</a>. The <a href="/wiki/President_of_Yugoslavia" title="President of Yugoslavia">President of Yugoslavia</a> had the power to promote members of the military to the highest military ranks such as general or admiral, and to relieve duty of the highest military officers.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Chief of Staff of the Yugoslav People's Army, in the case that the Secretary of Defense was prevented or absent to fulfill his function, was formally his deputy who could take command of the armed forces. In 1987, under decree of the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Yugoslavia" title="Presidency of Yugoslavia">Presidency of Yugoslavia</a>, the General Staff of the JNA was renamed to the General Staff of the Armed Forces of Yugoslavia, thus effectively giving command of JNA and the TO to one military body in order to more efficiently command the armed forces in case of war, according to the law of "All-people's defense" from 1982.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organization">Organization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yugoslav_People%27s_Army&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="183" data-mwtitle="Anthem_of_the_Yugoslav_Peoples'_Army_-_Попури_ЈНА.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Anthem_of_the_Yugoslav_Peoples%27_Army_-_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%88%D0%9D%D0%90.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Anthem_of_the_Yugoslav_Peoples%27_Army_-_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%88%D0%9D%D0%90.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8f/Anthem_of_the_Yugoslav_Peoples%27_Army_-_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%88%D0%9D%D0%90.ogg/Anthem_of_the_Yugoslav_Peoples%27_Army_-_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%88%D0%9D%D0%90.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AAnthem_of_the_Yugoslav_Peoples%27_Army_-_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%88%D0%9D%D0%90.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AAnthem_of_the_Yugoslav_Peoples%27_Army_-_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%88%D0%9D%D0%90.ogg&lang=sh&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="sh" label="srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски ‪(sh)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span><figcaption>A medley of marches for the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Air_Force" title="Yugoslav Air Force">Air Force</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Navy" title="Yugoslav Navy">Navy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Ground_Forces" title="Yugoslav Ground Forces">Ground Forces</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structure_and_organization_in_late_1980s_and_at_beginning_of_1990s">Structure and organization in late 1980s and at beginning of 1990s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yugoslav_People%27s_Army&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Structure and organization in late 1980s and at beginning of 1990s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the mid-1980s, plans were made under a formal top-secret strategic and operational plan named "Jedinstvo" for a structural change from republic armies and divisions to military districts and brigades to allow for easier federal consolidation of the republics' territorial armies, particularly in the case of a crisis.<sup id="cite_ref-Lučić_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lučić-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of internal and external security changes during that time, "Jedinstvo" was later modeled in three parts: "Jedinstvo 1", "Jedinstvo 2", and "Jedinstvo 3", starting from 1987 (with a planned completion date of 1995) for the JNA to start major reform. </p><p>The first part of JNA major overhaul under "Jedinstvo 1" had its basic force structure nearly completed in 1989. Manpower was planned to be reduced to about 1 million in wartime, while in peacetime it would be 299,057 personnel including officers, soldiers and the civilian workforce, including civil service. Equipment purchase was not realized in full. </p><p>The JNA's organization and structure after "Jedinstvo 1" consisted of the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Ground_Forces" title="Yugoslav Ground Forces">Ground Forces</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Air_Force" title="Yugoslav Air Force">Air Force</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Navy" title="Yugoslav Navy">Navy</a>. Under reforms through the "Jedinstvo" plan it was planned to reorganize the army's structure into four major army areas called "Vojna Oblast" under command of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Yugoslavia)" title="Ministry of Defence (Yugoslavia)">Federal Secretariat of People's Defence</a> (SSNO) – "Vojna oblast" or <a href="/wiki/Military_district" title="Military district">military regions</a> were further divided into corps, brigades, garrisons and smaller districts and sectors that were responsible for administrative tasks such as <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">draft registration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mobilization" title="Mobilization">mobilization</a>, and construction and maintenance of military facilities. The regions were: </p> <ul><li>The first military region with headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a> (responsible for eastern <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Croatia" title="Socialist Republic of Croatia">Croatia</a>, northern and central parts of <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Serbia" title="Socialist Republic of Serbia">Serbia</a> and parts of <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>)</li> <li>The second military region with headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Zagreb" title="Zagreb">Zagreb</a> (<a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Slovenia" title="Socialist Republic of Slovenia">Slovenia</a> and northern Croatia)</li> <li>The third military region with headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje">Skopje</a> (<a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Macedonia" title="Socialist Republic of Macedonia">Macedonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_and_Eastern_Serbia" title="Southern and Eastern Serbia">Southern Serbia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Montenegro" title="Socialist Republic of Montenegro">Montenegro</a>)</li> <li>The military-naval region "Vojnopomorska Oblast" with its headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Split,_Croatia" title="Split, Croatia">Split</a>. Military-Naval Region included parts of Croatia, <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Montenegro" title="Socialist Republic of Montenegro">Montenegro</a> – almost all Yugoslavia coastline. It had subdivisions on three sectors including flotilla and one corps.</li></ul> <p>Directly under SSNO were the Guard's motorized brigade, school centers, three SIGNAL regiments, a light anti-aircraft artillery regiment, and a few independent battalions and divisions. </p><p>In the "Jedinstvo 1" reforms, JNA eliminated most of its old <a href="/wiki/Division_(military)" title="Division (military)">divisional</a> infantry organization and established the <a href="/wiki/Brigade" title="Brigade">brigade</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corps" title="Corps">corps</a> structure with some independent units under direct command of SSNO. Territorial defense was also changed and laws and the constitution were amended to address those changes. The Ground Forces "converted ten of twelve <a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">infantry</a> divisions into twenty-nine <a href="/wiki/Tank" title="Tank">tank</a>, mechanized and mountain infantry <a href="/wiki/Brigade" title="Brigade">brigades</a> with integral <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Air_defense" class="mw-redirect" title="Air defense">air defense</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-tank" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-tank">anti-tank</a> regiments under corps structure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtis1992242_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtis1992242-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One <a href="/wiki/Airborne_forces" title="Airborne forces">airborne</a> brigade was organized before 1990. The shift to brigade-level organization provided greater operational flexibility, maneuverability, and tactical initiative and reduced the possibility that large army units would be destroyed in set piece engagements with an aggressor. The change created many senior field command positions that would develop relatively young and talented officers." In 1989, five independent divisions under general staff command and 25 partisan (reserve) divisions under corps command were formed including many other battalions, regiments and batteries under different commands. </p><p>The 1989 plan "Jedinstvo 2" commenced and border battalions were transferred under corps command including some divisions that have remained before under others commands. Brigades got some artillery and antiaircraft batteries under their direct command that helped them to gain independence in wartime from higher levels. Defense of all major cities was previously planned with separate units but under "Jedinstvo 2" only Belgrade and Zagreb retained separated units for defense of their cities. </p><p>There were usually three classes of brigades, regiments and battalions: </p> <ul><li>A. class</li> <li>B. class</li> <li>R. class</li></ul> <p>A. class brigades and battalions were more than 60 to up to 100% manned, and B. class units had 15–60% manpower. R. class units were reserved with about 15–20% and was manned mostly in their logistic units and commands. Battalions with A. class status were 100% manned and equipped. A. class brigades had a brigade HQ and 4 battalions and B class brigade had 2–3 battalions with HQ. </p><p>The "Jedinstvo 3" plan started in 1990. To the military leadership of the JNA, it was obvious that <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a> was moving to defend its internal borders and the only global superpower left was the USA. It was then agreed in JNA that potential for aggression from the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a> had diminished but potential aggression from <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> had increased. The new plan "Jedinstvo 3" included changes to organize better defenses from new perceived external threats. The plan required the building of smaller but more modernized forces with highly mobile units. Corps closer to the border would have two A. class brigades including an artillery regiment of A. class, an anti-armor regiment of B. class and an engineering battalion of A class. Corps deeper inside country would have one brigade of A. or B. class. </p><p>Under "Jedinstvo 3" every corps in the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Yugoslavia Air Force">Air Force</a> should have one support aviation brigade, one fighter wing, one Air Surveillance, Early Warning and Guidance regiment, 1–2 rocket brigades or regiments and rest up to possibilities to equip.<sup id="cite_ref-Marijan_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marijan-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under "Jedinstvo 2", the JNA on 1 January 1990 had:<sup id="cite_ref-Marijan_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marijan-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>5 divisions – 2 R. and 3 B. class</li> <li>23 partisans divisions of R. class</li> <li>72 partisans brigade of R. class</li> <li>20 infantry brigades – 2 A., 10 B. and 8 R. class</li> <li>17 infantry regiments – 5 B. 12. R. class</li> <li>7 hill brigades – 3 B. 4 R. class</li> <li>1 mountain brigade B. class</li> <li>32 motorized brigades – 4 A., 21 B. and 7. R. class</li> <li>2 marines infantries brigades B. class</li> <li>1 Guard motorized brigade A. class</li> <li>6 Armor brigades of B. class</li> <li>11 Mechanized brigades – 7. A. class, 3. B. class and 1 R. class</li> <li>1 artillery rocket brigade B. class</li> <li>6 mixed artillery brigades B. class</li> <li>5 mixed anti-armor artillery brigades B. class</li></ul> <p>and many others, including 19 military police battalions and river <a href="/wiki/Flotilla" title="Flotilla">flotilla</a> giving in total 28 divisions, 307 brigades and regiments and 137 independent battalions/divisions. </p><p>Under "Jedinstvo 3" until 1995, the structure of the JNA was:<sup id="cite_ref-Marijan_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marijan-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>1 Mechanized division in A. class</li> <li>18 Partisans divisions of R. class</li> <li>7. Motorized brigades of R.class</li> <li>39 motorized brigades – 7 A. class</li> <li>17 mechanized brigades – 15 A. and 2 R. class</li></ul> <p>There were other units that had smaller but more modern and mobile forces with more mobile A class units with a total of 19 divisions, 234. brigades and 104 independent battalions/regiments in 1995. Total manpower at the end of 1995 was about 222.151 in peace and 834.891 in war. </p><p>Internal changes in Yugoslavia prevented the total realization of the "Jedinstvo 3" plan. While many changes under it were done during 1990, not all were finished completely. While most commands and units were formed and manned, equipping was not finished according to plan because of dissolution of Yugoslavia and stopping of deliveries from most of domestic factories to units of JNA. As part of the armed forces, there was also the <a href="/wiki/Territorial_Defense_(Yugoslavia)" title="Territorial Defense (Yugoslavia)">Territorial Defense</a>, based on each republic's territory that formed Yugoslavia that would fall under command of JNA during wartime. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ground_Forces">Ground Forces</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yugoslav_People%27s_Army&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ground Forces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Ground_Forces" title="Yugoslav Ground Forces">Yugoslav Ground Forces</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yu_MBT_M-84_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Yu_MBT_M-84_02.jpg/250px-Yu_MBT_M-84_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Yu_MBT_M-84_02.jpg/375px-Yu_MBT_M-84_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Yu_MBT_M-84_02.jpg/500px-Yu_MBT_M-84_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2420" data-file-height="1448" /></a><figcaption>Yugoslav-built M-84 tank</figcaption></figure> <p>The Ground Forces had the greatest number of personnel. In 1991 there were about 140,000 active-duty soldiers (including 90,000 conscripts), and over a million trained <a href="/wiki/Reservist" title="Reservist">reservists</a> that could be mobilized in wartime. Each of the Yugoslav constituent six republics had its own <a href="/wiki/Territorial_Defense_(Yugoslavia)" title="Territorial Defense (Yugoslavia)">Territorial Defence forces</a> which were similar to the US <a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(United_States)" title="National Guard (United States)">national guard</a> and were subordinate to supreme command as an integral part of the defence system in wartime. The territorial defence (reserve force) was made up of former conscripts; they were occasionally called up for war exercises. </p><p>In accordance with the <a href="/wiki/1974_Yugoslav_Constitution" title="1974 Yugoslav Constitution">1974 Yugoslav Constitution</a> the Land Forces were divided into six armies allocated to the five republics. The ground forces were organised into infantry, <a href="/wiki/Armour" title="Armour">armour</a>, artillery, and air defence, as well as signal, engineering and chemical defence corps. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air_Force">Air Force</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yugoslav_People%27s_Army&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Air Force"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Air_Force" title="Yugoslav Air Force">Yugoslav Air Force</a></div> <p>The Yugoslav Air Force had about 32,000 personnel including 4,000 <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">conscripts</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and operated over 400 aircraft and 200 <a href="/wiki/Helicopter" title="Helicopter">helicopters</a>. It was responsible for transport, <a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance" title="Reconnaissance">reconnaissance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rotary-wing_aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotary-wing aircraft">rotary-wing aircraft</a> as well as the national air defence system. The primary air force missions were to contest enemy efforts to establish <a href="/wiki/Air_supremacy" title="Air supremacy">air supremacy</a> over Yugoslavia and to support the defensive operations of the ground forces and navy. Most aircraft were produced in Yugoslavia. <a href="/wiki/Missile" title="Missile">Missiles</a> were produced domestically and supplied by the Soviet Union. </p><p>The Yugoslav Air Force had twelve squadrons of domestically produced ground attack fighters. The ground attack squadrons provided close air support to ground force operations. They were equipped with 165 new <a href="/wiki/Soko_J-22_Orao" title="Soko J-22 Orao">Soko J-22 Orao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Super_Galeb" class="mw-redirect" title="Super Galeb">Super Galeb</a> and <a href="/wiki/J-21_Jastreb" class="mw-redirect" title="J-21 Jastreb">J-21 Jastreb</a>, and older <a href="/wiki/Soko_J-20_Kraguj" title="Soko J-20 Kraguj">Soko J-20 Kraguj</a> fighters. Many ground attack fighters were armed with <a href="/wiki/AGM-65_Maverick" title="AGM-65 Maverick">AGM-65 Maverick</a> <a href="/wiki/Air-to-surface_missiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Air-to-surface missiles">air-to-surface missiles</a> purchased from the United States. Others were armed with Soviet <a href="/wiki/Kh-23" class="mw-redirect" title="Kh-23">Kh-23</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kh-28" title="Kh-28">Kh-28</a> missiles. The air force also had about ninety armed <a href="/wiki/Mil_Mi-8" title="Mil Mi-8">Mi-8</a> helicopter gunships to provide added mobility and fire support for small ground units. A large number of reconnaissance aircraft were available to support ground forces operations. Four squadrons of seventy Galeb, Jastreb, and Orao-1 fighters were configured for reconnaissance missions. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:G-4_SOKO_Super_Galeb_1991.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/G-4_SOKO_Super_Galeb_1991.jpg/250px-G-4_SOKO_Super_Galeb_1991.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/G-4_SOKO_Super_Galeb_1991.jpg/375px-G-4_SOKO_Super_Galeb_1991.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/G-4_SOKO_Super_Galeb_1991.jpg/500px-G-4_SOKO_Super_Galeb_1991.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2884" data-file-height="1928" /></a><figcaption>The Yugoslav G-4 SOKO Super Galeb</figcaption></figure> <p>The Yugoslav Air Force had nine squadrons of 130 Soviet-made <a href="/wiki/MiG-21" class="mw-redirect" title="MiG-21">MiG-21</a> interceptors for air defence. First produced in the late 1950s, the MiG-21 design was largely obsolete in 1990 and represented a potential weakness in Yugoslavia's air defence. However, the bulk of the MiG-21 fleet consisted mainly of the <i>bis</i> variant, the latest production MiG-21 model, and was armed with the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Vympel_K-13" class="mw-redirect" title="Vympel K-13">Vympel K-13</a> (<a href="/wiki/NATO_reporting_name" title="NATO reporting name">NATO reporting name</a>: AA-2 "Atoll") missile, air-to-air missiles and some <a href="/wiki/Molniya_R-60" class="mw-redirect" title="Molniya R-60">Molniya R-60</a> (NATO reporting name: AA-8 "Aphid") missiles as well as twin 23 mm cannons. By 1989, Yugoslavia started developing a new domestic multirole fighter plane called <a href="/wiki/Novi_Avion" title="Novi Avion">Novi Avion</a>, which was supposed to replace the MiG-21 and J-21 Jastreb fleets entirely. The design of the new aircraft was influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Mirage_2000" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirage 2000">Mirage 2000</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dassault_Rafale" title="Dassault Rafale">Dassault Rafale</a> fighter types and it was to enter service by the early 2000s. As an interim solution, a modernization package was planned for the MiG-21 and it is speculated that India's MiG-21 Bison upgrade was actually intended for Yugoslav aircraft. In 1987, Yugoslavia acquired 16 <a href="/wiki/MiG-29" class="mw-redirect" title="MiG-29">MiG-29s</a>. </p><p>Although not officially known at the time, Yugoslavia was rumoured to have been interested in the purchase of <a href="/wiki/Su-25" class="mw-redirect" title="Su-25">Su-25</a> attack-aircraft and <a href="/wiki/Mi-24" class="mw-redirect" title="Mi-24">Mi-24</a> gunships.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Instead of developing its own fighter plane, the <a href="/wiki/Novi_Avion" title="Novi Avion">Novi Avion</a>, the country made a request to licence-build the <a href="/wiki/Northrop_F-20_Tigershark" title="Northrop F-20 Tigershark">F-20</a>, but due to unstable relations with the US, the request was rejected. By the late 1980s, the licensed production of <a href="/wiki/A%C3%A9rospatiale_SA_330_Puma" title="Aérospatiale SA 330 Puma">Aérospatiale SA 330 Puma</a> helicopters was also planned, but due to the dissolution of the country, it was not continued. </p><p>One of the structures operated by the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Air_Force" title="Yugoslav Air Force">Yugoslav Air Force</a> was the underground <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDeljava_Air_Base" title="Željava Air Base">Željava Air Base</a> near the town of <a href="/wiki/Biha%C4%87" title="Bihać">Bihać</a> in northwest <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>. The structure was made to withstand a nuclear explosion and was destroyed by the JNA in 1992 to prevent its capture. Željava was home to the 117th Fighter Aviation Regiment, which was composed of the 124th and 125th Fighter Squadrons, equipped with MiG-21Bis fighters, and the 352nd Reconnaissance Squadron, equipped with MiG-21R aircraft. </p><p>The Air and Air Defence Forces were headquartered at <a href="/wiki/Zemun" title="Zemun">Zemun</a> and had <a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">fighter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bomber" title="Bomber">bomber</a> aircraft, helicopters, and air defence artillery units at <a href="/wiki/Air_base" title="Air base">air bases</a> throughout the former Yugoslavia: <a href="/wiki/Batajnica_Air_Base" title="Batajnica Air Base">Batajnica Air Base</a> (<a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>), <a href="/wiki/Ni%C5%A1_Constantine_the_Great_Airport" title="Niš Constantine the Great Airport">Niš Constantine the Great Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slatina_Air_Base" title="Slatina Air Base">Slatina Air Base</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pri%C5%A1tina" class="mw-redirect" title="Priština">Priština</a>), <a href="/wiki/Golubovci_Airbase" class="mw-redirect" title="Golubovci Airbase">Golubovci Airbase</a> (<a href="/wiki/Titograd" class="mw-redirect" title="Titograd">Titograd</a>), <a href="/wiki/Skopski_Petrovec" class="mw-redirect" title="Skopski Petrovec">Skopski Petrovec</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mostar" title="Mostar">Mostar</a>, Željava Air Base (Bihać), <a href="/wiki/Pleso" class="mw-redirect" title="Pleso">Pleso</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zagreb" title="Zagreb">Zagreb</a>), <a href="/wiki/Split_Airport" title="Split Airport">Split Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pula" title="Pula">Pula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zemunik" class="mw-redirect" title="Zemunik">Zemunik</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zadar" title="Zadar">Zadar</a>), <a href="/wiki/Cerklje_ob_Krki" title="Cerklje ob Krki">Cerklje ob Krki</a> and many other smaller air bases. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Navy">Navy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yugoslav_People%27s_Army&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Navy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Navy" title="Yugoslav Navy">Yugoslav Navy</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/List_of_naval_ship_classes_in_service#Minor_surface_combatants" title="List of naval ship classes in service">Minor surface combatants</a> operated by the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Navy" title="Yugoslav Navy">Yugoslav Navy</a> included nearly eighty <a href="/wiki/Frigate#Modern_era" title="Frigate">frigates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corvette#Modern_corvettes" title="Corvette">corvettes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">submarines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minesweeper" title="Minesweeper">minesweepers</a>, and missile, torpedo, and patrol boats in the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Adriatic">Adriatic</a> Fleet. The entire coast of Yugoslavia was part of the naval region headquartered at <a href="/wiki/Split_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Split (city)">Split</a>, Croatia. </p><p>The Partisans had operated many small boats in raids harassing Italian convoys in the Adriatic Sea during World War II. After the war, the navy operated numerous German and Italian submarines, destroyers, minesweepers, and tank-landing craft captured during the war or received as <a href="/wiki/War_reparations" title="War reparations">war reparations</a>. The United States provided eight torpedo boats in the late 1940s, but most of them were soon obsolete. The navy was upgraded in the 1960s when it acquired ten <a href="/wiki/Osa-class_missile_boat#Osa_I" title="Osa-class missile boat">Osa-I</a>-class missile boats and four <a href="/wiki/Shershen-class_torpedo_boat" title="Shershen-class torpedo boat">Shershen-class torpedo boats</a> from the Soviet Union. The Soviets granted a license to build eleven additional Shershen units in Yugoslav shipyards developed for this purpose. </p><p>In 1980 and 1982, the Yugoslav navy took the delivery of two Soviet <a href="/wiki/Koni-class_frigate" title="Koni-class frigate">Koni-class frigates</a>. In 1988 it completed two additional units under license. The Koni frigates were armed with four Soviet <a href="/wiki/P-15_Termit" title="P-15 Termit">P-15 Termit</a> surface-to-surface missile launchers, twin <a href="/wiki/9K33_Osa" title="9K33 Osa">9K33 Osa</a> (NATO reporting name: SA-8 "Gecko") surface-to-air missiles, and anti-submarine rocket launchers. </p><p>The Yugoslav navy developed its own submarine-building capability during the 1960s. In 1990, the main combat units of the submarine service were three <a href="/wiki/Heroj-class_submarine" title="Heroj-class submarine"><i>Heroj</i>-class submarines</a> armed with 533 mm torpedoes. Two smaller <a href="/wiki/Sava-class_submarine" title="Sava-class submarine"><i>Sava</i>-class submarines</a> entered service in the late 1970s. Two <i>Sutjeska</i>-class submarines had been relegated mainly to training missions by 1990. At that time the navy had apparently shifted to construction of versatile midget submarines. Four Una-class midgets and four Mala-class swimmer delivery vehicles were in service in the late 1980s. They were built for use by underwater demolition teams and special forces. The Una-class boats carried five crewmen, eight combat swimmers, four Mala vehicles, and <a href="/wiki/Limpet_mine" title="Limpet mine">limpet mines</a>. The Mala vehicles carried two swimmers and 250 kilograms (550 lb) of mines. </p><p>The Yugoslav navy operated ten Osa-class missile boats and six <a href="/wiki/Kon%C4%8Dar-class_fast_attack_craft" class="mw-redirect" title="Končar-class fast attack craft"><i>Končar</i>-class</a> missile boats. The Osa I boats were armed with four P-15 Termit surface-to-surface missile launchers. In 1990, ten domestic <i>Kobra</i> missile boats were scheduled to begin replacing the Osa I class. The <i>Kobra</i> class was to be armed with eight Swedish <a href="/wiki/RBS-15" class="mw-redirect" title="RBS-15">RBS-15</a> anti-ship missiles, and fifteen of them were ordered in late 1989. Armed with two P-15 Termit launchers, the <i>Končar</i>-class boats were modeled after the <a href="/wiki/Spica-class_torpedo_boat_(Sweden)" title="Spica-class torpedo boat (Sweden)"><i>Spica</i> class</a>, and there were plans to upgrade them with Swedish-built missiles. Two <i>Kobra</i> missile boats were built by <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Kralj-class_fast_attack_craft" class="mw-redirect" title="Kralj-class fast attack craft"><i>Kralj</i>-class</a> <a href="/wiki/Fast_attack_craft" title="Fast attack craft">fast attack craft</a> and both are still in service. The navy's fifteen Topčider-class torpedo boats included four former Soviet Shershen class and eleven Yugoslav built units. </p><p>The Yugoslav navy's mine warfare and countermeasures capabilities were considered adequate in 1990. It operated four <i>Vukov Klanac</i>-class coastal minesweepers built on a French design, four British <a href="/wiki/Ham-class_minesweeper" title="Ham-class minesweeper">Ham-class minesweepers</a>, and six 117-class inshore minesweepers built in domestic shipyards. Larger numbers of older and less capable minesweepers were mainly used in riverine operations. Other older units were used as dedicated minelayers. The navy used <a href="/wiki/Amphibious_warfare" title="Amphibious warfare">amphibious</a> landing craft in support of army operations in the area of the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sava" title="Sava">Sava</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Drava" title="Drava">Drava</a> rivers. They included both tank and assault landing craft. In 1990, there were four 501-class, ten 211-class, and twenty-five 601-class landing craft in service. Most of them were also capable of laying mines in rivers and coastal areas. </p><p>The Yugoslav Navy had 10,000 sailors (including 4,400 conscripts and 900 marines).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtis1992248-250_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtis1992248-250-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were essentially a coastal defence force with the mission of preventing enemy <a href="/wiki/Amphibious_landing" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphibious landing">amphibious landings</a> along the country's rugged 4,000-kilometer shoreline and coastal islands, and contesting enemy <a href="/wiki/Blockade" title="Blockade">blockade</a> or control of the strategic <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Otranto" title="Strait of Otranto">Strait of Otranto</a>. The entire coast of Yugoslavia was part of the naval region headquartered at <a href="/wiki/Split_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Split (city)">Split</a>. The naval region was divided into three smaller <a href="/wiki/Naval_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval district">naval districts</a> and a riverine flotilla with major <a href="/wiki/Naval_base" title="Naval base">naval bases</a> located at Split, <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ibenik" title="Šibenik">Šibenik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pula" title="Pula">Pula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plo%C4%8De" title="Ploče">Ploče</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kotor" title="Kotor">Kotor</a> on the Adriatic Sea, and <a href="/wiki/Novi_Sad" title="Novi Sad">Novi Sad</a> on the River Danube. The strategic islands of <a href="/wiki/Vis_(island)" title="Vis (island)">Vis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lastovo" title="Lastovo">Lastovo</a> were heavily <a href="/wiki/Fortification" title="Fortification">fortified</a> and unauthorised entry was prohibited. The <a href="/wiki/Naval_fleet" title="Naval fleet">fleet</a> was organized into missile, torpedo, and patrol boat brigades, a submarine division, and minesweeper flotillas. The naval <a href="/wiki/Order_of_battle" title="Order of battle">order of battle</a> included four frigates, three corvettes, five patrol submarines, fifty-eight missile, torpedo, and patrol boats, and twenty-eight minesweepers. One antisubmarine warfare helicopter squadron was based at Split on the Adriatic coast. It employed Soviet <a href="/wiki/Ka-25" class="mw-redirect" title="Ka-25">Ka-25</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ka-28" class="mw-redirect" title="Ka-28">Ka-28</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mil_Mi-14" title="Mil Mi-14">Mi-14</a> helicopters, and domestic Partisan helicopters. Some air force fighter and reconnaissance squadrons supported naval operations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_education_and_composition">Military education and composition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yugoslav_People%27s_Army&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Military education and composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Yugoslav Constitution of 1974 principally tried to have the most proportional representation of Yugoslavia's republics and autonomous provinces in the high army ranks. It is defined in article 242 of the constitution, which says that, "Regarding the composition of staff and the employment in the high command and leadership functions in the Yugoslav People's Army the principle is applied of as proportional representation as possible of republics and autonomous provinces".<sup id="cite_ref-mojustav_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mojustav-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Serbs, Montenegrins, and Yugoslavs were by some<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (September 2022)">whose?</span></a></i>]</sup> opinions over-represented in the officer corps, but that was still in accordance with cited constitution. JNA's high-ranking positions in 1980 was dominated by ethnic Serbs, including the chief of the armed forces, minister of defense and secretary of the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Communists_of_Yugoslavia" title="League of Communists of Yugoslavia">LCY</a> in the JNA.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohenDragović-Soso2008306_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohenDragović-Soso2008306-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nobody was preventing anyone in Yugoslavia to become JNA officer in accordance to the law "Zakon o vojnim školama i naučnoistraživačkim ustanovama Jugoslovenske narodne armije" that had no exclusions clause. Proportional presentations was to be between republics and autonomous provinces according to cited part of constitution and not between nations. Military schools in Yugoslavia in accordance with law about military schools were built in all Yugoslavia Republics. In Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia, military schools possessed 38,391 annual capacity or 50.54% of the total compared to Serbia, which had 30,843 capacity for educating military personnel that constituted about 40.62% of total capacity and rest was among other republics.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Representation of the main nations and nationalities of Yugoslavia in the general population and the armed forces:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohenDragović-Soso2008306_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohenDragović-Soso2008306-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right;" width="350px"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>In Yugoslavia 1981</th> <th>In Active Army Staff 1985</th> <th>Among Officers 1981</th> <th>Among Recruits 1989 </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Serbians</td> <td>39.7%</td> <td>57.17%</td> <td>60.0%</td> <td>31% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Croatians</td> <td>22.1%</td> <td>12.51%</td> <td>12.6%</td> <td>18.52% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Yugoslavs</td> <td>1.3%</td> <td>n.a.</td> <td>6.7%</td> <td>7% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Macedonians</td> <td>5.81%</td> <td>6.74%</td> <td>6.3%</td> <td>6.11% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Montenegrins</td> <td>2.5%</td> <td>5,82%</td> <td>6,2%</td> <td>2.48% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Slovenes</td> <td>8.2%</td> <td>2.64%</td> <td>2.8%</td> <td>7% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Bosnians</td> <td>8.4%</td> <td>3.65%</td> <td>2.4%</td> <td>12% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Hungarians</td> <td>2.3%</td> <td>n.a.</td> <td>0.7%</td> <td>1% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Albanians</td> <td>6.4%</td> <td>1.09%</td> <td>0.6%</td> <td>9% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Others</td> <td>3.3%</td> <td>n.a.</td> <td>1.6%</td> <td>6% </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Ethnic distribution among higher ranks of the JNA:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohenDragović-Soso2008307,_326_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohenDragović-Soso2008307,_326-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right;" width="350px"> <tbody><tr> <th>Nations</th> <th>Generals</th> <th>Colonels</th> <th>Lieutenant Colonels</th> <th>Majors </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Serbs</td> <td>50.3%</td> <td>64.5%</td> <td>63.5%</td> <td>60% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Croats</td> <td>14.4%</td> <td>9.4%</td> <td>10.8%</td> <td>10.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Montenegrins</td> <td>12.4%</td> <td>11%</td> <td>6.7%</td> <td>6.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Macedonians</td> <td>7.8%</td> <td>4.4%</td> <td>6.4%</td> <td>6.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Slovenes</td> <td>7.8%</td> <td>3.1%</td> <td>2.3%</td> <td>1.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Yugoslavs</td> <td>4.6%</td> <td>5.3%</td> <td>6.9%</td> <td>10.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Bosniaks</td> <td>2%</td> <td>1.2%</td> <td>1.8%</td> <td>2.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Albanians</td> <td>0.7%</td> <td>0.2%</td> <td>0.2%</td> <td>0.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Hungarians</td> <td>0%</td> <td>0.3%</td> <td>0.2%</td> <td>0.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Others</td> <td>0%</td> <td>0.8%</td> <td>1.3%</td> <td>1.3% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anniversaries_and_rewards">Anniversaries and rewards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yugoslav_People%27s_Army&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Anniversaries and rewards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>22 December was established as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Day_of_the_JNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Day of the JNA (page does not exist)">Day of the JNA</a>. On that day all units and organizations within JNA including other Yugoslavia states bodies celebrated the day the JNA was founded. Prestigious awards were given on that day: they were called <i>dvadesetdrugi decembar</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEЛексикон_НОР1980208_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEЛексикон_НОР1980208-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rewards were given to anyone who had contributed to the defence of Yugoslavia in some way including military, scientific, economic or another contribution. Winners of such awards were highly praised in media and among the populace. Every ten years, special medals were awarded on 22 December. It was last promoted by the JNA general, the winner of the 22 December reward and JNA silver star medal. Major general Ener Taso died on 12 December 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Industry">Industry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yugoslav_People%27s_Army&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The arms industry was dominant in the Yugoslav economy. With annual exports of $3 billion,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> it was twice as large as the second largest industry, tourism. </p><p>Several companies in Yugoslavia produced airplanes and combat aircraft, most notably <a href="/wiki/SOKO" title="SOKO">SOKO</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mostar" title="Mostar">Mostar</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Soko_J-22_Orao" title="Soko J-22 Orao">Soko J-22 Orao</a> being its best known product. There was also <a href="/wiki/Zastava_Arms" title="Zastava Arms">Zastava Arms</a> for firearms and artillery. Another important manufacturer was <a href="/wiki/Utva_Aviation_Industry" title="Utva Aviation Industry">Utva</a> in Serbia. The Yugoslav <a href="/wiki/Military%E2%80%93industrial_complex" title="Military–industrial complex">military–industrial complex</a> produced tanks (most notably, the <a href="/wiki/M-84" title="M-84">M-84</a>), armored vehicles (<a href="/wiki/BOV_APC" class="mw-redirect" title="BOV APC">BOV APC</a>, <a href="/wiki/BVP_M-80" title="BVP M-80">BVP M-80</a>), various artillery pieces (<a href="/wiki/Mortar_(weapon)" title="Mortar (weapon)">mortars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multiple_rocket_launcher" title="Multiple rocket launcher">multiple rocket launchers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Howitzer" title="Howitzer">howitzers</a>), anti-aircraft weapons, as well as various types of infantry weapons and other equipment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yugoslav_People%27s_Army&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Infrastructure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>JNA had modern infrastructure with many air bases including underground shelters and command and control centers in many locations including several mountains. The biggest and best known installation was the <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDeljava_Air_Base" title="Željava Air Base">Željava Air Base</a>, also known as the Bihać Underground Integrated Radar Control and Surveillance Centre and Air Base, in <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Oath">Oath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yugoslav_People%27s_Army&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Oath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The oath of the JNA was:<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I (name and surname) solemnly undertake to faithfully serve my people, defend my homeland, the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, preserve the brotherhood and unity of our peoples and the honor of the JNA, and conscientiously carry out the orders of my commanders. I will always be ready to fight for the freedom and honor of the Motherland, in this fight I will give my life without regret.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Doctrine">Doctrine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yugoslav_People%27s_Army&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Doctrine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The JNA adopted the concept of <a href="/wiki/Total_defence" title="Total defence">total defence</a> (as did a number of other small European and neutral countries). Yugoslavia based its defence doctrine upon the <a href="/wiki/Total_war" title="Total war">total war</a> concept of "Total People's Defence" (sh. Opštenarodna odbrana / Općenarodna obrana) which drew upon Yugoslavia's successful partisan history during the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_People%27s_Liberation_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Yugoslav People's Liberation War">Yugoslav People's Liberation War</a> during the Second World War. "TND prepared the entire population to contest the occupation of the country and finally to liberate it. The <a href="/wiki/Territorial_Defence_Forces_(Yugoslavia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Territorial Defence Forces (Yugoslavia)">Territorial Defence Forces</a> would mobilize the population for this purpose. The combat readiness of the TDF meant that the steps of organization and training could be bypassed after the start of hostilities. The TDF would supplement the YPA, giving it greater defensive depth and an armed local population ready to support combat actions."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtis1992234_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtis1992234-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The entire Yugoslav population was to be engaged in armed resistance, armaments production, and civil defence under this concept. It was believed by the Yugoslav planners to be the best method by which a smaller nation could properly defend itself against a much stronger invader, specifically, <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dissolution">Dissolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yugoslav_People%27s_Army&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Dissolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Missing_information plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/44px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="44" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/66px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/88px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>is missing information</b> about gradual transformation into Serb army under Milošević.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please expand the section to include this information. Further details may exist on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Yugoslav_People%27s_Army" title="Talk:Yugoslav People's Army">talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vojnici_docekuju_Tita_u_Pirotu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Vojnici_docekuju_Tita_u_Pirotu.jpg/300px-Vojnici_docekuju_Tita_u_Pirotu.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Vojnici_docekuju_Tita_u_Pirotu.jpg/450px-Vojnici_docekuju_Tita_u_Pirotu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Vojnici_docekuju_Tita_u_Pirotu.jpg/600px-Vojnici_docekuju_Tita_u_Pirotu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2665" data-file-height="2049" /></a><figcaption>Welcoming <a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Tito</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pirot" title="Pirot">Pirot</a>, 1965</figcaption></figure> <p>In January 1990, the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Communists_of_Yugoslavia" title="League of Communists of Yugoslavia">League of Communists of Yugoslavia</a> was effectively dissolved as a national organization following its <a href="/wiki/14th_Congress_of_the_League_of_Communists_of_Yugoslavia" title="14th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia">14th Congress</a> where the Serbian and Slovene delegations engaged in a public confrontation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETempest1990_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest1990-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Yugoslav People's Army was left without an ideological support mechanism. 99% of the officers of the Army were members of the <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communist</a> party. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolution of Yugoslavia">dissolution of Yugoslavia</a> began when independent, non-communist governments were established in the Yugoslav republics of Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Macedonia. In 1990, the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Slovenia" title="Socialist Republic of Slovenia">Socialist Republic of Slovenia</a> changed its name to <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Republic of Slovenia</a> and ceased contributing funds to the federal government for a sustained military budget.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon afterward the Slovene government began a re-organization of its territorial defense, bringing the former constituent republic's <a href="/wiki/Territorial_Defense_(Yugoslavia)" title="Territorial Defense (Yugoslavia)">Territorial Defense</a> reserve forces under its control as the <a href="/wiki/Slovenian_Territorial_Defence" title="Slovenian Territorial Defence">Slovenian Territorial Defence</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JNA_offensive_plan_1991.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/JNA_offensive_plan_1991.jpg/260px-JNA_offensive_plan_1991.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/JNA_offensive_plan_1991.jpg/390px-JNA_offensive_plan_1991.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/JNA_offensive_plan_1991.jpg/520px-JNA_offensive_plan_1991.jpg 2x" data-file-width="651" data-file-height="671" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Yugoslav strategic offensive plan in 1991 as interpreted by the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In March 1991, Yugoslav defense minister General <a href="/wiki/Veljko_Kadijevi%C4%87" title="Veljko Kadijević">Veljko Kadijević</a> organized a meeting at the military complex in <a href="/wiki/Top%C4%8Dider" title="Topčider">Topčider</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>. Present at this meeting were all 6 presidents of the Yugoslav republics, presidents of the autonomous republics, the Yugoslav president and all top military officers. Kadijević claimed that there were numerous paramilitary organizations in Yugoslavia sponsored by foreign and domestic enemies of the state. He stated that if federal and republic officials "failed to ensure peace, the Yugoslav armed forces could efficiently do so themselves."<sup id="cite_ref-between_war_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-between_war-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also stated that the Yugoslav People's Army was dealing with <a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Ustaše</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chetniks" title="Chetniks">Chetniks</a>, and other "enemies of socialism" stemming from <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">World War II</a> conflicts. Kadijević proposed a declaration of martial law. A subsequent vote was held on Kadijević's recommendation of martial law, and the suggestion was vetoed. </p><p> In April 1991, the government of Croatia formed the <a href="/wiki/Croatian_National_Guard" title="Croatian National Guard">Croatian National Guard</a> (ZNG), which the Yugoslav People's Army considered to be a paramilitary organization.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 25 June 1991, Slovenia and Croatia declared their independence from Yugoslavia. On the same day, <a href="/wiki/Slovenian_Territorial_Defence" title="Slovenian Territorial Defence">Slovenian Territorial Defence</a> units captured Yugoslav control posts on the borders with Italy, Hungary and Austria. Slovene forces also established border control posts on their border with Croatia.</p><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vojaki_JLA_in_ob%C4%8Dani_pred_spopadom_v_Ro%C5%BEni_Dolini..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Vojaki_JLA_in_ob%C4%8Dani_pred_spopadom_v_Ro%C5%BEni_Dolini..jpg/300px-Vojaki_JLA_in_ob%C4%8Dani_pred_spopadom_v_Ro%C5%BEni_Dolini..jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Vojaki_JLA_in_ob%C4%8Dani_pred_spopadom_v_Ro%C5%BEni_Dolini..jpg/450px-Vojaki_JLA_in_ob%C4%8Dani_pred_spopadom_v_Ro%C5%BEni_Dolini..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Vojaki_JLA_in_ob%C4%8Dani_pred_spopadom_v_Ro%C5%BEni_Dolini..jpg/600px-Vojaki_JLA_in_ob%C4%8Dani_pred_spopadom_v_Ro%C5%BEni_Dolini..jpg 2x" data-file-width="1166" data-file-height="703" /></a><figcaption>Soldiers of the Yugoslav People's Army and civilians before clash of arms in <a href="/wiki/Ro%C5%BEna_Dolina" title="Rožna Dolina">Rožna Dolina</a> in 1991</figcaption></figure> <p>As a result of these actions, on 27 June 1991 the JNA attacked Slovenia, with its top commanders citing the constitutional obligation to defend the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Yugoslavia. Yugoslav forces attacked the Slovene units on the border and in all other areas under Slovene control. The Slovenian Territorial Defence blockaded all ten Yugoslav bases in Slovenia and kept them under siege in the <a href="/wiki/Ten-Day_War" title="Ten-Day War">Ten-Day War</a> which ended on 6 July 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yugoslav forces had 44 killed and 146 wounded, with many Yugoslav officers being wounded or captured.<sup id="cite_ref-JS2001_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JS2001-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/Brioni_Agreement" title="Brioni Agreement">Brioni Agreement</a> was signed, the JNA agreed to withdraw from Slovenia by 10 October 1991, leaving large amounts of equipment behind.<sup id="cite_ref-osce_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osce-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 27 June 1991, war in Croatia began. The JNA and the Serbians were on one side and Croatian military units on the other. On 14–15 September, Croatia launched the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Barracks" title="Battle of the Barracks">Battle of the Barracks</a>, besieging over 20 Yugoslav People's Army barracks and depots, leaving Yugoslav soldiers without food, water or electricity for weeks.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Croatian citizens deserted from the JNA and began joining Croatian military forces. Senior Yugoslav officers also defected to Croatia, including Air Force Commander-in-Chief <a href="/wiki/Colonel_general" title="Colonel general">Colonel general</a> <a href="/wiki/Anton_Tus" title="Anton Tus">Anton Tus</a>. In August 1991, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vukovar" title="Battle of Vukovar">Battle of Vukovar</a> began. It was the biggest battle in Croatia before <a href="/wiki/Operation_Storm" title="Operation Storm">Operation Storm</a> and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Flash" title="Operation Flash">Operation Flash</a>. In the battle, 90% of the city was destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-O'Shea23_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-O'Shea23-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Yugoslav People's Army used fighter and attack aircraft, rocket launchers, a large number of tanks and other equipment. </p><p>Macedonia <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(North_Macedonia)" title="Independence Day (North Macedonia)">declared independence</a> on 8 September 1991, but the Yugoslav People's Army did not militarily respond. In November, Vukovar was captured and 80% of Croatian forces were destroyed or captured. Many atrocities were committed in the city by the Yugoslav People's Army and local Serb guerrillas and regulars, including the <a href="/wiki/Velepromet_camp" title="Velepromet camp">Velepromet concentration camp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vukovar_massacre" title="Vukovar massacre">Vukovar massacre</a>, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In mid-October 1991, Yugoslav ground forces, supported by naval and air forces, attacked the city of Dubrovnik and the Konavle area where the Croats had strongholds, starting the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Dubrovnik" title="Siege of Dubrovnik">Siege of Dubrovnik</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 6 December, Yugoslav forces had neutralized all Croat formations in the Konavle area, but Dubrovnik had not been captured. After these two operations, the JNA signed the <a href="/wiki/Vance_plan#Implementation_Agreement" title="Vance plan">Sarajevo Agreement</a> with Croatia and began to withdraw. In January 1992, Veljko Kadijević resigned after the <a href="/wiki/1992_European_Community_Monitor_Mission_helicopter_downing" title="1992 European Community Monitor Mission helicopter downing">1992 European Community Monitor Mission helicopter downing</a>. </p><p>The JNA left Macedonia in March 1992. Around the same time, Bosnia and Herzegovina declared independence following a <a href="/wiki/1992_Bosnian_independence_referendum" title="1992 Bosnian independence referendum">referendum</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_War" title="Bosnian War">Bosnian War</a> started soon thereafter between the country's Bosniaks, Croats and Serbs. The JNA officially withdrew from Bosnia and Herzegovina in May 1992. In January of 1992, Bosnian Serb state was declared.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamet2006382_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamet2006382-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later renamed <a href="/wiki/Republika_Srpska_(1992%E2%80%931995)" title="Republika Srpska (1992–1995)">Republika Srpska</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamet2006428_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamet2006428-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it developed its own military as the JNA withdrew and handed over its weapons, equipment and 55,000 troops to the newly created <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Republika_Srpska" title="Army of Republika Srpska">Bosnian Serb army</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamet2006382_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamet2006382-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 20 May 1992 the JNA was formally dissolved, the remnants of which reformed into the <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="Armed Forces of Serbia and Montenegro">military</a> of the newly founded <a href="/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="Serbia and Montenegro">Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Peacekeeping_operations">Peacekeeping operations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yugoslav_People%27s_Army&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Peacekeeping operations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UNEF_Yugoslav_soldiers_15-01-1957.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/UNEF_Yugoslav_soldiers_15-01-1957.jpg/200px-UNEF_Yugoslav_soldiers_15-01-1957.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/UNEF_Yugoslav_soldiers_15-01-1957.jpg/300px-UNEF_Yugoslav_soldiers_15-01-1957.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/UNEF_Yugoslav_soldiers_15-01-1957.jpg/400px-UNEF_Yugoslav_soldiers_15-01-1957.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="3025" /></a><figcaption>Yugoslav soldiers in the <a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai Peninsula</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Emergency_Force" title="United Nations Emergency Force">UN Emergency Force</a>, January 1957</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Emergency_Force" title="United Nations Emergency Force">United Nations Emergency Force</a> (1956–1967) – 14,265 soldiers in 22 rotations, <a href="/wiki/Colonel" title="Colonel">Colonel</a> Lazar Mušicki as acting commander of mission (August 1964 – January 1965)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Yemen_Observation_Mission" title="United Nations Yemen Observation Mission">United Nations Yemen Observation Mission</a> (1963–1964) – one squad, Colonel Branko Pavlović acting as commander and chief of staff.<sup id="cite_ref-FN_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FN-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_Military_Observer_Group" title="United Nations Iran–Iraq Military Observer Group">United Nations Iran–Iraq Military Observer Group</a> (1988–1991)<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – military observers, <a href="/wiki/General_officer" title="General officer">General</a> Slavko Jović as commander of mission</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Transition_Assistance_Group" title="United Nations Transition Assistance Group">United Nations Transition Assistance Group</a> (1989–1990) – military observers<sup id="cite_ref-UNFF_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNFF-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UNMed_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNMed-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Processes_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Processes-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Angola_Verification_Mission_I" title="United Nations Angola Verification Mission I">United Nations Angola Verification Mission I</a> (1989–1991)<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – military observers</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Successor_militaries_of_the_former_Yugoslavia">Successor militaries of the former Yugoslavia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yugoslav_People%27s_Army&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Successor militaries of the former Yugoslavia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bosnia and Herzegovina: <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li>Croatia: <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Croatia" title="Armed Forces of Croatia">Armed Forces of Croatia</a></li> <li>Kosovo: <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Security_Force" title="Kosovo Security Force">Kosovo Security Force</a></li> <li>Montenegro: <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Montenegro" title="Armed Forces of Montenegro">Armed Forces of Montenegro</a></li> <li>North Macedonia: <a href="/wiki/Army_of_North_Macedonia" title="Army of North Macedonia">Army of North Macedonia</a></li> <li>Serbia: <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Armed_Forces" title="Serbian Armed Forces">Serbian Armed Forces</a></li> <li>Serbia and Montenegro: <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="Armed Forces of Serbia and Montenegro">Armed Forces of Serbia and Montenegro</a></li> <li>Slovenia: <a href="/wiki/Slovenian_Armed_Forces" title="Slovenian Armed Forces">Slovenian Armed Forces</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operational_experience">Operational experience</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yugoslav_People%27s_Army&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Operational experience"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Yugoslavia" title="List of wars involving Yugoslavia">List of wars involving Yugoslavia</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">World War II in Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian%E2%80%93Yugoslav_border_conflict_(1948%E2%80%931954)" title="Albanian–Yugoslav border conflict (1948–1954)">Albanian–Yugoslav border conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Territory_of_Trieste" title="Free Territory of Trieste">Trieste crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten-Day_War" title="Ten-Day War">Ten-Day War</a> in Slovenia (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_War_of_Independence" title="Croatian War of Independence">Croatian War of Independence</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_War" title="Bosnian War">Bosnian War</a> (1992)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yugoslav_People%27s_Army&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslav Partisans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OZNA" title="OZNA">OZNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterintelligence_Service_(Yugoslavia)" title="Counterintelligence Service (Yugoslavia)">Counterintelligence Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Communists_Organisation_in_the_Yugoslav_People%27s_Army" title="League of Communists Organisation in the Yugoslav People's Army">League of Communists Organization in the Yugoslav People's Army</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yugoslav_People%27s_Army&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFForsythe2003" class="citation book cs1">Forsythe, David P. (2003). <i>Central and South-Eastern Europe 2004</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Europa_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="Europa Publications">Europa Publications</a>. p. 180. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781857431865" title="Special:BookSources/9781857431865"><bdi>9781857431865</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Central+and+South-Eastern+Europe+2004&rft.place=London&rft.pages=180&rft.pub=Europa+Publications&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781857431865&rft.aulast=Forsythe&rft.aufirst=David+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+People%27s+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRametFink_Hafner2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sabrina_P._Ramet" title="Sabrina P. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mojustav.rs&rft.atitle=Ustav+SFRJ+iz+1974&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmojustav.rs%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2013%2F04%2FUstav-SFRJ-iz-1974.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+People%27s+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a class="external text" href="https://sr.wikisource.org/sr-el/%D0%A3%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%88%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5_(1974)">"Ustav Socijalističke Federativne Republike Jugoslavije (1974) — Викизворник"</a>. <i>sr.wikisource.org</i> (in Serbian (Latin script))<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Behrends, Jan C. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PCBtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT189"><i>The Return to War and Violence: Case Studies on the USSR, Russia, and Yugoslavia, 1979–2014</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 189–190. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317234685" title="Special:BookSources/9781317234685"><bdi>9781317234685</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Return+to+War+and+Violence%3A+Case+Studies+on+the+USSR%2C+Russia%2C+and+Yugoslavia%2C+1979%E2%80%932014&rft.pages=189-190&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781317234685&rft.aulast=Lu%C4%8Di%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPCBtDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+People%27s+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtis1992242-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtis1992242_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCurtis1992">Curtis 1992</a>, p. 242.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marijan-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marijan_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marijan_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marijan_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarijan2003" class="citation journal cs1">Marijan, Davor (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/4445">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Jedinstvo" – Posljednji Ustroj JNA"</a>. <i>Polemos</i>. <b>6</b> (1–2): 11–47. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1331-5595">1331-5595</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Polemos&rft.atitle=%22Jedinstvo%22+%E2%80%93+Posljednji+Ustroj+JNA&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=11-47&rft.date=2003&rft.issn=1331-5595&rft.aulast=Marijan&rft.aufirst=Davor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhrcak.srce.hr%2Ffile%2F4445&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+People%27s+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-14933.html">"Yugoslavia – Air Force"</a>. <i>country-data.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=country-data.com&rft.atitle=Yugoslavia+%E2%80%93+Air+Force&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.country-data.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fr-14933.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+People%27s+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtis1992248-250-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtis1992248-250_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCurtis1992">Curtis 1992</a>, p. 248-250.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECohenDragović-Soso2008306-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohenDragović-Soso2008306_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohenDragović-Soso2008306_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCohenDragović-Soso2008">Cohen & Dragović-Soso 2008</a>, p. 306.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKovačevMatijaščićPetrović2006" class="citation journal cs1">Kovačev, Simeon; Matijaščić, Zdenko; Petrović, Josip (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/26481">"Nastavno-Obrazovni Resursi i Kapaciteti JNA"</a>. <i>Polemos</i>. <b>9</b> (1): 45–75. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1331-5595">1331-5595</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Polemos&rft.atitle=Nastavno-Obrazovni+Resursi+i+Kapaciteti+JNA&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=45-75&rft.date=2006&rft.issn=1331-5595&rft.aulast=Kova%C4%8Dev&rft.aufirst=Simeon&rft.au=Matija%C5%A1%C4%8Di%C4%87%2C+Zdenko&rft.au=Petrovi%C4%87%2C+Josip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhrcak.srce.hr%2Ffile%2F26481&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+People%27s+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECohenDragović-Soso2008307,_326-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohenDragović-Soso2008307,_326_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCohenDragović-Soso2008">Cohen & Dragović-Soso 2008</a>, p. 307, 326.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEЛексикон_НОР1980208-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEЛексикон_НОР1980208_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFЛексикон_НОР1980">Лексикон НОР 1980</a>, p. 208.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://013info.rs/vesti/drustvo/preminuo-general-enes-taso">"Preminuo general Enes Taso"</a>. 12 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Preminuo+general+Enes+Taso&rft.date=2018-08-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F013info.rs%2Fvesti%2Fdrustvo%2Fpreminuo-general-enes-taso&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+People%27s+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210416144250/https://www.zapadnisrbi.com/ostalo/pricaonica/1023-zavjeti">"Zavjeti"</a>. 16 April 2021. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zavjeti&rft.date=2021-04-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zapadnisrbi.com%2Fostalo%2Fpricaonica%2F1023-zavjeti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+People%27s+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtis1992234-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtis1992234_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCurtis1992">Curtis 1992</a>, p. 234.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest1990-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETempest1990_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTempest1990">Tempest 1990</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uradni-list.si/dl/vip_akti/1990-02-0402.pdf">"Odlok o razglasitvi ustavnih amandmajev k ustave Socialistične Republike Slovenije"</a> [The Decree About the Proclamation of Constitutional Amendments to the Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Slovenia] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Uradni List Republike Slovenije</i> (in Slovak). 16 March 1990<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Uradni+List+Republike+Slovenije&rft.atitle=Odlok+o+razglasitvi+ustavnih+amandmajev+k+ustave+Socialisti%C4%8Dne+Republike+Slovenije&rft.date=1990-03-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uradni-list.si%2Fdl%2Fvip_akti%2F1990-02-0402.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+People%27s+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotrč1990" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Potrč, Miran (8 March 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uradni-list.si/Data/File/vip_akti/1990-02-0402.pdf">"Odlok o razglasitvi ustavnih amandmajev k ustave Republike Slovenije"</a> [Decree on the Proclamation of Constitutional Amendments to the Constitution] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Uradni list Republike Slovenije [Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia]</i> (in Slovenian). <b>47</b> (8). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0350-4964">0350-4964</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Uradni+list+Republike+Slovenije+%5BOfficial+Gazette+of+the+Republic+of+Slovenia%5D&rft.atitle=Odlok+o+razglasitvi+ustavnih+amandmajev+k+ustave+Republike+Slovenije&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=8&rft.date=1990-03-08&rft.issn=0350-4964&rft.aulast=Potr%C4%8D&rft.aufirst=Miran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uradni-list.si%2FData%2FFile%2Fvip_akti%2F1990-02-0402.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+People%27s+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-between_war-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-between_war_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanz,_Timothy_L._&_Jacob_W._Kipp" class="citation web cs1">Sanz, Timothy L. & Jacob W. Kipp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060217030047/http://fmso.leavenworth.army.mil/documents/yugomr.htm">"The Yugoslav Peoples's Army: Between Civil War and Disintegration"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fmso.leavenworth.army.mil/documents/yugomr.htm">the original</a> on 17 February 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Yugoslav+Peoples%27s+Army%3A+Between+Civil+War+and+Disintegration&rft.au=Sanz%2C+Timothy+L.+%26+Jacob+W.+Kipp&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffmso.leavenworth.army.mil%2Fdocuments%2Fyugomr.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+People%27s+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimmerman1995" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Warren_Zimmerman" class="mw-redirect" title="Warren Zimmerman">Zimmerman, Warren</a> (1 March 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150907071807/https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/europe/1995-03-01/last-ambassador-memoir-collapse-yugoslavia">"The Last Ambassador: A Memoir of the Collapse of Yugoslavia – Foreign Affairs"</a>. <i>Foreign Affairs</i>. Council on Foreign Relations, Inc. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/europe/1995-03-01/last-ambassador-memoir-collapse-yugoslavia">the original</a> on 7 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2015</span>. <q>The JNA was soon on a collision course with the breakaway republics. Both Croatia and Slovenia were trying to create their own military forces by calling on their young men to desert the JNA and by weakening the JNA's control over the republican Territorial Defense Forces, a sort of national guard. The JNA went berserk over this proliferation of armies. 'How many armies does the United States have?' Kadijević stormed at me.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=The+Last+Ambassador%3A+A+Memoir+of+the+Collapse+of+Yugoslavia+%E2%80%93+Foreign+Affairs&rft.date=1995-03-01&rft.aulast=Zimmerman&rft.aufirst=Warren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foreignaffairs.com%2Farticles%2Feurope%2F1995-03-01%2Flast-ambassador-memoir-collapse-yugoslavia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+People%27s+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:4_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zXGiXiQnoUs">"The Death of Yugoslavia, Part 3, Wars of Independence"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UN+Medals%3A+UNTAG%2C+United+Nations+Transition+Assistance+Group&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fen%2Fpeacekeeping%2Fsites%2Fmedals%2Funtag.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+People%27s+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Processes-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Processes_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSatish_Chandra,_Mala_Chandra2006" class="citation book cs1">Satish Chandra, Mala Chandra (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2WRhyGYIessC"><i>International Conflicts and Peace Making Process: Role of the United Nations</i></a>. Mittal Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788183241663" title="Special:BookSources/9788183241663"><bdi>9788183241663</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Conflicts+and+Peace+Making+Process%3A+Role+of+the+United+Nations&rft.pub=Mittal+Publications&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9788183241663&rft.au=Satish+Chandra%2C+Mala+Chandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2WRhyGYIessC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+People%27s+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeisler1995" class="citation book cs1">Meisler, Stanley (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vnfy4oBBHIoC"><i>United Nations: The First Fifty Years</i></a>. Atlantic Monthly Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87113-656-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87113-656-5"><bdi>978-0-87113-656-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=United+Nations%3A+The+First+Fifty+Years&rft.pub=Atlantic+Monthly+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-87113-656-5&rft.aulast=Meisler&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dvnfy4oBBHIoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+People%27s+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yugoslav_People%27s_Army&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Yugoslav_People%27s_Army" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Yugoslav People's Army">Yugoslav People's Army</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanac1988" class="citation book cs1">Banac, Ivo (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jS69IRtTA3gC&pg=PA83"><i>With Stalin Against Tito: Cominformist Splits in Yugoslav Communism</i></a>. Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-2186-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-2186-1"><bdi>0-8014-2186-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=With+Stalin+Against+Tito%3A+Cominformist+Splits+in+Yugoslav+Communism&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-8014-2186-1&rft.aulast=Banac&rft.aufirst=Ivo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjS69IRtTA3gC%26pg%3DPA83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+People%27s+Army" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohenDragović-Soso2008" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Lenard J.; Dragović-Soso, Jasna (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aGy3dO_aDisC"><i>State Collapse in South-Eastern Europe: New Perspectives on Yugoslavia's Disintegration</i></a>. Purdue University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781557534606" title="Special:BookSources/9781557534606"><bdi>9781557534606</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+Collapse+in+South-Eastern+Europe%3A+New+Perspectives+on+Yugoslavia%27s+Disintegration&rft.pub=Purdue+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781557534606&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Lenard+J.&rft.au=Dragovi%C4%87-Soso%2C+Jasna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaGy3dO_aDisC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+People%27s+Army" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurtis1992" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Curtis, Glenn E., ed. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/91040323/"><i>Yugoslavia: a country study</i></a> (3rd ed.). Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/Federal_Research_Division" title="Federal Research Division">Federal Research Division</a>, <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8444-0735-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8444-0735-6"><bdi>0-8444-0735-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/24792849">24792849</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020203455/https://www.loc.gov/item/91040323/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2021</span>. <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yugoslavia%3A+a+country+study&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Federal+Research+Division%2C+Library+of+Congress&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F24792849&rft.isbn=0-8444-0735-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fitem%2F91040323%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+People%27s+Army" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia" title="Template:Cite encyclopedia">cite encyclopedia</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: postscript (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDimitrijevic1997" class="citation journal cs1">Dimitrijevic, Bojan (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/13518049708430288">"The mutual defense aid program in Tito's Yugoslavia, 1951–1958, and its technical impact"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Slavic_Military_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Slavic Military Studies">Journal of Slavic Military Studies</a></i>. <b>10</b> (2): 19–33. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13518049708430288">10.1080/13518049708430288</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Slavic+Military+Studies&rft.atitle=The+mutual+defense+aid+program+in+Tito%27s+Yugoslavia%2C+1951%E2%80%931958%2C+and+its+technical+impact&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=19-33&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13518049708430288&rft.aulast=Dimitrijevic&rft.aufirst=Bojan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fpdf%2F10.1080%2F13518049708430288&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+People%27s+Army" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Shea2005" class="citation book cs1">O'Shea, Brendan (2005). <i>The Modern Yugoslav Conflict 1991–1995: Perception, Deception and Dishonesty</i>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-35705-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-35705-0"><bdi>978-0-415-35705-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Modern+Yugoslav+Conflict+1991%E2%80%931995%3A+Perception%2C+Deception+and+Dishonesty&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-415-35705-0&rft.aulast=O%27Shea&rft.aufirst=Brendan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+People%27s+Army" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamet2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sabrina_P._Ramet" title="Sabrina P. Ramet">Ramet, Sabrina P.</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FTw3lEqi2-oC"><i>The Three Yugoslavias: State-Building and Legitimation, 1918–2005</i></a>. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34656-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34656-8"><bdi>978-0-253-34656-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Three+Yugoslavias%3A+State-Building+and+Legitimation%2C+1918%E2%80%932005&rft.place=Bloomington&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-253-34656-8&rft.aulast=Ramet&rft.aufirst=Sabrina+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFTw3lEqi2-oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+People%27s+Army" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Razvoj Oruzanih Snaga SFRJ [The Development of the Armed Forces of the Socialistic Federative Republic of Yugoslavia], Vols.3-2, The Ground Forces (Belgrade 1987). "This is a classified edition marked with the military security label 'for internal use' published for the 40th Anniversary of the Yugoslav Army. The entire set includes 24 books covering all aspects of the Yugoslav Army, written with consultation of the still classified primary sources" [comment in endnotes of Dimitrijevic 1997].</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTempest1990" class="citation news cs1">Tempest, Rone (23 January 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-01-23-mn-594-story.html">"Communists in Yugoslavia Split Into Factions"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Communists+in+Yugoslavia+Split+Into+Factions&rft.date=1990-01-23&rft.aulast=Tempest&rft.aufirst=Rone&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1990-01-23-mn-594-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+People%27s+Army" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrifunovska1994" class="citation book cs1">Trifunovska, Snezana (1994). <i>Yugoslavia Through Documents: From Its Creation to Its Dissolution</i>. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7923-2670-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7923-2670-9"><bdi>0-7923-2670-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yugoslavia+Through+Documents%3A+From+Its+Creation+to+Its+Dissolution&rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff+Publishers&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-7923-2670-9&rft.aulast=Trifunovska&rft.aufirst=Snezana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+People%27s+Army" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJutarnji_list28_May_2011" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Žabec, Krešimir (28 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jutarnji.hr/antun-tus--petar-stipetic--martin-spegelj-i-imra-agotic--ljudi-koji-su-stvorili-hrvatsku-vojsku/949293/">"Tus, Stipetić, Špegelj i Agotić: Dan prije opsade Vukovara Tuđman je Imri Agotiću rekao: Rata neće biti!"</a> [Tus, Stipetić, Špegelj and Agotić: A day ahead of the siege of Vukovar, Tuđman said to Imra Agotić: There will be no war!]. <i><a href="/wiki/Jutarnji_list" title="Jutarnji list">Jutarnji list</a></i> (in Croatian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120421001532/http://www.jutarnji.hr/antun-tus--petar-stipetic--martin-spegelj-i-imra-agotic--ljudi-koji-su-stvorili-hrvatsku-vojsku/949293">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jutarnji+list&rft.atitle=Tus%2C+Stipeti%C4%87%2C+%C5%A0pegelj+i+Agoti%C4%87%3A+Dan+prije+opsade+Vukovara+Tu%C4%91man+je+Imri+Agoti%C4%87u+rekao%3A+Rata+ne%C4%87e+biti%21&rft.date=2011-05-28&rft.aulast=%C5%BDabec&rft.aufirst=Kre%C5%A1imir&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jutarnji.hr%2Fantun-tus--petar-stipetic--martin-spegelj-i-imra-agotic--ljudi-koji-su-stvorili-hrvatsku-vojsku%2F949293%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+People%27s+Army" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFЛексикон_НОР1980" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"> <bdi lang="sr">Лексикон Народноослободилачког рата и револуције у Југославији 1941—1945</bdi> [<i>Lexicon of the National Liberation War and the Revolution in Yugoslavia 1941—1945</i>] (in Serbian). Beograd: Народна књига. 1980.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD+%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3+%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%B8+%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5+%D1%83+%D0%88%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B8+1941%E2%80%941945&rft.place=Beograd&rft.pub=%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%BA%D1%9A%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0&rft.date=1980&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+People%27s+Army" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia&#124;link=Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia_Yugoslav_People&#039;s_Army_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia&#124;link=Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia"><img alt="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 1.5x, 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2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Leadership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Yugoslavia#SFR_Yugoslavia" title="List of heads of state of Yugoslavia">Commander-in-Chief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Yugoslavia)#SFR_Yugoslavia_(1945–1992)" title="Ministry of Defence (Yugoslavia)">Federal Secretary of People's Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_General_Staff_(Yugoslavia)#Yugoslav_People's_Army_(1945–1992)" title="Chief of the General Staff (Yugoslavia)">Chief of the General Staff</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Logo_of_the_JNA.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Insignia of the Yugoslav People's Army"><img alt="Insignia of the Yugoslav People's Army" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Logo_of_the_JNA.svg/95px-Logo_of_the_JNA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="95" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Logo_of_the_JNA.svg/143px-Logo_of_the_JNA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Logo_of_the_JNA.svg/190px-Logo_of_the_JNA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="130" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Ground_Forces" title="Yugoslav Ground Forces">Yugoslav Ground Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Navy" title="Yugoslav Navy">Yugoslav Navy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ships_of_the_Yugoslav_Navy" title="List of ships of the Yugoslav Navy">Ships</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Air_Force" title="Yugoslav Air Force">Yugoslav Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_Defense_(Yugoslavia)" title="Territorial Defense (Yugoslavia)">Territorial Defense</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Counterintelligence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/KOS_(Yugoslavia)" class="mw-redirect" title="KOS (Yugoslavia)">KOS</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Personnel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_People%27s_Army_ranks" 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