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<span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Citations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Citations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Periplus_of_the_Erythraean_Sea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Periplus_of_the_Erythraean_Sea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Periplus of the Erythraean Sea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Periplus_of_the_Erythraean_Sea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Natural_History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Natural_History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>The Natural History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Natural_History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Present_location" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Present_location"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Present location</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Present_location-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Present location subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Present_location-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kollam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kollam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Kollam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kollam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Niranam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Niranam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Niranam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Niranam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kannetri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kannetri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Kannetri</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kannetri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nelcynda_in_fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nelcynda_in_fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Nelcynda in fiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nelcynda_in_fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p> <b>Nelcynda</b> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Νέλκυνδα<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>) is a place in ancient Kerala. It was described in <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny's</a> classical work <i><a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" title="Natural History (Pliny)">The Natural History</a></i> as well as in <i><a href="/wiki/Periplus_of_the_Erythraean_Sea" title="Periplus of the Erythraean Sea">Periplus of the Erythraean Sea</a></i>. It was believed to be the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Ay_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Ay kingdom">Ay kingdom</a>. <a href="/wiki/Parumala" title="Parumala">Nakkada</a> near <a href="/wiki/Niranam" title="Niranam">Niranam</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pathanamthitta_district" title="Pathanamthitta district">Pathanamthitta district</a> is often identified with Nelcynda. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Variations">Variations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nelcynda&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Variations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nelcynda is mentioned by various authors under varying forms of the name. As has been already stated, it is Melkunda in Ptolemy, who places it in the country of the <a href="/wiki/Ay_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Ay kingdom">Ay</a>. In the Peutingerian Table it is Nincylda, and in the Geographer of Ravenna, Nilcinna.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pliny the Elder in his book Naturalis Historia calls the port Neacyndi.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nelcynda&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Periplus_of_the_Erythraean_Sea">Periplus of the Erythraean Sea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nelcynda&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Periplus of the Erythraean Sea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Periplus_of_the_Erythraean_Sea" title="Periplus of the Erythraean Sea">Periplus of the Erythraean Sea</a></div> <p>According to the <i>Periplus</i>, numerous Greek seamen managed an intense trade with Muziris: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Then come Naura (<a href="/wiki/Kannur" title="Kannur">Kannur</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Tyndis" title="Tyndis">Tyndis</a>, the first markets of <a href="/wiki/Damirica" class="mw-redirect" title="Damirica">Damirica</a> or Limyrike, and then Muziris and Nelcynda, which are now of leading importance. <a href="/wiki/Tyndis" title="Tyndis">Tyndis</a> is of the <a href="/wiki/Chera_dynasty" title="Chera dynasty">Kingdom of Cerobothra</a>; it is a village in plain sight by the sea. Muziris, of the same kingdom, abounds in ships sent there with cargoes from <a href="/wiki/Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabia">Arabia</a>, and by the <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a>; it is located on a river (River <a href="/wiki/Kaveri_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaveri River">Periyar</a>), distant from Tyndis by river and sea five hundred stadia, and up the river from the shore twenty stadia. Nelcynda is distant from Muziris by river and sea about five hundred stadia, and is of another Kingdom, <a href="/wiki/Ay_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Ay Kingdom">Ay Kingdom</a>. This place also is situated on a river, about one hundred and twenty stadia from the sea...."</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i>The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea</i>, 53-54</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Natural_History">The Natural History</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nelcynda&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The Natural History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> (c. 23–77 CE) gives a description of voyages to India in the 1st century CE. He refers to many Indian ports in his work <i><a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" title="Natural History (Pliny)">The Natural History</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>To those who are bound for <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ocelis" title="Ocelis">Ocelis</a> (On the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a>) is the best place for embarkation. If the wind, called Hippalus (Southwest Monsoon), happens to be blowing it is possible to arrive in forty days at the nearest market in India, "Muziris" by name. This, however, is not a very desirable place for disembarkation, on account of the pirates which frequent its vicinity, where they occupy a place called Nitrias; nor, in fact, is it very rich in articles of merchandise. Besides, the <a href="/wiki/Roadstead" title="Roadstead">road stead</a> for shipping is a considerable distance from the shore, and the cargoes have to be conveyed in boats, either for loading or discharging. At the moment that I am writing these pages, the name of the king of this place is Caelobothras (<a href="/wiki/Chera_dynasty" title="Chera dynasty">Keralaputras</a>). Another port, and a much more convenient one, is that which lies in the territory of the people called Neacyndi, Bacare (<a href="/wiki/Puhar,_Nagapattinam" class="mw-redirect" title="Puhar, Nagapattinam">Puhar</a>) by name. Here king Pandion (<a href="/wiki/Pandya_dynasty" title="Pandya dynasty">Pandya</a>) used to reign, dwelling at a considerable distance from the market in the interior, at a city known as Modiera (<a href="/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai">Madurai</a>). The district from which pepper is carried down to Barace in boats hollowed out of a single tree is known as Cottonara (<a href="/wiki/Kuttanadu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuttanadu">Kuttanadu</a>).</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Present_location">Present location</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nelcynda&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Present location"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The present location is actually not self-evident. Some researchers identity Nelcynda with <a href="/wiki/Parumala" title="Parumala">Nakkada</a> near <a href="/wiki/Niranam" title="Niranam">Niranam</a>. Other possible locations include <a href="/wiki/Neendakara" title="Neendakara">Neendakara</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nirkunnam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nirkunnam (page does not exist)">Nirkunnam</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kannetri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kannetri (page does not exist)">Kannetri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kollam" title="Kollam">Kollam</a>. The details like "Nelcynda is distant from Muziris by river and sea about five hundred stadia..." and other evidences of ancient ports are used in arriving at these possibilities. Scholars have tried to identify the port of Nelcynda with Kallada on the Kallada River (Yule 1903), with Nirkunnam on the Meenachil River (Kanakasabhai 1904), with Niganda (which later on came to be known as Niranam) (I C Chacko 1979) and with Kottayam (Sastri 1955, Gurukkal and Whittakker 2001).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kollam">Kollam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nelcynda&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Kollam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Kollam" title="Kollam">Kollam</a> (Nelcynda) shares fame with Kodungallur (Muziris) as an ancient sea port on the Malabar coast of India from early centuries of the Christian era. <a href="/wiki/Kollam" title="Kollam">Kollam</a> had a sustained commercial reputation from the days of the Phoenicians and the Romans. Pliny (23-79 AD) mentions about Greek ships anchored at Musiris and Nelkanda. Musiris is identified with Kodungallur (then ruled by the Chera kingdom) and Nelkanda (Nelcyndis) with <a href="/wiki/Quilon" class="mw-redirect" title="Quilon">Quilon</a> or <a href="/wiki/Kollam" title="Kollam">Kollam</a> (then under the Pandyan rule). The inland sea port(kore-ke-ni) was also called Tyndis. <a href="/wiki/Kollam_Port" title="Kollam Port">Kollam</a> was the chief port of the Pandyas on the West Coast and was connected with Korkai (Kayal) port on the East Coast and also through land route over the Western Ghats. Spices, pearls, diamonds and silk were exported to Egypt and Rome from these two ports on the South Western coast of India. Pearls and diamonds came from Ceylon and the South eastern coast of India, then known as the Pandyan kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yule identifies Nelcynda as <a href="/wiki/Kallada" title="Kallada">Kallada</a>. That would also satisfy the mention "This place also is situated on a river, about one hundred and twenty stadia from the sea...."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yule writes </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>That Nelkynda cannot have been far from this is clear from the vicinity of the <i>Red Hill</i> of the Periplus. There can be little doubt that this is the bar of red laterite which, a short distance south of Quilon, cuts short the backwater navigation, and is thence called the <i>Warkalle Barrier</i>. It forms abrupt cliffs on the sea, without beach, and these cliffs are still known to seamen as the <i>Red Cliffs</i>. This is the only thing like a sea cliff from Mount D'Elv to Cape Comorin""</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Notes on the Oldest Records of the Sea-route to China from Western Asia</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Niranam">Niranam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nelcynda&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Niranam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This assumption is possible from the mention "This place also is situated on a river, about one hundred and twenty stadia from the sea...". But there are no evidences of Niranam being an ancient port. Barace can be identified as Varakkai. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kannetri">Kannetri</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nelcynda&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Kannetri"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Caldwell is said to have identified it with Kannetri:<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Musiris has been identified with Muyirikota and Nelkynda with Kannetri. Caldwell's Dravidian Grammar, Introduction, 97</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nelcynda_in_fiction">Nelcynda in fiction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nelcynda&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Nelcynda in fiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Writer and Renowned Social Anthropologist Susan Visvanathan wrote a novella based on Nelcynda, called "Nelycinda and Other Stories" (Roli Books, 2012).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nelcynda&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://el.wikisource.org/wiki/Περίπλους_της_Ερυθράς_Θαλάσσης#53">Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, 53 and 54</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Watson McCrindle <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pQwIAQAAIAAJ"><i>The commerce and navigation of the Erythraean sea</i></a>. Thacker, Spink & co., 1879, p. 134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orientalthane.com/archaeology/news_2008_01_30_3.htm">Study points to ancient trade connection in Central Travancore</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://penelope.uchicago.edu/holland/index.html">First English translation</a> by <a href="/wiki/Philemon_Holland" title="Philemon Holland">Philemon Holland</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alex Mathew, Raju S (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marthomacollege.org/downloadables/rational_discourse/rational2008.pdf">Inching Towards Nelcynda</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081121201501/http://www.marthomacollege.org/downloadables/rational_discourse/rational2008.pdf">Archived</a> 21 November 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Rational Discourse</i>, 12(1):5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indianmanual.com/read.php?14,114">Kollam, Indian Manual</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120424144410/http://onsouthindia.com/on/kollam.html">"[[Kollam]], On South India"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.onsouthindia.com/on/kollam.html">the original</a> on 24 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%26%2391%3B%26%2391%3BKollam%26%2393%3B%26%2393%3B%2C+On+South+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.onsouthindia.com%2Fon%2Fkollam.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANelcynda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120409144046/http://devoiletoipondicherry.com/page/kerla/Kollam.php">"Kollam"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.devoiletoipondicherry.com/page/kerla/Kollam.php">the original</a> on 9 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kollam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.devoiletoipondicherry.com%2Fpage%2Fkerla%2FKollam.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANelcynda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. A. Donkin <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=leHFqMQ9mw8C&pg=PA100"><i>Beyond price: pearls and pearl-fishing : origins to the Age of Discoveries</i></a>. American Philosophical Society, 1998, p. 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pQwIAQAAIAAJ"><i>Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Kola'ba and Janjira</i></a>. Govt. Central Press, 1883, p. 140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVisvanathan2012" class="citation book cs1">Visvanathan, Susan (July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e9umBAAAQBAJ&q=Nelycinda+and+other+stories+Roli+books&pg=PP1"><i>Nelycinda and Other Stories</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789351940258" title="Special:BookSources/9789351940258"><bdi>9789351940258</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nelycinda+and+Other+Stories&rft.date=2012-07&rft.isbn=9789351940258&rft.aulast=Visvanathan&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De9umBAAAQBAJ%26q%3DNelycinda%2Band%2Bother%2Bstories%2BRoli%2Bbooks%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANelcynda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nelcynda&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/32px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/48px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/64px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">India portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muziris" title="Muziris">Muziris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ay_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Ay kingdom">Ay kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollam" title="Kollam">Kollam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollam_Port" title="Kollam Port">Kollam Port</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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