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class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Access to new data/records</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Access_to_new_data/records-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_sources_in_other_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_sources_in_other_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>New sources in other languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_sources_in_other_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Developments_in_other_fields_of_science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Developments_in_other_fields_of_science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Developments in other fields of science</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Developments_in_other_fields_of_science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nationalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nationalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Nationalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nationalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ideology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ideology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Ideology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ideology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_causation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_causation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Historical causation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_causation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specific_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specific_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Specific issues</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Specific_issues-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Specific issues subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Specific_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dark_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dark_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Dark Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dark_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Feudalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feudalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Feudalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feudalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Agincourt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Agincourt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Battle of Agincourt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Agincourt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_World_discovery_and_European_colonization_of_the_Americas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_World_discovery_and_European_colonization_of_the_Americas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>New World discovery and European colonization of the Americas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_World_discovery_and_European_colonization_of_the_Americas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Qing_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Qing_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>New Qing history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Qing_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>French Revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_attack_formations_in_the_Napoleonic_wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_attack_formations_in_the_Napoleonic_wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>French attack formations in the Napoleonic wars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_attack_formations_in_the_Napoleonic_wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Argentine_Civil_Wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Argentine_Civil_Wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Argentine Civil Wars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Argentine_Civil_Wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>World War I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-German_guilt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German_guilt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9.1</span> <span>German guilt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German_guilt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poor_British_and_French_military_leadership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poor_British_and_French_military_leadership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9.2</span> <span>Poor British and French military leadership</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poor_British_and_French_military_leadership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reconstruction_in_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reconstruction_in_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.10</span> <span>Reconstruction in the United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reconstruction_in_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_business_and_"robber_barons"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_business_and_"robber_barons""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.11</span> <span>American business and "robber barons"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_business_and_"robber_barons"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Excess_mortality_in_the_Soviet_Union_under_Stalin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Excess_mortality_in_the_Soviet_Union_under_Stalin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.12</span> <span>Excess mortality in the Soviet Union under Stalin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Excess_mortality_in_the_Soviet_Union_under_Stalin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet_Union_and_Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_Union_and_Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.13</span> <span>Soviet Union and Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_Union_and_Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Guilt_for_causing_World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guilt_for_causing_World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.14</span> <span>Guilt for causing World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guilt_for_causing_World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.15</span> <span>Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cold_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cold_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.16</span> <span>Cold War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cold_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vietnam_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vietnam_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.16.1</span> <span>Vietnam War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vietnam_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chronological_revisionism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chronological_revisionism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.17</span> <span>Chronological revisionism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chronological_revisionism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cases_of_revisionism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cases_of_revisionism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Cases of revisionism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cases_of_revisionism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Historical revisionism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">39 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiese_revisionisme" title="Historiese revisionisme – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Historiese revisionisme" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschichtsrevisionismus" title="Geschichtsrevisionismus – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Geschichtsrevisionismus" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE%D9%8A" title="تعديل تاريخي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تعديل تاريخي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revisionismu_hist%C3%B3ricu" title="Revisionismu históricu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Revisionismu históricu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Гістарычны рэвізіянізм – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гістарычны рэвізіянізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Исторически ревизионизъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Исторически ревизионизъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revisionisme_hist%C3%B2ric" title="Revisionisme històric – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Revisionisme històric" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revisionisme_(historie)" title="Revisionisme (historie) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Revisionisme (historie)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschichtsrevisionismus" title="Geschichtsrevisionismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Geschichtsrevisionismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revisionismo_hist%C3%B3rico" title="Revisionismo histórico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Revisionismo histórico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_reviziismo" title="Historia reviziismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Historia reviziismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Errebisionismo_historiko" title="Errebisionismo historiko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Errebisionismo historiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE%DB%8C" title="بازبینی تاریخی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بازبینی تاریخی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9visionnisme" title="Révisionnisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Révisionnisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revisionismo_hist%C3%B3rico" title="Revisionismo histórico – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Revisionismo histórico" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%AD%EC%82%AC%EC%88%98%EC%A0%95%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98" title="역사수정주의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="역사수정주의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Povijesni_revizionizam" title="Povijesni revizionizam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Povijesni revizionizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revisionisme_sejarah" title="Revisionisme sejarah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Revisionisme sejarah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endursko%C3%B0unarstefna" title="Endurskoðunarstefna – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Endurskoðunarstefna" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revisionismo_storiografico" title="Revisionismo storiografico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Revisionismo storiografico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%96%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99" title="רוויזיוניזם היסטורי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רוויזיוניזם היסטורי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revizionisms" title="Revizionisms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Revizionisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a 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title="歴史修正主義 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="歴史修正主義" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historisk_revisjonisme" title="Historisk revisjonisme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Historisk revisjonisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rewizjonizm" title="Rewizjonizm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rewizjonizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a 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data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarihsel_revizyonizm" title="Tarihsel revizyonizm – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tarihsel revizyonizm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Історичний ревізіонізм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Історичний ревізіонізм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Reinterpretation of a historical account</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the reinterpretation of the historical record. For the denial and distortion of the historical record, see <a href="/wiki/Historical_negationism" title="Historical negationism">Historical negationism</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Example_farm plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>may contain <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lists#List_size" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists">excessive</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Due_and_undue_weight" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">irrelevant</a> examples</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Historical_revisionism&action=edit">improve the article</a> by adding descriptive text and removing <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Example_cruft" title="Wikipedia:Example cruft">less pertinent examples</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">historiography</a>, <b>historical revisionism</b> is the reinterpretation of a historical account.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It usually involves challenging the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/orthodox" class="extiw" title="wikt:orthodox">orthodox</a> (established, accepted or traditional) scholarly views or narratives regarding a <a href="/wiki/Historical_event" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical event">historical event</a>, timespan, or phenomenon by introducing contrary evidence or reinterpreting the motivations and decisions of the people involved. Revision of the <a href="/wiki/Historical_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical record">historical record</a> can reflect new discoveries of fact, evidence, and interpretation as they come to light. The process of historical revision is a common, necessary, and usually uncontroversial process which develops and refines the historical record to make it more complete and accurate. </p><p>One form of historical revisionism involves a reversal of older moral judgments. Revision in this fashion is a more controversial topic, and can include denial or distortion of the historical record yielding an illegitimate form of historical revisionism known as <a href="/wiki/Historical_negationism" title="Historical negationism">historical negationism</a> (involving, for example, distrust of genuine documents or records or deliberate manipulation of statistical data to draw predetermined conclusions). This type of historical revisionism can present a re-interpretation of the moral meaning of the historical record.<sup id="cite_ref-Evans-145_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans-145-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Negationists use the term <i>revisionism</i> to portray their efforts as legitimate historical inquiry; this is especially the case when <i>revisionism</i> relates to <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_scholarship">Historical scholarship</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_revisionism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Historical scholarship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this article <b>deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Historical_revisionism&action=edit">improve this article</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Historical_revisionism" title="Talk:Historical revisionism">talk page</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_wizard" title="Wikipedia:Article wizard">create a new article</a>, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Historical revisionism is the means by which the <a href="/wiki/Historical_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical record">historical record</a>, the history of a society, as understood in its <a href="/wiki/Collective_memory" title="Collective memory">collective memory</a>, continually accounts for new facts and interpretations of the events that are commonly understood as history. The historian and <a href="/wiki/American_Historical_Association" title="American Historical Association">American Historical Association</a> member <a href="/wiki/James_M._McPherson" title="James M. McPherson">James M. McPherson</a> has said: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The fourteen-thousand members of this <a href="/wiki/American_Historical_Association" title="American Historical Association">association</a>, however, know that revision is the lifeblood of historical scholarship. History is a continuing <a href="/wiki/Discourse" title="Discourse">dialogue</a>, between the present and the past. Interpretations of the past are subject to change in response to new evidence, new questions asked of the evidence, new perspectives gained by the passage of time. There is no single, eternal, and immutable "<a href="/wiki/Truth" title="Truth">truth</a>" about past events and their meaning. </p><p>The unending quest of historians for understanding the past – that is, <i>revisionism</i> – is what makes history vital and meaningful. Without revisionism, we might be stuck with the images of <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction Era">Reconstruction</a> [1865–77] after the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> [1861–65] that were conveyed by <a href="/wiki/D._W._Griffith" title="D. W. Griffith">D. W. Griffith</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Birth_of_a_Nation" title="The Birth of a Nation">The Birth of a Nation</a></i> [1915] and <a href="/wiki/Claude_Bowers" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude Bowers">Claude Bowers</a>'s <i>The Tragic Era</i> [1929]. Were the <a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a> [1870s–1900] entrepreneurs "<a href="/wiki/Captain_of_industry" title="Captain of industry">Captains of Industry</a>" or "<a href="/wiki/Robber_baron_(industrialist)" title="Robber baron (industrialist)">Robber Barons</a>"? </p><p> Without revisionist historians, who have done research in new sources and asked new and nuanced questions, we would remain mired in one or another of these stereotypes. Supreme Court decisions often reflect a "revisionist" interpretation of history as well as of the Constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In the field of <a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">historiography</a>, the historian who works within the existing <a href="/wiki/The_Establishment" title="The Establishment">establishment</a> of society and has produced a body of <a href="/wiki/History_books" class="mw-redirect" title="History books">history books</a> from which he or she can claim <a href="/wiki/Authority_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Authority (sociology)">authority</a>, usually benefits from the <i>status quo</i>. As such, the professional-historian <a href="/wiki/Paradigm" title="Paradigm">paradigm</a> is manifested as a <a href="/wiki/Reflex_reaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Reflex reaction">denunciative stance</a> towards any form of historical revisionism of fact, interpretation or both. In contrast to the single-paradigm form of writing history, the philosopher of science, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kuhn" title="Thomas Kuhn">Thomas Kuhn</a>, said, in contrast to the quantifiable <a href="/wiki/Hard_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard sciences">hard sciences</a>, characterized by a single paradigm, the <a href="/wiki/Social_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Social sciences">social sciences</a> are characterized by several paradigms that derive from a "tradition of claims, counterclaims, and debates over [the] fundamentals" of research.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On resistance to the works of revised history that present a <a href="/wiki/Postcolonialism" title="Postcolonialism">culturally-comprehensive</a> historical narrative of the US, the perspectives of <a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">black people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">women</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">labour movement</a>, the historian David Williams said: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>These, and other, scholarly voices, called for a more comprehensive treatment of American history, stressing that the mass of Americans, not simply the power élites, made history. Yet, it was mainly white males of the power élite who had the means to attend college, become professional historians, and shape a view of history that served their own class, race, and gender interests at the expense of those not so fortunate – and, quite literally, to paper over aspects of history they found uncomfortable. "One is astonished in the study of history", wrote <a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a> in 1935, "at the recurrence of the idea that evil must be forgotten, distorted, skimmed over.... The difficulty, of course, with this philosophy is that history loses its value, as an incentive and [as] an example; it paints perfect men and noble nations, but it does not tell the truth".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>After the Second World War, the study and production of history in the US was expanded by the <a href="/wiki/G.I._Bill" title="G.I. Bill">G.I. Bill</a>, which funding allowed "a new and more broadly-based generation of scholars" with perspectives and interpretations drawn from the <a href="/wiki/Feminist_movement" title="Feminist movement">feminist movement</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Rights Movement">Civil Rights Movement</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Movement" title="American Indian Movement">American Indian Movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That expansion and deepening of the pool of historians voided the existence of a definitive and universally-accepted history, therefore, is presented by the revisionist historian to the national public with an history that has been corrected and augmented with new facts, evidence, and interpretations of the historical record. In <i>The Cycles of American History</i> (1986), in contrasting and comparing the US and the Soviet Union during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> (1945–1991), the historian <a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Schlesinger_Jr." title="Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.">Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.</a> said: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>... but others, especially in the United States.... represent what American historians call <i>revisionism</i> – that is readiness to challenge official explanations. No one should be surprised by this phenomenon. Every war in American history has been followed, in due course, by skeptical reassessments of supposedly sacred assumptions... for [historical] revisionism is an essential part of the process, by which history, through the posing of new problems and the investigation of new possibilities, enlarges its perspectives and enriches its insights.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Revisionist historians contest the mainstream or traditional view of historical events and raise views at odds with traditionalists, which must be freshly judged. Revisionist history is often practiced by those who are in the minority, such as feminist historians, ethnic minority historians, those working outside of mainstream academia in smaller and less known universities, or the youngest scholars, essentially historians who have the most to gain and the least to lose in challenging the status quo. In the friction between the mainstream of accepted beliefs and the new perspectives of historical revisionism, received historical ideas are either changed, solidified, or clarified. If over a period of time, the revisionist ideas become the new establishment <i>status quo</i> a <a href="/wiki/Paradigm_shift" title="Paradigm shift">paradigm shift</a> is said to have occurred. The historian <a href="/wiki/Forrest_McDonald" title="Forrest McDonald">Forrest McDonald</a> is often critical of the turn that revisionism has taken but admits that the turmoil of the 1960s America has changed the way history was written: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The result, as far as the study of history was concerned, was an awakened interest in subjects that historians had previously slighted. Indian history, black history, women's history, family history, and a host of specializations arose. These expanded horizons enriched our understanding of the American past, but they also resulted in works of special pleading, trivialization, and downright falsification.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Historians are influenced by the <i><a href="/wiki/Zeitgeist" title="Zeitgeist">zeitgeist</a></i> (spirit of the time), and the usually progressive changes to society, politics, and culture, such as occurred after the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> (1939–1945); in <i>The Future of the Past</i> (1989), the historian <a href="/wiki/C._Vann_Woodward" title="C. Vann Woodward">C. Vann Woodward</a> said: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>These events have come with a concentration and violence for which the term <i>revolution</i> is usually reserved. It is a revolution, or perhaps a set of revolutions for which we have not yet found a name. My thesis is that these developments will and should raise new questions about the past, and affect our reading of large areas of history, and my belief is that future revisions may be extensive enough to justify calling the coming age of historiography an "Age of Reinterpretation". The first illustration [the absence from U.S. history of external threats, because of geography] happens to come mainly from American history, but this should not obscure the broader scope of the revolution, which has no national limitations.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Developments in the academy, culture, and politics shaped the contemporary model of writing history, the accepted paradigm of <a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">historiography</a>. The philosopher <a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Karl Popper</a> said that "each generation has its own troubles and problems, and, therefore, its own interests and its own point of view". </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>it follows that each generation has a right to look upon and re-interpret history in [their] own way.... After all, we study history because we are interested in it, and perhaps because we desire to learn something about our [contemporary] problems. But history can serve neither of these two purposes if, under the influence of an inapplicable idea of objectivity, we hesitate to present historical problems from our point of view. And we should not think that our point of view, if consciously and critically applied to the problem, will be inferior to that of a writer who naïvely believes... that he has reached a level of objectivity permitting him to present "the events of the past as they actually did happen".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>As the social, political, and cultural influences change a society, most historians revise and update their explanation of historical events. The old consensus, based upon limited evidence, might no longer be considered historically valid in explaining the particulars: of cause and effect, of motivation and self-interest – that tell <i>How?</i> and <i>Why?</i> the past occurred as it occurred; therefore, the historical revisionism of the factual record is revised to concord with the contemporary understanding of history. As such, in 1986, the historian John Hope Franklin described four stages in the historiography of the African experience of life in the US, which were based upon different models of historical consensus.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Negationism_and_denial">Negationism and denial</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_revisionism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Negationism and denial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Historical_negationism" title="Historical negationism">Historical negationism</a></div> <p>The historian <a href="/wiki/Deborah_Lipstadt" title="Deborah Lipstadt">Deborah Lipstadt</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Denying_the_Holocaust" title="Denying the Holocaust">Denying the Holocaust</a>: The Growing Assault on Truth and Memory</i>, 1993), and the historians <a href="/wiki/Michael_Shermer" title="Michael Shermer">Michael Shermer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alex_Grobman" title="Alex Grobman">Alex Grobman</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Denying_History" title="Denying History">Denying History</a>: Who Says the Holocaust Never Happened and Why Do They Say It?</i>, 2002), distinguish between historical revisionism and historical negationism, the latter of which is a form of <a href="/wiki/Denialism" title="Denialism">denialism</a>. Lipstadt said that <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust deniers</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Harry_Elmer_Barnes" title="Harry Elmer Barnes">Harry Elmer Barnes</a>, disingenuously self-identify as "historical revisionists" to <a href="/wiki/Obscurantism" title="Obscurantism">obscure</a> their denialism as academic revision of the historical record. </p><p>As such, Lipstadt, Shermer, and Grobman said that legitimate historical revisionism entails the refinement of existing knowledge about a historical event, not a denial of the event, itself; that such refinement of history emerges from the examination of new, empirical evidence, and a re-examination, and consequent re-interpretation of the existing documentary evidence. That legitimate historical revisionism acknowledges the existence of a "certain body of irrefutable evidence" and the existence of a "convergence of evidence", which suggest that an event – such as the <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">American slavery</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a> – did occur; whereas the denialism of history rejects the entire foundation of historical evidence, which is a form of historical negationism.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Basis_for_Historical_Revision">Basis for Historical Revision</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_revisionism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Basis for Historical Revision"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The process of historical revision involves updating the historical record to accommodate developments as they arise. The historical record may be revised to accommodate for a number of academic reasons, including the following: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Access_to_new_data/records"><span id="Access_to_new_data.2Frecords"></span>Access to new data/records</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_revisionism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Access to new data/records"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The release, discovery, or publicization of documents previously unknown may lead scholars to hold new views of well established events. For example, archived or sealed government records (often related to national security) will become available under the <a href="/wiki/Thirty-year_rule" title="Thirty-year rule">thirty-year rule</a> and similar laws. Such documents can provide new sources and therefore new analyses of past events that will alter the historical perspective. </p><p>With the release of the <a href="/wiki/Ultra_(cryptography)" title="Ultra (cryptography)">ULTRA</a> archives in the 1970s under the British thirty-year rule, much of the Allied high command tactical decisiomaking process was re-evaluated, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a>. Before the release of the ULTRA archives, there was much debate over whether Field Marshal <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Montgomery" title="Bernard Montgomery">Bernard Montgomery</a> could have known that <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arnhem" title="Battle of Arnhem">Arnhem</a> was heavily garrisoned. With the release of the archives, which indicated that they were, the balance of the evidence swung in the direction of his detractors. The release of the ULTRA archives also forced a re-evaluation of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware" title="History of computing hardware">history of the electronic computer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>notes 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_sources_in_other_languages">New sources in other languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_revisionism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: New sources in other languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As more sources in other languages become available historians may review their theories in light of the new sources. The revision of the meaning of the Dark Ages is an example.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nelson_2007_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson_2007-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Developments_in_other_fields_of_science">Developments in other fields of science</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_revisionism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Developments in other fields of science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> analysis has had an impact in various areas of history either confirming established historical theories or presenting new evidence that undermines the current established historical explanation. Professor <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Sherratt" title="Andrew Sherratt">Andrew Sherratt</a>, a British prehistorian, was responsible for introducing the work of anthropological writings on the consumption of legal and illegal drugs and how to use the papers to explain certain aspects of prehistoric societies.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dating" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon dating">Carbon dating</a>, the examination of <a href="/wiki/Ice_core" title="Ice core">ice cores</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tree_rings" class="mw-redirect" title="Tree rings">tree rings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palynology" title="Palynology">palynology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scanning_electron_microscope" title="Scanning electron microscope">scanning electron microscope</a> analysis of early metal samples, and measuring <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_isotopes" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxygen isotopes">oxygen isotopes</a> in bones, have all provided new data in the last few decades with which to argue new hypotheses. Extracting <a href="/wiki/Ancient_DNA" title="Ancient DNA">ancient DNA</a> allows historians to debate the meaning and importance of race and indeed current identities.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nationalism">Nationalism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_revisionism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Nationalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For example, in schoolbooks' history on Europe, it is possible to read about an event from completely different perspectives. In the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo">Battle of Waterloo</a>, most British, French, Dutch and German schoolbooks slant the battle to emphasise the importance of the contribution of their nations. Sometimes, the name of an event is used to convey political or a national perspective. For example, the same conflict between two English-speaking countries is known by two different names: the "<a href="/wiki/American_War_of_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="American War of Independence">American War of Independence</a>" and the "<a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>". As perceptions of nationalism change, so do the areas of history that are driven by such ideas. Wars are contests between enemies, and postwar histories select the facts and interpretations to suit their internal needs, The <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>, for example, has sharply different interpretations in textbooks in the countries involved.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Culture">Culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_revisionism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For example, as regionalism has regained some of its old prominence in British politics, some historians have suggested that the older studies of the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a> were centred on England and that to understand the war, events that had previously been dismissed as on the periphery should be given greater prominence. To emphasise this, revisionist historians have suggested that the English Civil War becomes just one of a number of interlocking conflicts known as <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Wars of the Three Kingdoms">Wars of the Three Kingdoms</a>. Furthermore, as cultures develop, it may become strategically advantageous for some revision-minded groups to revise their public historical narrative in such a way so as to either discover, or in rarer cases manufacture, a precedent which contemporary members of the given subcultures can use as a basis or rationale for reform or change.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ideology">Ideology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_revisionism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ideology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For example, in the 1940s, it became fashionable to see the English Civil War from a Marxist school of thought. In the words of <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hill_(historian)" title="Christopher Hill (historian)">Christopher Hill</a>, "the Civil War was a class war." After <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the influence of Marxist interpretation waned in British academia and by the 1970s this view came under attack by a new school of revisionists and it has been largely overturned as a major mainstream explanation of the mid-17th-century conflict in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Scotland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Ireland</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_causation">Historical causation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_revisionism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Historical causation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Issues of <a href="/wiki/Causality" title="Causality">causation</a> in history are often revised with new research: for example, by the mid-20th century the status quo was to see the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> as the result of the triumphant rise of a new middle class. Research in the 1960s prompted by revisionist historians like <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Cobban" title="Alfred Cobban">Alfred Cobban</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Furet" title="François Furet">François Furet</a> revealed the social situation was much more complex, and the question of what caused the revolution is now closely debated.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Specific_issues">Specific issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_revisionism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Specific issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dark_Ages">Dark Ages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_revisionism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Dark Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As non-<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> texts, such as <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaelic languages">Gaelic</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Norse</a> <a href="/wiki/Saga" title="Saga">sagas</a> have been analysed and added to the canon of knowledge about the period, and as much more <a href="/wiki/Archaeological" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeological">archaeological</a> evidence has come to light, the period known as the <a href="/wiki/Dark_Ages_(historiography)" title="Dark Ages (historiography)">Dark Ages</a> has narrowed to the point that many historians no longer believe that such a term is useful. Moreover, the term "dark" implies less of a void of culture and law but more a lack of many <a href="/wiki/Source_text" title="Source text">source texts</a> in Mainland Europe. Many modern scholars who study the era tend to avoid the term altogether for its <a href="/wiki/Negative_connotation" class="mw-redirect" title="Negative connotation">negative connotations</a> and find it misleading and inaccurate for any part of the Middle Ages.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dmas_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dmas-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Feudalism">Feudalism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_revisionism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Feudalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The concept of <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudalism</a> has been questioned. Revisionist scholars led by historian <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_A._R._Brown" title="Elizabeth A. R. Brown">Elizabeth A. R. Brown</a> have <a href="/wiki/Feudalism#Challenges_to_the_feudal_model" title="Feudalism">rejected the term</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Agincourt">Battle of Agincourt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_revisionism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Battle of Agincourt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historians generally believe that the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Agincourt" title="Battle of Agincourt">Battle of Agincourt</a> was an engagement in which the English army, overwhelmingly outnumbered four to one by the French army, pulled off a stunning victory. This understanding was especially popularised by <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a>'s play <i><a href="/wiki/Henry_V_(play)" title="Henry V (play)">Henry V</a></i>. However, recent research by Professor <a href="/wiki/Anne_Curry" title="Anne Curry">Anne Curry</a>, using the original enrollment records, has brought into question this interpretation. Though her research is not finished,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> she has published her initial findings that the French outnumbered the English and the Welsh only by 12,000 to 8,000.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If true, the numbers may have been exaggerated for patriotic reasons by the English.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_World_discovery_and_European_colonization_of_the_Americas">New World discovery and European colonization of the Americas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_revisionism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: New World discovery and European colonization of the Americas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In recounting the <a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">European colonization of the Americas</a>, some history books of the past paid little attention to the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">indigenous peoples of the Americas</a>, usually mentioning them only in passing and making no attempt to understand the events from their point of view. That was reflected in the description of <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a> having discovered America. Those events' portrayal has since been revised to avoid the word "discovery."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his 1990 revisionist book, <i>The Conquest of Paradise: Christopher Columbus and the Columbian Legacy</i>, <a href="/wiki/Kirkpatrick_Sale" title="Kirkpatrick Sale">Kirkpatrick Sale</a> argued that <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a> was an imperialist bent on conquest from his first voyage. In a <i>New York Times</i> book review, historian and member of the Christopher Columbus Quincentenary Jubilee Committee <a href="/wiki/William_Hardy_McNeill" class="mw-redirect" title="William Hardy McNeill">William Hardy McNeill</a> wrote about Sale: </p> <dl><dd>he has set out to destroy the heroic image that earlier writers have transmitted to us. Mr. Sale makes Columbus out to be cruel, greedy and incompetent (even as a sailor), and a man who was perversely intent on abusing the natural paradise on which he intruded."<sup id="cite_ref-William_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-William-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>McNeill declares Sale's work to be "unhistorical, in the sense that [it] selects from the often-cloudy record of Columbus's actual motives and deeds what suits the researcher's 20th-century purposes." McNeill states that detractors and advocates of Columbus present a "sort of history [that] caricatures the complexity of human reality by turning Columbus into either a bloody ogre or a plaster saint, as the case may be."<sup id="cite_ref-William_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-William-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Qing_history">New Qing history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_revisionism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: New Qing history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/New_Qing_History" title="New Qing History">New Qing History</a></div> <p>Historians in China and from abroad long wrote that the <a href="/wiki/Manchu" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchu">Manchus</a> who conquered China and established the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> (1636–1912) adopted the customs and institutions of the <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a> dynasties that preceded them and were "sinicized", that is, absorbed into Chinese culture. In 1990 American historians explored Manchu language sources and newly accessible imperial archives, and discovered that the emperors retained their Manchu culture and that they regarded <a href="/wiki/China_proper" title="China proper">China proper</a> as only one part of their larger empire. These scholars differ among themselves but agree on a major revision of the history of the Qing dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_Revolution">French Revolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_revisionism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: French Revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Historiography of the French Revolution">Historiography of the French Revolution</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_attack_formations_in_the_Napoleonic_wars">French attack formations in the Napoleonic wars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_revisionism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: French attack formations in the Napoleonic wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The military historian <a href="/wiki/James_R._Arnold" title="James R. Arnold">James R. Arnold</a> argues: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The writings of Sir <a href="/wiki/Charles_Oman" title="Charles Oman">Charles Oman</a> and Sir <a href="/wiki/John_William_Fortescue" class="mw-redirect" title="John William Fortescue">John Fortescue</a> dominated subsequent English-language Napoleonic history. Their views [that the French infantry used heavy columns to attack lines of infantry] became very much the received wisdom.... By 1998 a new paradigm seemed to have set in with the publication of two books devoted to Napoleonic battle tactics. Both claimed that the French fought in line at Maida and both fully explored French tactical variety. The 2002 publication of <i>The Battle of Maida 1806: Fifteen Minutes of Glory</i>, appeared to have brought the issue of column versus line to a satisfactory conclusion: "The contemporary sources are... the best evidence and their conclusion is clear: General <a href="/wiki/Louis_Fursy_Henri_Comp%C3%A8re" title="Louis Fursy Henri Compère">Compère</a>'s brigade formed into line to attack <a href="/wiki/James_Kempt" title="James Kempt">Kempt</a>'s Light Battalion." The decisive <a href="/wiki/Action_at_Maida" class="mw-redirect" title="Action at Maida">action at Maida</a> took place in less than 15 minutes. It had taken 72 years to rectify a great historian's error about what happened during those minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Argentine_Civil_Wars">Argentine Civil Wars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_revisionism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Argentine Civil Wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the proclamation of the <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentine Republic</a> in late 1861, its first <i>de facto</i> President, <a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_Mitre" title="Bartolomé Mitre">Bartolomé Mitre</a>, wrote the first Argentine historiographical works: <i><a href="/wiki/Historia_de_Belgrano_y_de_la_Independencia_Argentina" title="Historia de Belgrano y de la Independencia Argentina">Historia de Belgrano y de la Independencia Argentina</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Historia_de_San_Mart%C3%ADn_y_de_la_emancipaci%C3%B3n_sudamericana" title="Historia de San Martín y de la emancipación sudamericana">Historia de San Martín y de la emancipación sudamericana</a></i>. Although these were criticised by notorious intellectuals such as <a href="/wiki/Dalmacio_V%C3%A9lez_Sarsfield" title="Dalmacio Vélez Sarsfield">Dalmacio Vélez Sarsfield</a> and <a href="/wiki/Juan_Bautista_Alberdi" title="Juan Bautista Alberdi">Juan Bautista Alberdi</a> and even by some colleagues like <a href="/wiki/Adolfo_Sald%C3%ADas" title="Adolfo Saldías">Adolfo Saldías</a>, both stated a liberal-conservative bias on Argentine history through the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_History_of_Argentina" title="National Academy of History of Argentina">National Academy of History</a> established in 1893, despite the existence of <a href="/wiki/Caudillo" title="Caudillo">caudillos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaucho" title="Gaucho">gauchos</a>. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Radical_Civic_Union" title="Radical Civic Union">Radical Civic Union</a> government of <a href="/wiki/Hip%C3%B3lito_Yrigoyen" title="Hipólito Yrigoyen">Hipólito Yrigoyen</a>, historians followed the revisionist view of anti-mitrist politicians such as Carlos D'Amico, Ernesto Quesada and David Peña and their theories reached the academy thanks to Dardo Corvalán Mendilharsu. Argentine historical revisionism could reach its peak during the <a href="/wiki/Juan_Per%C3%B3n#First_term_(1946–1952)" title="Juan Perón">peronist government</a>. In 2011, the <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Dorrego_national_institute" title="Manuel Dorrego national institute">Manuel Dorrego National Institute of Argentine and Iberoamerican Historical Revisionism</a> was established by the Secretary of Culture,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but this one suffered a rupture between <a href="/wiki/Socialism_of_the_21st_century" title="Socialism of the 21st century">21st century socialists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Argentine_nationalism" title="Argentine nationalism">nationalists</a>. Three weeks after the <a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Mauricio_Macri" title="Inauguration of Mauricio Macri">Inauguration of Mauricio Macri</a>, the institute was closed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_I">World War I</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_revisionism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: World War I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_I" title="Causes of World War I">Causes of World War I</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="German_guilt">German guilt</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_revisionism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: German guilt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In reaction to the orthodox interpretation enshrined in the <a href="/wiki/Versailles_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Versailles Treaty">Versailles Treaty</a>, which declared that Germany was guilty of starting World War I, the self-described "revisionist" historians of the 1920s rejected the orthodox view and presented a complex causation in which several other countries were equally guilty. Intense debate continues among scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Poor_British_and_French_military_leadership">Poor British and French military leadership</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_revisionism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Poor British and French military leadership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The military leadership of the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> was frequently condemned as poor by historians and politicians for decades after the war ended. Common charges were that the generals commanding the army were blind to the realities of <a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">trench warfare</a>, ignorant of the conditions of their men and unable to learn from their mistakes, thus causing enormous numbers of casualties ("<a href="/wiki/Lions_led_by_donkeys" title="Lions led by donkeys">lions led by donkeys</a>").<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, during the 1960s, historians such as <a href="/wiki/John_Terraine" title="John Terraine">John Terraine</a> began to challenge that interpretation. In recent years, as new documents have come forth and the passage of time has allowed for more objective analysis, historians such as <a href="/wiki/Gary_Sheffield_(historian)" title="Gary Sheffield (historian)">Gary D. Sheffield</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Holmes_(military_historian)" title="Richard Holmes (military historian)">Richard Holmes</a> observe that the military leadership of the British Army on the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a> had to cope with many problems that they could not control, such as a lack of adequate military communications, which had not occurred. Furthermore, military leadership improved throughout the war, culminating in the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days_Offensive" title="Hundred Days Offensive">Hundred Days Offensive</a> advance to victory in 1918. Some historians, even revisionists, still criticise the British High Command severely but are less inclined to portray the war in a simplistic manner with brave troops being led by foolish officers. </p><p>There has been a similar movement regarding the French Army during the war with contributions by historians such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthony_Clayton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anthony Clayton (page does not exist)">Anthony Clayton</a>. Revisionists are far more likely to view commanders such as French General <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Foch" title="Ferdinand Foch">Ferdinand Foch</a>, British General <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Haig" class="mw-redirect" title="Douglas Haig">Douglas Haig</a> and other figures, such as American <a href="/wiki/John_Pershing" class="mw-redirect" title="John Pershing">John Pershing</a>, in a sympathetic light. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reconstruction_in_the_United_States">Reconstruction in the United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_revisionism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Reconstruction in the United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Revisionist historians of the <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction era of the United States">Reconstruction era of the United States</a> rejected the dominant <a href="/wiki/Dunning_School" title="Dunning School">Dunning School</a> that stated that Black Americans were used by <a href="/wiki/Carpetbaggers" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpetbaggers">carpetbaggers</a>, and instead stressed economic greed on the part of northern businessmen.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, in recent years a "<a href="/wiki/Neoabolitionism_(race_relations)" title="Neoabolitionism (race relations)">neoabolitionist</a>" revisionism has become standard; it uses the moral standards of racial equality of the 19th century abolitionists to criticize racial policies. "Foner's book represents the mature and settled Revisionist perspective", historian Michael Perman has concluded regarding <a href="/wiki/Eric_Foner" title="Eric Foner">Eric Foner</a>'s <i>Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877</i> (1988).<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_business_and_"robber_barons""><span id="American_business_and_.22robber_barons.22"></span>American business and "robber barons"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_revisionism&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: American business and "robber barons""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The role of American business and the alleged <a href="/wiki/Robber_baron_(industrialist)" title="Robber baron (industrialist)">"robber barons"</a> began to be revised in the 1930s. Termed "business revisionism" by <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Kolko" title="Gabriel Kolko">Gabriel Kolko</a>, historians such as <a href="/wiki/Allan_Nevins" title="Allan Nevins">Allan Nevins</a>, and then <a href="/wiki/Alfred_D._Chandler" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred D. Chandler">Alfred D. Chandler</a> emphasized the positive contributions of individuals who were previously pictured as villains.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peter Novick writes, "The argument that whatever the moral delinquencies of the robber barons, these were far outweighed by their decisive contributions to American military [and industrial] prowess, was frequently invoked by Allan Nevins."<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Excess_mortality_in_the_Soviet_Union_under_Stalin">Excess mortality in the Soviet Union under Stalin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_revisionism&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Excess mortality in the Soviet Union under Stalin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Excess_mortality_in_the_Soviet_Union_under_Joseph_Stalin" title="Excess mortality in the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin">Excess mortality in the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin</a></div> <p>Prior to the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and the archival revelations, Western historians estimated that the numbers killed by Stalin's regime were 20 million or higher.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the Soviet Union dissolved, evidence from the Soviet archives also became available and provided information that led to a significant revision in death toll estimates for the <a href="/wiki/Stalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalin">Stalin</a> regime, with estimates in the range from 3 million<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to 9 million.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In post-1991 Russia the <a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a> archives remained briefly open during 1990's, which helped creation of organisations such as <a href="/wiki/Memorial_(society)" title="Memorial (society)">Memorial</a>, which engaged in research of the archives and search of secret mass burial grounds. After Putin came to power however, access to archives was restricted again and research in this area once again became politically incorrect,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> culminating with forcibly shutting down the organization in 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_Union_and_Russia">Soviet Union and Russia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_revisionism&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Soviet Union and Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> frequently resorted to changing its <a href="/wiki/Official_history" title="Official history">official history</a> to suit changes in state policy, especially after splits in the <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolshevik</a> leadership or change of political alliances.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union_(Bolsheviks)" title="History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)">History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)</a> was subject to numerous such changes to reflect removal of Bolshevik leaders previously trusted by Stalin but did not support him unanimously.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Great_Soviet_Encyclopedia" title="Great Soviet Encyclopedia">Great Soviet Encyclopedia</a> was also redacted frequently, with subscribers of the paper book receiving letter to cut out pages e.g. about <a href="/wiki/Lavrentiy_Beria" title="Lavrentiy Beria">Lavrentiy Beria</a> or <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bukharin" title="Nikolai Bukharin">Nikolai Bukharin</a> and replace them with unrelated articles.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historic photos were also frequently edited to remove people who later lost trust of the Party.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_images_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Censorship of images in the Soviet Union">Censorship of images in the Soviet Union</a></div> <p>The process of rewriting history of USSR and post-1991 Russia was once again restarted in 2010's after <a href="/wiki/War_in_Donbas_(2014%E2%80%932022)" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Donbas (2014–2022)">Russia's first attack on Ukraine</a> and intensified after 2022 <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">full-scale invasion in Ukraine</a>. History school books received significant changes which reflected the changes in the official history narratives: for example, while 2010 books openly mentioned decrease of <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">life expectancy</a> in Soviet Union caused shortages and insufficient spending on public healthcare, new 2023 books vaguely states that life expectancy has generally increased and instead focused on unspecified "achievements in the sphere of education and science". In chapters on Stalin, he's once again presented as a great tragedy to ordinary Russians and any mentions of repressions have disappeared. Similar changes were introduced in chapters discussing Soviet economy, space program, <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Brezhnev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">collapse of USSR</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">perestroika</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">glasnost</a>, where the phrase "freedom of speech" started to be used in <a href="/wiki/Scare_quotes" title="Scare quotes">scare quotes</a> and presented as something harmful. <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet intervention in Afghanistan in 1979</a> which was presented as Soviet contribution into the fight against radical Islamism, completely contradicting both Soviet and post-Soviet narratives.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also, since 2014, Russian law enforcement started to prosecute public statements which do not comply with the current version of Russian history. Article 354.1 of <a href="/wiki/Criminal_Code_of_Russia" title="Criminal Code of Russia">Criminal Code of Russia</a> which makes "rehabilitation of Nazism" a crime has been applied both to actual statements praising <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a>, but also to statements which recalled <a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations,_1918%E2%80%931941" title="Germany–Soviet Union relations, 1918–1941">Nazi-Soviet cooperation</a> 1939–1941 or <a href="/wiki/Soviet_war_crimes" title="Soviet war crimes">Soviet war crimes</a> conducted in other countries. In some cases article 20.3 of <a href="/wiki/Code_of_the_Russian_Federation_on_Administrative_Offenses" title="Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offenses">Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offenses</a> is also being applied in these cases.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Guilt_for_causing_World_War_II">Guilt for causing World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_revisionism&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Guilt for causing World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_II" title="Causes of World War II">Causes of World War II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Churchill,_Hitler_and_the_Unnecessary_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Churchill, Hitler and the Unnecessary War">Churchill, Hitler and the Unnecessary War</a></div> <p>The orthodox interpretation blamed Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan for causing the war. Revisionist historians of World War II, notably <a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Beard" title="Charles A. Beard">Charles A. Beard</a>, said the United States was partly to blame because it pressed the Japanese too hard in 1940 and 1941 and rejected compromises.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other notable contributions to this discussion include Charles Tansill, <i>Back Door To War</i> (Chicago, 1952); Frederic Sanborn, <i>Design For War</i> (New York, 1951); and David Hoggan, <i>The Forced War</i> (Costa Mesa, 1989). The British historian <a href="/wiki/A._J._P._Taylor" title="A. J. P. Taylor">A. J. P. Taylor</a> ignited a firestorm when he argued Hitler was an ineffective and inexperienced diplomat and did not deliberately set out to cause a world war.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Buchanan" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrick Buchanan">Patrick Buchanan</a>, an American <a href="/wiki/Paleoconservatism" title="Paleoconservatism">paleoconservative</a> pundit, argued that the Anglo–French guarantee in 1939 encouraged Poland not to seek a compromise over Danzig. He further argued that Britain and France were in no position to come to Poland's aid, and Hitler was offering the Poles an alliance in return. Buchanan argued the guarantee led the Polish government to transform a minor border dispute into a major world conflict, and handed Eastern Europe, including Poland, to Stalin. Buchanan also argued the guarantee ensured the country would be eventually invaded by the Soviet Union, as Stalin knew the British were in no position to declare war on the Soviet Union in 1939, due to their military weakness.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki">Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_revisionism&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Debate_over_the_atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a> have generated <a href="/wiki/Debate_over_the_atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">controversy and debate</a>. Historians who accepted President <a href="/wiki/Harry_Truman" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry Truman">Harry Truman</a>'s reasoning in justifying dropping atomic bombs to force Japanese surrender end of World War II are known as "orthodox," while "revisionists" generally deny that the bombs were necessary. Some also claim that Truman knew they were not necessary but wanted to pressure the Soviet Union. These historians see Truman's decision as a major factor in starting the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>. They and others also may charge that Truman ignored or downplayed predictions of casualties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKort200731-32_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKort200731-32-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cold_War">Cold War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_revisionism&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Cold War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Cold_War" title="Historiography of the Cold War">Historiography of the Cold War</a></div> <p>Historians debate the causes and responsibility for the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>. The "orthodox" view puts the major blame on the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, while a "revisionist" view puts more responsibility on the United States. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vietnam_War">Vietnam War</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_revisionism&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Vietnam War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/America_in_Vietnam" title="America in Vietnam">America in Vietnam</a></i> (1978), by <a href="/wiki/Guenter_Lewy" title="Guenter Lewy">Guenter Lewy</a>, is an example of historical revisionism that differs much from the popular view of the U.S. in the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> (1955–75) for which the author was criticized and supported for belonging to the revisionist school on the history of the Vietnam War.<sup id="cite_ref-tri_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tri-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-reverse_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reverse-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lewy's reinterpretation was the first book of a body of work by historians of the revisionist school about the <a href="/wiki/Geopolitical" class="mw-redirect" title="Geopolitical">geopolitical</a> role and the U.S. military behavior in Vietnam. </p><p>In the introduction, Lewy said: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It is the reasoned conclusion of this study ... that the sense of guilt created by the Vietnam war in the minds of many Americans is not warranted and that the charges of <i>officially, condoned</i> illegal and grossly immoral conduct are without substance. Indeed, detailed examination of battlefield practices reveals that the loss of civilian life in Vietnam was less great than in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> [1939–45] and <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korea</a> [1950–53] and that concern with minimizing the ravages of the war was strong. To measure and compare the devastation and loss of human life caused by different war will be objectionable to those who repudiate all resort to military force as an instrument of foreign policy and may be construed as callousness. Yet as long as wars do take place at all it remains a moral duty to seek to reduce the agony caused by war, and the fulfillment of this obligation should not be disdained.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i>America in Vietnam</i> (1979), p. vii.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Other reinterpretations of the historical record of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._war_in_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. war in Vietnam">U.S. war in Vietnam</a>, which offer alternative explanations for American behavior, include <i>Why We Are in Vietnam</i> (1982), by <a href="/wiki/Norman_Podhoretz" title="Norman Podhoretz">Norman Podhoretz</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-tri_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tri-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Triumph Forsaken: The Vietnam War, 1954–1965</i> (2006), by <a href="/wiki/Mark_Moyar" title="Mark Moyar">Mark Moyar</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>Vietnam: The Necessary War</i> (1999), by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Lind" title="Michael Lind">Michael Lind</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chronological_revisionism">Chronological revisionism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_revisionism&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Chronological revisionism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is generally accepted that the foundations of modern <a href="/wiki/Chronology" title="Chronology">chronology</a> were laid by the humanist <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Justus_Scaliger" title="Joseph Justus Scaliger">Joseph Scaliger</a>. <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a> in his work <a href="/wiki/The_Chronology_of_Ancient_Kingdoms_Amended" title="The Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms Amended"><i>The Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms</i></a> made one of the first attempts to revise the "Scaligerian chronology".<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the twentieth century the "<a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Velikovsky#Revised_chronology" title="Immanuel Velikovsky">revised chronology</a>" of <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Velikovsky" title="Immanuel Velikovsky">Immanuel Velikovsky</a> can be singled out in this direction, perhaps it initiated a wave of new broad interest in the revision of chronology.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In general, revisionist chronological theories suggest halving the duration of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian era">Christian era</a>, or consider certain historical periods to be erroneously dated, such as <a href="/wiki/Heribert_Illig" class="mw-redirect" title="Heribert Illig">Heribert Illig</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Phantom_time_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Phantom time hypothesis">Phantom time hypothesis</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the materials of the "<a href="/wiki/New_chronology_(Fomenko)" title="New chronology (Fomenko)">New Chronology</a>", a proposed revision of eras by academician <a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Fomenko" title="Anatoly Fomenko">Anatoly Fomenko</a>, albeit one widely rejected by mainstream scholars as <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">pseudoscience</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_revisionism&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Denial" title="Denial">Denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialectic" title="Dialectic">Dialectic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dialectical_research" title="Dialectical research">Dialectical research</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mea_culpa" title="Mea culpa">Mea culpa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_history" title="Official history">Official history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudohistory" title="Pseudohistory">Pseudohistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor_denial" title="Holodomor denial">Holodomor denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_negationism" title="Historical negationism">Historical negationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide_denial" title="Cambodian genocide denial">Cambodian genocide denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-publication_peer_review" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-publication peer review">Post-publication peer review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_the_2023_Hamas-led_attack_on_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Denial of the 2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel">Denial of the 2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cases_of_revisionism">Cases of revisionism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_revisionism&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Cases of revisionism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_1619_Project" title="The 1619 Project">The 1619 Project</a>, a revisionist look at American history with a focus on slavery and its legacy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrocentrism" title="Afrocentrism">Afrocentrism</a>, historical scholarship with a focus on African peoples</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christ_myth_theory" title="Christ myth theory">Christ myth theory</a>, a theory that Jesus never existed</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Donation_of_Constantine" title="Donation of Constantine">Donation of Constantine</a></i>, exposure of a forgery</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_revision_of_the_Inquisition" title="Historical revision of the Inquisition">Historical revision of the Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Historians" title="New Historians">New Historians</a>, a group of Israeli historians with alternative views about Israel's history</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionism_(Spain)" title="Revisionism (Spain)">Revisionism (Spain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_school_of_Islamic_studies" title="Revisionist school of Islamic studies">Revisionist school of Islamic studies</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_revisionism&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Informational notes</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In 1972, before the release of official documents about ULTRA, <a href="/wiki/Herman_Goldstine" title="Herman Goldstine">Herman Goldstine</a> wrote in <i>The Computer from Pascal to von Neumann</i> page 321 that: "Britain had such vitality that it could immediately after the war embark on so many well-conceived and well-executed projects in the computer field." In 1976 after the archive were opened <a href="/wiki/Brian_Randell" title="Brian Randell">Brian Randell</a> wrote in <i>The COLOSSUS</i> on page 87 that: "the COLOSSUS project was an important source of this vitality, one that has been largely unappreciated, as has the significance of its places in the chronology of the invention of the digital computer."</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><b>Citations</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKrasner2019" class="citation book cs1">Krasner, Barbara, ed. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N7jXDwAAQBAJ"><i>Historical Revisionism</i></a>. Current Controversies. New York: Greenhaven Publishing LLC. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781534505384" title="Special:BookSources/9781534505384"><bdi>9781534505384</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210323070736/https://books.google.com/books?id=N7jXDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on March 23, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 4,</span> 2020</span>. <q>The ability to revise and update historical narrative – historical revisionism – is necessary, as historians must always review current theories and ensure they are supported by evidence. … Historical revisionism allows different (and often subjugated) perspectives to be heard and considered.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Revisionism&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Current+Controversies&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Greenhaven+Publishing+LLC&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781534505384&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN7jXDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+revisionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Evans-145-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Evans-145_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Evans" title="Richard J. Evans">Evans, Richard J.</a> (2001) <i>Lying About Hitler: History, Holocaust, and the David Irving Trial</i>. p.145. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-465-02153-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-465-02153-0">0-465-02153-0</a>. The author is a professor of Modern History at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>, and was a major <a href="/wiki/Expert_witness" title="Expert witness">expert witness</a> in the <i><a href="/wiki/Irving_v._Lipstadt" class="mw-redirect" title="Irving v. Lipstadt">Irving v. Lipstadt</a></i> trial; the book presents his perspective of the trial, and the expert-witness report, including his research about the Dresden death count.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historians.org/perspectives/issues/2003/0309/0309pre1.cfm">"Revisionist Historians"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130823033432/http://www.historians.org/Perspectives/Issues/2003/0309/0309pre1.cfm">Archived</a> from the original on August 23, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 17,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Revisionist+Historians&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historians.org%2Fperspectives%2Fissues%2F2003%2F0309%2F0309pre1.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+revisionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuhn1972" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kuhn" title="Thomas Kuhn">Kuhn, Thomas N.</a> (1972) [1970]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/criticismgrowth00laka/page/6">"Logic of Discovery or Psychology of Research"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Imre_Lakatos" title="Imre Lakatos">Lakatos, Imre</a>; <a href="/wiki/Alan_Musgrave" title="Alan Musgrave">Musgrave, Alan</a> (eds.). <i>Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge</i> (second ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/criticismgrowth00laka/page/6">6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-09623-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-09623-5"><bdi>0-521-09623-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Logic+of+Discovery+or+Psychology+of+Research&rft.btitle=Criticism+and+the+Growth+of+Knowledge&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=6&rft.edition=second&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=0-521-09623-5&rft.aulast=Kuhn&rft.aufirst=Thomas+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcriticismgrowth00laka%2Fpage%2F6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+revisionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, David. <i>A People's History of the Civil War: Struggles for the Meaning of Freedom.</i>(2005) pp. 10–11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams p. 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schlesinger, Arthur M. Jr. <i>The Cycles of American History.</i>(1986) p. 165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McDonald, Forest. <i>Recovering the Past: A Historian's Memoir.</i> (2004) p. 114</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodward1989" class="citation book cs1">Woodward, C. Vann (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/futureofpast00cvan/page/76"><i>The Future of the Past</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/futureofpast00cvan/page/76">76</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195057447" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195057447"><bdi>978-0195057447</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Future+of+the+Past&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0195057447&rft.aulast=Woodward&rft.aufirst=C.+Vann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffutureofpast00cvan%2Fpage%2F76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+revisionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNovick1988" class="citation book cs1">Novick, Peter (1988). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780521357456"><i>That Noble Dream: The Objectivity Question and the American Historical Profession</i></a></span>. Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780521357456/page/395">395</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521357456" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521357456"><bdi>978-0521357456</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=That+Noble+Dream%3A+The+Objectivity+Question+and+the+American+Historical+Profession&rft.pages=395&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0521357456&rft.aulast=Novick&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780521357456&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+revisionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">African-American History: Origins, Development, and Current State of the Field | Joe W. Trotter | <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_Historians" title="Organization of American Historians">Organization of American Historians</a> Magazine of History</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Denying the Holocaust: The Growing Assault on Truth and Memory" by <a href="/wiki/Deborah_Lipstadt" title="Deborah Lipstadt">Deborah E. Lipstadt</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-452-27274-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-452-27274-2">0-452-27274-2</a>, 1993, p. 21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShermerGrobman2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Shermer" title="Michael Shermer">Shermer, Michael</a>; <a href="/wiki/Alex_Grobman" title="Alex Grobman">Grobman, Alex</a> (2009). <a href="/wiki/Denying_History:_Who_Says_the_Holocaust_Never_Happened_and_Why_Do_They_Say_It%3F" class="mw-redirect" title="Denying History: Who Says the Holocaust Never Happened and Why Do They Say It?"><i>Denying History: Who Says the Holocaust Never Happened and Why Do They Say It? Updated and Expanded</i></a>. University of California Press. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-94409-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-94409-1"><bdi>978-0-520-94409-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Denying+History%3A+Who+Says+the+Holocaust+Never+Happened+and+Why+Do+They+Say+It%3F+Updated+and+Expanded&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-520-94409-1&rft.aulast=Shermer&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Grobman%2C+Alex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+revisionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ronald J. Berger. <i>Fathoming the Holocaust: A Social Problems Approach</i>, Aldine Transaction, 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-202-30670-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-202-30670-4">0-202-30670-4</a>, p. 154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGabrielePerry2021" class="citation book cs1">Gabriele, Matthew; Perry, David M. (2021). <i>The Bright Ages: A New History of Medieval Europe</i>. HarperCollins Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0062980892" title="Special:BookSources/978-0062980892"><bdi>978-0062980892</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bright+Ages%3A+A+New+History+of+Medieval+Europe&rft.pub=HarperCollins+Publishers&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0062980892&rft.aulast=Gabriele&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft.au=Perry%2C+David+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+revisionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nelson_2007-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_2007_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson2007" class="citation journal cs1">Nelson, Janet L. (Spring 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/25472909">"The Dark Ages"</a>. <i>History Workshop Journal</i>. <b>63</b> (63): 191–201. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fhwj%2Fdbm006">10.1093/hwj/dbm006</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25472909">25472909</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 28,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Workshop+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Dark+Ages&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=63&rft.pages=191-201&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fhwj%2Fdbm006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25472909%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Janet+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25472909&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+revisionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalstead2006" class="citation news cs1">Halstead, Paul (March 6, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/professor-andrew-sherratt-6107494.html">"Obituaries: Professor Andrew Sherratt"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Obituaries%3A+Professor+Andrew+Sherratt&rft.date=2006-03-06&rft.aulast=Halstead&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fobituaries%2Fprofessor-andrew-sherratt-6107494.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+revisionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christine Kenneally, <i>The Invisible History of the Human Race: How DNA and History Shape Our Identities and Our Futures</i> (2014)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">L. Lin, et al. "Whose history? An analysis of the Korean war in history textbooks from the United States, South Korea, Japan, and China." <i>Social Studies</i> 100.5 (2009): 222–232. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/John_Hoge/publication/249038081_Whose_History_An_Analysis_of_the_Korean_War_in_History_Textbooks_from_the_United_States_South_Korea_Japan_and_China/links/55108ab00cf20352196c0c69/Whose-History-An-Analysis-of-the-Korean-War-in-History-Textbooks-from-the-United-States-South-Korea-Japan-and-China.pdf">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220217110137/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/John-Hoge/publication/249038081_Whose_History_An_Analysis_of_the_Korean_War_in_History_Textbooks_from_the_United_States_South_Korea_Japan_and_China/links/55108ab00cf20352196c0c69/Whose-History-An-Analysis-of-the-Korean-War-in-History-Textbooks-from-the-United-States-South-Korea-Japan-and-China.pdf">Archived</a> February 17, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShindler2014" class="citation journal cs1">Shindler, Michael (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150419090905/https://theapollonianrevolt.com/structure-purpose-cultural-identity/">"A Discussion on the Purpose of Cultural Identity"</a>. <i>The Apollonian Revolt</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theapollonianrevolt.com/structure-purpose-cultural-identity/">the original</a> on April 19, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 10,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Apollonian+Revolt&rft.atitle=A+Discussion+on+the+Purpose+of+Cultural+Identity&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Shindler&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheapollonianrevolt.com%2Fstructure-purpose-cultural-identity%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+revisionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnyder1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Snyder_(historian)" title="Christopher Snyder (historian)">Snyder, Christopher A.</a> (1998). <i>An Age of Tyrants: Britain and the Britons A.D. 400–600</i>. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press. pp. xiii–xiv. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-271-01780-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-271-01780-5"><bdi>0-271-01780-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Age+of+Tyrants%3A+Britain+and+the+Britons+A.D.+400%E2%80%93600&rft.place=University+Park&rft.pages=xiii-xiv&rft.pub=Pennsylvania+State+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-271-01780-5&rft.aulast=Snyder&rft.aufirst=Christopher+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+revisionism" class="Z3988"></span>, for example. The work contains over 100 pages of footnoted citations to source material and bibliographic references (pp. 263–387). In explaining his approach to writing the work, he refers to the "so-called Dark Ages" and notes, "Historians and archaeologists have never liked the label Dark Ages... there are numerous indicators that these centuries were neither "dark" nor "barbarous" in comparison with other eras."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dmas-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dmas_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/William_Chester_Jordan" title="William Chester Jordan">Jordan, Chester William</a> (2004). <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_the_Middle_Ages" title="Dictionary of the Middle Ages">Dictionary of the Middle Ages</a></i>, Supplement 1. Verdun, Kathleen, "Medievalism" pp. 389–397. Sections 'Victorian Medievalism', 'Nineteenth-Century Europe', 'Medievalism in America 1500–1900', 'The 20th Century'. Same volume, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Freedman" title="Paul Freedman">Freedman, Paul</a>, "Medieval Studies", pp. 383–389.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Strickland, Matthew (2005) <i>The Great Warbow</i>. Sutton. p,238. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7509-3167-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7509-3167-1">0-7509-3167-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Anne_Curry" title="Anne Curry">Curry, Anne</a> (2005) <i>Agincourt: A New History</i>. Tempus, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7524-2828-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7524-2828-4">0-7524-2828-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brooks, Richard (May 29. 2005) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesonline.co.uk/printFriendly/0,,1-523-1632547,00.html">"Henry V's payroll cuts Agincourt myth down to size"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220217110146/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/">Archived</a> February 17, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kay Larson, and Edith Newhall, "It's a Map, Map, Map World" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i-MCAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA97"><i>New York Magazine</i> Nov 1992 25#43 pp 97+ online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170210131803/https://books.google.com/books?id=i-MCAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA97">Archived</a> February 10, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-William-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-William_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-William_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">William H. McNeill, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE5DD1739F934A35753C1A966958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all">Review of Kirkpatrick Sale's <i>The Conquest of Paradise</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200414092420/https://www.nytimes.com/1990/10/07/books/debunking-columbus.html">Archived</a> April 14, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, October 7, 1990.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaley-Cohen2004" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joanna_Waley-Cohen" title="Joanna Waley-Cohen">Waley-Cohen, Johanna</a> (2004). "The New Qing History". <i>Radical History Review</i>. <b>88</b> (1): 193–206. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F01636545-2004-88-193">10.1215/01636545-2004-88-193</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144544216">144544216</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radical+History+Review&rft.atitle=The+New+Qing+History&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=193-206&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1215%2F01636545-2004-88-193&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144544216%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Waley-Cohen&rft.aufirst=Johanna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+revisionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arnold, James R. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.napoleon-series.org/military/organization/maida/c_maida.html">A Reappraisal of Column Versus Line in the Peninsular War Oman and Historiography</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200210221158/http://www.napoleon-series.org/military/organization/maida/c_maida.html">Archived</a> February 10, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Napoleon_Series&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Napoleon Series (page does not exist)">The Napoleon Series</a>, August 2004.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James R. Arnold, "A Reappraisal of Column Versus Line in the Napoleonic Wars" <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_Society_for_Army_Historical_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research">Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research</a></i> LX no. 244 (Winter 1982): pp. 196–208.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.argentina.gob.ar/normativa/nacional/decreto-1880-2011-190107%7CDecreto">1880/2011</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2022">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>, published by the Argentine Government's Official Website</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Selig Adler, "The War-Guilt Question and American Disillusionment, 1918–1928", <i>Journal of Modern History</i>, Vol. 23, No. 1 (Mar. 1951), pp. 1–28 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1871365">in JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170210131801/http://www.jstor.org/stable/1871365">Archived</a> February 10, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lions Led By Donkeys <ul><li>Thompson, P.A. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchillbooks.com/detail.cfm?item_num=38200&is_mil_book=1"></a></i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchillbooks.com/detail.cfm?item_num=38200&is_mil_book=1">Lions Led By Donkeys: Showing How Victory In The Great War Was Achieved By Those Who Made the Fewest Mistakes<i></i></a><i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927044244/https://www.churchillbooks.com/detail.cfm?item_num=38200&is_mil_book=1">Archived</a> September 27, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> T. Werner Laurie, Ltd. 1st English Edition. 1927</i></li> <li>Bournes, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.firstworldwar.bham.ac.uk/donkey/index.htm">"Lions Led By Donkeys"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091208132234/http://www.firstworldwar.bham.ac.uk/donkey/index.htm">Archived</a> December 8, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Centre for First World War Studies, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Birmingham" title="University of Birmingham">University of Birmingham</a>.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bernard Weisberger, "The Dark and Bloody Ground of Reconstruction Historiography", <i>The Journal of Southern History,</i> Vol. 25, No. 4 (November 1959), pp. 427–447 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/2954450">in JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220217110143/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2954450">Archived</a> February 17, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Perman, "Review: Eric Foner's Reconstruction: A Finished Revolution", <i>Reviews in American History</i>, Vol. 17, No. 1 (March 1989), pp. 73–78 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/2703129">in JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220217110206/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2703129">Archived</a> February 17, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kolko, Gabriel. "The Premises of Business Revisionism" in <i>The Business History Review</i>, Vol. 33, No. 3 (Autumn, 1959), p. 334</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNovick1988" class="citation book cs1">Novick, Peter (1988). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780521357456"><i>That Noble Dream: The Objectivity Question and the American Historical profession</i></a></span>. Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780521357456/page/343">343</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521357456" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521357456"><bdi>978-0521357456</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=That+Noble+Dream%3A+The+Objectivity+Question+and+the+American+Historical+profession&rft.pages=343&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0521357456&rft.aulast=Novick&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780521357456&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+revisionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConquest1990" class="citation book cs1">Conquest, Robert (1990). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greatterror00robe"><i>The Great Terror</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greatterror00robe/page/486">486</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195055801" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195055801"><bdi>978-0195055801</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 6,</span> 2019</span>. <q>20 million.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Terror&rft.pages=486&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0195055801&rft.aulast=Conquest&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreatterror00robe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+revisionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRummel" class="citation web cs1">Rummel, Rudolph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/USSR.TAB1A.GIF">"61,911,000 Soviet Victims: Totals, Estimates, and Years"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190807044727/https://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/USSR.TAB1A.GIF">Archived</a> from the original on August 7, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 6,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=61%2C911%2C000+Soviet+Victims%3A+Totals%2C+Estimates%2C+and+Years&rft.aulast=Rummel&rft.aufirst=Rudolph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hawaii.edu%2Fpowerkills%2FUSSR.TAB1A.GIF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+revisionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllman" class="citation web cs1">Ellman, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sovietinfo.tripod.com/ELM-Repression_Statistics.pdf">"Soviet Repression Statistics: Some Comments"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>From 1921 onwards about 3–3.5 million seem to have died from shooting, while in detention, or while being deported or in deportation</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190525134942/http://sovietinfo.tripod.com/ELM-Repression_Statistics.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on May 25, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 6,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=From+1921+onwards+about+3%E2%80%933.5+million+seem+to+have+died+from+shooting%2C+while+in+detention%2C+or+while+being+deported+or+in+deportation.&rft.atitle=Soviet+Repression+Statistics%3A+Some+Comments&rft.aulast=Ellman&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsovietinfo.tripod.com%2FELM-Repression_Statistics.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+revisionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnyder2011" class="citation web cs1">Snyder, Timothy (January 27, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nybooks.com/daily/2011/01/27/hitler-vs-stalin-who-was-worse/">"Hitler vs. Stalin: Who Was Worse?"</a>. <i>The total number of noncombatants killed by the Germans – about 11 million – is roughly what we had thought. The total number of civilians killed by the Soviets, however, is considerably less than we had believed. We know now that the Germans killed more people than the Soviets did [...] All in all, the Germans deliberately killed about 11 million noncombatants, a figure that rises to more than 12 million if foreseeable deaths from deportation, hunger, and sentences in concentration camps are included. For the Soviets during the Stalin period, the analogous figures are approximately six million and nine million. These figures are of course subject to revision, but it is very unlikely that the consensus will change again as radically as it has since the opening of Eastern European archives in the 1990s</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190920180922/https://www.nybooks.com/daily/2011/01/27/hitler-vs-stalin-who-was-worse/">Archived</a> from the original on September 20, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 6,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+total+number+of+noncombatants+killed+by+the+Germans+%E2%80%93+about+11+million+%E2%80%93+is+roughly+what+we+had+thought.+The+total+number+of+civilians+killed+by+the+Soviets%2C+however%2C+is+considerably+less+than+we+had+believed.+We+know+now+that+the+Germans+killed+more+people+than+the+Soviets+did+%5B...%5D+All+in+all%2C+the+Germans+deliberately+killed+about+11+million+noncombatants%2C+a+figure+that+rises+to+more+than+12+million+if+foreseeable+deaths+from+deportation%2C+hunger%2C+and+sentences+in+concentration+camps+are+included.+For+the+Soviets+during+the+Stalin+period%2C+the+analogous+figures+are+approximately+six+million+and+nine+million.+These+figures+are+of+course+subject+to+revision%2C+but+it+is+very+unlikely+that+the+consensus+will+change+again+as+radically+as+it+has+since+the+opening+of+Eastern+European+archives+in+the+1990s.&rft.atitle=Hitler+vs.+Stalin%3A+Who+Was+Worse%3F&rft.date=2011-01-27&rft.aulast=Snyder&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Fdaily%2F2011%2F01%2F27%2Fhitler-vs-stalin-who-was-worse%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+revisionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSatter2011" class="citation book cs1">Satter, David (2011). <i>It Was a Long Time Ago, and It Never Happened Anyway: Russia and the Communist Past</i>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300192377" title="Special:BookSources/9780300192377"><bdi>9780300192377</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=It+Was+a+Long+Time+Ago%2C+and+It+Never+Happened+Anyway%3A+Russia+and+the+Communist+Past&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780300192377&rft.aulast=Satter&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+revisionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHopkinsNechepurenko2021" class="citation news cs1">Hopkins, Valerie; Nechepurenko, Ivan (December 29, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/29/world/europe/russia-memorial-human-rights-center.html">"As the Kremlin Revises History, a Human Rights Champion Becomes a Casualty"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 6,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=As+the+Kremlin+Revises+History%2C+a+Human+Rights+Champion+Becomes+a+Casualty&rft.date=2021-12-29&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Hopkins&rft.aufirst=Valerie&rft.au=Nechepurenko%2C+Ivan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2021%2F12%2F29%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Frussia-memorial-human-rights-center.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+revisionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKołakowski" class="citation book cs1">Kołakowski, Leszek. <i>Main Currents of Marxism</i>. <q>Its lies and suppressions were too obvious to be overlooked by readers who had witnessed the events in question: all but the youngest party members knew who Trotsky was and how collectivization had taken place in Russia, but, obliged as they were to parrot the official version, they became co-authors of the new past and believers in it as party-inspired truth. If anyone challenged this truth on the basis of manifest experience, the indignation of the faithful was perfectly sincere. In this way Stalinism really produced the '<a href="/wiki/New_Soviet_man" title="New Soviet man">new Soviet man</a>': an ideological schizophrenic, a liar who believed what he was saying, a man capable of incessant, voluntary acts of intellectual self- mutilation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Main+Currents+of+Marxism&rft.aulast=Ko%C5%82akowski&rft.aufirst=Leszek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+revisionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hIN1DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA2"><i>The Materiality of Text – Placement, Perception, and Presence of Inscribed Texts in Classical Antiquity: Placement, perception, and presence of inscribed texts in classical antiquity</i></a>. BRILL. October 22, 2018. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-37943-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-37943-5"><bdi>978-90-04-37943-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Materiality+of+Text+%E2%80%93+Placement%2C+Perception%2C+and+Presence+of+Inscribed+Texts+in+Classical+Antiquity%3A+Placement%2C+perception%2C+and+presence+of+inscribed+texts+in+classical+antiquity&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2018-10-22&rft.isbn=978-90-04-37943-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhIN1DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+revisionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing1997" class="citation book cs1">King, David (1997). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Commissar_Vanishes" title="The Commissar Vanishes">The Commissar Vanishes</a></i>. Canongate Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86241-724-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86241-724-6"><bdi>978-0-86241-724-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Commissar+Vanishes&rft.pub=Canongate+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-86241-724-6&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+revisionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/6187400">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Именовали умершего вождя тираном": что изменилось в учебнике истории"</a>. <i>Коммерсантъ</i> (in Russian). September 2, 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20230902083030/https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/6187400">Archived</a> from the original on September 2, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 6,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8A&rft.atitle=%22%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%8F+%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%22%3A+%D1%87%D1%82%D0%BE+%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8C+%D0%B2+%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft.date=2023-09-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kommersant.ru%2Fdoc%2F6187400&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+revisionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meduza.io/feature/2018/05/10/kak-v-rossii-sudyat-za-falsifikatsiyu-istorii-doklad-agory">"Как в России судят за "фальсификацию истории": доклад "Агоры"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Meduza</i> (in Russian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 6,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Meduza&rft.atitle=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BA+%D0%B2+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%8F%D1%82+%D0%B7%D0%B0+%22%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8E+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8%22%3A+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4+%22%D0%90%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmeduza.io%2Ffeature%2F2018%2F05%2F10%2Fkak-v-rossii-sudyat-za-falsifikatsiyu-istorii-doklad-agory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+revisionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Samuel Flagg Bemis, "First Gun of a Revisionist Historiography for the Second World War", <i>Journal of Modern History</i>, Vol. 19, No. 1 (Mar. 1947), pp. 55–59 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1875652">in JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170210131658/http://www.jstor.org/stable/1875652">Archived</a> February 10, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martel, Gordon ed. (1999) <i>The Origins of the Second World War Reconsidered: A.J.P. Taylor and the Historians.</i> (2nd ed.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_J._Buchanan" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrick J. Buchanan">Buchanan, Patrick J.</a> (2009). <a href="//archive.org/details/churchillhitlert00patr" class="extiw" title="iarchive:churchillhitlert00patr"><i>Churchill, Hitler and the Unnecessary War: How Britain Lost Its Empire and the West Lost the World</i>.</a> Three Rivers Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0307405166" title="Special:BookSources/978-0307405166">978-0307405166</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (May 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKort200731-32-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKort200731-32_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKort2007">Kort (2007)</a>, p. 31-32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tri-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tri_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tri_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorwood2007" class="citation web cs1">Horwood, Ian (February 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121223110521/https://www.history.ac.uk/reviews/paper/horwood.html">"Book review: Triumph Forsaken: The Vietnam War, 1954–1965"</a>. <i>Reviews in History</i>. <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Historical_Research" title="Institute of Historical Research">Institute of Historical Research</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.ac.uk/reviews/paper/horwood.html">the original</a> on December 23, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reviews+in+History&rft.atitle=Book+review%3A+Triumph+Forsaken%3A+The+Vietnam+War%2C+1954%E2%80%931965&rft.date=2007-02&rft.aulast=Horwood&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.ac.uk%2Freviews%2Fpaper%2Fhorwood.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+revisionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-reverse-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-reverse_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDivineLewyMillett1979" class="citation journal cs1">Divine, Robert A.; Lewy, Guenter; <a href="/wiki/Allan_R._Millett" title="Allan R. Millett">Millett, Allan R.</a> (September 1979). "Review: Revisionism in Reverse". <i><a href="/wiki/Reviews_in_American_History" title="Reviews in American History">Reviews in American History</a></i>. <b>7</b> (3): 433–438. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2701181">10.2307/2701181</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2701181">2701181</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reviews+in+American+History&rft.atitle=Review%3A+Revisionism+in+Reverse&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=433-438&rft.date=1979-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2701181&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2701181%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Divine&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rft.au=Lewy%2C+Guenter&rft.au=Millett%2C+Allan+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+revisionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Guenter Lewy, <i>America in Vietnam</i>, p. VII.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark_Moyar2006" class="citation book cs1">Mark Moyar (2006). <i>Triumph Forsaken: The Vietnam War, 1954–1965</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-86911-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-86911-0"><bdi>0-521-86911-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Triumph+Forsaken%3A+The+Vietnam+War%2C+1954%E2%80%931965&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-521-86911-0&rft.au=Mark+Moyar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+revisionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLind,_Michael1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Lind" title="Michael Lind">Lind, Michael</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vietnamnecessary00lind"><i>Vietnam: The Necessary War</i></a>. Free Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0684842547" title="Special:BookSources/978-0684842547"><bdi>978-0684842547</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vietnam%3A+The+Necessary+War&rft.pub=Free+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0684842547&rft.au=Lind%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvietnamnecessary00lind&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+revisionism" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2014)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunt2008" class="citation book cs1">Hunt, Lynn (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.openedition.org/ceup/819"><i>Measuring Time, Making History</i></a>. Central European University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9639776142" title="Special:BookSources/978-9639776142"><bdi>978-9639776142</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210921131043/https://books.openedition.org/ceup/819">Archived</a> from the original on September 21, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 21,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Measuring+Time%2C+Making+History&rft.pub=Central+European+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-9639776142&rft.aulast=Hunt&rft.aufirst=Lynn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.openedition.org%2Fceup%2F819&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+revisionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeynell1985" class="citation journal cs1">Meynell, Hugo (February 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43247679">"Ancient History in Chaos—Velikovsky's Chronological Reconstruction"</a>. <i>New Blackfriars</i>. <b>66</b> (776): 56–61. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1741-2005.1985.tb02681.x">10.1111/j.1741-2005.1985.tb02681.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43247679">43247679</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210921131041/https://www.jstor.org/stable/43247679">Archived</a> from the original on September 21, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 21,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Blackfriars&rft.atitle=Ancient+History+in+Chaos%E2%80%94Velikovsky%27s+Chronological+Reconstruction&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=776&rft.pages=56-61&rft.date=1985-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1741-2005.1985.tb02681.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43247679%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Meynell&rft.aufirst=Hugo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43247679&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+revisionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIllig1996" class="citation book cs1">Illig, Heribert (1996). <i>Das erfundene Mittelalter. Die größte Zeitfälschung der Geschichte</i>. Econ. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-430-14953-3" title="Special:BookSources/3-430-14953-3"><bdi>3-430-14953-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+erfundene+Mittelalter.+Die+gr%C3%B6%C3%9Fte+Zeitf%C3%A4lschung+der+Geschichte&rft.pub=Econ&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=3-430-14953-3&rft.aulast=Illig&rft.aufirst=Heribert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+revisionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGinzburg2000" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vitaly_L._Ginzburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitaly L. Ginzburg">Ginzburg, Vitaly L.</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://humanism.al.ru/en/articles.phtml?num=000051">"Pseudoscience and the Need to Combat It"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Nauka_i_Zhizn" title="Nauka i Zhizn">Nauka i Zhizn</a>'<span></span></i>. No. 11. Translated from the Russian by Gary Goldberg. Russian Humanist Society: humanism.al.ru. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nkj.ru/archive/articles/5372/">Also, in the original Russian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211024191933/http://humanism.al.ru/en/articles.phtml?num=000051">Archived</a> from the original on October 24, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 12,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nauka+i+Zhizn%27&rft.atitle=Pseudoscience+and+the+Need+to+Combat+It&rft.issue=11&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Ginzburg&rft.aufirst=Vitaly+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhumanism.al.ru%2Fen%2Farticles.phtml%3Fnum%3D000051&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+revisionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><b>Further reading</b> </p> <ul><li>Banner Jr., James M. (2021). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yalebooks.yale.edu/book/9780300238457/ever-changing-past">The Ever-Changing Past: Why All History Is Revisionist History</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300238457" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300238457">978-0300238457</a>.</li> <li>Burgess, Glenn (1990). "On Revisionism: An Analysis of Early Stuart Historiography in the 1970s and 1980s." <i><a href="/wiki/Historical_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical Journal">Historical Journal</a></i>, vol. 33. no. 3, pp. 609–627. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2639733">2639733</a>.</li> <li>Comninel, George C. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thecharnelhouse.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/george-c-comninel-rethinking-the-french-revolution-marxism-and-the-revisionist-challenge.pdf"><i>Rethinking the French Revolution: Marxism and the Revisionist Challenge</i>.</a> <a href="/wiki/Verso" class="mw-redirect" title="Verso">Verso</a>.</li> <li>Confino, Michael (2009). "The New Russian Historiography, and the Old—Some Considerations." <i><a href="/wiki/History_%26_Memory" title="History & Memory">History & Memory</a></i>, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 7–33. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/HIS.2009.21.2.7">10.2979/HIS.2009.21.2.7</a>.</li> <li>Gaither, Milton (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/history-of-education-quarterly/article/revisionists-revived-the-libertarian-historiography-of-education/000E426E28D3A02FC6E31BDCFAC29774">"The Revisionists Revived: The Libertarian Historiography of Education."</a> <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Education_Quarterly" title="History of Education Quarterly">History of Education Quarterly</a></i>, vol. 52, no. 4, pp. 488–505.</li> <li>Jainchill, Andrew, and Samuel Moyn (2004). "French Democracy Between Totalitarianism and Solidarity: Pierre Rosanvallon and Revisionist Historiography." <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Modern_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Modern History">Journal of Modern History</a></i>, vol. 76, no. 1, pp. 107–154. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/421186">10.1086/421186</a>.</li> <li>Kopecek, Michal (2008). <i>Past in the Making: Historical Revisionism in Central Europe After 1989</i>. <a href="/wiki/Central_European_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Central European University Press">Central European University Press</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKort2007" class="citation journal cs1">Kort, Michael (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170510104213/https://www.fairbanksonline.net/Fairbanks_Online/Atomic_Bomb_Trials_Research_files/truman_bomb.pdf">"The Historiography of Hiroshima: The Rise and Fall of Revisionism"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>New England Journal of History</i>. <b>64</b> (1): 31–48. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fairbanksonline.net/Fairbanks_Online/Atomic_Bomb_Trials_Research_files/truman_bomb.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on May 10, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 17,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+England+Journal+of+History&rft.atitle=The+Historiography+of+Hiroshima%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+Revisionism&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=31-48&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Kort&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fairbanksonline.net%2FFairbanks_Online%2FAtomic_Bomb_Trials_Research_files%2Ftruman_bomb.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+revisionism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin, V.I.</a> (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210514101621/https://revolutionarycommunist.org/wweb/leninindexfiles/1908-rev.htm">"Marxism and Revisionism." <i>Karl Marx—1818–1883</i></a> (<a href="/wiki/Symposium" title="Symposium">symposium</a>).</li> <li>Markwick, Roger (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iZGDDAAAQBAJ"><i>Rewriting History in Soviet Russia: The Politics of Revisionist Historiography 1956–1974</i>.</a> Springer.</li> <li>Melosi, Martin V. (1983). "The Triumph of Revisionism: The Pearl Harbor Controversy, 1941–1982." <i><a href="/wiki/Public_Historian" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Historian">Public Historian</a></i>, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 87–103. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3377253">3377253</a>.</li> <li>Palmer, William (2010). "Aspects of Revision in History in Great Britain and the United States, 1920–1975." <i><a href="/wiki/Historical_Reflections" title="Historical Reflections">Historical Reflections/Réflexions Historiques</a></i>, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 17–32. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41403681">41403681</a>.</li> <li>Riggenbach, Jeff (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdn.mises.org/Why%20American%20History%20Is%20Not%20What%20They%20Say_3.pdf"><i>Why American History Is Not What They Say: An Introduction to Revisionism</i>.</a> Auburn, Alabama: <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Ludwig von Mises Institute">Ludwig von Mises Institute</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_N._Rothbard" class="mw-redirect" title="Murray N. Rothbard">Rothbard, Murray N.</a> (February 1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/library/case-revisionism-and-against-priori-history">"Revisionism and Libertarianism."</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Forum" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian Forum">Libertarian Forum</a></i>, pp. 3–6.</li> <li>Viola, Lynne (2002). "The Cold War in American Soviet Historiography and the End of the Soviet Union." <i><a href="/wiki/Russian_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Review">Russian Review</a></i>, vol. 61, no. 1, pp. 25–34. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2679501">2679501</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_revisionism&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" 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href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Historians" title="Category:Historians">historians</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Historicity" title="Category:Historicity">historicity</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:History" title="Category:History">history</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Theories_of_history" title="Category:Theories of history">theories of history</a></i></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Historical_sources" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Historical_source" title="Historical source">Historical sources</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_source" title="Primary source">Primary sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_source" title="Secondary source">Secondary sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertiary_source" title="Tertiary source">Tertiary sources</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annals" title="Annals">Annals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archive" title="Archive">Archives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">Artifacts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_site" title="Archaeological site">Archaeological site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronicle" title="Chronicle">Chronicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex" title="Codex">Codices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deed" title="Deed">Deeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facsimile" title="Facsimile">Facsimiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feature_(archaeology)" title="Feature (archaeology)">Features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieroglyph" class="mw-redirect" title="Hieroglyph">Hieroglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_document" title="Historical document">Historical documents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logbook" title="Logbook">Logbooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuscript" title="Manuscript">Manuscripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">Illuminated</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">Oral tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus" title="Papyrus">Papyri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">Religious texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scroll" title="Scroll">Scrolls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_diary" title="War diary">War diaries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Service_record" title="Service record">Service records</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Fields_of_study" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_sciences_of_history" title="Auxiliary sciences of history">Fields of study</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By scale</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_History" title="Big History">Big History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_history_(field)" title="World history (field)">World history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_history" title="Human history">Human history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_history" title="Local history">Local history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microhistory" title="Microhistory">Microhistory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By source</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archival_science" title="Archival science">Archival science</a> / <a href="/wiki/Library_and_information_science" title="Library and information science">Library and information science</a> (<a href="/wiki/Template:Libraries_and_library_science" title="Template:Libraries and library science">template</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codicology" title="Codicology">Books</a> / <a href="/wiki/Palaeography" title="Palaeography">Writing systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorography" title="Chorography">Chorography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronology" title="Chronology">Chronology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronological_dating" title="Chronological dating">dating</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatics" title="Diplomatics">Diplomatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedistics" title="Encyclopaedistics">Encyclopaedistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigraphy" title="Epigraphy">Epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genealogy" title="Genealogy">Genealogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraldry" title="Heraldry">Heraldry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numismatics" title="Numismatics">Numismatics (Money)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onomastics" title="Onomastics">Onomastics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_history" title="Oral history">Oral history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oral_history_preservation" title="Oral history preservation">preservation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaleristics" title="Phaleristics">Phaleristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">Philology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philately" title="Philately">Postage stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosopography" title="Prosopography">Prosopography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigillography" title="Sigillography">Sigillography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toponymy" title="Toponymy">Toponymy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vexillology" title="Vexillology">Vexillology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">Anthropology</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paleoanthropology" title="Paleoanthropology">Paleoanthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_history" title="Cultural history">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_ecology" title="Historical ecology">Ecology</a> / <a href="/wiki/Environmental_history" title="Environmental history">Environment</a> / <a href="/wiki/Historical_geography" title="Historical geography">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history" title="Economic history">Economic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_history" title="Business history">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_capitalism" title="History of capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perspectives_on_capitalism_by_school_of_thought" title="Perspectives on capitalism by school of thought">Perspectives on capitalism by school of thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_economic_thought" title="History of economic thought">Thought</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_history" title="Intellectual history">Intellectual</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Geistesgeschichte" title="Geistesgeschichte">Geistesgeschichte</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_linguistics" title="Historical linguistics">Linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_ecclesiastic_historiography" title="Medieval ecclesiastic historiography">Medieval churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_historiography" class="mw-redirect" title="Military historiography">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history" title="Political history">Political</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history" title="Constitutional history">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history" title="Diplomatic history">Diplomatic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_sociology" title="Historical sociology">Social</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_feminism" title="History of feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_history" title="Gender history">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnohistory" title="Ethnohistory">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_history" title="Labor history">Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history" title="LGBTQ history">LGBTQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_history" title="Rural history">Rural</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantitative_history" title="Quantitative history">Quantitative</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_history" title="Urban history">Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_history" title="Women's history">Women</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Methodology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Historical_method" title="Historical method">Methodology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Case_study" title="Case study">Case study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodization" title="Periodization">Periodization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Historical_eras" title="Category:Historical eras">Historical eras</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tarikh" title="Tarikh">Tarikh</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-age_system" title="Three-age system">Three-age system</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Approaches,_schools" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Approaches,<br /> schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annales_school" title="Annales school">Annales school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mentalities" title="History of mentalities">History of mentalities</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_histoire" title="Nouvelle histoire">Nouvelle histoire</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiometry" title="Historiometry">Historiometry</a> / <a href="/wiki/Cliometrics" title="Cliometrics">Cliometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_historical_research" title="Comparative historical research">Comparative historical research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_historiography" title="Critical historiography">Critical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decoloniality" title="Decoloniality">Decoloniality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_history" title="Feminist history">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_anthropology" title="Historical anthropology">Historical anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_determinism" title="Historical determinism">Historical determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historism" title="Historism">Historism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_criticism" title="Historical criticism">Historical-critical method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_historiography" title="Humanistic historiography">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indiscipline_of_history&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indiscipline of history (page does not exist)">Indiscipline of history</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indisciplina_da_hist%C3%B3ria" class="extiw" title="pt:Indisciplina da história">pt</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leninist_historiography" class="mw-redirect" title="Leninist historiography">Leninist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_historiography" title="Marxist historiography">Marxist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_materialism" title="Historical materialism">Historical materialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_historiography" title="Nationalist historiography">Nationalist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancestral_civilisation" title="Ancestral civilisation">Ancestral civilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalization_of_history" title="Nationalization of history">Nationalization of history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_history" title="People's history">People's history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subaltern_Studies" title="Subaltern Studies">Subaltern Studies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_history" title="Popular history">Pop history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantitative_history" title="Quantitative history">Quantitative history</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Revisionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnational_history" title="Transnational history">Transnational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_history" title="Whig history">Whig</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Man_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Man theory">Great Man theory</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Concepts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Concepts</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Change_and_continuity" title="Change and continuity">Change and continuity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_preservation" title="Historic preservation">Historic preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_recurrence" title="Historic recurrence">Historic recurrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_significance" title="Historical significance">Historical significance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicity" title="Historicity">Historicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Historiology">Historiology</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiolog%C3%ADa" class="extiw" title="es:Historiología">es</a>]</span> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theory_of_history&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theory of history (page does not exist)">Theory of history</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theorie_der_Geschichte" class="extiw" title="de:Theorie der Geschichte">de</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_history" title="Philosophy of history">Philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_legend" title="Black legend">Black legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coloniality_of_knowledge" title="Coloniality of knowledge">Coloniality</a> and <a href="/wiki/Decolonization_of_knowledge" title="Decolonization of knowledge">decolonization of knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Ages_(historiography)" title="Dark Ages (historiography)">Dark Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_negationism" title="Historical negationism">Historical negationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historian%27s_fallacy" title="Historian's fallacy">Historian's fallacy</a> / <a href="/wiki/Presentism_(historical_analysis)" title="Presentism (historical analysis)">Presentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invented_tradition" title="Invented tradition">Invented tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernisation_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernisation theory">Modernisation theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_history" title="Narrative history">Narratives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradigm_shift" title="Paradigm shift">Paradigm shift</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_periods_of_regional_peace" title="List of periods of regional peace">Pax</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Paxes" title="Template:Paxes">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty-year_rule" title="Thirty-year rule">Thirty-year rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhistoricity" title="Transhistoricity">Transhistoricity</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Translatio_imperii" title="Translatio imperii">Translatio imperii</a></i> / <i><a href="/wiki/Translatio_studii" title="Translatio studii">Translatio studii</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vaticinium_ex_eventu" title="Vaticinium ex eventu">Vaticinium ex eventu</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Periodization_ofmodern_history" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Periodization of<br /><a href="/wiki/Modern_era" title="Modern era">modern history</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Civil_War" title="European Civil War">European Civil War</a> / <a href="/wiki/Second_Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Second Thirty Years' War">Second Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_eighteenth_century" title="Long eighteenth century">Long 18th</a> / <a href="/wiki/Long_nineteenth_century" title="Long nineteenth century">19th century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continuity_thesis" title="Continuity thesis">Continuity thesis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_country_or_region" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">By country or region</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African_historiography" title="African historiography">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Egypt <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_pyramid_construction_techniques" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian pyramid construction techniques">Pyramid construction techniques</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Egypt_Thesis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Black Egypt Thesis (page does not exist)">Black Egypt Thesis</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip%C3%B3tesis_del_Egipto_Negro" class="extiw" title="es:Hipótesis del Egipto Negro">es</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_historiography" title="Ethiopian historiography">Ethiopia</a></li> <li>Morocco <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Morocco" title="Greater Morocco">Greater Morocco</a></li></ul></li> <li>Rwanda <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double_genocide_theory_(Rwanda)" title="Double genocide theory (Rwanda)">Double genocide theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maafa" title="Maafa">Maafa</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Canada" title="Historiography of Canada">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan-hinterland_thesis" title="Metropolitan-hinterland thesis">Metropolitan-hinterland thesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_history_wars" title="Canadian history wars">Residential schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staples_thesis" title="Staples thesis">Staples thesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_history_of_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous population history</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_studies" title="Latin American studies">Latin America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Argentina" title="Historiography of Argentina">Argentina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_May_Revolution" title="Historiography of the May Revolution">May Revolution</a> / <a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_May_Revolution" title="Causes of the May Revolution">Causes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_revisionism_in_Argentina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historical revisionism in Argentina (page does not exist)">Revisionist</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revisionismo_hist%C3%B3rico_en_Argentina" class="extiw" title="es:Revisionismo histórico en Argentina">es</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Peru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Peru (page does not exist)">Peru</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iquicha_War_of_1825%E2%80%931828#Historiography" title="Iquicha War of 1825–1828">Iquicha Royalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Colonial_Spanish_America" title="Historiography of Colonial Spanish America">Colonial Spanish America</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Casta" title="Casta">Casta</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_United_States" title="Historiography of the United States">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_history#Historiography" title="African-American history">African-American history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nadir_of_American_race_relations" title="Nadir of American race relations">Nadir of American race relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoabolitionism_(race_relations)" title="Neoabolitionism (race relations)">Neoabolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era#Legacy_and_historiography" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consensus_history" title="Consensus history">Consensus history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclical_theory_(United_States_history)" title="Cyclical theory (United States history)">Cyclical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontier_thesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Frontier thesis">Frontier thesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_in_the_United_States" title="Political history in the United States">Political history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_eras_of_the_United_States" title="Political eras of the United States">Eras</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_historians" title="Progressive historians">Progressive-era historians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eurasia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Albania" title="Historiography of Albania">Albania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dealbanisation" title="Dealbanisation">Dealbanisation</a></li></ul></li> <li>Austria <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_myth" title="Habsburg myth">Habsburg myth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balhae_controversies" title="Balhae controversies">Balhae</a></li> <li>Belarus <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Litvinism" title="Litvinism">Litvinism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_historiography" title="Bulgarian historiography">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_historiography&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Byzantine historiography (page does not exist)">Byzantine Empire</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantinische_Geschichtsschreibung" class="extiw" title="de:Byzantinische Geschichtsschreibung">de</a>]</span> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Byzantine_historiography&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Early Byzantine historiography (page does not exist)">Early</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" class="extiw" title="ru:Ранневизантийская историография">ru</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_historiography" title="Croatian historiography">Croatia</a></li> <li>Europe <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_ancient_Europe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of ancient Europe (page does not exist)">Ancient</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" class="extiw" title="ru:Античная историография">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_historiography" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval historiography">Medieval</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" class="extiw" title="ru:Средневековая историография">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Age_historiography&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New Age historiography (page does not exist)">New Age</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="ru:Историография Нового времени">ru</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li>Georgia <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aryan_Kartli" title="Aryan Kartli">Aryan Kartli</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_historiography" title="Hellenic historiography">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ages_of_Man" title="Ages of Man">Ages of Man</a></li></ul></li> <li>Iran <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2,500-year_celebration_of_the_Persian_Empire" title="2,500-year celebration of the Persian Empire">2,500-year celebration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Japan" title="Historiography of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Korea" title="Historiography of Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_nationalist_historiography" title="Korean nationalist historiography">Nationalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goguryeo_controversies" title="Goguryeo controversies">Goguryeo controversies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_in_North_Macedonia" title="Historiography in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Philippines" title="Historiography of the Philippines">Philippines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_early_Philippine_settlements" title="Historiography of early Philippine settlements">Early settlements</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiograpy_of_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiograpy of Portugal (page does not exist)">Portugal</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiografia_de_Portugal" class="extiw" title="pt:Historiografia de Portugal">pt</a>]</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lusotropicalism" title="Lusotropicalism">Lusotropicalism</a></li></ul></li> <li>Romania <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Union" title="Great Union">Great Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_historiography" title="Serbian historiography">Serbia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Myth" title="Kosovo Myth">Kosovo Myth</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sweden <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6taland_theory" title="Götaland theory">Götaland theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Switzerland" title="Historiography of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Taiwanese_historiography" title="History of Taiwanese historiography">Taiwan</a></li> <li>Ukraine <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Executed_Renaissance" title="Executed Renaissance">Executed Renaissance</a></li></ul></li> <li>Vietnam <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nam_ti%E1%BA%BFn" title="Nam tiến">Nam tiến</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C6%B0ng_sisters" title="Trưng sisters">Trưng sisters</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_historiography" title="Roman historiography">Ancient Rome</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catilinarian_conspiracy#Historiography" title="Catilinarian conspiracy">Catilinarian conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Christianization_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Historiography of Christianization of the Roman Empire">Christianization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinian_shift" title="Constantinian shift">Constantinian shift</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Romanisation" title="Historiography of Romanisation">Expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Historiography of the fall of the Western Roman Empire">Fall of Western Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosopography_of_ancient_Rome" title="Prosopography of ancient Rome">Prosopography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Succession of the Roman Empire">Succession</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Succession to the Byzantine Empire">Byzantine succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow,_third_Rome" title="Moscow, third Rome">Moscow, third Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_claim_to_Roman_succession" title="Ottoman claim to Roman succession">Ottoman claim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_two_emperors" title="Problem of two emperors">Problem of two emperors</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_historiography" title="Chinese historiography">China</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_thousand_years_of_Chinese_civilization" title="Five thousand years of Chinese civilization">5000-year civilization assertion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_archaeology" title="History of Chinese archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wunu_School&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wunu School (page does not exist)">Wunu School</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E5%A5%B4%E6%B4%BE" class="extiw" title="zh:无奴派">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Century_of_humiliation" title="Century of humiliation">Century of humiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_dynasty" title="Conquest dynasty">Conquest dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debate_on_the_Chineseness_of_the_Yuan_and_Qing_dynasties" title="Debate on the Chineseness of the Yuan and Qing dynasties">"Chineseness" debate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Qing_History" title="New Qing History">New Qing History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_ages_of_China" title="Golden ages of China">Golden ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hua%E2%80%93Yi_distinction" title="Hua–Yi distinction">Hua–Yi distinction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Barbarians" title="Four Barbarians">Four Barbarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinocentrism" title="Sinocentrism">Sinocentrism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-Strengthening_Movement#Evaluation" title="Self-Strengthening Movement">Self-Strengthening Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprouts_of_capitalism" title="Sprouts of capitalism">Sprouts of capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_sovereignty_debate" title="Tibetan sovereignty debate">Tibetan sovereignty debate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cordon_sanitaire_(international_relations)" title="Cordon sanitaire (international relations)">Cordon sanitaire</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frankish_Interregnum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frankish Interregnum (page does not exist)">Frankish Interregnum</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interr%C3%A8gne_franc" class="extiw" title="fr:Interrègne franc">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Grand_Si%C3%A8cle" title="Grand Siècle">Grand Siècle</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Legendary_Saracen_in_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Legendary Saracen in France (page does not exist)">Legendary Saracen</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9gendaire_sarrasin_en_France" class="extiw" title="fr:Légendaire sarrasin en France">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiographical_debate_on_the_location_of_Al%C3%A9sia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiographical debate on the location of Alésia (page does not exist)">Location of Alésia</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiographie_du_d%C3%A9bat_sur_la_localisation_d%27Al%C3%A9sia" class="extiw" title="fr:Historiographie du débat sur la localisation d'Alésia">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Lyon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Lyon (page does not exist)">Lyon</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiographie_de_Lyon" class="extiw" title="fr:Historiographie de Lyon">fr</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Germany" title="Historiography of Germany">Germany</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alltagsgeschichte" title="Alltagsgeschichte">Alltagsgeschichte</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borussian_myth" title="Borussian myth">Borussian myth</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Historikerstreit" title="Historikerstreit">Historikerstreit</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sonderweg" title="Sonderweg">Sonderweg</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strukturgeschichte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Strukturgeschichte (page does not exist)">Strukturgeschichte</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strukturgeschichte" class="extiw" title="de:Strukturgeschichte">de</a>]</span></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybel-Ficker_controversy" title="Sybel-Ficker controversy">Sybel-Ficker controversy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vergangenheitsbew%C3%A4ltigung" title="Vergangenheitsbewältigung">Vergangenheitsbewältigung</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_India" title="Historiography of India">India</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Magadha" title="Greater Magadha">Greater Magadha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indocentrism" title="Indocentrism">Indocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Aryanism" title="Indigenous Aryanism">Indigenous Aryanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland#Historiography" title="History of Ireland">Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)#Analysis_of_the_government's_role" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">Great Famine</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/More_Irish_than_the_Irish_themselves" title="More Irish than the Irish themselves">More Irish than the Irish themselves</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionism_(Ireland)" title="Revisionism (Ireland)">Revisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_revolutionary_period" title="Irish revolutionary period">Revolutionary period</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy#Historiography" title="Fascist Italy">Fascist Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Italian entry into World War I">Fourth Italian War of Independence</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Historiae_Patriae_Monumenta" title="Historiae Patriae Monumenta">Historiae Patriae Monumenta</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Series_of_the_Bank_of_Italy" title="Historical Series of the Bank of Italy">Historical Series of the Bank of Italy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Italiani_brava_gente" title="Italiani brava gente">Italiani brava gente</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rerum_italicarum_scriptores" title="Rerum italicarum scriptores">Rerum italicarum scriptores</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionism_of_Risorgimento" title="Revisionism of Risorgimento">Revisionism of Risorgimento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_question" title="Southern question">Southern question</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Bourbonism" title="Neo-Bourbonism">Neo-Bourbonism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Liberty#Assessment" title="Golden Liberty">Golden Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarmatism" title="Sarmatism">Sarmatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deluge_(history)#In_popular_culture" title="Deluge (history)">Deluge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland#Reasons,_legality_and_justifications" title="Partitions of Poland">Partitions</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_about_Polish_People%27s_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography about Polish People's Republic (page does not exist)">Polish People's Republic</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiografia_PRL" class="extiw" title="pl:Historiografia PRL">pl</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Normanism" title="Anti-Normanism">Anti-Normanism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pre-Revolution_Russian_historiography&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pre-Revolution Russian historiography (page does not exist)">Pre-Revolutionary Russia</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" class="extiw" title="ru:Российская дореволюционная историография">ru</a>]</span> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skeptic_School&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skeptic School (page does not exist)">Skeptic School</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:Скептическая школа">ru</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Historiography in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/October_Revolution#Historiography" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_famine_of_1930%E2%80%931933" title="Soviet famine of 1930–1933">Soviet famine of 1930–1933</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_Holodomor" title="Causes of the Holodomor">Causes of the Holodomor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor_genocide_question" title="Holodomor genocide question">Holodomor genocide question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor_in_modern_politics" title="Holodomor in modern politics">Holodomor in modern politics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Legend_(Spain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Legend (Spain)">Black legend</a> / <a href="/wiki/Black_Legend_(Spain)#White_legend" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Legend (Spain)">White legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanism" title="Hispanism">Hispanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_on_Carlism_during_the_Francoist_era" title="Historiography on Carlism during the Francoist era">Carlism in the Francoist era</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Convivencia" title="Convivencia">Convivencia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Legend_of_the_Spanish_Inquisition" title="Black Legend of the Spanish Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limpieza_de_sangre_controversy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limpieza de sangre controversy (page does not exist)">Limpieza de sangre controversy</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estatutos_de_limpieza_de_sangre#Los_estatutos_de_limpieza_de_sangre,_¿el_origen_del_racismo_europeo?" class="extiw" title="es:Estatutos de limpieza de sangre">es</a>]</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_revolution_of_Spain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Islamic revolution of Spain (page does not exist)">Islamic revolution of Spain</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_revoluci%C3%B3n_isl%C3%A1mica_en_Occidente" class="extiw" title="es:La revolución islámica en Occidente">es</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionism_(Spain)" title="Revisionism (Spain)">Revisionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty#Controversy_over_whether_the_American_Viceroyalties_were_Colonies_or_Provinces" title="Viceroyalty">Colonies or Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_decline&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spanish decline (page does not exist)">Spanish decline</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decadencia_espa%C3%B1ola" class="extiw" title="es:Decadencia española">es</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ser_de_Espa%C3%B1a&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ser de España (page does not exist)">Ser de España</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ser_de_Espa%C3%B1a" class="extiw" title="es:Ser de España">es</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Turkey</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kemalist_historiography" title="Kemalist historiography">Kemalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Historiography of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghaza_thesis" title="Ghaza thesis">Ghaza thesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_decline_thesis" title="Ottoman decline thesis">Decline thesis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Historiography of the United Kingdom">United<br />Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Poor_Laws" title="Historiography of the Poor Laws">Poor Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Scotland" title="Historiography of Scotland">Scotland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_Kingdom_of_Alba" title="Origins of the Kingdom of Alba">Kingdom of Alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Stone_theory" title="Westminster Stone theory">Westminster Stone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_over_the_gentry" title="Storm over the gentry">Storm over the gentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Suffragettes" title="Historiography of the Suffragettes">Suffragette Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_myth" title="Tudor myth">Tudor myth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ricardian_(Richard_III)" title="Ricardian (Richard III)">Ricardians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_of_Discontent#Legacy" title="Winter of Discontent">Winter of Discontent</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="BritishEmpire" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_British_Empire" title="Historiography of the British Empire">British<br />Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_School_(imperial_history)" title="Cambridge School (imperial history)">Cambridge School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porter%E2%80%93MacKenzie_debate" title="Porter–MacKenzie debate">Porter–MacKenzie debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_colonial_occupation" title="Second colonial occupation">Second colonial occupation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_history_wars" title="Australian history wars">Colonial Australia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_war,_conflict" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">By war, conflict</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Military_historiography" title="Template:Military historiography"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Military_historiography" title="Template talk:Military historiography"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Military_historiography" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Military historiography"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Military_historiography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">Military</a> <a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">historiography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Military_history" title="Military history">Military history</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_museums" title="List of military museums">List of military museums</a></b></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-18th century<br />conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albigensian_Crusade#Legacy" title="Albigensian Crusade">Albigensian Crusade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catharism#Historical_and_current_scholarship" title="Catharism">Catharism debate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Crusades" title="Historiography of the Crusades">Crusades</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_the_crusades" title="Islamic views on the crusades">Islamic views</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Historiography of the Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Origins of the Eighty Years' War">Origins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Babylon#Historiography" title="Fall of Babylon">Fall of Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallic_Wars#Historiography" title="Gallic Wars">Gallic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age_collapse" title="Late Bronze Age collapse">Late Bronze Age collapse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorian_invasion" title="Dorian invasion">Dorian invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Peoples" title="Sea Peoples">Sea Peoples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Peloponnesian_War" title="History of the Peloponnesian War">Peloponnesian War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th and 19th<br />century conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Coalition_Wars(1792–1815)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_and_Napoleonic_Wars" title="French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars">Coalition Wars</a><br />(1792–1815)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Historiography of the French Revolution">French Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_pre-revolution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French pre-revolution (page does not exist)">Pre-revolution</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9r%C3%A9volution_fran%C3%A7aise" class="extiw" title="fr:Prérévolution française">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Causes of the French Revolution">Causes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Russian_School_(French_Revolution)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New Russian School (French Revolution) (page does not exist)">New Russian School</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C2%AB%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%C2%BB_%D0%B2_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8_XVIII_%D0%B2." class="extiw" title="ru:«Новая русская школа» в историографии Французской революции XVIII в.">ru</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_the_Vend%C3%A9e#Historiography" title="War in the Vendée">War in the Vendée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_studies" title="Napoleonic studies">Napoleonic era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia#Historical_assessment" title="French invasion of Russia">Invasion of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo#Historical_importance" title="Battle of Waterloo">Waterloo</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiographic_issues_about_the_American_Civil_War" title="Historiographic issues about the American Civil War">American Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Origins of the American Civil War">Origins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_point_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Turning point of the American Civil War">Turning point</a></li></ul></li> <li>Franco-Prussian War <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_Franco-Prussian_War" title="Causes of the Franco-Prussian War">Causes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Paris_Commune" title="Historiography of the Paris Commune">Paris Commune</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Great_Game" class="mw-redirect" title="Historiography of the Great Game">Great Game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857#Historiography" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Causes of the Indian Rebellion of 1857">Causes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Paraguayan_War" title="Historiography of the Paraguayan War">Paraguayan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_War_of_1812" title="Historiography of the War of 1812">War of 1812</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_War_of_1812" title="Origins of the War of 1812">Origins</a></li></ul></li> <li>War of the Pacific <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_War_of_the_Pacific" class="mw-redirect" title="Causes of the War of the Pacific">Causes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Myth_of_English_aid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Myth of English aid (page does not exist)">Myth of English aid</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mito_de_la_ayuda_inglesa" class="extiw" title="es:Mito de la ayuda inglesa">es</a>]</span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_World_War_I" title="Historiography of World War I">World War I</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_causes_of_World_War_I" title="Historiography of the causes of World War I">Causes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Color_book" title="Color book">Color books</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Fischer_(historian)#Fischer_thesis" title="Fritz Fischer (historian)">Fischer thesis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Ottoman_genocides" title="Late Ottoman genocides">Late Ottoman genocides</a> (<a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_Armenian_genocide" title="Causes of the Armenian genocide">Causes of the Armenian genocide</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patriotic_consent&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patriotic consent (page does not exist)">Patriotic consent</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consentement_patriotique" class="extiw" title="fr:Consentement patriotique">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_famine_of_1917%E2%80%931919" title="Persian famine of 1917–1919">Persian famine of 1917–1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powder_keg_of_Europe" title="Powder keg of Europe">Powder keg of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schlieffen_Plan#History" title="Schlieffen Plan">Schlieffen Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_of_1914" title="Spirit of 1914">Spirit of 1914</a> / <a href="/wiki/Spirit_of_1917" title="Spirit of 1917">1917</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_the_Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (page does not exist)">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:Историография Брестского мира">ru</a>]</span></li> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Treaty_ofVersailles" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles#Historical_assessments" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of<br />Versailles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_reparations#Analysis" title="World War I reparations">Reparations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_guilt_question" title="War guilt question">War guilt question</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Article_231_of_the_Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles">Article 231</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichstag_inquiry_into_guilt_for_World_War_I" title="Reichstag inquiry into guilt for World War I">Reichstag inquiry</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responsibility_for_the_burning_of_Smyrna" title="Responsibility for the burning of Smyrna">Burning of Smyrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War#Aftermath_and_legacy" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Causes of the Polish–Soviet War">Causes</a></li></ul></li> <li>Spanish Civil War <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Background_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Background of the Spanish Civil War">Background</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_World_War_II" title="Historiography of World War II">World War II</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_II" title="Causes of World War II">Causes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg#Post-war_controversy" title="Blitzkrieg">"Blitzkrieg" concept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broad_front_versus_narrow_front_controversy_in_World_War_II" title="Broad front versus narrow front controversy in World War II">Broad vs. narrow front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="Historiography of German resistance to Nazism">German resistance to Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_foreign_policy_debate" title="Nazi foreign policy debate">Nazi foreign policy debate</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern Front</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact#Postwar_commentary_on_motives_of_Stalin_and_Hitler" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_offensive_plans_controversy" title="Soviet offensive plans controversy">Soviet offensive plans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising#Soviet_stance" title="Warsaw Uprising">Soviets and the Warsaw Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_massacres_of_Poles_in_Volhynia_and_Eastern_Galicia" title="Historiography of the massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia">Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Winter_War" title="Aftermath of the Winter War">Winter War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Background_of_the_Winter_War" title="Background of the Winter War">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_of_the_Winter_War" title="Spirit of the Winter War">Spirit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_studies" title="Holocaust studies">The Holocaust</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_bombing_debate" title="Auschwitz bombing debate">Auschwitz bombing debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_of_the_Holocaust_in_Nazi_Germany_and_German-occupied_Europe" title="Knowledge of the Holocaust in Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe">Awareness in Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functionalism%E2%80%93intentionalism_debate" title="Functionalism–intentionalism debate">Functionalism–intentionalism debate</a></li> <li>In relation to the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_and_the_Holocaust" title="Armenian genocide and the Holocaust">Armenian genocide</a> / <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_and_the_Nakba" title="The Holocaust and the Nakba">Nakba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII_and_the_Holocaust#Historiography" title="Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust">Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pius_Wars" title="Pius Wars">Pius Wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%22Polish_death_camp%22_controversy" title=""Polish death camp" controversy">"Polish death camp"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Responsibility_for_the_Holocaust" title="Responsibility for the Holocaust">Responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Holocaust_in_Slovakia" title="Historiography of the Holocaust in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_uniqueness_debate" title="Holocaust uniqueness debate">Uniqueness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pacific War</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debate_over_the_atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Australia" title="Battle for Australia">"Battle for Australia"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943#Historiography" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine</a></li> <li>Second Sino-Japanese War <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Nanjing_Massacre" title="Historiography of the Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western Front</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Battle_of_France" title="Historiography of the Battle of France">Battle of France</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guilty_Men" title="Guilty Men">Guilty Men</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9sistancialisme" title="Résistancialisme">Résistancialisme</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Vichy_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Vichy France (page does not exist)">Vichy France</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiographie_du_r%C3%A9gime_de_Vichy" class="extiw" title="fr:Historiographie du régime de Vichy">fr</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Cold_War" title="Historiography of the Cold War">Cold War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_Cold_War" title="Origins of the Cold War">Origins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestine_war#Historiography" title="1948 Palestine war">1948 Palestine war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="Causes of the 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">Palestinian expulsion and flight</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ongoing_Nakba" title="Ongoing Nakba">Ongoing Nakba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism_as_settler_colonialism" title="Zionism as settler colonialism">Zionism as settler colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Historians" title="New Historians">New Historians</a></li></ul></li> <li>Malayan Emergency <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Background_and_causes_of_the_Malayan_Emergency" title="Background and causes of the Malayan Emergency">Causes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Algerian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Historiography of the Algerian War">Algerian War</a></li> <li>Six-Day War <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_Six-Day_War" title="Origins of the Six-Day War">Origins</a></li></ul></li> <li>Iranian revolution <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Background_and_causes_of_the_Iranian_revolution" title="Background and causes of the Iranian revolution">Causes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_and_memory_of_the_Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Legacy and memory of the Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Falklands_War" title="Aftermath of the Falklands War">Falklands War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands_sovereignty_dispute" title="Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute">Sovereignty dispute</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sri Lankan civil war <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="Origins of the Sri Lankan civil war">Origins</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post-Cold War</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Russo-Georgian War <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Background_of_the_Russo-Georgian_War" title="Background of the Russo-Georgian War">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Responsibility_for_the_Russo-Georgian_War" title="Responsibility for the Russo-Georgian War">Responsibility</a></li></ul></li> <li>Syrian revolution <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Background_and_causes_of_the_Syrian_revolution" title="Background and causes of the Syrian revolution">Causes</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_thesis" title="Conflict thesis">Conflict thesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_gunpowder_and_gun_transmission" title="Historiography of gunpowder and gun transmission">Gunpowder and gun transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torsion_mangonel_myth" title="Torsion mangonel myth">Torsion mangonel myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_and_genocide" title="War and genocide">War and genocide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Military_historiography" title="Category:Military historiography">Category</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_person" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">By person</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political<br />leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Historiography of Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Alexander_the_Great" title="Historiography of Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amin_al-Husseini#Evaluations_of_Husseini's_historical_significance" title="Amin al-Husseini">Amin al-Husseini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb#Assessments_and_legacy" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_Cato_the_Younger" title="Legacy of Cato the Younger">Cato the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_Che_Guevara" title="Legacy of Che Guevara">Che Guevara</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Chiang_Ching-kuo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Chiang Ching-kuo (page does not exist)">Chiang Ching-kuo</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E8%94%A3%E7%B6%93%E5%9C%8B%E7%9A%84%E8%A9%95%E5%83%B9" class="extiw" title="zh:對蔣經國的評價">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Chiang_Kai_Shek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Chiang Kai Shek (page does not exist)">Chiang Kai Shek</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E8%94%A3%E4%B8%AD%E6%AD%A3%E7%9A%84%E8%A9%95%E5%83%B9" class="extiw" title="zh:對蔣中正的評價">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great#Historiography" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palamism#Initial_Western_reactions" title="Palamism">Gregory Palamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson" title="Legacy of Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson">Horatio Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypatia#Legacy" title="Hypatia">Hypatia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Jiang_Zemin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Jiang Zemin (page does not exist)">Jiang Zemin</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E6%B1%9F%E6%BE%A4%E6%B0%91%E7%9A%84%E8%A9%95%E5%83%B9" class="extiw" title="zh:對江澤民的評價">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Joseph_Stalin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Joseph Stalin (page does not exist)">Joseph Stalin</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%98%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%84_%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87#Мнения_и_оценки_личности_Сталина" class="extiw" title="ru:Сталин, Иосиф Виссарионович">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_Jos%C3%A9_de_San_Mart%C3%ADn#Historiography" title="Legacy of José de San Martín">José de San Martín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas" title="Historiography of Juan Manuel de Rosas">Juan Manuel de Rosas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_assessment_of_Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Historical assessment of Klemens von Metternich">Klemens von Metternich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Legacy of Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Louis_Riel" title="Historiography of Louis Riel">Louis Riel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Mao_Zedong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Mao Zedong (page does not exist)">Mao Zedong</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AF%B9%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E7%9A%84%E8%AF%84%E8%AE%BA" class="extiw" title="zh:对中国共产党的评论">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reception_and_legacy_of_Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Reception and legacy of Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_Napoleon" title="Legacy of Napoleon">Napoleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain#Legacy_and_reputation" title="Neville Chamberlain">Neville Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_Pedro_II_of_Brazil" title="Legacy of Pedro II of Brazil">Pedro II of Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar#Legacy" title="Simón Bolívar">Simon Bolivar</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cult_of_personality_of_Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cult of personality of Simón Bolívar (page does not exist)">Cult of personality</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culto_a_la_personalidad_de_Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" class="extiw" title="es:Culto a la personalidad de Simón Bolívar">es</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarianism" title="Bolivarianism">Bolivarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saladin#Recognition_and_legacy" title="Saladin">Saladin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Sun_Yat_Tse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Sun Yat Tse (page does not exist)">Sun Yat Tse</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E5%AD%AB%E4%B8%AD%E5%B1%B1%E7%9A%84%E8%A9%95%E5%83%B9" class="extiw" title="zh:對孫中山的評價">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas#Legacy,_veneration,_and_modern_reception" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_reputation_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Historical reputation of Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_reputation_of_Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Historical reputation of Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_reputation_of_Warren_G._Harding" title="Historical reputation of Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Yuan_Shikai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Yuan Shikai (page does not exist)">Yuan Shikai</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E8%A2%81%E4%B8%96%E5%87%B1%E7%9A%84%E8%A9%95%E5%83%B9" class="extiw" title="zh:對袁世凱的評價">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Zhou_Enlai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Zhou Enlai (page does not exist)">Zhou Enlai</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E5%91%A8%E6%81%A9%E4%BE%86%E7%9A%84%E8%A9%95%E5%83%B9" class="extiw" title="zh:對周恩來的評價">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Zhuge_Liang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Zhuge Liang (page does not exist)">Zhuge Liang</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E8%AB%B8%E8%91%9B%E4%BA%AE%E7%9A%84%E8%A9%95%E5%83%B9" class="extiw" title="zh:對諸葛亮的評價">zh</a>]</span></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Historicalrankings" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_heads_of_government" title="Historical rankings of heads of government">Historical<br />rankings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_prime_ministers_of_Australia" title="Historical rankings of prime ministers of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_prime_ministers_of_Canada" title="Historical rankings of prime ministers of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_chancellors_of_Germany" title="Historical rankings of chancellors of Germany">Modern Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_prime_ministers_of_the_Netherlands" title="Historical rankings of prime ministers of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Historical rankings of prime ministers of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Historical rankings of presidents of the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_impact_of_the_Beatles" title="Cultural impact of the Beatles">The Beatles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_Industry" title="Darwin Industry">Charles Darwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influence_and_reception_of_Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Influence and reception of Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovecraft_studies" title="Lovecraft studies">H. P. Lovecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reception_history_of_Jane_Austen" title="Reception history of Jane Austen">Jane Austen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammed" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammed">Muhammed</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_Muhammad" title="Historicity of Muhammad">Historicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism%27s_view_of_Muhammad" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism's view of Muhammad">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Christian_views_on_Muhammad" title="Medieval Christian views on Muhammad">Medieval Christian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jesus" title="Historical Jesus">Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_Jesus" title="Historicity of Jesus">Historicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_perspectives_on_Jesus" title="Religious perspectives on Jesus">Religious perspectives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism%27s_view_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism's view of Jesus">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" title="Jesus in Islam">Islam</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_research" title="Tolkien research">J. R. R. Tolkien</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Literary_reception_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Literary reception of The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_impact_of_Madonna" title="Cultural impact of Madonna">Madonna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controversies_surrounding_Robert_Falcon_Scott" title="Controversies surrounding Robert Falcon Scott">Robert Falcon Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socratic_problem" title="Socratic problem">Socrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influence_and_reception_of_S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Influence and reception of Søren Kierkegaard">Søren Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reputation_of_William_Shakespeare" title="Reputation of William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bears_in_antiquity" title="Bears in antiquity">Bears in antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crisis_of_historiography&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crisis of historiography (page does not exist)">Crisis of historiography</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crise_da_historiografia" class="extiw" title="pt:Crise da historiografia">pt</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_feudalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Historiography of feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Alexandria" title="Library of Alexandria">Library of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Nationalism in the Middle Ages">Nationalism in the Middle Ages</a></li> <li><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Professionalization_and_institutionalization_of_history" title="Professionalization and institutionalization of history">Professionalization and institutionalization of history</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_salon" title="Historiography of the salon">Salons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analysis_of_Western_European_colonialism_and_colonization" class="mw-redirect" title="Analysis of Western European colonialism and colonization">Western European colonialism and colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desacralization_of_knowledge" title="Desacralization of knowledge">Desacralization of knowledge</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_Great_Recession" title="Causes of the Great Recession">Great Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_Great_Depression" title="Causes of the Great Depression">Great Depression</a></li> <li>School of Thoughts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_school_of_economics" title="Historical school of economics">Historical school of economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_historical_school_of_economics" title="English historical school of economics">English historical school of economics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_religion" title="Historiography of religion">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avestan_geography" title="Avestan geography">Avestan geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_early_Christianity" title="Historiography of early Christianity">Early Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_reliability_of_the_Gospels" title="Historical reliability of the Gospels">Historical reliability of the Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primacy_of_Peter" title="Primacy of Peter">Primacy of Peter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_supremacy#Opposition" title="Papal supremacy">Opposition to Papal supremacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-orthodox_Christianity" title="Proto-orthodox Christianity">Proto-orthodox Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_early_Islam" title="Historiography of early Islam">Early Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Quran" title="Criticism of the Quran">Criticism of the Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">Succession to Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_golden_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic golden age">Islamic golden age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharijites#Legacy" title="Kharijites">Kharijites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church">Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council#Controversies" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermeneutics_of_Vatican_Council_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hermeneutics of Vatican Council II (page does not exist)">Hermeneutics of Vatican Council II</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ermeneutica_del_Concilio_Vaticano_II" class="extiw" title="it:Ermeneutica del Concilio Vaticano II">it</a>]</span></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesychast_controversy" title="Hesychast controversy">Hesychast controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation#Conclusion_and_legacy" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Protestantism" title="Proto-Protestantism">Proto-Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Protestantism" title="Criticism of Protestantism">Criticism of Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_work_ethic" title="Protestant work ethic">Protestant work ethic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesuits#Controversies" title="Jesuits">Jesuit historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Jewish_historiography" title="Modern Jewish historiography">Modern Jewish history</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Wissenschaft_des_Judentums" title="Wissenschaft des Judentums">Wissenschaft des Judentums</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Schools of thought <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_criticism" title="Biblical criticism">Biblical criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Catholic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panbabylonism" title="Panbabylonism">Panbabylonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urreligion" title="Urreligion">Urreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_School_(perennialism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditionalist School (perennialism)">Perennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religions_school" title="History of religions school">Religionsgeschichtliche Schule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_School_(history_of_religion)" title="Roman School (history of religion)">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_school_of_Islamic_studies" title="Revisionist school of Islamic studies">Revisionist school of Islamic studies</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_science" title="Historiography of science">Science</a> /<br />Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Merton_thesis" title="Merton thesis">Merton thesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Protestant_Ethic_and_the_Spirit_of_Capitalism" title="The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism">Protestant Ethic and Capitalism</a></li> <li><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Heroic_theory_of_invention_and_scientific_development" title="Heroic theory of invention and scientific development">Heroic theory of invention and scientific development</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_gunpowder_and_gun_transmission" title="Historiography of gunpowder and gun transmission">Gunpowder and gun transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torsion_mangonel_myth" title="Torsion mangonel myth">Torsion mangonel myth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Organizations,_publications" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Organizations, publications</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heritage_registers" title="List of heritage registers">Heritage registers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_society" title="Historical society">Historical society</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_societies" title="List of historical societies">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/History_institutes" class="extiw" title="c:History institutes">History institutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_history_journals" title="List of history journals">History journals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:History_journals" title="Template:History journals">template</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Related" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commemorative_plaque" title="Commemorative plaque">Commemorative plaque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_film" title="Documentary film">Documentary film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagiography" title="Hagiography">Hagiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fiction" title="Historical fiction">Historical fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical realism">Historical realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiographic_metafiction" title="Historiographic metafiction">Historiographic metafiction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_geographic_information_system" title="Historical geographic information system">Historical geographic information system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" 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