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vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_government_of_1943–1946"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Military government of 1943–1946 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_government_of_1943–1946-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_term_(1946–1952)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_term_(1946–1952)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 First term (1946–1952) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-First_term_(1946–1952)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle First term (1946–1952) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-First_term_(1946–1952)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Domestic_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestic_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Domestic policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domestic_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_policy_and_adversaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_policy_and_adversaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Foreign policy and adversaries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_policy_and_adversaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Growth_and_limitations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Growth_and_limitations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Growth and limitations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Growth_and_limitations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Focus_on_infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Focus_on_infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Focus on infrastructure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Focus_on_infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eva_Perón's_influence_and_contribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eva_Perón's_influence_and_contribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Eva Perón's influence and contribution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eva_Perón's_influence_and_contribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opposition_and_repression" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition_and_repression"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Opposition and repression </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposition_and_repression-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fascist_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fascist_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Fascist influence </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Fascist_influence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Fascist influence subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Fascist_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Protection_of_Nazi_war_criminals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protection_of_Nazi_war_criminals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Protection of Nazi war criminals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protection_of_Nazi_war_criminals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jewish_and_German_communities_of_Argentina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jewish_and_German_communities_of_Argentina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Jewish and German communities of Argentina </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jewish_and_German_communities_of_Argentina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Socialist_influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Socialist_influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Socialist influences </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Socialist_influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_term_(1952–1955)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_term_(1952–1955)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Second term (1952–1955) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_term_(1952–1955)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exile_(1955–1973)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exile_(1955–1973)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Exile (1955–1973) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Exile_(1955–1973)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Exile (1955–1973) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Exile_(1955–1973)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_Che_Guevara" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_Che_Guevara"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Relationship with Che Guevara </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_Che_Guevara-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_term_(1973–1974)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_term_(1973–1974)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Third term (1973–1974) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Third_term_(1973–1974)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Third term (1973–1974) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Third_term_(1973–1974)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_Allende_and_Pinochet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_Allende_and_Pinochet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Relationship with Allende and Pinochet </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_Allende_and_Pinochet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mausoleum_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mausoleum_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Mausoleum and legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mausoleum_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Juan Perón</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 80 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-80" aria-hidden="true" > 80 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Per%C3%B3n" title="Juan Perón – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Juan Perón" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86" title="خوان بيرون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خوان بيرون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Domingo_Per%C3%B3n" title="Juan Domingo Perón – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Juan Domingo Perón" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Per%C3%B3n" title="Juan Perón – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Juan Perón" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Per%C3%B3n" title="Juan Perón – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Juan Perón" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Per%C3%B3n" title="Juan Perón – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Juan Perón" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xuan_Dominqo_Peron" title="Xuan Dominqo Peron – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Xuan Dominqo Peron" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8" title="হুয়ান পেরোন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হুয়ান পেরোন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Per%C3%B3n" title="Juan Perón – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Juan Perón" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Хуан Дамінга Перон – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Хуан Дамінга Перон" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD-%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Хуан-Дамінга Пэрон – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Хуан-Дамінга Пэрон" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Хуан Перон – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хуан Перон" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Per%C3%B3n" title="Juan Perón – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Juan Perón" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Per%C3%B3n" title="Juan Perón – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Juan Perón" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Domingo_Per%C3%B3n" title="Juan Domingo Perón – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Juan Domingo Perón" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Per%C3%B3n" title="Juan Perón – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Juan Perón" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Per%C3%B3n" title="Juan Perón – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Juan Perón" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Per%C3%B3n" title="Juan Perón – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Juan Perón" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Per%C3%B3n" title="Juan Perón – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Juan Perón" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%AC%CE%BD_%CE%A0%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%BD" title="Χουάν Περόν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χουάν Περόν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Domingo_Per%C3%B3n" title="Juan Domingo Perón – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Juan Domingo Perón" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Domingo_Per%C3%B3n" title="Juan Domingo Perón – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Juan Domingo Perón" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Per%C3%B3n" title="Juan Perón – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Juan Perón" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A2%D9%86_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86" title="خوآن پرون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خوآن پرون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Per%C3%B3n" title="Juan Perón – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Juan Perón" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Per%C3%B3n" title="Juan Perón – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Juan Perón" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Per%C3%B3n" title="Juan Perón – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Juan Perón" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Per%C3%B3n" title="Juan Perón – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Juan Perón" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9B%84%EC%95%88_%EB%8F%84%EB%B0%8D%EA%B3%A0_%ED%8E%98%EB%A1%A0" title="후안 도밍고 페론 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="후안 도밍고 페론" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D4%B4%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%B8_%D5%8A%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Խուան Դոմինգո Պերոն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Խուան Դոմինգո Պերոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="हुआन डोमिन्गो पेरान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हुआन डोमिन्गो पेरान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Per%C3%B3n" title="Juan Perón – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Juan Perón" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Per%C3%B3n" title="Juan Perón – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Juan Perón" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Per%C3%B3n" title="Juan Perón – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Juan Perón" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Per%C3%B3n" title="Juan Perón – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Juan Perón" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Domingo_Per%C3%B3n" title="Juan Domingo Perón – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Juan Domingo Perón" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9F_%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%95_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9F" title="חואן דומינגו פרון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חואן דומינגו פרון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Per%C3%B3n" title="Juan Perón – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Juan Perón" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AE%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ხუან პერონი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ხუან პერონი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Peron" title="Juan Peron – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Juan Peron" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioannes_Per%C3%B3n" title="Ioannes Perón – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ioannes Perón" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huans_Perons" title="Huans Perons – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Huans Perons" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Per%C3%B3n" title="Juan Perón – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Juan Perón" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Per%C3%B3n" title="Juan Perón – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Juan Perón" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Domingo_Per%C3%B3n" title="Juan Domingo Perón – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Juan Domingo Perón" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8" title="हुआन पेरॉन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हुआन पेरॉन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86" title="خوان بيرون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="خوان بيرون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86" title="خوان پرون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="خوان پرون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Peron" title="Juan Peron – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Juan Peron" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Хуан Перон – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хуан Перон" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Per%C3%B3n" title="Juan Perón – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Juan Perón" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9A%E3%83%AD%E3%83%B3" title="フアン・ペロン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フアン・ペロン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Per%C3%B3n" title="Juan Perón – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Juan Perón" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Per%C3%B3n" title="Juan Perón – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Juan Perón" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Per%C3%B3n" title="Juan Perón – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Juan Perón" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Per%C3%B3n" title="Juan Perón – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Juan Perón" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Domingo_Per%C3%B3n" title="Juan Domingo Perón – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Juan Domingo Perón" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Per%C3%B3n" title="Juan Perón – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Juan Perón" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Per%C3%B3n" title="Juan Perón – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Juan Perón" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD,_%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Перон, Хуан Доминго – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Перон, Хуан Доминго" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Per%C3%B3n" title="Juan Perón – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Juan Perón" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Per%C3%B3n" title="Juan Perón – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Juan Perón" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Per%C3%B3n" title="Juan Perón – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Juan Perón" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%BE%DB%8E%D8%B1%DB%86%D9%86" title="خوان پێرۆن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="خوان پێرۆن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Хуан Доминго Перон – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хуан Доминго Перон" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Per%C3%B3n" title="Juan Perón – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Juan Perón" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Per%C3%B3n" title="Juan Perón – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Juan Perón" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Per%C3%B3n" title="Juan Perón – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Juan Perón" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Per%C3%B3n" title="Juan Perón – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Juan Perón" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%86%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="ฆวน เปรอน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฆวน เปรอน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Хуан Доминго Перон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Хуан Доминго Перон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Per%C3%B3n" title="Juan Perón – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Juan Perón" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Хуан Домінго Перон – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Хуан Домінго Перон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Per%C3%B3n" title="Juan Perón – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Juan Perón" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Per%C3%B3n" title="Juan Perón – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Juan Perón" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E5%AE%89%C2%B7%E5%BA%87%E9%9A%86" title="胡安·庇隆 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="胡安·庇隆" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Per%C3%B3n" title="Juan Perón – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Juan Perón" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%92%B0%E8%B2%9D%E9%9A%86" title="環貝隆 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="環貝隆" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E5%AE%89%C2%B7%E8%A3%B4%E9%9A%86" title="胡安·裴隆 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="胡安·裴隆" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xuan_Peron" title="Xuan Peron – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Xuan Peron" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Peron" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Peron_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Peron (disambiguation)">Peron (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Juan Perón</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Juan_Domingo_Per%C3%B3n_(cropped_2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Juan_Domingo_Per%C3%B3n_%28cropped_2%29.jpg/250px-Juan_Domingo_Per%C3%B3n_%28cropped_2%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Juan_Domingo_Per%C3%B3n_%28cropped_2%29.jpg/330px-Juan_Domingo_Per%C3%B3n_%28cropped_2%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Juan_Domingo_Per%C3%B3n_%28cropped_2%29.jpg/500px-Juan_Domingo_Per%C3%B3n_%28cropped_2%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="824" data-file-height="1153" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Official portrait, 1948</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">29th and 40th <a href="/wiki/President_of_Argentina" title="President of Argentina">President of Argentina</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 12 October 1973 – 1 July 1974</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Argentina" title="Vice President of Argentina">Vice President</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Isabel Perón</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Lastiri" title="Raúl Lastiri">Raúl Lastiri</a> (Interim)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Isabel_Per%C3%B3n" title="Isabel Perón">Isabel Perón</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 4 June 1946 – 21 September 1955</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Vice President</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Hortensio_Quijano" title="Hortensio Quijano">Hortensio Quijano</a> (1946–1952)</div></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">None (1952–1954)</div></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Teisaire" title="Alberto Teisaire">Alberto Teisaire</a> (1954–1955)</div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Edelmiro_Juli%C3%A1n_Farrell" title="Edelmiro Julián Farrell">Edelmiro Julián Farrell</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Lonardi" title="Eduardo Lonardi">Eduardo Lonardi</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">20th <a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_Argentina" title="List of vice presidents of Argentina">Vice President of Argentina</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 8 July 1944 – 10 October 1945</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Edelmiro_Juli%C3%A1n_Farrell" title="Edelmiro Julián Farrell">Edelmiro Julián Farrell</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Edelmiro_Juli%C3%A1n_Farrell" title="Edelmiro Julián Farrell">Edelmiro Julián Farrell</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Juan_Pistarini" title="Juan Pistarini">Juan Pistarini</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Justicialist_Party#Leaders" title="Justicialist Party">President of the Justicialist Party</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 21 November 1946 – 1 July 1974</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Party established</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Isabel Perón</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defense_(Argentina)" title="Ministry of Defense (Argentina)">Minister of War</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 24 February 1944 – 10 October 1945</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Pablo_Ram%C3%ADrez" title="Pedro Pablo Ramírez">Pedro Pablo Ramírez</a></li> <li>Edelmiro Julián Farrell</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Pedro Pablo Ramírez</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Eduardo Ávalos</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Labour,_Employment_and_Social_Security_(Argentina)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Labour, Employment and Social Security (Argentina)">Secretary of Labour and Social Security</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 1 December 1943 – 10 October 1945</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Pedro Pablo Ramírez</li> <li>Edelmiro Julián Farrell</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Position established</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Domingo_Mercante" title="Domingo Mercante">Domingo Mercante</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">(1895-10-08)8 October 1895 <a href="/wiki/Lobos" title="Lobos">Lobos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a>, Argentina</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">1 July 1974(1974-07-01) (aged 78) <a href="/wiki/Quinta_de_Olivos" title="Quinta de Olivos">Quinta de Olivos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olivos,_Buenos_Aires" title="Olivos, Buenos Aires">Olivos</a>, Buenos Aires, Argentina</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label">Museo Quinta 17 de Octubre, <a href="/wiki/San_Vicente,_Buenos_Aires" title="San Vicente, Buenos Aires">San Vicente</a>, Buenos Aires, Argentina</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist nowrap"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Officers%27_Group" title="United Officers' Group">United Officers' Group</a> (1943–1945)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Argentina)" title="Labour Party (Argentina)">Labour</a> (1945–1947)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Justicialist_Party" title="Justicialist Party">Justicialist</a> (from 1947)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Aurelia_Gabriela_Tiz%C3%B3n_de_Per%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Aurelia Gabriela Tizón de Perón">Aurelia Tizón</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style>1929; died <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" />1938)</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712" /></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Eva_Per%C3%B3n" title="Eva Perón">Eva Duarte</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" />1945; died <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" />1952)</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712" /></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Isabel_Per%C3%B3n" title="Isabel Perón">Isabel Martínez Cartas</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" />1961)</div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Domestic partner</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nelly_Rivas" title="Nelly Rivas">Nelly Rivas</a> (1953‍–‍1955) (alleged)<a href="#cite_note-allison-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-ferreyra-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Juan_Peron_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Juan Perón's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Juan_Peron_Signature.svg/94px-Juan_Peron_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="94" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Juan_Peron_Signature.svg/141px-Juan_Peron_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Juan_Peron_Signature.svg/188px-Juan_Peron_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="91" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Army" title="Argentine Army">Argentine Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>1913–1955</li> <li>1973–1974</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_general" title="Lieutenant general">Lieutenant general</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Commands</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Argentina_%283-2%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina_%283-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Argentina_%283-2%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina_%283-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Argentina_%283-2%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina_%283-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Army" title="Argentine Army">Argentine Army</a> (1946–1955; 1973–1974)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1943_Argentine_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1943 Argentine coup d'état">1943 Argentine coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1955_Argentine_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1955 Argentine coup d'état">1955 Argentine coup d'état</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-left listen noprint listen-embedded listen-noimage listen-center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:JuanDomingoPeron-RadioNacional.ogg" title="File:JuanDomingoPeron-RadioNacional.ogg">Juan Perón's voice</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="34" data-mwtitle="JuanDomingoPeron-RadioNacional.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/JuanDomingoPeron-RadioNacional.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/88/JuanDomingoPeron-RadioNacional.ogg/JuanDomingoPeron-RadioNacional.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AJuanDomingoPeron-RadioNacional.ogg&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div> <div class="description">Perón speaking at the <a href="/wiki/Plaza_de_Mayo" title="Plaza de Mayo">Plaza de Mayo</a> Recorded 1945</div></div></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132" /><div class="side-box side-box-left listen noprint listen-embedded listen-noimage listen-center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:10_JUAN_DOMINGO_PERON.ogg" title="File:10 JUAN DOMINGO PERON.ogg">Juan Perón's voice</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="143" data-mwtitle="10_JUAN_DOMINGO_PERON.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/10_JUAN_DOMINGO_PERON.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b0/10_JUAN_DOMINGO_PERON.ogg/10_JUAN_DOMINGO_PERON.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description">Excerpt from his speech of 12 June 1974.</div></div></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_populism" title="Black populism">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Fascism">Neo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkism" class="mw-redirect" title="Volkism">Volkism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_populism" title="Judicial populism">Judicial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_populism" title="Left-wing populism">Left-wing (Social)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macroeconomic_populism" title="Macroeconomic populism">Macroeconomic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_populism" title="Market populism">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_populism" title="Penal populism">Penal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">Right-wing (National)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-populism" title="Techno-populism">Techno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valence_populism" title="Valence populism">Valence</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlusconism" title="Berlusconism">Berlusconism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonapartism" title="Bonapartism">Bonapartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarism" title="Caesarism">Caesarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chavismo" title="Chavismo">Chavismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Rodrigo_Duterte" title="Political positions of Rodrigo Duterte">Dutertism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erdo%C4%9Fanism" title="Erdoğanism">Erdoğanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-fascism" title="Neo-fascism">Neo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortuynism" title="Fortuynism">Fortuynism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaullism" title="Gaullism">Gaullism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hansonism" title="Hansonism">Hansonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacksonian_democracy" title="Jacksonian democracy">Jacksonian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janismo" title="Janismo">Janismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemalism" title="Kemalism">Kemalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirchnerism" title="Kirchnerism">Kirchnerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lulism" title="Lulism">Lulism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasserism" title="Nasserism">Nasserism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peronism" title="Peronism">Peronism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poporanism" title="Poporanism">Poporanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qasimism" title="Qasimism">Qasimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_democracy" title="Workplace democracy">Workplace democracy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-corruption" title="Anti-corruption">Anti-corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-globalization_movement" title="Anti-globalization movement">Anti-globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-politics" title="Anti-politics">Anti-politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backlash_(sociology)" title="Backlash (sociology)">Backlash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Common people">Common people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuismo" title="Continuismo">Continuismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">Direct democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Establishment" title="The Establishment">The Establishment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-establishment" title="Anti-establishment">Anti-establishment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_will" title="General will">General will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grassroots_democracy" title="Grassroots democracy">Grassroots democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_politics" title="Identity politics">Identity politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics)" title="Law and order (politics)">Law and order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_theory)" title="Pluralism (political theory)">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_democracy" title="Popular democracy">Popular democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty" title="Popular sovereignty">Popular sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-politics" title="Post-politics">Post-politics</a></li> <li><a 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href="/wiki/Template:Populism_sidebar" title="Template:Populism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Populism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Populism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Populism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Populism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Juan Domingo Perón (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/pɛˈrɒn/</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991" /><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/pɛˈroʊn, pəˈ-, peɪˈ-/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/6\/6b\/En-us-Juan_Peron_from_Argentina_pronunciation_%28Voice_of_America%29.ogg\/En-us-Juan_Peron_from_Argentina_pronunciation_%28Voice_of_America%29.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Juan Peron from Argentina pronunciation (Voice of America).ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6b/En-us-Juan_Peron_from_Argentina_pronunciation_%28Voice_of_America%29.ogg/En-us-Juan_Peron_from_Argentina_pronunciation_%28Voice_of_America%29.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Juan_Peron_from_Argentina_pronunciation_(Voice_of_America).ogg" title="File:En-us-Juan Peron from Argentina pronunciation (Voice of America).ogg">ⓘ</a>,<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991" />Spanish: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[ˈxwan doˈmiŋɡo peˈɾon]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/1\/1b\/Juan_Domingo_Per%C3%B3n_%28ES-ar%29.ogg\/Juan_Domingo_Per%C3%B3n_%28ES-ar%29.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Juan Domingo Per\u00f3n (ES-ar).ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1b/Juan_Domingo_Per%C3%B3n_%28ES-ar%29.ogg/Juan_Domingo_Per%C3%B3n_%28ES-ar%29.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Juan_Domingo_Per%C3%B3n_(ES-ar).ogg" title="File:Juan Domingo Perón (ES-ar).ogg">ⓘ</a>; 8 October 1895 – 1 July 1974) was an Argentine lieutenant general and <a href="/wiki/Statesman_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Statesman (politician)">statesman</a> who served as the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Argentina_(1946-1955)" title="History of Argentina (1946-1955)">29th</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Argentina" title="President of Argentina">president of Argentina</a> from 1946 to <a href="/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3n_Libertadora" title="Revolución Libertadora">his overthrow in 1955</a>, and again as the 40th president from 1973 to his death in 1974. He is the only Argentine president elected three times, and holds the <a href="/wiki/September_1973_Argentine_presidential_election" title="September 1973 Argentine presidential election">highest percentage of votes</a> in clean elections with universal suffrage.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Perón is the most important and controversial Argentine politician of the 20th century, and his influence extends to the present day.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Perón's ideas, policies and movement are known as <a href="/wiki/Peronism" title="Peronism">Peronism</a>, which continues to be one of the major forces in Argentine politics. On March 1, 1911, Perón entered military college, graduating on December 13, 1913. Over the years, he rose through the military ranks. In 1930, Perón supported the coup against President <a href="/wiki/Hip%C3%B3lito_Yrigoyen" title="Hipólito Yrigoyen">Hipólito Yrigoyen</a>, a decision he would later come to regret. Following the coup, he was appointed professor of Military History. In 1939, he was sent on a study mission to <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy">Fascist Italy</a>, and then traveled to other countries including <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> It was during his stay in Europe that Perón developed many of his political ideas.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Perón participated in the <a href="/wiki/1943_Argentine_Revolution" title="1943 Argentine Revolution">1943 revolution</a> and later held several government positions, including Minister of Labor, Minister of War and Vice President. It was then that he became known for adopting labor rights reforms. Political disputes forced him to resign in early October 1945, and he was later arrested. On <a href="/wiki/Loyalty_Day_(Argentina)" title="Loyalty Day (Argentina)">October 17</a>, workers and union members gathered in the Plaza de Mayo to <a href="/wiki/Loyalty_Day_(Argentina)" title="Loyalty Day (Argentina)">demand his release</a>. Perón's surge in popularity helped him win the <a href="/wiki/1946_Argentine_general_election" title="1946 Argentine general election">presidential election in 1946</a>. <a href="/wiki/History_of_Argentina_(1946-1955)" title="History of Argentina (1946-1955)">Perón's presidencies</a> were highly influential for initiating <a href="/wiki/Developmentalism" title="Developmentalism">industrialization</a> in Argentina, expanding social rights (for workers, children, women and the elderly) and making public university <a href="/wiki/Free_education" title="Free education">tuition-free</a>. Alongside his wife, <a href="/wiki/Eva_Per%C3%B3n" title="Eva Perón">Eva Duarte</a> ("Evita"), they also pushed for <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">women's suffrage</a>, provided charity and built approximately half a million houses.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Due to these policies, they were immensely popular among the Argentine working class. His government was also known to employ authoritarian tactics; many dissidents were fired, exiled, or arrested, and much of the press was closely controlled. Several fascist war criminals, such as <a href="/wiki/Josef_Mengele" title="Josef Mengele">Josef Mengele</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann">Adolf Eichmann</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ante_Paveli%C4%87" title="Ante Pavelić">Ante Pavelić</a>, were given refuge in Argentina during this time. Perón was re-elected by a fairly wide margin, though his second term (1952–1955) was more troubled. Eva, a major source of support, died a month after his inauguration in 1952. The religious tolerance of the government and the charity made by the Eva Perón foundation (historically provided by the church) damaged his standing with the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>. After an attempt to sanction the divorce law and deporting two Catholic priests, he was mistakenly thought to have been <a href="/wiki/Excommunicated" class="mw-redirect" title="Excommunicated">excommunicated</a>, and pro-Church elements of the <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Navy" title="Argentine Navy">Argentine Navy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Air_Force" title="Argentine Air Force">Air Force</a> backed by the United States government <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Plaza_de_Mayo" title="Bombing of Plaza de Mayo">bombed Plaza de Mayo in Buenos Aires</a> in June 1955. More than 300 civilians were killed in this coup attempt, which in turn prompted violent reprisals against churches by Perón's supporters. Within months, <a href="/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3n_Libertadora" title="Revolución Libertadora">a successful coup deposed him</a>. During the following period of two <a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship" title="Military dictatorship">military dictatorships</a>, interrupted by two civilian governments, the <a href="/wiki/Peronist" class="mw-redirect" title="Peronist">Peronist</a> party was outlawed and Perón was exiled. Over the years he lived in <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_Alfredo_Stroessner" title="Dictatorship of Alfredo Stroessner">Paraguay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venezuela" title="Republic of Venezuela">Venezuela</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Spain</a>. When the Peronist <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9ctor_Jos%C3%A9_C%C3%A1mpora" title="Héctor José Cámpora">Héctor José Cámpora</a> was elected president in 1973, Perón returned to Argentina amidst the <a href="/wiki/Ezeiza_massacre" title="Ezeiza massacre">Ezeiza massacre</a> and was soon after elected president for a third time (12 October 1973 – 1 July 1974). During this term, left- and right-wing Peronists were permanently divided and violence between them erupted, which Perón was unable to resolve. His minister <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_L%C3%B3pez_Rega" title="José López Rega">José López Rega</a> formed the <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Anticommunist_Alliance" title="Argentine Anticommunist Alliance">Argentine Anticommunist Alliance</a>, believed to have committed at least hundreds of extrajudicial killings and kidnappings. Perón's third wife, <a href="/wiki/Isabel_Per%C3%B3n" title="Isabel Perón">María Estela Martínez</a>, known as Isabel Perón, was elected as vice president on his ticket and succeeded him as president upon his death in 1974. Political violence only intensified, and she was <a href="/wiki/1976_Argentine_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1976 Argentine coup d'état">ousted in 1976</a>, followed by a period of even deadlier repression under <a href="/wiki/National_Reorganization_Process" title="National Reorganization Process">the junta</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Rafael_Videla" title="Jorge Rafael Videla">Jorge Rafael Videla</a>. Although they are still controversial figures, Juan and Eva Perón are nonetheless considered icons by their supporters. The Peróns' followers praised their efforts to eliminate <a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty in Argentina">poverty</a> and to dignify <a href="/wiki/Work_(human_activity)" title="Work (human activity)">labour</a>, while their detractors considered them <a href="/wiki/Demagogue" title="Demagogue">demagogues</a> and dictators. The Peróns gave their name to the political movement known as Peronism, which in present-day Argentina is represented mainly by the <a href="/wiki/Justicialist_Party" title="Justicialist Party">Justicialist Party</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Childhood_and_youth">Childhood and youth</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Juan_Per%C3%B3n&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Childhood and youth">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Early_life_of_Juan_Per%C3%B3n" title="Early life of Juan Perón">Early life of Juan Perón</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Patio_casa_Peron.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Patio_casa_Peron.png/180px-Patio_casa_Peron.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Patio_casa_Peron.png/270px-Patio_casa_Peron.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Patio_casa_Peron.png/360px-Patio_casa_Peron.png 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Patio inside the home in Lobos where Perón was born.</figcaption></figure> Juan Domingo Perón was born in Lobos, <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires_Province" title="Buenos Aires Province">Buenos Aires Province</a>, on 8 October 1895. He was the son of Juana Sosa Toledo and Mario Tomás Perón. The Perón branch of his family was originally Spanish, but settled in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Sardinia" title="Spanish conquest of Sardinia">Spanish Sardinia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> from which his great-grandfather emigrated in the 1830s; in later life Perón would publicly express his pride in his <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinian</a> roots.<a href="#cite_note-page-12">[12]</a> He also had Spanish,<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> British, and French ancestry.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Perón's great-grandfather became a successful shoe merchant in Buenos Aires, and his grandfather was a prosperous physician; his death in 1889 left his widow nearly destitute, however, and Perón's father moved to then-rural Lobos, where he administered an <a href="/wiki/Estancia" title="Estancia">estancia</a> and met his future wife. The couple had their two sons out of wedlock and married in 1901.<a href="#cite_note-crisis-15">[15]</a> His father moved to the Patagonia region that year, where he later purchased a <a href="/wiki/Sheep_rancher" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheep rancher">sheep ranch</a>. Juan himself was sent away in 1904 to a boarding school in Buenos Aires directed by his paternal grandmother, where he received a strict Catholic upbringing. His father's undertaking ultimately failed, and he died in Buenos Aires in 1928. The youth entered the <a href="/wiki/Colegio_Militar_de_la_Naci%C3%B3n" title="Colegio Militar de la Nación">National Military College</a> in 1911 at age 16 and graduated in 1913. He excelled less in his studies than in athletics, particularly <a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">boxing</a> and fencing.<a href="#cite_note-page-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Army_career">Army career</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Juan_Per%C3%B3n&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Army career">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Juan_Per%C3%B3n_con_jos%C3%A9_Uriburu_-_Golpe_de_estado_de_1930.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Juan_Per%C3%B3n_con_jos%C3%A9_Uriburu_-_Golpe_de_estado_de_1930.jpg/220px-Juan_Per%C3%B3n_con_jos%C3%A9_Uriburu_-_Golpe_de_estado_de_1930.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Juan_Per%C3%B3n_con_jos%C3%A9_Uriburu_-_Golpe_de_estado_de_1930.jpg/330px-Juan_Per%C3%B3n_con_jos%C3%A9_Uriburu_-_Golpe_de_estado_de_1930.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Juan_Per%C3%B3n_con_jos%C3%A9_Uriburu_-_Golpe_de_estado_de_1930.jpg/440px-Juan_Per%C3%B3n_con_jos%C3%A9_Uriburu_-_Golpe_de_estado_de_1930.jpg 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="347" /></a><figcaption>Lt. Perón (left) and General José Uriburu (middle), with whose right-wing coup in 1930 he collaborated. Perón backed the more moderate General Agustín Justo, however.</figcaption></figure> Perón began his military career in an infantry post in <a href="/wiki/Paran%C3%A1,_Entre_R%C3%ADos" title="Paraná, Entre Ríos">Paraná, Entre Ríos</a>. He went on to command the post, and in this capacity mediated a prolonged labour conflict in 1920 at La Forestal, then a leading firm in <a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Argentina" title="Forestry in Argentina">forestry in Argentina</a>. He earned instructor's credentials at the <a href="/wiki/Escuela_Superior_de_Guerra_(Argentina)" title="Escuela Superior de Guerra (Argentina)">Superior War School</a>, and in 1929 was appointed to the Army General Staff Headquarters. Perón married his first wife, <a href="/wiki/Aurelia_Gabriela_Tiz%C3%B3n_de_Per%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Aurelia Gabriela Tizón de Perón">Aurelia Tizón</a> (Potota, as Perón fondly called her), on 5 January 1929.<a href="#cite_note-crisis-15">[15]</a> Perón was recruited by supporters of the director of the <a href="/wiki/Higher_Education_Army_Institute" title="Higher Education Army Institute">War Academy</a>, General <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_F%C3%A9lix_Uriburu" title="José Félix Uriburu">José Félix Uriburu</a>, to collaborate in the latter's plans for a <a href="/wiki/Military_coup" class="mw-redirect" title="Military coup">military coup</a> against President <a href="/wiki/Hip%C3%B3lito_Yrigoyen" title="Hipólito Yrigoyen">Hipólito Yrigoyen</a> of Argentina. Perón, who instead supported General <a href="/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_Justo" class="mw-redirect" title="Agustín Justo">Agustín Justo</a>, was banished to a remote post in northwestern Argentina after Uriburu's successful <a href="/wiki/1930_Argentine_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1930 Argentine coup d'état">coup in September 1930</a>. Nevertheless, he was promoted to the rank of major the following year and named to the faculty at the <a href="/wiki/Escuela_Superior_de_Guerra_(Argentina)" title="Escuela Superior de Guerra (Argentina)">Superior War School</a>, where he taught <a href="/wiki/Military_history" title="Military history">military history</a> and published a number of treatises on the subject. He served as <a href="/wiki/Military_attach%C3%A9" title="Military attaché">military attaché</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Argentina-Chile_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Argentina-Chile relations">Argentine Embassy in Chile</a> from 1936 to 1938 and returned to his teaching post. His wife was diagnosed with <a href="/wiki/Uterine_cancer" title="Uterine cancer">uterine cancer</a> that year and died on 10 September at age 36; the couple had no children.<a href="#cite_note-crisis-15">[15]</a> The Argentine War Ministry assigned Perón to study <a href="/wiki/Mountain_warfare" title="Mountain warfare">mountain warfare</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Alps" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Alps">Italian Alps</a> in 1939. He also attended the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Turin" title="University of Turin">University of Turin</a> for a semester and served as a military observer in countries across Europe – holding positions as a military attaché in Berlin and in Rome.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> He studied <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Italian_Fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Fascism">Italian Fascism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, and other European governments of the time, concluding in his summary, Apuntes de historia militar (Notes about military history, first published in 1932, 2nd ed., 1934<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a>), that <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social democracy</a> could be a viable alternative to <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">liberal democracy</a> (which he viewed as a veiled <a href="/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">plutocracy</a>) or to <a href="/wiki/Totalitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Totalitarian">totalitarian</a> régimes (which he viewed as oppressive).<a href="#cite_note-crisis-15">[15]</a> He returned to Argentina in 1941, and served as an army skiing-instructor in <a href="/wiki/Mendoza_Province" title="Mendoza Province">Mendoza Province</a>.<a href="#cite_note-page-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_government_of_1943–1946">Military government of 1943–1946</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Juan_Per%C3%B3n&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Military government of 1943–1946">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1943_Argentine_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1943 Argentine coup d'état">1943 Argentine coup d'état</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Argentina_during_World_War_II" title="Argentina during World War II">Argentina during World War II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RETRATO_FOTOGR%C3%81FICO_DE_PER%C3%93N.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/RETRATO_FOTOGR%C3%81FICO_DE_PER%C3%93N.jpg/220px-RETRATO_FOTOGR%C3%81FICO_DE_PER%C3%93N.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/RETRATO_FOTOGR%C3%81FICO_DE_PER%C3%93N.jpg/330px-RETRATO_FOTOGR%C3%81FICO_DE_PER%C3%93N.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/RETRATO_FOTOGR%C3%81FICO_DE_PER%C3%93N.jpg/440px-RETRATO_FOTOGR%C3%81FICO_DE_PER%C3%93N.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2346" data-file-height="3098" /></a><figcaption>Perón in 1940</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Farrell_y_Peron-Abr45-HIA-T8-98.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Farrell_y_Peron-Abr45-HIA-T8-98.jpg/170px-Farrell_y_Peron-Abr45-HIA-T8-98.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Farrell_y_Peron-Abr45-HIA-T8-98.jpg/255px-Farrell_y_Peron-Abr45-HIA-T8-98.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Farrell_y_Peron-Abr45-HIA-T8-98.jpg/340px-Farrell_y_Peron-Abr45-HIA-T8-98.jpg 2x" data-file-width="942" data-file-height="1102" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/Edelmiro_Farrell" class="mw-redirect" title="Edelmiro Farrell">Edelmiro Farrell</a> (left) and his benefactor, Vice President and Colonel Juan Perón, in April 1945.</figcaption></figure> In 1943 a <a href="/wiki/1943_Argentine_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1943 Argentine coup d'état">coup d'état</a> was led by General <a href="/wiki/Arturo_Rawson" title="Arturo Rawson">Arturo Rawson</a> against <a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Castillo" title="Ramón Castillo">Ramón Castillo</a>, who had assumed the presidency a little less than a year earlier as the vice president of <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Mar%C3%ADa_Ortiz" title="Roberto María Ortiz">Roberto María Ortiz</a> following Ortiz's resignation due to illness; both Ortiz and Castillo had been elected in the <a href="/wiki/1937_Argentine_presidential_election" title="1937 Argentine presidential election">1937 presidential election</a>, which has been described as being among the most fraudulent in Argentine history.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> The military was opposed to Governor <a href="/wiki/Robustiano_Patr%C3%B3n_Costas" title="Robustiano Patrón Costas">Robustiano Patrón Costas</a>, Castillo's hand-picked successor, who was the principal landowner in <a href="/wiki/Salta_Province" title="Salta Province">Salta Province</a>, as well as a main stockholder in its sugar industry. As a colonel, Perón took a significant part in the military coup by the GOU (<a href="/wiki/United_Officers%27_Group" title="United Officers' Group">United Officers' Group</a>, a secret society) against the conservative civilian government of Castillo. At first an assistant to <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a> General <a href="/wiki/Edelmiro_Juli%C3%A1n_Farrell" title="Edelmiro Julián Farrell">Edelmiro Farrell</a>, under the administration of General <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Pablo_Ram%C3%ADrez" title="Pedro Pablo Ramírez">Pedro Ramírez</a>, he later became the head of the then-insignificant Department of Labour. Perón's work in the Labour Department witnessed the passage of a broad range of progressive social reforms designed to improve working conditions,<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> and led to an alliance with the socialist and <a href="/wiki/Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">syndicalist</a> movements in the Argentine labour unions, which increased his power and influence in the military government.<a href="#cite_note-crawley-21">[21]</a> After the coup, socialists from the <a href="/wiki/General_Confederation_of_Labour_(Argentina)" title="General Confederation of Labour (Argentina)">CGT</a>-Nº1 labour union, through mercantile labour leader <a href="/wiki/%C3%81ngel_Borlenghi" title="Ángel Borlenghi">Ángel Borlenghi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Argentina" title="Rail transport in Argentina">railway</a> union <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Argentina" title="Law of Argentina">lawyer</a> <a href="/wiki/Juan_Atilio_Bramuglia" title="Juan Atilio Bramuglia">Juan Atilio Bramuglia</a>, made contact with Perón and fellow GOU Colonel <a href="/wiki/Domingo_Mercante" title="Domingo Mercante">Domingo Mercante</a>. They established an alliance to promote labour laws that had long been demanded by the workers' movement, to strengthen the unions, and to transform the Department of Labour into a more significant government office. Perón had the Department of Labour elevated to a cabinet-level <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/secretariat" class="extiw" title="wikt:secretariat">secretariat</a> in November 1943.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:17deoctubre-enlafuente.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/17deoctubre-enlafuente.jpg/220px-17deoctubre-enlafuente.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/17deoctubre-enlafuente.jpg/330px-17deoctubre-enlafuente.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/17deoctubre-enlafuente.jpg/440px-17deoctubre-enlafuente.jpg 2x" data-file-width="543" data-file-height="379" /></a><figcaption>Demonstration for Perón's release on 17 October 1945</figcaption></figure> Following the devastating January <a href="/wiki/1944_San_Juan_earthquake" title="1944 San Juan earthquake">1944 San Juan earthquake</a>, which claimed over 10,000 lives and leveled the <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a> range city, Perón became nationally prominent in relief efforts. Junta leader <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Pablo_Ram%C3%ADrez" title="Pedro Pablo Ramírez">Pedro Ramírez</a> entrusted fundraising efforts to him, and Perón marshaled celebrities from Argentina's large <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Argentina" title="Cinema of Argentina">film industry</a> and other public figures. For months, a giant thermometer hung from the <a href="/wiki/Obelisk_of_Buenos_Aires" class="mw-redirect" title="Obelisk of Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires Obelisk</a> to track the fundraising. The effort's success and relief for earthquake victims earned Perón widespread public approval. At this time, he met a minor radio matinee star, <a href="/wiki/Eva_Duarte_de_Per%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Eva Duarte de Perón">Eva Duarte</a>.<a href="#cite_note-page-12">[12]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peron_y_Eva_-_casamiento_civil_-_1945.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Peron_y_Eva_-_casamiento_civil_-_1945.jpg/250px-Peron_y_Eva_-_casamiento_civil_-_1945.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Peron_y_Eva_-_casamiento_civil_-_1945.jpg/330px-Peron_y_Eva_-_casamiento_civil_-_1945.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Peron_y_Eva_-_casamiento_civil_-_1945.jpg/500px-Peron_y_Eva_-_casamiento_civil_-_1945.jpg 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="670" /></a><figcaption>Juan and Eva Perón</figcaption></figure> Following President Ramírez's January 1944 suspension of diplomatic relations with the <a href="/wiki/Axis_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis Powers">Axis Powers</a> (against whom the new junta would declare war in March 1945), the GOU junta unseated him in favor of General <a href="/wiki/Edelmiro_Farrell" class="mw-redirect" title="Edelmiro Farrell">Edelmiro Farrell</a>. For contributing to his success, Perón was appointed vice president and Secretary of War, while retaining his Labour portfolio. As Minister of Labour, Perón established the <a href="/wiki/ANSES" title="ANSES">INPS</a> (the first national <a href="/wiki/Social_insurance" title="Social insurance">social insurance</a> system in Argentina), settled industrial disputes in favour of labour unions (as long as their leaders pledged political allegiance to him), and introduced a wide range of social welfare benefits for unionised workers.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-23">[23]</a> Employers were forced to improve working conditions and to provide severance pay and accident compensation, the conditions under which workers could be dismissed were restricted, a system of labour courts to handle the grievances of workers was established, the working day was reduced in various industries, and paid holidays/vacations were generalised to the entire workforce. Perón also passed a law providing minimum wages, maximum hours and vacations for rural workers, froze rural rents, presided over a large increase in rural wages, and helped lumber, wine, sugar and migrant workers organize themselves. From 1943 to 1946, real wages grew by only 4%, but in 1945 Perón established two new institutions that would later increase wages: the "aguinaldo" (a bonus that provided each worker with a lump sum at the end of the year amounting to one-twelfth of the annual wage) and the National Institute of Compensation, which implemented a minimum wage and collected data on living standards, prices, and wages.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-24">[24]</a> Leveraging his authority on behalf of striking <a href="/wiki/Abattoir" class="mw-redirect" title="Abattoir">abattoir</a> workers and the right to unionise, Perón became increasingly thought of as a presidential candidate.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> On 18 September 1945, he delivered an address billed as "from work to home and from home to work". The speech, prefaced by an excoriation of the conservative opposition, provoked an ovation by declaring that "we've passed social reforms to make the Argentine people proud to live where they live, once again." This move fed growing rivalries against Perón and on 9 October 1945, he was forced to resign by opponents within the armed forces. Arrested four days later, he was released due to mass demonstrations organised by the CGT and other supporters; 17 October was later commemorated as <a href="/wiki/Loyalty_Day_(Argentina)" title="Loyalty Day (Argentina)">Loyalty Day</a>. His paramour, <a href="/wiki/Eva_Duarte" class="mw-redirect" title="Eva Duarte">Eva Duarte</a>, became hugely popular after helping organize the demonstration; known as "Evita", she helped Perón gain support with labour and women's groups. She and Perón were married on 22 October.<a href="#cite_note-page-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_term_(1946–1952)">First term (1946–1952)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Juan_Per%C3%B3n&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: First term (1946–1952)">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domestic_policy">Domestic policy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Juan_Per%C3%B3n&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Domestic policy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peron_tomando_un_caf%C3%A9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Peron_tomando_un_caf%C3%A9.jpg/200px-Peron_tomando_un_caf%C3%A9.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Peron_tomando_un_caf%C3%A9.jpg/300px-Peron_tomando_un_caf%C3%A9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Peron_tomando_un_caf%C3%A9.jpg/400px-Peron_tomando_un_caf%C3%A9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="457" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Lt. General Perón in military uniform, drinking coffee (1950 or later)</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Juan_Peron_con_banda_de_presidente.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Juan_Peron_con_banda_de_presidente.jpg/200px-Juan_Peron_con_banda_de_presidente.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Juan_Peron_con_banda_de_presidente.jpg/300px-Juan_Peron_con_banda_de_presidente.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Juan_Peron_con_banda_de_presidente.jpg 2x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="387" /></a><figcaption>President Perón at his 1946 inaugural parade</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Escudo_de_la_Provincia_de_Presidente_Per%C3%B3n_-sin_silueta-.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Escudo_de_la_Provincia_de_Presidente_Per%C3%B3n_-sin_silueta-.svg/120px-Escudo_de_la_Provincia_de_Presidente_Per%C3%B3n_-sin_silueta-.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Escudo_de_la_Provincia_de_Presidente_Per%C3%B3n_-sin_silueta-.svg/180px-Escudo_de_la_Provincia_de_Presidente_Per%C3%B3n_-sin_silueta-.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Escudo_de_la_Provincia_de_Presidente_Per%C3%B3n_-sin_silueta-.svg/240px-Escudo_de_la_Provincia_de_Presidente_Per%C3%B3n_-sin_silueta-.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="92" data-file-height="133" /></a><figcaption>First emblem of the Peronist Party, 1946–1955</figcaption></figure> Perón's candidacy on the Labour Party ticket, announced the day after the 17 October 1945 mobilization, became a lightning rod that rallied an unusually diverse opposition against it. The majority of the centrist <a href="/wiki/Radical_Civic_Union" title="Radical Civic Union">Radical Civic Union</a> (UCR), the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist Party of Argentina">Socialist Party</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Argentina" title="Communist Party of Argentina">Communist Party</a> and most of the conservative <a href="/wiki/National_Autonomist_Party" title="National Autonomist Party">National Autonomist Party</a> (in power during most of the 1874–1916 era) had already been forged into a fractious alliance in June by interests in the financial sector and the chamber of commerce, united solely by the goal of keeping Perón from the <a href="/wiki/Casa_Rosada" title="Casa Rosada">Casa Rosada</a>. Organizing a massive kick-off rally in front of <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Argentine Congress">Congress</a> on 8 December, the <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni%C3%B3n_Democr%C3%A1tica_(Argentina)" class="extiw" title="es:Unión Democrática (Argentina)">Democratic Union</a> nominated <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Tamborini" title="José Tamborini">José Tamborini</a> and <a href="/wiki/Enrique_Mosca" title="Enrique Mosca">Enrique Mosca</a>, two prominent UCR congressmen. The alliance failed to win over several prominent lawmakers, such as congressmen <a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Balb%C3%ADn" title="Ricardo Balbín">Ricardo Balbín</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arturo_Frondizi" title="Arturo Frondizi">Arturo Frondizi</a> and former <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba_Province_(Argentina)" class="mw-redirect" title="Córdoba Province (Argentina)">Córdoba</a> governor <a href="/wiki/Amadeo_Sabattini" title="Amadeo Sabattini">Amadeo Sabattini</a>, all of whom opposed the Union's ties to conservative interests. In a bid to support their campaign, <a href="/wiki/Argentina-United_States_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Argentina-United States relations">US</a> Ambassador <a href="/wiki/Spruille_Braden" title="Spruille Braden">Spruille Braden</a> published a <a href="/wiki/White_paper" title="White paper">white paper</a>, otherwise known as the Blue Book<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> accusing Perón, President Farrell and others of Fascist ties. Fluent in Spanish, Braden addressed Democratic Union rallies in person, but his move backfired when Perón summarized the election as a choice between "Perón or Braden". He also rallied further support by responding to the "Blue Book" with his own "Blue and White Book", which was a play on the Argentine flag colors, and focused on the antagonism of American imperialism.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> He persuaded the president to sign the nationalization of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Argentina" title="Central Bank of Argentina">Central Bank</a> and the extension of mandatory Christmas bonuses, actions that contributed to his decisive victory.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-28">[28]</a> Perón and his running mate, <a href="/wiki/Hortensio_Quijano" title="Hortensio Quijano">Hortensio Quijano</a>, leveraged popular support to victory over a <a href="/wiki/Radical_Civic_Union" title="Radical Civic Union">Radical Civic Union</a>-led opposition alliance by about 11% in the <a href="/wiki/1946_Argentine_general_election" title="1946 Argentine general election">24 February 1946 presidential elections</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Angel_Borlenghi-ca1945-HIA-T8-104.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Angel_Borlenghi-ca1945-HIA-T8-104.jpg/220px-Angel_Borlenghi-ca1945-HIA-T8-104.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="368" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Angel_Borlenghi-ca1945-HIA-T8-104.jpg/330px-Angel_Borlenghi-ca1945-HIA-T8-104.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Angel_Borlenghi-ca1945-HIA-T8-104.jpg 2x" data-file-width="346" data-file-height="579" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ngel_Borlenghi" title="Ángel Borlenghi">Ángel Borlenghi</a>, an erstwhile socialist who, as Interior Minister, oversaw new labour courts and the opposition's activities.</figcaption></figure> When Perón became president on 4 June 1946, his two stated goals were social justice and economic independence. These two goals avoided <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> entanglements related to choosing between capitalism and socialism, but he had no concrete means to achieve those goals. Perón instructed his economic advisers to develop a <a href="/wiki/Five-Year_Plans_of_Argentina" title="Five-Year Plans of Argentina">five-year plan</a> with the goals of increasing workers' pay, achieving full employment, stimulating industrial growth to over 40% while diversifying the economy (then dominated by food processing), and greatly improving transportation, communication, energy and social infrastructure (in the private, as well as public, sectors).<a href="#cite_note-rock-29">[29]</a> Perón's planning prominently included political considerations. Numerous military allies were fielded as candidates, notably Colonel <a href="/wiki/Domingo_Mercante" title="Domingo Mercante">Domingo Mercante</a> who, when elected Governor of the paramount <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Buenos_Aires" class="mw-redirect" title="Province of Buenos Aires">Province of Buenos Aires</a>, became renowned for his housing program. Having brought him to power, the <a href="/wiki/CGT_(Argentina)" class="mw-redirect" title="CGT (Argentina)">General Confederation of Labour</a> (CGT) was given overwhelming support by the new administration, which introduced <a href="/wiki/Labor_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor law">labour courts</a> and filled its cabinet with labour union appointees, such as <a href="/wiki/Juan_Atilio_Bramuglia" title="Juan Atilio Bramuglia">Juan Atilio Bramuglia</a> (Foreign Ministry) and <a href="/wiki/%C3%81ngel_Borlenghi" title="Ángel Borlenghi">Ángel Borlenghi</a> (Interior Ministry, which, in Argentina, oversees law enforcement). It also made room for amenable wealthy industrialists (Central Bank President Miguel Miranda) and socialists such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Figuerola&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José Figuerola (page does not exist)">José Figuerola</a>, a Spanish economist who had years earlier advised that nation's ill-fated regime of <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Primo_de_Rivera" title="Miguel Primo de Rivera">Miguel Primo de Rivera</a>. Intervention on their behalf by Perón's appointees encouraged the CGT to call strikes in the face of employers reluctant to grant benefits or honor new labour legislation. Strike activity (with 500,000 working days lost in 1945) leapt to 2 million in 1946 and to over 3 million in 1947, helping wrest needed labour reforms, though permanently aligning large employers against the Peronists. Labour unions grew in ranks from around 500,000 to over 2 million by 1950, primarily in the CGT, which has since been Argentina's paramount labour union.<a href="#cite_note-rock-29">[29]</a>Argentina's labour force numbered around 5 million people at the time and was the most unionized in South America.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peron-NacionalizacionFA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Peron-NacionalizacionFA.jpg/220px-Peron-NacionalizacionFA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Peron-NacionalizacionFA.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="213" /></a><figcaption>President Perón (right) signs the nationalization of British-owned railways watched by Ambassador Sir <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Leeper" title="Reginald Leeper">Reginald Leeper</a>, March 1948.</figcaption></figure> During the first half of the 20th century, a widening gap had existed between the classes; Perón hoped to close it through the increase of wages and employment, making the nation more pluralistic and less reliant on foreign trade. Before taking office in 1946, President Perón took dramatic steps which he believed would result in a more economically independent Argentina, better insulated from events such as World War II. He thought there would be another international war.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> The reduced availability of imports and the war's beneficial effects on both the quantity and price of Argentine exports had combined to create a US$1.7 billion cumulative surplus during those years.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> In his first two years in office, Perón nationalized the Central Bank and paid off its billion-dollar debt to the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a>; <a href="/wiki/Railway_Nationalisation_in_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway Nationalisation in Argentina">nationalized the railways</a> (mostly owned by British and French companies), <a href="/wiki/Ship_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Ship transport">merchant marine</a>, universities, public utilities, public transport (then, mostly tramways); and, probably most significantly, created a single purchaser for the nation's mostly export-oriented grains and oilseeds, the Institute for the Promotion of Trade (<a href="/wiki/IAPI" class="mw-redirect" title="IAPI">IAPI</a>). The IAPI wrested control of Argentina's famed grain export sector from entrenched conglomerates such as <a href="/wiki/Bunge_y_Born" class="mw-redirect" title="Bunge y Born">Bunge y Born</a>; but when commodity prices fell after 1948, it began shortchanging growers.<a href="#cite_note-page-12">[12]</a> IAPI profits were used to fund welfare projects, while internal demand was encouraged by large wage increases given to workers;<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-23">[23]</a> average real wages rose by about 35% from 1945 to 1949,<a href="#cite_note-Dufty-33">[33]</a> while during that same period, labour's share of national income rose from 40% to 49%.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Access to healthcare was also made a universal right by the Workers' Bill of Rights enacted on 24 February 1947 (subsequently incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Constitution_of_1949" title="Argentine Constitution of 1949">1949 Constitution</a> as Article 14-b),<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> while social security was extended to virtually all members of the Argentine working class.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> From 1946 to 1951, the number of Argentinians covered by social security more than tripled, so that in 1951 more than 5 million people (70% of the economically active population) were covered by social security. Health insurance also spread to new industries, including banking and <a href="/wiki/Metalworking" title="Metalworking">metalworking</a>. Between 1945 and 1949, real wages went up by 22%, fell between 1949 and 1952, and then increased again from 1953 to 1955, ending up at least 30% higher than in 1946. In proportional terms, wages rose from 41% of national income in 1946–48 to 49% in 1952–55. The boost in the real incomes of workers was encouraged by government policies such as the enforcement of minimum wage laws, controls on the prices of food and other basic consumption items and extending housing credits to workers.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_policy_and_adversaries">Foreign policy and adversaries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Juan_Per%C3%B3n&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Foreign policy and adversaries">edit</a>]</div> Perón first articulated his foreign policy, the "Third Way", in 1949. This policy was developed to avoid the binary <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> divisions and keep other world powers, such as the United States and the Soviet Union, as allies rather than enemies. He restored diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union, severed since the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">Bolshevik Revolution</a> in 1917, and opened grain sales to the shortage-stricken Soviets.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Perón’s ability to effectively deal with points of contention abroad was hampered by his own mistrust of potential rivals, which harmed foreign relations with <a href="/wiki/Juan_Atilio_Bramuglia" title="Juan Atilio Bramuglia">Juan Atilio Bramuglia</a>'s 1949 dismissal.<a href="#cite_note-crawley-21">[21]</a> The rising influence of American diplomat <a href="/wiki/George_F._Kennan" title="George F. Kennan">George F. Kennan</a>, a staunch <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-communist</a> and champion of <a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">containment</a>, fed U.S. suspicions that Argentine goals of economic sovereignty and neutrality were Perón's disguise for a resurgence of communism in the Americas. The <a href="/wiki/U.S._Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Congress">U.S. Congress</a> took a dislike to Perón and his government. In 1948 they excluded Argentine exports from the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a>, the landmark <a href="/wiki/Truman_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Truman administration">Truman administration</a> effort to combat communism and help rebuild war-torn European nations by offering U.S. aid. This contributed to Argentine financial crises after 1948 and, according to Perón biographer Joseph Page, "the Marshall Plan drove a final nail into the coffin that bore Perón's ambitions to transform Argentina into an industrial power". The policy deprived Argentina of potential agricultural markets in Western Europe to the benefit of <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Canada" title="Agriculture in Canada">Canadian exporters</a>, for instance.<a href="#cite_note-page-12">[12]</a> As relations with the U.S. deteriorated, Perón made efforts to mitigate the misunderstandings, which were made easier after President <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry Truman</a> replaced the hostile Braden with Ambassador <a href="/wiki/George_Messersmith" class="mw-redirect" title="George Messersmith">George Messersmith</a>. Perón negotiated the release of Argentinian assets in the U.S. in exchange for preferential treatment for U.S. goods, followed by Argentine ratification of the <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Chapultepec" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Chapultepec">Act of Chapultepec</a>, a centerpiece of Truman's Latin America policy. He even proposed the enlistment of Argentine troops into the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> in 1950 under UN auspices (a move retracted in the face of public opposition).<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Perón was opposed to borrowing from foreign credit markets, preferring to float bonds domestically. He refused to enter the <a href="/wiki/General_Agreement_on_Tariffs_and_Trade" title="General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade">General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade</a> (precursor to the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a>) or the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>.<a href="#cite_note-rock-29">[29]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gatica2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Gatica2.png/220px-Gatica2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Gatica2.png/330px-Gatica2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Gatica2.png/440px-Gatica2.png 2x" data-file-width="1617" data-file-height="1112" /></a><figcaption>As president, Perón took an active interest in the development of sports in Argentina, hosting international events and sponsoring athletes such as the boxer, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Gatica" title="José María Gatica">José María Gatica</a> (left).</figcaption></figure> Believing that international sports created goodwill, however, Perón hosted the <a href="/wiki/1950_FIBA_World_Championship" title="1950 FIBA World Championship">1950 World Basketball Championship</a> and the <a href="/wiki/1951_Pan_American_Games" title="1951 Pan American Games">1951 Pan American Games</a>, both of which Argentine athletes won resoundingly. He also sponsored numerous notable athletes, including the five-time <a href="/wiki/Formula_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Formula 1">Formula 1</a> world champion, <a href="/wiki/Juan_Manuel_Fangio" title="Juan Manuel Fangio">Juan Manuel Fangio</a>, who, without this funding, would have most likely never competed in Europe. Perón's bid to host the <a href="/wiki/1956_Summer_Olympics" title="1956 Summer Olympics">1956 Summer Olympics</a> in Buenos Aires lost in the <a href="/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee" title="International Olympic Committee">International Olympic Committee</a> by one vote. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Growth_and_limitations">Growth and limitations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Juan_Per%C3%B3n&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Growth and limitations">edit</a>]</div> Economic success was short-lived. Following a lumbering recovery during 1933 to 1945, from 1946 to 1953 Argentina reaped the benefits of Perón's <a href="/wiki/Five-year_plans_of_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Five-year plans of Argentina">five-year plan</a>. The GDP increased by over a fourth during that brief boom, about as much as it had during the previous decade. Using roughly half the US$1.7 billion in reserves inherited from wartime surpluses for nationalizations, economic development agencies devoted most of the other half to finance both public and private investments; the roughly 70% jump in domestic <a href="/wiki/Fixed_investment" title="Fixed investment">fixed investment</a> was accounted for mostly by industrial growth in the private sector.<a href="#cite_note-rock-29">[29]</a> All this much-needed activity exposed an intrinsic weakness in the plan: it subsidized growth which, in the short term, led to a wave of imports of the <a href="/wiki/Capital_goods" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital goods">capital goods</a> that local industry could not supply. Whereas the end of World War II had allowed Argentine exports to rise from US$700 million to US$1.6 billion, Perón's changes led to skyrocketing imports (from US$300 million to US$1.6 billion) and erased the surplus by 1948.<a href="#cite_note-trade-39">[39]</a> Perón's bid for economic independence was further complicated by a number of inherited external factors. Great Britain owed Argentina over 150 million <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">pounds Sterling</a> (nearly US$650 million) for agricultural exports during the war. This debt was mostly in the form of Argentine Central Bank reserves which, per the 1933 <a href="/wiki/Roca-Runciman_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Roca-Runciman Treaty">Roca-Runciman Treaty</a>, were deposited in the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a>. The money was useless to the Argentine government, because the treaty allowed Bank of England to hold the funds in trust, something British planners could not compromise on as a result of that country's debts accrued under the <a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Lend-Lease Act">Lend-Lease Act</a>.<a href="#cite_note-rock-29">[29]</a> The country's need for U.S. made <a href="/wiki/Capital_good" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital good">capital goods</a> increased, though ongoing limits on the Central Bank's availability of <a href="/wiki/Hard_currency" title="Hard currency">hard currency</a> hampered access to them. Argentina's pound sterling surpluses earned after 1946 (worth over US$200 million) were made convertible to dollars by a treaty negotiated by Central Bank President Miguel Miranda; but after a year, British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a> suspended the provision. Perón accepted the transfer of over 24,000 km (15,000 mi) of British-owned railways (over half the total in Argentina) in exchange for the debt in March 1948. Due to political disputes between Perón and the U.S. government (as well as pressure from the U.S. agricultural lobby through the <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Act_of_1949" title="Agricultural Act of 1949">Agricultural Act of 1949</a>), Argentine foreign exchange earnings via its exports to the United States fell, turning a US$100 million surplus with the United States into a US$300 million deficit. The combined pressure practically devoured Argentina's liquid reserves and Miranda issued a temporary restriction on the outflow of dollars to U.S. banks. The nationalization of the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Buenos_Aires" title="Port of Buenos Aires">Port of Buenos Aires</a> and domestic and foreign-owned private <a href="/wiki/Cargo_ship" title="Cargo ship">cargo ships</a>, as well as the purchase of others, nearly tripled the national merchant marine to 1.2 million tons' displacement, reducing the need for over US$100 million in shipping fees (then the largest source of Argentina's <a href="/wiki/Invisible_balance" title="Invisible balance">invisible balance</a> deficit) and leading to the inauguration of the Río Santiago Shipyards at <a href="/wiki/Ensenada,_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Ensenada, Argentina">Ensenada</a> (on line to the present day).<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fragata_Libertad_en_Astillero_Rio_Santiago.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Fragata_Libertad_en_Astillero_Rio_Santiago.JPG/170px-Fragata_Libertad_en_Astillero_Rio_Santiago.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Fragata_Libertad_en_Astillero_Rio_Santiago.JPG/255px-Fragata_Libertad_en_Astillero_Rio_Santiago.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Fragata_Libertad_en_Astillero_Rio_Santiago.JPG/340px-Fragata_Libertad_en_Astillero_Rio_Santiago.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Repairs at the Río Santiago Shipyards</figcaption></figure> Exports fell sharply, to around US$1.1 billion during the 1949–54 era (a severe 1952 drought trimmed this to US$700 million),<a href="#cite_note-trade-39">[39]</a> due in part to a deterioration in <a href="/wiki/Terms_of_trade" title="Terms of trade">terms of trade</a> of about a third. The Central Bank was forced to devalue the <a href="/wiki/Historical_exchange_rates_of_Argentine_currency" title="Historical exchange rates of Argentine currency">peso</a> at an unprecedented rate: the peso lost about 70% of its value from early 1948 to early 1950, leading to a decline in imports fueling industrial growth and to recession. Short of central bank reserves, Perón was forced to borrow US$125 million from the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Export-Import_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Export-Import Bank">U.S. Export-Import Bank</a> to cover a number of private banks' debts to U.S. institutions, without which their insolvency would have become a central bank liability.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Austerity and better harvests in 1950 helped finance a recovery in 1951; but inflation, having risen from 13% in 1948 to 31% in 1949, reached 50% in late 1951 before stabilizing, and a second, sharper recession soon followed.<a href="#cite_note-precios-43">[43]</a> Workers' purchasing power, by 1952, had declined 20% from its 1948 high and GDP, having leapt by a fourth during Perón's first two years, saw zero growth from 1948 to 1952.<a href="#cite_note-rock-29">[29]</a> After 1952, however, wages began rising in real terms once more.<a href="#cite_note-Dufty-33">[33]</a> The growing frequency of strikes, increasingly directed against Perón as the economy slid into <a href="/wiki/Stagflation" title="Stagflation">stagflation</a> in late 1954, was dealt with through the expulsion of organizers from the CGT ranks. To consolidate his political grasp on the eve of colder economic winds, Perón called for broad constitutional reform in September. The elected convention (whose opposition members soon resigned) approved the wholesale replacement of the 1853 <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Argentina" title="Constitution of Argentina">Constitution of Argentina</a> with a new magna carta in March, explicitly guaranteeing social reforms; but also allowing the mass nationalization of natural resources and public services, as well as the re-election of the president.<a href="#cite_note-todoindex-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Focus_on_infrastructure">Focus on infrastructure</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Juan_Per%C3%B3n&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Focus on infrastructure">edit</a>]</div> Emphasizing an economic policy centerpiece dating from the 1920s, Perón made record investments in Argentina's infrastructure. Investing over US$100 million to modernize the railways (originally built on myriad incompatible gauges), he also nationalized a number of small, regional air carriers, forcing them into <a href="/wiki/Aerol%C3%ADneas_Argentinas" title="Aerolíneas Argentinas">Aerolíneas Argentinas</a> in 1950. The airline, equipped with 36 new <a href="/wiki/DC-3" class="mw-redirect" title="DC-3">DC-3</a> and <a href="/wiki/DC-4" class="mw-redirect" title="DC-4">DC-4</a> aircraft, was supplemented with a new <a href="/wiki/Ministro_Pistarini_International_Airport" title="Ministro Pistarini International Airport">international airport</a> and a 22 km (14 mi) freeway into Buenos Aires. This freeway was followed by one between <a href="/wiki/Rosario" title="Rosario">Rosario</a> and <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe,_Argentina" title="Santa Fe, Argentina">Santa Fe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-todoindex-44">[44]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Embalse_Valle_Grande.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Embalse_Valle_Grande.jpg/220px-Embalse_Valle_Grande.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Embalse_Valle_Grande.jpg/330px-Embalse_Valle_Grande.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Embalse_Valle_Grande.jpg/440px-Embalse_Valle_Grande.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4790" data-file-height="1705" /></a><figcaption>Reservoir of the Valle Grande hydroelectric dam, near <a href="/wiki/San_Rafael,_Mendoza" title="San Rafael, Mendoza">San Rafael, Mendoza</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hospital_Escuela_Eva_Per%C3%B3n_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Hospital_Escuela_Eva_Per%C3%B3n_1.jpg/220px-Hospital_Escuela_Eva_Per%C3%B3n_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Hospital_Escuela_Eva_Per%C3%B3n_1.jpg/330px-Hospital_Escuela_Eva_Per%C3%B3n_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Hospital_Escuela_Eva_Per%C3%B3n_1.jpg/440px-Hospital_Escuela_Eva_Per%C3%B3n_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3085" data-file-height="1605" /></a><figcaption>A hospital near <a href="/wiki/Rosario" title="Rosario">Rosario</a>, one of hundreds built during the Perón years</figcaption></figure> Perón had mixed success in expanding the country's inadequate electric grid, which grew by only one fourth during his tenure. Argentina's installed hydroelectric capacity, however, leapt from 45 to 350 MW during his first term (to about a fifth of the total public grid). He promoted the <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuel</a> industry by ordering these resources nationalized, inaugurating <a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Turbio" title="Río Turbio">Río Turbio</a> (Argentina's only active coal mine), having natural gas flared by the state oil firm <a href="/wiki/YPF" title="YPF">YPF</a> captured, and establishing Gas del Estado. The 1949 completion of a <a href="/wiki/Gas_pipeline" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas pipeline">gas pipeline</a> between <a href="/wiki/Comodoro_Rivadavia" title="Comodoro Rivadavia">Comodoro Rivadavia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a> was another significant accomplishment in this regard. The 1,700 km (1,060 mi) pipeline allowed natural gas production to rise quickly from 300,000 m3 to 15 million m3 daily, making the country self-sufficient in the critical energy staple; the pipeline was, at the time, the longest in the world.<a href="#cite_note-todoindex-44">[44]</a> Propelled by an 80% increase in output at the state-owned energy firm <a href="/wiki/YPF" title="YPF">YPF</a>, oil production rose from 3.3 million m3 to over 4.8 million m3 during Perón's tenure;<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> but since most manufacturing was powered by on-site generators and the number of motor vehicles grew by a third,<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> the need for oil imports grew from 40% to half of the consumption, costing the national balance sheet over US$300 million a year (over a fifth of the import bill).<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Perón's government is remembered for its record social investments. He introduced a Ministry of Health to the cabinet; its first head, the <a href="/wiki/Neurologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurologist">neurologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Carrillo" title="Ramón Carrillo">Ramón Carrillo</a>, oversaw the completion of over 4,200 healthcare facilities.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Related works included construction of more than 1,000 <a href="/wiki/Kindergarten" title="Kindergarten">kindergartens</a> and over 8,000 schools, including several hundred technological, nursing and teachers' schools, among an array of other public investments.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> The new Minister of Public Works, General <a href="/wiki/Juan_Pistarini" title="Juan Pistarini">Juan Pistarini</a>, oversaw the construction of 650,000 new public sector homes, as well as of the <a href="/wiki/Ministro_Pistarini_International_Airport" title="Ministro Pistarini International Airport">eponymous international airport</a>, one of the largest in the world at the time.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> The reactivation of the dormant National Mortgage Bank spurred private-sector housing development: averaging over 8 units per 1,000 inhabitants (150,000 a year), the pace was, at the time, on par with that of the United States and one of the highest rates of residential construction in the world.<a href="#cite_note-rock-29">[29]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:F%C3%A1brica_Militar_de_Aviones_de_C%C3%B3rdoba_-_1940-1950.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/F%C3%A1brica_Militar_de_Aviones_de_C%C3%B3rdoba_-_1940-1950.jpg/220px-F%C3%A1brica_Militar_de_Aviones_de_C%C3%B3rdoba_-_1940-1950.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/F%C3%A1brica_Militar_de_Aviones_de_C%C3%B3rdoba_-_1940-1950.jpg/330px-F%C3%A1brica_Militar_de_Aviones_de_C%C3%B3rdoba_-_1940-1950.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/F%C3%A1brica_Militar_de_Aviones_de_C%C3%B3rdoba_-_1940-1950.jpg/440px-F%C3%A1brica_Militar_de_Aviones_de_C%C3%B3rdoba_-_1940-1950.jpg 2x" data-file-width="598" data-file-height="417" /></a><figcaption>Production line at the state military industries facility, 1950; online since 1927, Perón's budgets modernized and expanded the complex.</figcaption></figure> Perón modernized the <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Armed_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Argentine Armed Forces">Argentine Armed Forces</a>, particularly its <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Air_Force" title="Argentine Air Force">Air Force</a>. Between 1947 and 1950, Argentina manufactured two advanced jet aircraft: <a href="/wiki/I.Ae._27_Pulqui_I" class="mw-redirect" title="I.Ae. 27 Pulqui I">Pulqui I</a> (designed by the Argentine engineers Cardehilac, Morchio and Ricciardi with the French engineer <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Dewoitine" title="Émile Dewoitine">Émile Dewoitine</a>, condemned in France in absentia for <a href="/wiki/Collaborationism" class="mw-redirect" title="Collaborationism">collaborationism</a>), and <a href="/wiki/FMA_IAe_33_Pulqui_II" title="FMA IAe 33 Pulqui II">Pulqui II</a>, designed by German engineer <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Tank" title="Kurt Tank">Kurt Tank</a>. In the test flights, the planes were flown by Lieutenant Edmundo Osvaldo Weiss and Tank, reaching 1,000 km/h (620 mph) with the Pulqui II. Argentina continued testing the Pulqui II until 1959; in the tests, two pilots lost their lives.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> The Pulqui project opened the door to two successful Argentinian planes: the <a href="/wiki/IA_58_Pucar%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="IA 58 Pucará">IA 58 Pucará</a> and the <a href="/wiki/IA_63_Pampa" class="mw-redirect" title="IA 63 Pampa">IA 63 Pampa</a>, manufactured at the Aircraft Factory of Córdoba.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Perón announced in 1951 that the <a href="/wiki/Huemul_Project" title="Huemul Project">Huemul Project</a> would produce <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fusion" title="Nuclear fusion">nuclear fusion</a> before any other country. The project was led by an Austrian, <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Richter" title="Ronald Richter">Ronald Richter</a>, who had been recommended by <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Tank" title="Kurt Tank">Kurt Tank</a>. Tank expected to power his aircraft with Richter's invention. Perón announced that energy produced by the fusion process would be delivered in milk-bottle sized containers. Richter announced success in 1951, but no proof was given. The next year, Perón appointed a scientific team to investigate Richter's activities. Reports by <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Balseiro" title="José Antonio Balseiro">José Antonio Balseiro</a> and Mario Báncora revealed that the project was a fraud. After that, the Huemul Project was transferred to the Centro Atómico Bariloche (CAB) of the new <a href="/wiki/National_Atomic_Energy_Commission" title="National Atomic Energy Commission">National Atomic Energy Commission</a> (CNEA) and to the physics institute of the <a href="/wiki/Universidad_Nacional_de_Cuyo" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidad Nacional de Cuyo">Universidad Nacional de Cuyo</a>, later named <a href="/wiki/Instituto_Balseiro" class="mw-redirect" title="Instituto Balseiro">Instituto Balseiro</a> (IB).<a href="#cite_note-crawley-21">[21]</a> According to a recently aired History Channel documentary[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words">which?</a>], the secrecy, Nazi connections, declassified US intelligence documents, and military infrastructure located around the remote facility all argue for the more likely objective of atomic bomb development. The Argentine navy actually bombed multiple buildings in 1955 – an unusual method of decommissioning a legitimate research facility. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eva_Perón's_influence_and_contribution">Eva Perón's influence and contribution</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Juan_Per%C3%B3n&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Eva Perón's influence and contribution">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Evita_(fundaci%C3%B3n).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Evita_%28fundaci%C3%B3n%29.JPG/250px-Evita_%28fundaci%C3%B3n%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Evita_%28fundaci%C3%B3n%29.JPG/330px-Evita_%28fundaci%C3%B3n%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Evita_%28fundaci%C3%B3n%29.JPG/500px-Evita_%28fundaci%C3%B3n%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1158" data-file-height="772" /></a><figcaption>First Lady Eva Perón (left) tending to the needy in her capacity as head of her foundation</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Eva_Per%C3%B3n" title="Eva Perón">Eva Perón</a> was instrumental as a symbol of hope to the common labourer during the first <a href="/wiki/Five-year_plans_of_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Five-year plans of Argentina">five-year plan</a>. When she died in 1952, the year of the presidential elections, the people felt they had lost an ally. Coming from humble origins, she was loathed by the elite but adored by the poor for her work with the sick, elderly, and orphans. It was due to her behind-the-scenes work that <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">women's suffrage</a> was granted in 1947 and a feminist wing of the 3rd party in Argentina was formed. Simultaneous to Perón's five-year plans, Eva supported a women's movement that concentrated on the rights of women, poor people, and disabled people. Although her role in the politics of Perón's first term remains disputed, Eva introduced social justice and equality into the national discourse. She stated, "It is not philanthropy, nor is it charity... It is not even social welfare; to me, it is strict justice... I do nothing but return to the poor what the rest of us owe them, because we had taken it away from them unjustly."<a href="#cite_note-page-12">[12]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Republica_de_los_ninios3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Republica_de_los_ninios3.jpg/220px-Republica_de_los_ninios3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Republica_de_los_ninios3.jpg/330px-Republica_de_los_ninios3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Republica_de_los_ninios3.jpg/440px-Republica_de_los_ninios3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>Partial view of the "<a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Children" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of the Children">Children's Republic</a>" theme park.</figcaption></figure> In 1948 she established the <a href="/wiki/Eva_Per%C3%B3n_Foundation" title="Eva Perón Foundation">Eva Perón Foundation</a>, which was perhaps the greatest contribution to her husband's social policy. Enjoying an annual budget of around US$50 million (nearly 1% of GDP at the time),<a href="#cite_note-epf-53">[53]</a> the Foundation had 14,000 employees and founded hundreds of new schools, clinics, old-age homes and holiday facilities; it also distributed hundreds of thousands of household necessities, physicians' visits and scholarships, among other benefits. Among the best-known of the Foundation's many large construction projects are the <a href="/wiki/Ciudad_Evita" title="Ciudad Evita">Evita City</a> development south of Buenos Aires (25,000 homes) and the "<a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Children" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of the Children">Republic of the Children</a>", a theme park based on tales from the <a href="/wiki/Brothers_Grimm" title="Brothers Grimm">Brothers Grimm</a>. Following Perón's 1955 ousting, twenty such construction projects were abandoned incomplete, and the foundation's US$290 million endowment was liquidated.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cabildo_Abierto_del_Partido_Peronista_-_1951.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Cabildo_Abierto_del_Partido_Peronista_-_1951.jpg/220px-Cabildo_Abierto_del_Partido_Peronista_-_1951.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Cabildo_Abierto_del_Partido_Peronista_-_1951.jpg/330px-Cabildo_Abierto_del_Partido_Peronista_-_1951.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Cabildo_Abierto_del_Partido_Peronista_-_1951.jpg/440px-Cabildo_Abierto_del_Partido_Peronista_-_1951.jpg 2x" data-file-width="598" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>An August 1951 rally organized by the CGT for a Perón-Evita ticket failed to overcome military objections to her, and the ailing first lady withdrew.</figcaption></figure> The portion of the five-year plans which argued for full employment, public healthcare and housing, labour benefits, and raises were a result of Eva's influence on the policymaking of Perón in his first term, as historians note that initially he simply wanted to keep imperialists out of Argentina and create effective businesses. The humanitarian relief efforts embedded in the five-year plan were Eva's creation, which endeared the Peronist movement to the working-class people from which Eva had come. Her strong ties to the poor and her position as Perón's wife brought credibility to his promises during his first presidential term and ushered in a new wave of supporters. The first lady's willingness to replace the ailing <a href="/wiki/Hortensio_Quijano" title="Hortensio Quijano">Hortensio Quijano</a> as Perón's running mate for the <a href="/wiki/1951_Argentine_general_election" title="1951 Argentine general election">1951 campaign</a> was defeated by her own frail health and by military opposition. A 22 August rally organized for her by the <a href="/wiki/General_Confederation_of_Labour_(Argentina)" title="General Confederation of Labour (Argentina)">CGT</a> on Buenos Aires' wide <a href="/wiki/Nueve_de_Julio_Avenue" class="mw-redirect" title="Nueve de Julio Avenue">Nueve de Julio Avenue</a> failed to turn the tide. On 28 September, elements in the <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Army" title="Argentine Army">Argentine Army</a> led by General Benjamín Andrés Menéndez attempted a coup against Perón. Although unsuccessful, the mutiny marked the end of the first lady's political hopes. She died the following July.<a href="#cite_note-page-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opposition_and_repression">Opposition and repression</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Juan_Per%C3%B3n&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Opposition and repression">edit</a>]</div> The first to vocally oppose Perón's rule were the Argentine <a href="/wiki/Intelligentsia" title="Intelligentsia">intelligentsia</a> and the middle-class. University students and professors were seen as particularly troublesome. Perón fired over 2000 university professors and faculty members from all major public education institutions.<a href="#cite_note-rock-29">[29]</a> These included <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_for_Physiology_or_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine">Nobel laureate</a> <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Houssay" title="Bernardo Houssay">Bernardo Houssay</a>, a physiologist, <a href="/wiki/University_of_La_Plata" class="mw-redirect" title="University of La Plata">University of La Plata</a> physicist Rafael Grinfeld, painter <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Pettoruti" title="Emilio Pettoruti">Emilio Pettoruti</a>, art scholars <a href="/wiki/P%C3%ADo_Collivadino" title="Pío Collivadino">Pío Collivadino</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Romero_Brest" title="Jorge Romero Brest">Jorge Romero Brest</a>, and noted author <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Luis_Borges" title="Jorge Luis Borges">Jorge Luis Borges</a> who at the time was head of the <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Buenos_Aires" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of Buenos Aires">National Library of Buenos Aires</a>, was appointed "poultry inspector" at the Buenos Aires Municipal Wholesale Market (a post he refused).<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Many left the country and migrated to Mexico, United States or Europe. The theologian Herold B. Weiss recalls events in the universities: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">As a young student in Buenos Aires in the early 1950s, I well remember the graffiti found on many an empty wall all over town: "Build the Fatherland. Kill a Student" (Haga patria, mate a un estudiante). Perón opposed the universities, which questioned his methods and his goals. A well-remembered slogan was, Alpargatas sí, libros no ("Shoes? Yes! Books? No!") ... Universities were "intervened". In some a peronista mediocrity was appointed rector. Others were closed for years.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a></blockquote> The labour movement that had brought Perón to power was not exempt from the iron fist. In the 1946 elections for the post of Secretary General of the CGT resulted in telephone workers' union leader Luis Gay's victory over Perón's nominee, former retail workers' leader Ángel Borlenghi – both central figures in Perón's famed 17 October comeback. The president had Luis Gay expelled from the CGT three months later, and replaced him with José Espejo, a little-known rank-and-filer who was close to the first lady. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cipriano_Reyes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Cipriano_Reyes.jpg/170px-Cipriano_Reyes.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Cipriano_Reyes.jpg/255px-Cipriano_Reyes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Cipriano_Reyes.jpg/340px-Cipriano_Reyes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="926" data-file-height="1175" /></a><figcaption>Union leader Cipriano Reyes, jailed for years for turning against Perón</figcaption></figure> The meat-packers' union leader, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cipriano_Reyes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cipriano Reyes (page does not exist)">Cipriano Reyes</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cipriano_Reyes" class="extiw" title="es:Cipriano Reyes">es</a>], turned against Perón when he replaced the Labour Party with the <a href="/wiki/Justicialist_Party" title="Justicialist Party">Peronist Party</a> in 1947. Organizing a strike in protest, Reyes was arrested on the charge of plotting against the lives of the president and first lady; according to <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>, Reyes was contacted by two police officers posing as disloyal airforce lieutenants who convinced him of the existence of an organised conspiracy to overthrow Perón in the air force, which Reyes agreed to support.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Tortured in prison, Reyes was denied parole five years later, and freed only after the regime's 1955 downfall.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Cipriano Reyes was one of hundreds of Perón's opponents held at Buenos Aires' Ramos Mejía General Hospital, one of whose basements was converted into a police detention center where torture became routine.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> The populist leader was intolerant of both left-wing and conservative opposition. Though he used violence, Perón preferred to deprive the opposition of their access to media. Interior Minister Borlenghi administered El Laborista, the leading official news daily. Carlos Aloe, a personal friend of Evita's, oversaw an array of leisure magazines published by <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editorial_Haynes" class="extiw" title="es:Editorial Haynes">Editorial Haynes</a>, which the Peronist Party bought a majority stake in. Through the Secretary of the Media, <a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Apold" title="Raúl Apold">Raúl Apold</a>, socialist dailies such as <a href="/wiki/La_Vanguardia_(Argentina)" title="La Vanguardia (Argentina)">La Vanguardia</a> or Democracia, and conservative ones such as <a href="/wiki/La_Prensa_(Buenos_Aires)" title="La Prensa (Buenos Aires)">La Prensa</a> or <a href="/wiki/La_Raz%C3%B3n_(Buenos_Aires)" title="La Razón (Buenos Aires)">La Razón</a>, were simply closed or expropriated in favor of the CGT or ALEA, the regime's new state media company.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-28">[28]</a> Intimidation of the press increased: between 1943 and 1946, 110 publications were closed down; others such as <a href="/wiki/La_Naci%C3%B3n_(Argentina)" class="mw-redirect" title="La Nación (Argentina)">La Nación</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Noble" title="Roberto Noble">Roberto Noble</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Clar%C3%ADn_(Argentine_newspaper)" title="Clarín (Argentine newspaper)">Clarín</a> became more cautious and self-censoring.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Perón appeared more threatened by dissident artists than by opposition political figures (though UCR leader <a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Balb%C3%ADn" title="Ricardo Balbín">Ricardo Balbín</a> spent most of 1950 in jail). Numerous prominent cultural and intellectual figures were imprisoned (publisher and critic <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Ocampo" title="Victoria Ocampo">Victoria Ocampo</a>, for one) or forced into exile, among them comedian <a href="/wiki/Nin%C3%AD_Marshall" title="Niní Marshall">Niní Marshall</a>, film maker <a href="/wiki/Luis_Saslavsky" title="Luis Saslavsky">Luis Saslavsky</a>, pianist <a href="/wiki/Osvaldo_Pugliese" title="Osvaldo Pugliese">Osvaldo Pugliese</a> and actress <a href="/wiki/Libertad_Lamarque" title="Libertad Lamarque">Libertad Lamarque</a>, victim of a rivalry with Eva Perón.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fascist_influence">Fascist influence</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Juan_Per%C3%B3n&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Fascist influence">edit</a>]</div> The relationship between Perón, <a href="/wiki/Peronism" title="Peronism">Peronism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a> has been widely discussed. Federico Finchelstein writes: "If the question is asked if Perón was a fascist, the answer is no. But, did fascism play an important role in the ideological genesis of Peronism? Although Fascism was a central genealogy of Peronism, Perón's coming to power signaled a break from diverse traditional precedents, including fascist nacionalismo. However, the ideological continuities between Argentine fascism and Italian fascism are notable in Perón's military junta between 1943 and 1946 and the first Peronist regime (1946–1955)."<a href="#cite_note-Finchelstein_2014-62">[62]</a> The core differences that Finchelstein noted between Peronism and fascism were: "While fascism mobilized the middle classes, Peronism rallied the working class. While fascism gave war, imperialism, and racism to Europe and the world, Peronism never provoked war." He also argued that "In contrast to fascism, which used democracy to destroy itself and establish a dictatorship, Peronism originated in a military dictatorship, but established a populist authoritarian democracy. Fascism sustained itself in the ideal of violence and war as sublime values of nationality and the leader’s persona. In military terms, it mobilized the masses but tended to demobilize them in social terms. Peronism inverted the terms of the fascist equation."<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Assessments of Peronism as a fascist movement emerged during the 1946 Argentine general election amongst political opposition to Perón.<a href="#cite_note-schneider-64">[64]</a> Richard Gillespie writes: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">Under the influence of European Social Democracy, Soviet Stalinism, and Argentine Liberalism, both parties [i.e. the Argentine Socialist and Communist parties], once the Nazis had invaded the USSR, characterized the Second World War as one between democracy and Fascism; then faced with the authoritarian methods of the 1943-6 regime and its refusal to enter the Allied camp until the Axis powers were doomed, Peronism, in part an offshoot of that regime, came to be branded by the traditional left as a fascist movement. This was despite the fact that Perón as Labour Secretary, had bestowed unquestionable material favour upon the growing working class .... Under these circumstances for the left to dismiss Perôn's supporters; including the mass of the workers as peronazis was not only unjust but also politically suicidal.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a></blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Fayt" title="Carlos Fayt">Carlos Fayt</a> states that Peronism was just "an Argentine implementation of <a href="/wiki/Italian_fascism" title="Italian fascism">Italian fascism</a>".<a href="#cite_note-peronism-66">[66]</a> Paul M. Hayes similarly concludes that "the Peronist movement produced a form of fascism that was distinctively Latin American".<a href="#cite_note-peronism-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Instead, <a href="/wiki/Felipe_Pigna" title="Felipe Pigna">Felipe Pigna</a> believes that no researcher who has deeply studied Perón should consider him a fascist. Pigna argues that Perón was only a pragmatist who took useful elements from all modern ideologies of the time; this included not only fascism but also the <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> policies of U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mitos-68">[68]</a> To Pigna, Perón was neither fascist nor anti-fascist but simply a realist; the active intervention of the working class in politics, as he saw in those countries, was a "definitive phenomenon".<a href="#cite_note-Mitos-68">[68]</a> Summarizing the academic consensus on Peronism, Arnd Schneider wrote that "most authors, analysing the phenomenon in retrospect agree that the term Fascism does not accurately describe Peronism."<a href="#cite_note-schneider-64">[64]</a> Among others, scholars who argue that Peronism was neither fascist nor fascist-aligned include the historian <a href="/wiki/Federico_Finchelstein" title="Federico Finchelstein">Federico Finchelstein</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Finchelstein_2014-62">[62]</a> philosopher <a href="/wiki/Donald_C._Hodges" title="Donald C. Hodges">Donald C. Hodges</a>,<a href="#cite_note-hodges_61-69">[69]</a> and historian <a href="/wiki/Daniel_James_(historian)" title="Daniel James (historian)">Daniel James</a>.<a href="#cite_note-james_202-70">[70]</a> Argentine historian <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristian_Buchrucker" class="extiw" title="es:Cristian Buchrucker">Cristian Buchrucker</a> outlines main reasons why Peronism cannot be characterized fascist:<a href="#cite_note-schneider-64">[64]</a> <ul><li>Peronism developed in the early and mid 1940s during a period of economic growth - unlike Italian Fascism and German Nazism, which developed at a time of economic crisis;</li> <li>when Perón became Labour Secretary in 1943 and started to implement the first elements of his ideology, it did not mark the end of democracy (as in 1922’s Italy and 1933’s Germany). Rather, Perón succeeded the <a href="/wiki/Infamous_Decade" title="Infamous Decade">Infamous Decade</a>, which had already seen prolonged military rule and authoritarian conservative governments, "thinly legitimized by fraudulent elections";</li> <li>Peronism was based primarily on the urban and urbanized rural working class. In contrast, the appeal of Italian Fascism and German Nazism was to the middle classes who were disillusioned with a lost World War I and economic crisis;</li> <li>while the societies of Italy, Germany and Argentina all perceived a threat of communism, only Italy and Germany had strong left-wing movements; Argentina lacked a strong left-wing movement, as socialist parties "had long been suppressed and ceased to play any tangible role", and "the working class, and the new urban poor, were without a real organizational voice" before Perón;</li> <li>the virulent, fascist territorial expansionism of Italy and Germany was absent in Peronism;</li> <li>unlike fascism, Peronism was an authoritarian, not a totalitarian political system, as Argentina never became a one-party state.</li></ul> Goran Petrovic Lotina and Théo Aiolfi wrote that "Peronism was never a form of fascism during Juan Perón's first presidencies (1946-55). Nor was Peronism fascistic in its subsequent incarnations over the past seventy-five years from the 1970s revolutionary leftist Montonero guerilla organization to the neoliberal centre-right presidency of Carlos Menem."<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Hodges remarked that it is a "cheap academic trick to lump together fascism (...) and Peronism". According to Hodges, Perón embraced the concept of the state as the juridical instrument that can only function within and serve the nation, but rejected the organic notions of the state assuming the dominating role by organizing the nation. Perón also prided himself in his doctrinal flexibility and elasticity, and agreed with national syndicalism of <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Primo_de_Rivera" title="José Antonio Primo de Rivera">Primo de Rivera</a> in principle, although he ultimately pursued a different political path. Hodges argues that "In view of both its gradualism and its concern for striking a balance between extremes, justicialism has more in common with the American New Deal than with either Italian fascism or German national socialism."<a href="#cite_note-hodges_61-69">[69]</a> <a href="/wiki/Daniel_James_(historian)" title="Daniel James (historian)">Daniel James</a> believes that the <a href="/wiki/Corporatism#Neo-corporatism" title="Corporatism">neo-corporatism</a> of Peronism cannot be explained by any allegiance to fascist ideas, arguing that Perón "took his ideas principally from <a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">social catholic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">communitarian</a> ideologues rather than from any pre-1955 fascistic theory."<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> As a response to Carlos Fayt who characterized Perónism as fascist, James P. Brennan wrote: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">A close study of Peronist ideology, however, shows that the differences between it and fascism are greater than their few similarities. The central components of Justicialismo — that is, of Peronist ideology — have roots in the <a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Social Christianism</a> and national populism of the <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuerza_de_Orientaci%C3%B3n_Radical_de_la_Joven_Argentina" class="extiw" title="es:Fuerza de Orientación Radical de la Joven Argentina">FORJA</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Hip%C3%B3lito_Yrigoyen" title="Hipólito Yrigoyen">yrigoyenista</a>, the nationalist youth wing of the <a href="/wiki/Radical_Civic_Union" title="Radical Civic Union">Radical Party</a> in the 1930s), and in syndicalism. Moreover, this synthesis proved to be more resilient over time than many had assumed. In Peronism's formative stage, the irrational <a href="/wiki/Vitalism" title="Vitalism">vitalisme</a> ("life" philosophy) and <a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a> of fascism had minimal and no influence, respectively. With regard to Italian corporatism, which ended up replacing the unions and democratic elections, it cannot be seriously compared with the syndicalist element in Peronism. Peronism's presumedly expansionist goals likewise are nowhere in evidence, and Sebreli's thesis does not stand up to the slightest analysis. The only similarity that can be acknowledged is the particular importance both ideologies granted to the concept of the leader. [...] <dl><dd></dd></dl> Whereas Italian fascism and German <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">nazism</a> destroyed the universal suffrage that had existed in those countries, Peronism on the other hand put an end to the systematic electoral fraud that had been practiced in Argentina between 1932 and 1943. There was no militarization of society, nor was public spending directed toward a massive arms buildup. Economic policy was <a href="/wiki/Dirigisme" title="Dirigisme">dirigiste</a>, but if state planning is an indicator of fascism, one would have to conclude that Mexico under <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1zaro_C%C3%A1rdenas" title="Lázaro Cárdenas">Cardenas</a> and Great Britain under the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Labour_Party_(UK)" title="History of the Labour Party (UK)">Labour governments</a>. The Peronist governments of 1946-1955 and 1973-1976 directed their efforts toward distributive and industrializing policies.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a></blockquote> According to Pablo Bradbury, while there was a great divergence between formal Peronist ideology and the wider Peronist movement, the ideology of Perón was not fascist; Bradbury argues that nationalism of Peronism was not rooted in a sense of expansion or imperialist greatness, but was <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_nationalism" title="Left-wing nationalism">left-wing nationalism</a> that "found its most prominent expressions in anti-imperialism, whether against British economic dominance or US political interference." He also remarked that "Peronism originated in a military dictatorship, but established a populist authoritarian democracy". The democratizing movement within Peronism was significant, as it empowered previously marginalized groups – Peronism introduced universal suffrage and reshaped the definition of Argentinian citizenship and national identity. Bradbury also points to the racist rhetoric of middle-class and upper-class opponents of Peronism, who called Peronists cabecitas negras ("little black heads"), portraying the Peronist masses as prone to criminality, unsophisticated, dark-skinned and of immigrant background.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Goebel" title="Michael Goebel">Michael Goebel</a> likewise points to the inclusive character of Peronism that conflicted with the exclusive nature of fascism – non-Spanish surnames were far more prevalent amongst the Peronist leadership than among any other political movement in Argentina, and "even in the more marginal provinces, Peronist politicians often had rather recent immigrant origins."<a href="#cite_note-Goebel_2011_85-75">[75]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cas_Mudde" title="Cas Mudde">Cas Mudde</a> stated that "it is not an exaggeration to state that [Perón's] populism in general propelled democracy forward, both by encouraging democratic behavior and by enrolling lower class groups and their quest for social justice in political life."<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> In 1938, Perón was sent on a diplomatic mission to Europe. During this time, he became enamoured of the Italian fascist model. Perón's admiration for <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> is well documented.<a href="#cite_note-Eatwell_1999_196-77">[77]</a> He credited both Italian fascism and German national socialism for creating a command economy that "harmonized the interests of workers",<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> and his exact words in that respect were as follows: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">From Germany I went back to Italy and studied the matter. My knowledge of Italian enabled me, I would say, to penetrate deeply into the foundations of the system, and that is how I discovered something which from that social point of view was very interesting to me. Italian fascism brought the popular organisations into effective participation in national life, from which the people had always been excluded. Until Mussolini's rise to power, the nation was on one side and the worker on the other, and the latter had no part in it. I discovered the resurgence of the corporations and studied them in depth.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Juan Perón</cite></div></blockquote> However, Perón also cautioned that only some elements of European fascism can be praised, as the Italian and German regimes otherwise led to "administrative centralization carried to the extreme; the absorption of all private or semiprivate entities (cultural association, universities, etc.); absolute militarism; a closed and directed economy."<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Robert D. Classweller argued: "Peronism was not fascism. Some of Peronism's adherents had a fascist outlook and mentality. Perón himself admired Mussolini and the idea of the corporate state. But all this was relatively superficial. No fascist society was ever erected on a mass base of laboring and dispossessed hordes. In its own descriptions of identity, Peronism rejected the Fascist parallel. It was more intimately grounded in the national history and ethos than was any European fascism. The structure of the Peronist state after the constitutional amendments of 1949 remained that of the old Argentine democratic order."<a href="#cite_note-Crass1-81">[81]</a> Perón subverted freedom of speech and silenced vocal dissidents through actions such as nationalizing the broadcasting system and monopolizing the supply of newspaper print. At times, Perón also resorted to tactics such as imprisoning opposition politicians and journalists, including <a href="/wiki/Radical_Civic_Union" title="Radical Civic Union">Radical Civic Union</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Balb%C3%ADn" title="Ricardo Balbín">Ricardo Balbín</a>; and shutting down opposition papers, such as <a href="/wiki/La_Prensa_(Buenos_Aires)" title="La Prensa (Buenos Aires)">La Prensa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Eatwell_1999_196-77">[77]</a> However, most scholars argue against seeing Peronism as dictatorial or totalitarian. Crassweller wrote on Peronism: "Peronism was not a dictatorship. As the American embassy stated in April 1948, ". . . Peron is far from being a dictator in the sense of having absolute authority." The army concerned itself with foreign policy. Totalitarian methods frequently appeared in the operations of the police, or in repression of the press, or in restrictions imposed on the conduct of opposition, but this falls short of a dictatorship. Perón often had to bargain for support, to trim his sails on the timing of initiatives, and to balance interests that could not be overridden. Strong and authoritarian and sometimes oppressive, yes. But not really dictatorial."<a href="#cite_note-Crass1-81">[81]</a> Paul Corner and Jie-Hyun Lim similarly argued: "Peronism (like early Cold War populism as a whole) was not a dictatorship but an authoritarian form of democracy."<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Paola Raffaelli wrote: "Although some authors suggest that Peronism was a form of fascism, this was not the case. He was democratically elected and other parties and the Parliament were not banned, it did not pursue an ideology apart from a less-dependant nation, and Perón was in power three times for ten years within a twenty-eight years period of time."<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Some historians also note that accusations of fascism against Perón originated from Anglo-American circles, who saw Peronism as a threat to their interests in Argentina. Pablo Aguirre argued: "Traditionally Britain in general and the Labour Party in particular have taken little interest in the affairs of Latin America. For years after the Second World War the continent was strictly terra incognita. Analysis based on ignorance was often faulty. General Peron, for example, who "stole" Britain's railways and increased the price of "British" beef, was regarded as the reincarnation of Mussolini."<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Judith Alder Hellman also noted that those who accused Perón of fascism tend to equate communism and fascism as similar or identical ideologies - <a href="/wiki/Spruille_Braden" title="Spruille Braden">Spruille Braden</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Assistant_Secretary_of_State_for_Western_Hemisphere_Affairs" title="Assistant Secretary of State for Western Hemisphere Affairs">Assistant Secretary of State for Western Hemisphere Affairs</a> of the United States who spearheaded a campaign to portray Peronism as a fascist movement, later "frankly admitted that he could never see the difference between Fascism and Communism".<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protection_of_Nazi_war_criminals">Protection of Nazi war criminals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Juan_Per%C3%B3n&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Protection of Nazi war criminals">edit</a>]</div> After World War II, Argentina became a haven for Nazi war criminals, with explicit protection from Perón, who even shortly before his death commented on the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuremberg Trials">Nuremberg Trials</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">In Nuremberg at that time something was taking place that I personally considered a disgrace and an unfortunate lesson for the future of humanity. I became certain that the Argentine people also considered the Nuremberg process a disgrace, unworthy of the victors, who behaved as if they hadn't been victorious. Now we realize that they [the Allies] deserved to lose the war.<a href="#cite_note-UG1-86">[86]</a></blockquote> Author <a href="/wiki/Uki_Go%C3%B1i" title="Uki Goñi">Uki Goñi</a> alleges that <a href="/wiki/Axis_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis Powers">Axis Power</a> <a href="/wiki/Collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany_and_Fascist_Italy" title="Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy">collaborators</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Daye" title="Pierre Daye">Pierre Daye</a>, met with Perón at <a href="/wiki/Casa_Rosada" title="Casa Rosada">Casa Rosada</a>, the President's official executive mansion.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> The Swiss Chief of Police Heinrich Rothmund<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> and the Croatian priest <a href="/wiki/Krunoslav_Draganovi%C4%87" title="Krunoslav Draganović">Krunoslav Draganović</a> also helped organize the <a href="/wiki/Ratlines_(history)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ratlines (history)">ratline</a>. An investigation of 22,000 documents by the <a href="/wiki/DAIA" class="mw-redirect" title="DAIA">DAIA</a> in 1997 discovered that the network was managed by <a href="/wiki/Rodolfo_Freude" title="Rodolfo Freude">Rodolfo Freude</a> who had an office in the Casa Rosada and was close to Eva Perón's brother, Juan Duarte. According to Ronald Newton, Ludwig Freude, Rodolfo's father, was probably the local representative of the Office Three secret service headed by <a href="/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop">Joachim von Ribbentrop</a>, with probably more influence than the German ambassador Edmund von Thermann. He had met Perón in the 1930s, and had contacts with Generals <a href="/wiki/Juan_Pistarini" title="Juan Pistarini">Juan Pistarini</a>, Domingo Martínez, and <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Domingo_Molina_G%C3%B3mez" title="José Domingo Molina Gómez">José Molina</a>. Ludwig Freude's house became the meeting place for Nazis and Argentine military officers supporting the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers_of_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis powers of World War II">Axis</a>. In 1943, he traveled with Perón to Europe to attempt an arms deal with Germany.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rodolfo_Freude_and_Per%C3%B3n.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Rodolfo_Freude_and_Per%C3%B3n.jpg/220px-Rodolfo_Freude_and_Per%C3%B3n.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Rodolfo_Freude_and_Per%C3%B3n.jpg/330px-Rodolfo_Freude_and_Per%C3%B3n.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Rodolfo_Freude_and_Per%C3%B3n.jpg/440px-Rodolfo_Freude_and_Per%C3%B3n.jpg 2x" data-file-width="593" data-file-height="381" /></a><figcaption>Nazi exile network principal <a href="/wiki/Rodolfo_Freude" title="Rodolfo Freude">Rodolfo Freude</a> (2nd from left) and President Perón (2nd from right), who appointed Freude Director of the <a href="/wiki/Secretaria_de_Inteligencia" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretaria de Inteligencia">Argentine Intelligence Secretariat</a></figcaption></figure> After the war, Ludwig Freude was investigated over his connection to possible looted Nazi art, cash and precious metals on deposit at two Argentine banks, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Banco_Germanico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Banco Germanico (page does not exist)">Banco Germanico</a> and Banco Tornquist. But on 6 September 1946, the Freude investigation was terminated by presidential decree.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Examples of Nazis and collaborators who relocated to Argentina include <a href="/wiki/Emile_Dewoitine" class="mw-redirect" title="Emile Dewoitine">Emile Dewoitine</a>, who arrived in May 1946 and worked on the <a href="/wiki/I.Ae._27_Pulqui_I" class="mw-redirect" title="I.Ae. 27 Pulqui I">Pulqui</a> jet; <a href="/wiki/Erich_Priebke" title="Erich Priebke">Erich Priebke</a>, who arrived in 1947; <a href="/wiki/Josef_Mengele" title="Josef Mengele">Josef Mengele</a> in 1949; <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann">Adolf Eichmann</a> in 1950; Austrian representative of <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0koda_Works" title="Škoda Works">the Škoda arms manufacturer</a> in Spain <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Spitzy" title="Reinhard Spitzy">Reinhard Spitzy</a>; <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lescat" title="Charles Lescat">Charles Lescat</a>, editor of <a href="/wiki/Je_Suis_Partout" class="mw-redirect" title="Je Suis Partout">Je Suis Partout</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a>; and SS functionary Ludwig Lienhardt. Many members of the notorious Croatian <a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Ustaše</a> (including their leader, <a href="/wiki/Ante_Paveli%C4%87" title="Ante Pavelić">Ante Pavelić</a>) took refuge in Argentina, as did <a href="/wiki/Milan_Stojadinovi%C4%87" title="Milan Stojadinović">Milan Stojadinović</a>, the former Serbian Prime Minister of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">monarchist Yugoslavia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Time-91">[91]</a> In 1946 Stojadinović went to Rio de Janeiro, and then to Buenos Aires, where he was reunited with his family. Stojadinović spent the rest of his life as presidential advisor on economic and financial affairs to governments in Argentina and founded the financial newspaper <a href="/wiki/El_Economista_(Mexico)" title="El Economista (Mexico)">El Economista</a> in 1951, which still carries his name on its masthead.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> A Croatian priest, <a href="/wiki/Krunoslav_Draganovi%C4%87" title="Krunoslav Draganović">Krunoslav Draganović</a>, organizer of the San Girolamo <a href="/wiki/Ratlines_(history)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ratlines (history)">ratline</a>, was authorized by Perón to assist Nazi operatives to come to Argentina and evade prosecution in Europe after World War II,<a href="#cite_note-Time-91">[91]</a> in particular the Ustaše. <a href="/wiki/Ante_Paveli%C4%87" title="Ante Pavelić">Ante Pavelić</a> became a security advisor of Perón. After Perón was overthrown in 1955, Pavelić, fearing extradition to Yugoslavia, left for <a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Francoist Spain</a> in 1957.<a href="#cite_note-Ha-93">[93]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ronald_Richter_y_Per%C3%B3n.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Ronald_Richter_y_Per%C3%B3n.jpg/300px-Ronald_Richter_y_Per%C3%B3n.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Ronald_Richter_y_Per%C3%B3n.jpg/450px-Ronald_Richter_y_Per%C3%B3n.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Ronald_Richter_y_Per%C3%B3n.jpg/600px-Ronald_Richter_y_Per%C3%B3n.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Richter" title="Ronald Richter">Ronald Richter</a> (left) with Juan Perón (right).</figcaption></figure> As in the United States (<a href="/wiki/Operation_Paperclip" title="Operation Paperclip">Operation Paperclip</a>), Argentina also welcomed displaced German scientists such as <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Tank" title="Kurt Tank">Kurt Tank</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Richter" title="Ronald Richter">Ronald Richter</a>. Some of these refugees took important roles in Perón's Argentina, such as French collaborationist <a href="/wiki/Jacques_de_Mahieu" title="Jacques de Mahieu">Jacques de Mahieu</a>, who became an ideologue of the Peronist movement, before becoming mentor to a Roman Catholic nationalist youth group in the 1960s. Belgian collaborationist <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Daye" title="Pierre Daye">Pierre Daye</a> became editor of a Peronist magazine. <a href="/wiki/Rodolfo_Freude" title="Rodolfo Freude">Rodolfo Freude</a>, Ludwig's son, became Perón's chief of presidential intelligence in his first term.<a href="#cite_note-Time-91">[91]</a> Recently, Goñi's research, drawing on investigations in Argentine, Swiss, American, British and Belgian government archives, as well as numerous interviews and other sources, was detailed in The Real <a href="/wiki/ODESSA" title="ODESSA">ODESSA</a>: Smuggling the Nazis to Perón's Argentina (2002), showing how escape routes known as <a href="/wiki/Ratlines_(history)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ratlines (history)">ratlines</a> were used by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ex-Nazis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ex-Nazis (page does not exist)">former NSDAP members</a> and like-minded people to escape trial and judgment.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> Goñi places particular emphasis on the part played by Perón's government in organizing the ratlines, as well as documenting the aid of Swiss and Vatican authorities in their flight.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Argentine consulate in <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a> gave false passports to fleeing Nazi war criminals and collaborationists.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Eloy_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="Tomás Eloy Martínez">Tomás Eloy Martínez</a>, writer and professor of Latin American studies at <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University" title="Rutgers University">Rutgers University</a>, wrote that Juan Perón allowed Nazis into the country in hopes of acquiring advanced German technology developed during the war. Martínez also noted that Eva Perón played no part in allowing Nazis into the country.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> However, one of Eva's bodyguards was in fact an ex-Nazi commando named <a href="/wiki/Otto_Skorzeny" title="Otto Skorzeny">Otto Skorzeny</a>, who had met Juan on occasion.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Perón's biographer Jill Hedges wrote on Perón's attitude and actions regarding the Nazi immigration to Argentina: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">Unquestionably the Perón government, like others elsewhere, received former Nazis after the war, not least in a bid to attract skilled scientists and technicians; Perón himself would describe this as ‘good business’, saying ‘what costs us a plane ticket cost Germany millions of marks invested in training those scientists and technicians’. Many also found their way to Argentina through the offices of the Vatican and, in some cases, through the willingness of some Argentine diplomats in Europe to sell them Argentine passports. Later investigations in the 1990s would identify 180 Nazis and collaborators who entered Argentina after the war, of whom around 50 were identified as war criminals, notably including Adolf Eichmann and Josef Mengele (with whom Perón had at least one conversation about his genetic experiments). This represented indifference rather than Nazi ideology on Perón or the government’s part.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jewish_and_German_communities_of_Argentina">Jewish and German communities of Argentina</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Juan_Per%C3%B3n&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Jewish and German communities of Argentina">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Argentina" title="History of the Jews in Argentina">History of the Jews in Argentina</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_Argentine" class="mw-redirect" title="German Argentine">German Argentine</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/German_Argentine" class="mw-redirect" title="German Argentine">German Argentine</a> community in Argentina is the third-largest immigrant group in the country, after the ethnic <a href="/wiki/Spanish_settlement_in_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish settlement in Argentina">Spanish</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Italian_settlement_in_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian settlement in Argentina">Italians</a>. The German Argentine community predates Juan Perón's presidency, and began during the political unrest related to the 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">unification of Germany</a>. Laurence Levine writes that Perón found 20th-century German civilization too "rigid" and had a "distaste" for it.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-99">[99]</a> Crassweller writes that while Juan Perón preferred <a href="/wiki/Argentine" class="mw-redirect" title="Argentine">Argentine</a> culture, with which he felt a <a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">spiritual</a> affinity, he was "pragmatic" in dealing with the diverse populace of Argentina.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-28">[28]</a> While Juan Perón's Argentina allowed many Nazi criminals to take refuge in the country following World War II, the society also accepted more Jewish immigrants than any other country in Latin America. Today Argentina has a population of more than 200,000 Jewish citizens, the largest in Latin America, the third-largest in the Americas, and the sixth-largest in the world.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gelbard_y_peron.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Gelbard_y_peron.jpg/250px-Gelbard_y_peron.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Gelbard_y_peron.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="185" /></a><figcaption>Juan Perón and José Ber Gelbard</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Evita_y_Golda_Meir.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Evita_y_Golda_Meir.jpg/220px-Evita_y_Golda_Meir.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Evita_y_Golda_Meir.jpg/330px-Evita_y_Golda_Meir.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Evita_y_Golda_Meir.jpg/440px-Evita_y_Golda_Meir.jpg 2x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="292" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Golda_Meir" title="Golda Meir">Golda Meir</a> talks with Evita Perón on Meir's visit to Argentina, 1951.</figcaption></figure> Fraser and Navarro write that Juan Perón was a complicated man who over the years stood for many different, often contradictory, things.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> In the book Inside Argentina from Perón to Menem author Laurence Levine, former president of the US-Argentine <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Commerce" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamber of Commerce">Chamber of Commerce</a>, writes, "although anti-Semitism existed in Argentina, Perón's own views and his political associations were not anti-Semitic...."<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-99">[99]</a> Perón appointed several Jewish Argentinians as government advisers, such as his economic advisor, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ber_Gelbard" title="José Ber Gelbard">José Ber Gelbard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-99">[99]</a> He favoured the creation of institutions such as New Zion (Nueva Sión), the Argentine-Jewish Institute of Culture and Information, led by Simón Mirelman, and the Argentine-Israeli Chamber of Commerce. Also, he named Rabbi Amran Blum as the first Jewish professor of philosophy in the <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Buenos_Aires" class="mw-redirect" title="National University of Buenos Aires">National University of Buenos Aires</a>. Perón appointed Pablo Mangel, a Jew, as Argentina's first ambassador to Israel.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> In 1946 Perón's government allowed Jewish army privates to celebrate their holidays, which was intended to foster Jewish integration.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Perón sought to recruit the Jewish community into his Peronist support base as to broaden the support for his "New Argentina" and also dispel the accusations of fascism.<a href="#cite_note-bell-106">[106]</a> In 1947, Perón founded Organización Israelita Argentina (OIA), the Jewish wing of the Peronist Party, in attempt to promote his ideology amongst the Jewish community. While OIA failed to attract much support of Argentinian Jews, it became an intermediary between Perón and the Jewish community. Argentinian Jews entered dialogue with Perón through IOA, securing favors and concessions. Jewish newspapers in Argentina particularly praised the socialist nature of Perón's planned economy, leading to limited expressions of support. Peronism allowed the Jewish community to actively participate in the political life of Argentina; Jewish writer <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isa%C3%ADas_Lerner" class="extiw" title="es:Isaías Lerner">Isaías Lerner</a> remarked: "The triumph of Perón meant a greater participation of the [Jewish] community in the political arena. For the first time in Argentina’s political history, a political party courted our community."<a href="#cite_note-bell-106">[106]</a> In the book Inside Argentina from Perón to Menem, author Laurence Levine, also former president of the U.S.–Argentine Chamber of Commerce, writes that "although anti-Semitism existed in Argentina, Perón's own views and his political associations were not anti-Semitic".<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Argentina signed a generous commercial agreement with Israel that granted favourable terms for Israeli acquisitions of Argentine commodities, and the Eva Perón Foundation sent significant humanitarian aid. In 1951 during their visit to <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chaim_Weizmann" title="Chaim Weizmann">Chaim Weizmann</a> and <a href="/wiki/Golda_Meir" title="Golda Meir">Golda Meir</a> expressed their gratitude for this aid.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] U.S. Ambassador <a href="/wiki/George_S._Messersmith" title="George S. Messersmith">George S. Messersmith</a> visited Argentina in 1947 during the first term of Juan Perón. Messersmith noted, "There is not as much social discrimination against Jews here as there is right in New York or in most places at home..."<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-28">[28]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Raanan_Rein" title="Raanan Rein">Raanan Rein</a>, "Fewer anti-Semitic incidences took place in Argentina during Perón's rule than during any other period in the 20th century."<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Socialist_influences">Socialist influences</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Juan_Per%C3%B3n&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Socialist influences">edit</a>]</div> There are interpretations of Perón's views and policies as a variant of socialism; such view grew in popularity after Perón's exile and later death, as many historians and political scientists analyzed whether Perón was a socialist or desired a socialist system.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> Peronism was variously described as a variant of nationalist socialism,<a href="#cite_note-james_241-110">[110]</a> paternalistic socialism,<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> non-Marxist socialism,<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_socialism" title="Christian socialism">Catholic socialism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Political scientists supporting this view note that Perón created a planned and heavily regulated economy, with "a massive public sector of nationalized industries and social services" that was "redistributive in nature" and prioritized workers' benefits and the empowerment of trade unions.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> Perón's close relationship with a socialist leader <a href="/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Ar%C3%A9valo" title="Juan José Arévalo">Juan José Arévalo</a> and his extensive support for the <a href="/wiki/Bolivian_National_Revolution" title="Bolivian National Revolution">Bolivian National Revolution</a> are also considered arguments in favor of this view.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> Additionally, despite promoting a concept of a "Third Way" between the 'imperialisms' of the United States and Soviet Union, Perón supported and became a close ally of the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban Revolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Allende" title="Salvador Allende">Salvador Allende</a> of Chile, and the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a>.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> Perón's ideology is considered a genuine socialist ideology by some Marxist writers such as <a href="/wiki/Samir_Amin" title="Samir Amin">Samir Amin</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Amin_2019_277-117">[117]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Aric%C3%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="José María Aricó">José María Aricó</a>,<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieter_Boris" class="extiw" title="de:Dieter Boris">Dieter Boris</a>,<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Donald_C._Hodges" title="Donald C. Hodges">Donald C. Hodges</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hodges_1991_56-120">[120]</a> According to the political scientist Peter Ranis, Peronism is a part of the Argentine left-wing and socialist tradition, its contradictory nature notwithstanding. Ranis criticizes the view that Peronism should not be considered socialist, and considers it outdated and long disproven. Ranis wrote: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">It has been a long time since anyone has expressed such views… to tear Peronism bodily from the leftist tradition rather than accept its role as a populist alliance that includes labor support and leftist propositions on a number of social, economic, and foreign policy issues, positions that often coincide with those of traditional Marxist-Leninist political parties. The difference is that with Peronism the workers must share influence with other socioeconomic groups, but this distinction does not exclude Peronism from the tradition of mass movements of the progressive left. I would be the last to deny the gulf between Peronism and Argentine Marxism-Leninism, but to deny Peronism as a genuinely socialist form of populism is to ignore the great Argentine debate on the left among all those sectors from Peron's exile up to the present. […] To most of the workers, the "patria socialista" was the "patria peronista."<a href="#cite_note-tango-121">[121]</a></blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Che Guevara</a>, despite being born in an anti-Peronist family, considered Peronism "a kind of indigenous Latin American socialism with which the Cuban Revolution could side".<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> Perón also enjoyed the support of other socialist leaders. In his autobiography <a href="/wiki/My_Life:_A_Spoken_Autobiography" title="My Life: A Spoken Autobiography">My Life: A Spoken Autobiography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a> wrote of Perón: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">There have been many heroic revolutionary feats on the part of military men in the twentieth century. Juan Domingo Perón, in Argentina, was also from a military background. (...) Perón made some mistakes: he offended the Argentine oligarchy, humiliated it - he nationalized its theatre and other symbols of the wealthy class - but the oligarchy’s political and economic power remained intact, and at the right moment it brought Peron down, with the complicity and aid of the United States. Perón’s greatness lay in the fact that he appealed to that rich country’s reserves and resources and did all he could to improve the living conditions of the workers. That social class, which was always grateful and loyal to him, made Perón an idol, to the end of his life.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a></blockquote> Perón was also regarded positively by <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a>. When visiting pro-Perón Maoist militias in Argentina, Mao reportedly stated: "If I were a young Argentinian, I would be a Peronist."<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> This quote was promoted by the <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Communist_Party_(Argentina)" title="Revolutionary Communist Party (Argentina)">Revolutionary Communist Party of Argentina</a>, who advertized their movement by stating: "If Mao had been Argentine, he would have been a Peronist."<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> Perón responded in kind, writing that "Marxism is not only not in contradiction with the Peronist Movement, but complements it." Perón also argued in his speech from 12 November 1972: "We must not be frightened by the word socialism". Perón stated that "if he had been Chinese he would be a Maoist", and on his trip to Communist Romania he concluded that "the regime in that country is similar, in many respects, to Justicialism".<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> Perón variously described his ideology as justicialism or socialismo nacional cristiano - "Christian national socialism", which Perón used as an unclear term that he used to discuss diverse government systems that in his belief corresponded to the will of the people while also considering the unique circumstances and culture of each nation.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> According to Richard Gillespie, this expression meant to convey "a ‘national’ road to socialism, understood as a system of economic socialization and popular power respectful of specific national conditions and traditions."<a href="#cite_note-3839gillespie-128">[128]</a> Perón justified his notion of 'national socialism' by arguing that "nationalism need not be at odds with socialism", given that "both, in the end, far from being antagonistic, can be united with a common goal of liberation of peoples and men". In 1972, this was described as "the national expression of socialism, insofar as it represents, expresses and develops in action the aspirations of the popular masses and the Argentine working class". By left-wing Peronist groups, Peronism was regarded as a form of autochthonous socialism that was to grant "political and economic emancipation" to the workers of Argentina.<a href="#cite_note-Caruso_2022_1–19-129">[129]</a> In July 1971, Perón wrote: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">For us Justicialist Government is that which serves the people . . . our revolutionary process articulates individual and collective [needs], it is one form of socialism. Therefore a fair socialism, like the one Justicialism wants, and that is why it is called Justicialism, is that in which a community develops in agreement with [the community’s] intrinsic conditions.<a href="#cite_note-lostpat33-130">[130]</a></blockquote> Perón described his "national socialism" as "a definitive overcoming of foreign imperialism" and "last frontier for achieving political and economic emancipation in Argentina". He stated that "that word that sounds so strange at times, national socialism, lost its strangeness and acquired significance as a vehicle for eradicating the oppression of capital". On capitalism, he claimed: "The history of Peronism had confirmed that, within the capitalist system, there is no solution for the workers"; Peronist national socialism in his understanding had as its aim "to put society at the service of man and man at the service of society; to rescue moral and ethical values, honesty and humility, as the fundamental axis of this stage; to socialise the means of production, nationalise banking, carry out a profound cultural reform, hand over the administration of the land to those who work it through a profound agrarian revolution, nationalise foreign trade." The nationalsim of Peronism was to be based on the liberation of "peoples subjugated by the imperial powers" and to exercise the demand for sovereignty through "people's representatives" managed by Perón; he also described imperialism as a part of a deeper problem which were the "limitations of capitalism in sustaining its structure of domination."<a href="#cite_note-Caruso_2022_1–19-129">[129]</a> Most historians argue that socialism was at least one of the political inspiration of Perón. <a href="/wiki/Federico_Finchelstein" title="Federico Finchelstein">Federico Finchelstein</a> classified Perón's populism as "the synthesis of nationalism and non-Marxist Christian socialism".<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> Argentinian historian <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristian_Buchrucker" class="extiw" title="es:Cristian Buchrucker">Cristian Buchrucker</a> saw Perón's ideology a mixture of nationalist, populist and Christian socialist elements, while Humberto Cucchetti stated that Peronism was an accumulation of political concepts such as "nationalist socialism, trade unionist tradition, nationalisation of the middle strata, charismatic leadership, revolutionary prophetism, Third Worldism, justicialist ethics, Christian utopia, popular mobilisation and outlines of democratisation". Buchrucker states that while Perón's movement was in the state of constant struggle between competing ideological movements between it, it never abandoned trade unions and its "revolutionary rhetoric that claimed to assume directly the features of a nationalist liberation movement".<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> Jerzy J. Wiatr believed that Perón adhered to what can be described as a "a combination of socialist and corporatist ideas with a strong nationalist accent."<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilio_Ocampo" class="extiw" title="es:Emilio Ocampo">Emilio Ocampo</a> claimed that Perón "incorporated revolutionary Marxist elements and rhetoric, always appealing to a strong nationalist sentiment."<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> Political scientist <a href="/wiki/Rafael_di_Tella" title="Rafael di Tella">Rafael di Tella</a> described Peronism as a combination of political Catholicism with socialism.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> Similarly, historian <a href="/wiki/Raanan_Rein" title="Raanan Rein">Raanan Rein</a> classified Peronism as a nationalistic populism that was shaped by Catholic social teaching and socialist currents.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> Others propose to instead see Peronism as a combination of nationalism with socialism - Peter Ranis wrote that Perón "fused an indigenous socialism with Argentine nationalism through Peronism".<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> Lily Balloffet noted that Perón's policies were very similar to that of <a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a>, and that both regimes were notable for anti-imperialist nationalism, the 'Third Position' philosophy of non-alignment in the Cold War and "socialist" economic policies.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> Gary B. Madison states that Perón's policies represented populist socialism.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> American historian Garrett John Roberts saw Peronism as an "ultranationalist socialist labor movement", and argued that Perón pursued "socialist and nationalist" policies, noting that the Perón's Five Year Plan followed the pattern of Soviet economic programs under <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Spektorowski" class="extiw" title="es:Alberto Spektorowski">Alberto Spektorowski</a> concluded that Perón accurately described his ideology as 'national socialism'; to Spektorowski, Perón synthesized "national integralism, anti-imperialism and social justice". He also noted that Perón was shaped by left-wing nationalism as well as syndicalism, and formed a revolutionary movement in the sense that in Argentina, "the ideological confrontation was between nationalism represented by Peronism and the old conservative order."<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Ronaldo_Munck" title="Ronaldo Munck">Ronaldo Munck</a>, "many observers even saw Perón himself as some kind of nationalist, socialist leader, if not as Argentina's Lenin." On similarities and differences of Perón and the revolutionary wing of Peronism, Munck wrote that Perón's later conflict with the left wing of his movement was not ideological, but was more based on power politics: "The purely anti-imperialist and anti-oligarchic political programme of the Montoneros ("national socialism") was not incompatible with Peron's economic project of "national reconstruction", but their power of mass mobilisation was."<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> Lester A. Sobel also argues that in regards to his eventual conflict with the Peronist left, "Perón was less opposed to socialism than to the rifts within his movement, caused in part by antagonism between Marxists and non-Marxists".<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> In his political science book <a href="/wiki/Political_Man" title="Political Man">Political Man: The Social Bases of Politics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seymour_Martin_Lipset" title="Seymour Martin Lipset">Seymour Martin Lipset</a> noted that "Peronism, much like Marxist parties, has been oriented toward the poorer classes, primarily urban workers but also the more impoverished rural population." He characterized Peronism as an "anticapitalist populist nationalism which appeals to the lower strata". Lipset argued that Peronism can be seen as a left-wing equivalent of fascism: "If Peronism is considered a variant of fascism, then it is a fascism of the left because it is based on the social strata who would otherwise turn to socialism or Communism as an outlet for their frustrations."<a href="#cite_note-seymour_173176-144">[144]</a> He classified Peronism as a "form of “left” extremism".<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> Peronism was also described as a form of <a href="/wiki/Third_World_socialism" title="Third World socialism">Third World socialism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> or a distinctly Argentinian kind of a populist, non-Marxist socialism akin to <a href="/wiki/African_socialism" title="African socialism">African socialism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arab_socialism" title="Arab socialism">Arab socialism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> German political scientist Lisa Bogerts considers Peronism a "broader historical movement of communism and socialism", representing a movement different from the mainstream socialist movements in Argentina such as the <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Socialist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Argentine Socialist Party">Argentine Socialist Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Donald_C._Hodges" title="Donald C. Hodges">Donald C. Hodges</a> described Peronism as a "peculiar brand of socialism" that heavily incorporated elements of nationalism and Christian social teaching.<a href="#cite_note-Hodges_1991_56-120">[120]</a> Writing on Perón, Charles D. Ameringer argued that "The rise to power of Juan Perón in 1943 was not the end of the socialist impulse in Argentina; it was the culmination" and added that "much of the social legislation either introduced or implemented by Perón . . . originated with the Socialist Party."<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Second_term_(1952–1955)">Second term (1952–1955)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Juan_Per%C3%B3n&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Second term (1952–1955)">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Juan_Per%C3%B3n" title="Special:EditPage/Juan Perón">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Juan+Per%C3%B3n%22">"Juan Perón"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Juan+Per%C3%B3n%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Juan+Per%C3%B3n%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Juan+Per%C3%B3n%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Juan+Per%C3%B3n%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Juan+Per%C3%B3n%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (February 2019) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eva_juan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/Eva_juan.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="164" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="164" /></a><figcaption>Perón and the ailing Evita during his second inaugural parade, June 1952. Eva died the following month.</figcaption></figure> Facing only token <a href="/wiki/Radical_Civic_Union" title="Radical Civic Union">UCR</a> and <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist Party of Argentina">Socialist Party</a> opposition and despite being unable to field his popular wife, Eva, as a running mate, Perón was <a href="/wiki/1951_Argentine_general_election" title="1951 Argentine general election">re-elected in 1951</a> by a margin of over 30%.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> This election was the first to have extended suffrage to Argentine women and the first in Argentina to be televised: Perón was inaugurated on <a href="/wiki/Canal_7_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Canal 7 Argentina">Channel 7</a> public television that October. He began his second term in June 1952 with serious economic problems, however, compounded by a severe drought that helped lead to a <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>500 million trade deficit (depleting reserves).<a href="#cite_note-crisis-15">[15]</a> Perón called employers and unions to a Productivity Congress to regulate social conflict through dialogue, but the conference failed without reaching an agreement. Divisions among Peronists intensified, and the President's worsening mistrust led to the forced resignation of numerous valuable allies, notably <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires_Province" title="Buenos Aires Province">Buenos Aires Province</a> Governor <a href="/wiki/Domingo_Mercante" title="Domingo Mercante">Domingo Mercante</a>.<a href="#cite_note-page-12">[12]</a> Again on the defensive, Perón accelerated generals' promotions and extended them pay hikes and other benefits. He also accelerated landmark construction projects slated for the CGT or government agencies; among these was the 41-story and 141 m (463 ft) high <a href="/wiki/Alas_Building" title="Alas Building">Alas Building</a> (transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Air_Force" title="Argentine Air Force">Air Force</a> by a later regime).<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> Opposition to Perón grew bolder following Eva Perón's death on 26 July 1952. On 15 April 1953, a terrorist group (never identified) detonated two bombs in a public rally at <a href="/wiki/Plaza_de_Mayo" title="Plaza de Mayo">Plaza de Mayo</a>, killing 7 and injuring 95. Amid the chaos, Perón exhorted the crowd to take reprisals; they made their way to their adversaries' gathering places, the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist Party of Argentina">Socialist Party</a> headquarters and the aristocratic Jockey Club (both housed in magnificent turn-of-the-century <a href="/wiki/Beaux-Arts_architecture" title="Beaux-Arts architecture">Beaux-Arts</a> buildings), and burned them to the ground. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Imagen102.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Imagen102.jpg/220px-Imagen102.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Imagen102.jpg/330px-Imagen102.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Imagen102.jpg/440px-Imagen102.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Designed and manufactured in Argentina, the <a href="/wiki/IAME_Justicialista" title="IAME Justicialista">Justicialist</a> was part of Perón's effort to develop a local auto industry.</figcaption></figure> A stalemate of sorts ensued between Perón and his opposition and, despite austerity measures taken late in 1952 to remedy the country's unsustainable trade deficit, the president remained generally popular. In March 1954, Perón called a vice-presidential election to replace the late <a href="/wiki/Hortensio_Quijano" title="Hortensio Quijano">Hortensio Quijano</a>, which his candidate won by a nearly two-to-one margin. Given what he felt was as solid a mandate as ever and with inflation in single digits and the economy on a more secure footing, Perón ventured into a new policy: the creation of incentives designed to attract foreign investment. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edificio_Alas_en_construccion.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Edificio_Alas_en_construccion.JPG/170px-Edificio_Alas_en_construccion.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/Edificio_Alas_en_construccion.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="216" data-file-height="405" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Alas_Building" title="Alas Building">Alas Building</a> under construction</figcaption></figure> Drawn to an economy with the highest standard of living in Latin America and a new steel mill in <a href="/wiki/San_Nicol%C3%A1s_de_los_Arroyos" title="San Nicolás de los Arroyos">San Nicolás de los Arroyos</a>, automakers <a href="/wiki/FIAT" class="mw-redirect" title="FIAT">FIAT</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kaiser_Motors" title="Kaiser Motors">Kaiser Motors</a> responded to the initiative by breaking ground on new facilities in the city of <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Argentina" title="Córdoba, Argentina">Córdoba</a>, as did the freight truck division of <a href="/wiki/Daimler-Benz" class="mw-redirect" title="Daimler-Benz">Daimler-Benz</a>, the first such investments since <a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a>' Argentine assembly line opened in 1926. Perón also signed an important exploration contract with <a href="/wiki/Standard_Oil_of_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Oil of California">Standard Oil of California</a>, in May 1955, consolidating his new policy of substituting the two largest sources of that era's chronic trade deficits (imported petroleum and motor vehicles) with local production brought in through foreign investment. <a href="/wiki/Arturo_Frondizi" title="Arturo Frondizi">Arturo Frondizi</a>, who had been the centrist <a href="/wiki/Radical_Civic_Union" title="Radical Civic Union">Radical Civic Union</a>'s 1951 vice-presidential nominee, publicly condemned what he considered to be an anti-patriotic decision; as president three years later, however, he himself signed exploration contracts with foreign oil companies. As 1954 drew to a close, Perón unveiled reforms far more controversial to the normally conservative Argentine public, the legalization of divorce and of prostitution. The Roman Catholic Church's Argentine leaders, whose support of Perón's government had been steadily waning since the advent of the <a href="/wiki/Eva_Per%C3%B3n_Foundation" title="Eva Perón Foundation">Eva Perón Foundation</a>, were now open antagonists of the man they called "the tyrant." Though much of Argentina's media had, since 1950, been either controlled or monitored by the administration, lurid pieces on his alleged relationship with an underage girl named <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9lida_Rivas" class="mw-redirect" title="Nélida Rivas">Nélida Rivas</a> (known as Nelly),<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> filled the gossip pages.<a href="#cite_note-bio_170-153">[153]</a> Pressed by reporters on whether his supposed new paramour was, as the magazines claimed, thirteen years of age, the fifty-nine-year-old Perón responded that he was "not superstitious."<a href="#cite_note-novela-154">[154]</a> Later, while on exile, Perón commented on Nelly: "That young lady I met was a girl who attended the UES like many others. She is a child, and as a man I could not or cannot see in her anything other than what she is: a child. Because of my age, because of my experience, you can be sure that I did not transgress moral codes."<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> It is unknown whether the relationship between Nelly Rivas and Perón really took place. Victoria Allison considers the story a part of smear campaign against Perón conducted by the military junta of <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Eugenio_Aramburu" title="Pedro Eugenio Aramburu">Pedro Eugenio Aramburu</a>, which included similar charges and rumours about Perón.<a href="#cite_note-allison-1">[1]</a> Silvana G. Ferreyra notes that despite the story being a popular talking point amongst anti-Peronist circles, the Argentinian public at large did not believe the allegations, writing: "As the years went by, the persistence of the Peronist identity among the popular classes was a clear sign of the ineffectiveness of these denunciations."<a href="#cite_note-ferreyra-2">[2]</a> Perón's biographer, Jill Hedges, argues that "the concept was hardly novel" in Argentina, and rumours of political figures having affairs with young girls in domestic service or similar positions were common, which did not make the story stand out amongst the other anti-Peronist allegations of the smear campaign.<a href="#cite_note-bio_170-153">[153]</a> Perón was also accused of having sexual encounters with film stars during the 1954 <a href="/wiki/Mar_del_Plata_International_Film_Festival" title="Mar del Plata International Film Festival">Mar del Plata International Film Festival</a>, and photos of him with the members of the women's branch of Secondary Students' Union (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: Unión de Estudiantes Secundarios, UES) that Rivas belonged to sparked moralistic critique already before the allegation of his romance with her was made. Anti-Peronist media mocked Perón for posing with the women of the UES, claiming that he was trying to "forget the irreparable absence [of <a href="/wiki/Eva_Per%C3%B3n" title="Eva Perón">Eva Perón</a>]"; shortly afterwards, gossip of Perón's alleged relationship with Rivas appeared for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> Before long, however, the president's humor on the subject ran out and, following the expulsion of two Catholic priests he believed to be behind his recent image problems, a 15 June 1955 declaration of the <a href="/wiki/Congregation_for_Bishops" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregation for Bishops">Sacred Consistorial Congregation</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> (not of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a> himself, who alone had authority to excommunicate a head of state)<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> was interpreted as declaring Perón <a href="/wiki/Excommunication" title="Excommunication">excommunicated</a>.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> The following day, Perón called for a rally of support on the Plaza de Mayo, a time-honored custom among Argentine presidents during a challenge. However, as he spoke before a crowd of thousands, Navy fighter jets flew overhead and dropped bombs into the crowded square below before seeking refuge in Uruguay. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plaza-Mayo-bombardeo-1955.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Plaza-Mayo-bombardeo-1955.JPG/220px-Plaza-Mayo-bombardeo-1955.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Plaza-Mayo-bombardeo-1955.JPG/330px-Plaza-Mayo-bombardeo-1955.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Plaza-Mayo-bombardeo-1955.JPG/440px-Plaza-Mayo-bombardeo-1955.JPG 2x" data-file-width="584" data-file-height="365" /></a><figcaption>Scene in the Plaza de Mayo following a failed coup attempt against Perón, 16 June 1955. He was deposed three months later.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Plaza_de_Mayo" title="Bombing of Plaza de Mayo">incident</a>, part of a coup attempt against Perón, killed 364 people and was, from a historical perspective, the only air assault ever on Argentine soil, as well as a portent of the mayhem that Argentine society would suffer in the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-auth-160">[160]</a> It moreover touched off a wave of reprisals on the part of Peronists. Reminiscent of the incidents in 1953, Peronist crowds ransacked eleven Buenos Aires churches, including the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Cathedral_of_Buenos_Aires" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan Cathedral of Buenos Aires">Metropolitan Cathedral</a>. On 16 September 1955, a nationalist Catholic group from both the Army and Navy, led by General <a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Lonardi" title="Eduardo Lonardi">Eduardo Lonardi</a>, General <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Eugenio_Aramburu" title="Pedro Eugenio Aramburu">Pedro E. Aramburu</a>, and Admiral <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Rojas" title="Isaac Rojas">Isaac Rojas</a>, led a revolt from <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Argentina" title="Córdoba, Argentina">Córdoba</a>. They took power in a coup three days later, which they named <a href="/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3n_Libertadora" title="Revolución Libertadora">Revolución Libertadora</a> (the "Liberating Revolution"). Perón barely escaped with his life and fled on the gunboat <a href="/wiki/Humait%C3%A1-class_gunboat" title="Humaitá-class gunboat">ARP Paraguay</a> provided by Paraguayan leader <a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Stroessner" title="Alfredo Stroessner">Alfredo Stroessner</a>, up the <a href="/wiki/Paran%C3%A1_River" title="Paraná River">Paraná River</a>. On his way to the port, Perón's car broke down which forced him to ask an astonished bus driver to help tow it through the rain.<a href="#cite_note-bio_170-153">[153]</a> At that point Argentina was more politically polarized than it had been since 1880. The landowning elites and other conservatives pointed to an <a href="/wiki/Historical_exchange_rates_of_Argentine_currency" title="Historical exchange rates of Argentine currency">exchange rate</a> that had rocketed from 4 to 30 pesos per dollar and consumer prices that had risen nearly fivefold.<a href="#cite_note-crisis-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-precios-43">[43]</a> Employers and moderates generally agreed, qualifying that with the fact the economy had grown by over 40% (the best showing since the 1920s).<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> The underprivileged and humanitarians looked back upon the era as one in which real wages grew by over a third and better working conditions arrived alongside benefits like pensions, health care, paid vacations and the construction of record numbers of needed schools, hospitals, works of infrastructure and housing.<a href="#cite_note-crawley-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exile_(1955–1973)">Exile (1955–1973)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Juan_Per%C3%B3n&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Exile (1955–1973)">edit</a>]</div> The new military regime went to great lengths to destroy both Juan and Eva Perón's reputation, putting up public exhibits of what they maintained was the Peróns' scandalously sumptuous taste for antiques, jewelry, roadsters, yachts and other luxuries. In addition, they highlighted the association between Peronism and Nazism and accused Perón of having committed genocide.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> They also accused other Peronist leaders of corruption; but, ultimately, though many were prosecuted, none were convicted.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The junta's first leader, <a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Lonardi" title="Eduardo Lonardi">Eduardo Lonardi</a>, appointed a Civilian Advisory Board. However, its preference for a gradual approach to de-Perónization helped lead to Lonardi's ousting, though most of the board's recommendations withstood the new president's scrutiny. Lonardi's replacement, Lieutenant-General <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Aramburu" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedro Aramburu">Pedro Aramburu</a>, outlawed the mere mention of Juan or Eva Perón's names under <a href="/wiki/Decree_Law_4161/56" title="Decree Law 4161/56">Decree Law 4161/56</a>. Throughout Argentina, Peronism and the very display of Peronist mementos was banned. Partly in response to these and other excesses, Peronists and moderates in the army organized a counter-coup against Aramburu, in June 1956. Possessing an efficient intelligence network, however, Aramburu foiled the plan, having the plot's leader, General <a href="/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Valle" title="Juan José Valle">Juan José Valle</a>, and 26 others executed. Aramburu turned to similarly drastic means in trying to rid the country of the spectre of the Peróns, themselves. Eva Perón's corpse was removed from its display at CGT headquarters and ordered hidden under another name in a modest grave in <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, Italy. Perón himself, for the time residing in <a href="/wiki/Caracas" title="Caracas">Caracas</a>, Venezuela at the kindness of ill-fated President <a href="/wiki/Marcos_P%C3%A9rez_Jim%C3%A9nez" title="Marcos Pérez Jiménez">Marcos Pérez Jiménez</a>, suffered a number of attempted kidnappings and assassinations ordered by Aramburu.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> Continuing to exert considerable direct influence over Argentine politics despite the ongoing ban of the <a href="/wiki/Justicialist_Party" title="Justicialist Party">Justicialist Party</a> as Argentina geared for the <a href="/wiki/1958_Argentine_general_election" title="1958 Argentine general election">1958 elections</a>, Perón instructed his supporters to cast their ballots for the moderate <a href="/wiki/Arturo_Frondizi" title="Arturo Frondizi">Arturo Frondizi</a>, a splinter candidate within the Peronists' largest opposition party, the <a href="/wiki/Radical_Civic_Union" title="Radical Civic Union">Radical Civic Union</a> (UCR). Frondizi went on to defeat the better-known (but, more anti-Peronist) UCR leader, <a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Balb%C3%ADn" title="Ricardo Balbín">Ricardo Balbín</a>. Perón backed a "<a href="/wiki/Uni%C3%B3n_Popular" class="mw-redirect" title="Unión Popular">Popular Union</a>" (UP) in <a href="/wiki/1962_Argentine_legislative_election" title="1962 Argentine legislative election">1962</a>, and when its candidate for governor of <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires_Province" title="Buenos Aires Province">Buenos Aires Province</a> (<a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Framini" title="Andrés Framini">Andrés Framini</a>) was elected, Frondizi was forced to resign by the military. Unable to secure a new alliance, Perón advised his followers to cast blank ballots in the <a href="/wiki/1963_Argentine_general_election" title="1963 Argentine general election">1963 elections</a>, demonstrating direct control over one fifth of the electorate.<a href="#cite_note-rock-29">[29]</a> Perón's stay in Venezuela had been cut short by the 1958 ousting of General Pérez Jiménez. In Panama, he met the nightclub singer <a href="/wiki/Isabel_Per%C3%B3n" title="Isabel Perón">María Estela Martínez</a> (known as "Isabel"). Eventually settling in <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, Spain under the protection of <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a>, he married Isabel in 1961 and was admitted back into the Catholic Church in 1963.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> Following a failed December 1964 attempt to return to Buenos Aires, he sent his wife to Argentina in 1965, to meet political dissidents and advance Perón's policy of confrontation and electoral boycotts. She organized a meeting in the house of Bernardo Alberte, Perón's delegate and sponsor of various left-wing Peronist movements such as the <a href="/wiki/CGT_de_los_Argentinos" class="mw-redirect" title="CGT de los Argentinos">CGT de los Argentinos</a> (CGTA), an offshoot of the umbrella CGT union. During Isabel's visit, adviser <a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Lastiri" title="Raúl Lastiri">Raúl Lastiri</a> introduced her to his father-in-law, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_L%C3%B3pez_Rega" title="José López Rega">José López Rega</a>. A policeman with an interest in the occult, he won Isabel's trust through their common dislike of <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Antonio" title="Jorge Antonio">Jorge Antonio</a>, a prominent Argentine industrialist and the Peronist movement's main financial backer during their perilous 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-lewisgue-166">[166]</a> Accompanying her to Spain, López Rega worked for Perón's security before becoming the couple's personal secretary. A return of the Popular Union (UP) in 1965 and their victories in <a href="/wiki/1965_Argentine_legislative_election" title="1965 Argentine legislative election">congressional elections</a> that year helped lead to the overthrow of the moderate President <a href="/wiki/Arturo_Illia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arturo Illia">Arturo Illia</a>, and to the return of <a href="/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3n_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolución Argentina">dictatorship</a>.<a href="#cite_note-rock-29">[29]</a> Perón became increasingly unable to control the CGT, itself. Though he had the support of its Secretary General, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Alonso_(trade_unionist)" title="José Alonso (trade unionist)">José Alonso</a>, others in the union favored distancing the CGT from the exiled leader. Chief among them was Steel and Metalworkers Union head <a href="/wiki/Augusto_Vandor" title="Augusto Vandor">Augusto Vandor</a>. Vandor challenged Perón from 1965 to 1968 by defying Perón's call for an electoral boycott (leading the UP to victories in the 1965 elections), and with mottos such as "Peronism without Perón" and "to save Perón, one has to be against Perón." Dictator <a href="/wiki/Juan_Carlos_Ongan%C3%ADa" title="Juan Carlos Onganía">Juan Carlos Onganía</a>'s continued repression of labour demands, however, helped lead to Vandor's rapprochement with Perón – a development cut short by Vandor's as-yet unsolved 1969 murder. Labour agitation increased; the CGTA, in particular, organized opposition to the dictatorship between 1968 and 1972, and it would have an important role in the May–June 1969 <a href="/wiki/Cordobazo" title="Cordobazo">Cordobazo</a> insurrection.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-28">[28]</a> Perón began courting the far left during Onganía's dictatorship. In his book La Hora de los Pueblos (1968), Perón enunciated the main principles of his purported new <a href="/wiki/Tricontinental" title="Tricontinental">Tricontinental</a> political vision: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao</a> is at the head of Asia, <a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Nasser</a> of Africa, <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">De Gaulle</a> of the old Europe and <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Castro</a> of Latin America.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Juan Perón, La Hora de los Pueblos</cite></div></blockquote> He supported the more militant unions and maintained close links with the <a href="/wiki/Montoneros" title="Montoneros">Montoneros</a>, a far-left Catholic Peronist group. On 1 June 1970, the Montoneros kidnapped and assassinated former anti-Peronist President <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Eugenio_Aramburu" title="Pedro Eugenio Aramburu">Pedro Aramburu</a> in retaliation for the June 1956 mass execution of a Peronist uprising against the junta. In 1971, he sent two letters to the film director <a href="/wiki/Octavio_Getino" title="Octavio Getino">Octavio Getino</a>, one congratulating him for his work with <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Solanas" title="Fernando Solanas">Fernando Solanas</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerardo_Vallejo_(film-maker)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerardo Vallejo (film-maker) (page does not exist)">Gerardo Vallejo</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Grupo_Cine_Liberaci%C3%B3n" title="Grupo Cine Liberación">Grupo Cine Liberación</a>, and another concerning two <a href="/wiki/Film_documentary" class="mw-redirect" title="Film documentary">film documentaries</a>, La Revolución Justicialista and Actualización política y doctrinaria.<a href="#cite_note-Tercer-168">[168]</a> He also cultivated ties with ultraconservatives and the extreme right. He supported the leader of the conservative wing of the UCR, his erstwhile prisoner <a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Balb%C3%ADn" title="Ricardo Balbín">Ricardo Balbín</a>, against competition from within the UCR itself. Members of the right-wing <a href="/wiki/Tacuara_Nationalist_Movement" title="Tacuara Nationalist Movement">Tacuara Nationalist Movement</a>, considered the first Argentine guerrilla group, also turned towards him. Founded in the early 1960s, the Tacuaras were a fascist, anti-Semitic and conformist group founded on the model of <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Primo_de_Rivera" title="José Antonio Primo de Rivera">Primo de Rivera</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Falange_Espa%C3%B1ola" title="Falange Española">Falange</a>, and at first strongly opposed Peronism. However, they split after the 1959 <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban Revolution</a> into three groups: the one most opposed to the Peronist alliance, led by Catholic priest <a href="/wiki/Julio_Meinvielle" title="Julio Meinvielle">Julio Meinvielle</a>, retained the original hard-line stance; the New Argentina Movement (MNA), headed by <a href="/wiki/Dardo_Cabo" title="Dardo Cabo">Dardo Cabo</a>, was founded on 9 June 1961, to commemorate General Valle's Peronist uprising on the same date in 1956, and became the precursor to all modern Catholic nationalist groups in Argentina; and the Revolutionary Nationalist Tacuara Movement (MNRT), formed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joe_Baxter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joe Baxter (page does not exist)">Joe Baxter</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Luis_Nell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José Luis Nell (page does not exist)">José Luis Nell</a>, who joined Peronism believing in its capacity for revolution, and without forsaking nationalism, broke from the Church and abandoned anti-Semitism. Baxter's MNRT became progressively Marxist, and many of the <a href="/wiki/Montoneros" title="Montoneros">Montoneros</a> and of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Revolutionary_Army_(Argentina)" title="People's Revolutionary Army (Argentina)">ERP</a>'s leaders came from this group.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-28">[28]</a> Following Onganía's replacement in June 1970, General <a href="/wiki/Roberto_M._Levingston" class="mw-redirect" title="Roberto M. Levingston">Roberto M. Levingston</a> proposed the replacement of Argentina's myriad political parties with "four or five" (vetted by the Revolución Argentina regime). This attempt to govern indefinitely against the will of the different political parties united Peronists and their opposition in a joint declaration of 11 November 1970, billed as la Hora del Pueblo (The Hour of the People), which called for free and immediate democratic elections to put an end to the political crisis. The declaration was signed by the <a href="/wiki/Radical_Civic_Union" title="Radical Civic Union">Radical Civic Union</a> (UCRP), the <a href="/wiki/Justicialist_Party" title="Justicialist Party">Justicialist Party</a> (Peronist Party), the <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Socialist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Argentine Socialist Party">Argentine Socialist Party</a> (PSA), the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Progressive_Party_(Argentina)" title="Democratic Progressive Party (Argentina)">Democratic Progressive Party</a> (PCP) and the <a href="/wiki/Leopoldo_Bravo" title="Leopoldo Bravo">Partido Bloquista</a> (PB).<a href="#cite_note-rock-29">[29]</a> The opposition's call for elections led to Levingston's replacement by General <a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Lanusse" class="mw-redirect" title="Alejandro Lanusse">Alejandro Lanusse</a>, in March 1971. Faced with strong opposition and social conflicts, General Lanusse declared his intention to restore constitutional democracy by 1973, though without Peronist participation. Lanusse proposed the Gran Acuerdo Nacional (Great National Agreement) in July 1971, which was to find an honorable exit for the military junta without allowing Peronism to participate in the election. The proposal was rejected by Perón, who formed the FRECILINA alliance (Frente Cívico de Liberación Nacional, Civic Front of National Liberation), headed by his new delegate <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9ctor_Jos%C3%A9_C%C3%A1mpora" title="Héctor José Cámpora">Héctor José Cámpora</a> (a member of the Peronist Left). The alliance gathered his <a href="/wiki/Justicialist_Party" title="Justicialist Party">Justicialist Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Integration_and_Development_Movement" title="Integration and Development Movement">Integration and Development Movement</a> (MID), headed by <a href="/wiki/Arturo_Frondizi" title="Arturo Frondizi">Arturo Frondizi</a>. FRECILINA pressed for free and unrestricted elections, which ultimately took place in March 1973. <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Portada_de_la_revista_Ahora,_tras_el_golpe_de_Estado_de_1955_de_Argentina.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The new leader, General Eduardo Lonardi, waves in a 1955 newsmagazine cover. His gradualist approach to "de-Perónization" led to his prompt ousting."><img alt="The new leader, General Eduardo Lonardi, waves in a 1955 newsmagazine cover. His gradualist approach to "de-Perónization" led to his prompt ousting." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Portada_de_la_revista_Ahora%2C_tras_el_golpe_de_Estado_de_1955_de_Argentina.jpg/146px-Portada_de_la_revista_Ahora%2C_tras_el_golpe_de_Estado_de_1955_de_Argentina.jpg" decoding="async" width="146" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Portada_de_la_revista_Ahora%2C_tras_el_golpe_de_Estado_de_1955_de_Argentina.jpg/219px-Portada_de_la_revista_Ahora%2C_tras_el_golpe_de_Estado_de_1955_de_Argentina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Portada_de_la_revista_Ahora%2C_tras_el_golpe_de_Estado_de_1955_de_Argentina.jpg/291px-Portada_de_la_revista_Ahora%2C_tras_el_golpe_de_Estado_de_1955_de_Argentina.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="823" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The new leader, General <a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Lonardi" title="Eduardo Lonardi">Eduardo Lonardi</a>, waves in a 1955 newsmagazine cover. His gradualist approach to "de-Perónization" led to his prompt ousting.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Primera_reuni%C3%B3n_Junta_Consultiva_Revoluci%C3%B3n_Libertadora.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="First meeting of the Junta's Civilian Advisory Board, 1955. Despite great pressure to the contrary, the board recommended that most of Perón's social reforms be kept in place."><img alt="First meeting of the Junta's Civilian Advisory Board, 1955. Despite great pressure to the contrary, the board recommended that most of Perón's social reforms be kept in place." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Primera_reuni%C3%B3n_Junta_Consultiva_Revoluci%C3%B3n_Libertadora.jpg/200px-Primera_reuni%C3%B3n_Junta_Consultiva_Revoluci%C3%B3n_Libertadora.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Primera_reuni%C3%B3n_Junta_Consultiva_Revoluci%C3%B3n_Libertadora.jpg/300px-Primera_reuni%C3%B3n_Junta_Consultiva_Revoluci%C3%B3n_Libertadora.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Primera_reuni%C3%B3n_Junta_Consultiva_Revoluci%C3%B3n_Libertadora.jpg/400px-Primera_reuni%C3%B3n_Junta_Consultiva_Revoluci%C3%B3n_Libertadora.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1896" data-file-height="1300" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">First meeting of the Junta's Civilian Advisory Board, 1955. Despite great pressure to the contrary, the board recommended that most of Perón's social reforms be kept in place.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Rosariazo_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Student unrest in Rosario, 1969 (the Rosariazo). Unable to return on his volition, Perón began rallying besieged leftist students (the very people he had repressed in office)."><img alt="Student unrest in Rosario, 1969 (the Rosariazo). Unable to return on his volition, Perón began rallying besieged leftist students (the very people he had repressed in office)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Rosariazo_3.jpg/200px-Rosariazo_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Rosariazo_3.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="184" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Student unrest in <a href="/wiki/Rosario,_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosario, Argentina">Rosario</a>, 1969 (the <a href="/wiki/Rosariazo" title="Rosariazo">Rosariazo</a>). Unable to return on his volition, Perón began rallying besieged leftist students (the very people he had repressed in office).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Hora_del_Pueblo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="UCR leader Ricardo Balbín, Conservative Horacio Thedy and Perón's delegate, Daniel Paladino (middle three) find rare common cause after General Levingston's 1970 power grab. Their joint Hour of the People statement helped lead to elections in 1973 (and to Perón's return)."><img alt="UCR leader Ricardo Balbín, Conservative Horacio Thedy and Perón's delegate, Daniel Paladino (middle three) find rare common cause after General Levingston's 1970 power grab. Their joint Hour of the People statement helped lead to elections in 1973 (and to Perón's return)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/La_Hora_del_Pueblo.jpg/200px-La_Hora_del_Pueblo.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/La_Hora_del_Pueblo.jpg/300px-La_Hora_del_Pueblo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/La_Hora_del_Pueblo.jpg/400px-La_Hora_del_Pueblo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1216" data-file-height="764" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">UCR leader Ricardo Balbín, Conservative Horacio Thedy and Perón's delegate, Daniel Paladino (middle three) find rare common cause after General Levingston's 1970 power grab. Their joint Hour of the People statement helped lead to elections in 1973 (and to Perón's return).</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationship_with_Che_Guevara">Relationship with Che Guevara</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Juan_Per%C3%B3n&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Relationship with Che Guevara">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Che Guevara</a> and Perón were sympathetic to each other. Pacho O'Donnell states that <a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Che Guevara</a>, as Cuban minister, attempted to arrange for the return of Perón to Argentina in the 1960s and sent financial support for that end. However, Perón disapproved of Guevara's advocacy of <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla warfare</a> as antiquated.<a href="#cite_note-ODonnell-169">[169]</a> In Madrid, Perón and Guevara met twice.<a href="#cite_note-Encuentro-170">[170]</a> These meetings, as the meetings Perón held with other leftists in Madrid (such as <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Allende" title="Salvador Allende">Salvador Allende</a>), were arranged with great secrecy to avoid complaints or expulsion from <a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Francoist Spain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Encuentro-170">[170]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Enrique_Pav%C3%B3n_Pereyra" title="Enrique Pavón Pereyra">Enrique Pavón Pereyra</a>, who was present at the second meeting between Guevara and Perón in <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, Perón would have discouraged and warned Guevara of his <a href="/wiki/%C3%91ancahuaz%C3%BA_Guerrilla" title="Ñancahuazú Guerrilla">guerrilla plans in Bolivia</a>: "you will not survive in Bolivia. Suspend that plan. Search for alternatives. [...] Do not commit suicide."<a href="#cite_note-ODonnell-169">[169]</a> Enrique Pavón Pereyra was only present for the first part of the meeting; he then served <a href="/wiki/Mate_(beverage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mate (beverage)">mate</a> so that Perón and Guevara could drink together and left the meeting room to provide them with some privacy. Pavón Pereyra speculated about the conversation that followed in his absence: according to him, Perón would likely have explained to Guevara that he could not compromise support for his planned operations, but that "when" Guevara "moved activities" to Argentina he would provide Peronist support.<a href="#cite_note-Encuentro-170">[170]</a> After the encounter, Perón commented to a friend in a letter about meeting Guevara, calling him "an immature utopian – but one of us – I am happy for it to be so because he is giving the yankees a real headache."<a href="#cite_note-ODonnell-169">[169]</a> Under the influence of <a href="/wiki/John_William_Cooke" title="John William Cooke">John William Cooke</a> who combined Marxism with Peronism, Perón praised the Cuban Revolution and discussed the parallels it had with his own 'revolution', and would increasingly adapt the Cuban rhetoric in the 1960s. After vising Perón in Madrid, Che Guevara argued that Peronism is "a kind of indigenous Latin American socialism with which the Cuban Revolution could side". Perón maintained a close relationship with Guevara and paid homage to him upon his death in 1967, calling him "one of ours, perhaps the best" and remarking that Peronism "as a national, popular and revolutionary movement, pays homage to the idealist, the revolutionary, Comandante Ernesto Che Guevara, Argentine guerrilla dead in action taking up arms to seek the triumph of national revolutions in Latin America."<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Third_term_(1973–1974)">Third term (1973–1974)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Juan_Per%C3%B3n&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Third term (1973–1974)">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/March_1973_Argentine_general_election" title="March 1973 Argentine general election">General elections</a> were held on 11 March 1973. Perón was banned from running, but a stand-in, Dr. <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9ctor_C%C3%A1mpora" class="mw-redirect" title="Héctor Cámpora">Héctor Cámpora</a>, a left-wing Peronist and his personal representative, won the election and took office on 25 May. On 20 June 1973, Perón returned from Spain to end his 18-year exile. According to <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1gina_12" title="Página 12">Página 12</a> newspaper, <a href="/wiki/Licio_Gelli" title="Licio Gelli">Licio Gelli</a>, master of <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_Due" title="Propaganda Due">Propaganda Due</a>, had provided an <a href="/wiki/Alitalia" title="Alitalia">Alitalia</a> plane to return Perón to his native country.<a href="#cite_note-P12-172">[172]</a> Gelli was part of a committee supporting Perón, along with <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Sa%C3%BAl_Menem" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlos Saúl Menem">Carlos Saúl Menem</a> (future President of Argentina, 1989–1999).<a href="#cite_note-P12-172">[172]</a> The former Italian Premier <a href="/wiki/Giulio_Andreotti" title="Giulio Andreotti">Giulio Andreotti</a> recalled an encounter between Perón, his wife, Isabel, and Gelli, saying that Perón knelt before Licio Gelli to salute him.<a href="#cite_note-P12-172">[172]</a> On the day of Perón's return, a crowd of left-wing Peronists (estimated at 3.5 million according to police) gathered at the <a href="/wiki/Ezeiza_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Ezeiza Airport">Ezeiza Airport</a> in Buenos Aires to welcome him. Perón was accompanied by Cámpora, whose first measures were to grant <a href="/wiki/Amnesty" title="Amnesty">amnesty</a> to all <a href="/wiki/Political_prisoner" title="Political prisoner">political prisoners</a> and re-establish relations with Cuba, helping Fidel Castro break the <a href="/wiki/United_States_embargo_against_Cuba" title="United States embargo against Cuba">United States embargo against Cuba</a>. This, along with his social policies, had earned him the opposition of right-wing Peronists, including the trade-unionist bureaucracy. Camouflaged snipers opened fire on the crowd at the airport. The left-wing Peronist Youth Organization and the <a href="/wiki/Montoneros" title="Montoneros">Montoneros</a> had been trapped. At least 13 people were killed and 365 injured in this episode, which became known as the <a href="/wiki/1973_Ezeiza_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="1973 Ezeiza massacre">Ezeiza massacre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> Cámpora and Vice President <a href="/wiki/Vicente_Solano_Lima" title="Vicente Solano Lima">Vicente Solano Lima</a> resigned in July 1973, paving the way for <a href="/wiki/September_1973_Argentine_general_election" class="mw-redirect" title="September 1973 Argentine general election">new elections</a>, this time with Perón's participation as the <a href="/wiki/Justicialist_Party" title="Justicialist Party">Justicialist Party</a> nominee. Argentina faced mounting political instability, and Perón was viewed by many as the country's only hope for prosperity and safety. UCR leader <a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Balb%C3%ADn" title="Ricardo Balbín">Ricardo Balbín</a> and Perón contemplated a Peronist-Radical joint government, but opposition in both parties made this impossible. Besides opposition among Peronists, Ricardo Balbín had to consider opposition within the UCR itself, led by <a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Alfons%C3%ADn" title="Raúl Alfonsín">Raúl Alfonsín</a>, a leader among the UCR's center-left. Perón received 62% of the vote, returning him to the presidency. He began his third term on 12 October 1973, with Isabel, his wife, as vice president. On Perón's advice, Cámpora had appointed <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ber_Gelbard" title="José Ber Gelbard">José Ber Gelbard</a> as policy adviser to the critical Economy Ministry. Inheriting an economy that had doubled in output since 1955 with little indebtedness and only modest new foreign investment, inflation had become a fixture in daily life and was worsening: consumer prices rose by 80% in the year to May 1973 (triple the long-term average, up to then). Making this a policy priority, Ber Gelbard crafted a "social pact" in hopes of finding a happy median between the needs of management and labour. Providing a framework for negotiating price controls, guidelines for <a href="/wiki/Collective_bargaining" title="Collective bargaining">collective bargaining</a> and a package of subsidies and credits, the pact was promptly signed by the CGT (then the largest labour union in South America) and management (represented by Julio Broner and the CGE). The measure was largely successful, initially: inflation slowed to 12% and real wages rose by over 20% during the first year. GDP growth accelerated from 3% in 1972 to over 6% in 1974. The plan also envisaged the paydown of Argentina's growing public external debt, then around US$8 billion, within four years. The improving economic situation encouraged Perón to pursue interventionist social and economic policies similar to those he had carried out in the Forties: nationalizing banks and various industries, subsidizing native businesses and consumers, regulating and taxing the agricultural sector, reviving the IAPI, placing restrictions on foreign investment,<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-23">[23]</a> and funding a number of social welfare programs.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> In addition, new rights for workers were introduced.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> James P. Brennan and Marcelo Rougier note that during Perón's third presidency, "virtually no aspect of the national economy was left out — industry, technology and science, tax policy — all were included, and the reforms were significant". Perón passed laws that suspended all eviction proceedings, facilitated credit to evicted workers and farmers, encouraged establishment of worker cooperatives, prohibited foreign investment unless technological improvement acoompanied it, nationalized foreign markets in Argentina, established state supervision of the marketing of food products and raw resources, and taxed unproductive and underused land.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> Perón also nationalized the banking system, which had been the core demand of Gelbard.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> The <a href="/wiki/1973_oil_shock" class="mw-redirect" title="1973 oil shock">1973 oil shock</a>, however, forced Ber Gelbard to rethink the <a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Argentina" title="Central Bank of Argentina">Central Bank</a>'s projected reserves and, accordingly, undid planned reductions in stubborn <a href="/wiki/Budget_deficit" class="mw-redirect" title="Budget deficit">budget deficits</a>, then around US$2 billion a year (4% of GDP). Increasingly frequent <a href="/wiki/Collective_bargaining" title="Collective bargaining">collective bargaining</a> agreements in excess of Social Pact wage guidelines and a resurgence in inflation led to growing strain on the viability of the plan by mid-1974, however.<a href="#cite_note-rock-29">[29]</a> Nevertheless, Perón's Social Pact resulted in a general wage increase of 20%, followed by wage and price freeze that was to remain until June 1975. Conversely, Argentine private business recorded a 16% drop in profits on average. By the end of 1973, Argentina had a record surplus in foreign trade, which enhanced the redistributive policies of Perón. Inflation fell abruptly despite wage increases. However, the rise of fuel prices resulted in a renegotiation of the Social Pact in February 1974. Perón intervened in favor of trade unions - the new Social Pact for 1974 had Perón announce an increase of 13% in nominal wages, restoring purchasing power that workers lost in 1973, and increasing the workers' share of national income. This satistifed the Peronist trade unions - workers' incomes recovered by 5% on average, while Argentine corporations faced another drop in profits.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> The Peronist economic plan also carried out ambitious reforms for regional development, with the goal of decentralizing industrial activities by promting underdeveloped and frontier areas and curtailing the already developed ones. Perón banned the establishment of new enterprises in the federal capital of Argentina, Buenos Aires. At the same time, underdeveloped areas were designated as “promotion zones”. The poor northwest provinces of <a href="/wiki/San_Luis_Province" title="San Luis Province">San Luis</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Rioja_Province,_Argentina" title="La Rioja Province, Argentina">La Rioja</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catamarca_Province" title="Catamarca Province">Catamarca</a> were given additional developmental measures.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> Brennan and Rougier remarked that compared to his first and second term, in the 1970s Perón adopted a "more populist agenda, one that this time had a faintly Marxist tinge to it."<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> The government’s stated objective of the Social Pact was to reduce the role of business in national income.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> While labelled “class collaboration”, Perón's economic policy strongly favoured trade unions and greatly disadvantaged business. Reporting on the power that Perón's Social Pact gave to trade unions, an association of metalworking industry businesses in <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba_Province,_Argentina" title="Córdoba Province, Argentina">Córdoba</a>, the Cámara de Industriales Metalúrgicos de Córdoba, wrote: "Unions’ tactics have changed. There are no general strikes but rather demands for higher wages, disregarding all legal procedures, are made factory by factory. The methods adopted are personal intimidation and reducing the already low levels of productivity."<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> However, Perón's third term was also marked by an escalating conflict between the Peronist left- and right-wing factions. This turmoil was fueled primarily by calls for repression against the left on the part of leading CGT figures, a growing segment of the armed forces (particularly the <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Navy" title="Argentine Navy">navy</a>) and right-wing radicals within his own party, notably Perón's most fascist adviser, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_L%C3%B3pez_Rega" title="José López Rega">José López Rega</a>. López Rega, appointed Minister of Social Welfare, was in practice given power far beyond his purview, soon controlling up to 30 percent of the federal budget.<a href="#cite_note-rock-29">[29]</a> Diverting increasing funds, he formed the <a href="/wiki/Anticommunist_Argentine_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Anticommunist Argentine Alliance">Triple A</a>, a death squad that soon began targeting not only the violent left; but moderate opposition, as well.<a href="#cite_note-lewisgue-166">[166]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Montoneros" title="Montoneros">Montoneros</a> became marginalized in the Peronist movement as they took an increasingly hostile attitude towards the Peronist bureaucratic trade unions, which formed the dominating faction. Explaining the conflict, historians <a href="/wiki/Ronaldo_Munck" title="Ronaldo Munck">Ronaldo Munck</a> or <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo_Falc%C3%B3n_(historiador)" class="extiw" title="es:Ricardo Falcón (historiador)">Ricardo Falcón</a> noted: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">The radical Montoneros organisation provided little political leadership against the new rise of the trade union bureaucracy. In fact, left-wing Peronism had always maintained a somewhat moralistic view of the labour bureaucracy. Emphasis was placed on the leaders' individual corruption and their treacherous role, to the detriment of an understanding of their structural and political role in the labour movement. According to the militaristic logic of the Montoneros the answer to these traitors was 'execution'. Vandor had been killed in 1969, his rival José Alonso in 1970, now in 1973 it was the turn of CGT leader José Rucci, and a year later building workers' union leader Rogelio Coria.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a></blockquote> The rift between Perón and the far left became irreconcilable following 25 September 1973, murder of <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ignacio_Rucci" title="José Ignacio Rucci">José Ignacio Rucci</a>, the moderately conservative Secretary General of CGT.<a href="#cite_note-lewisgue-166">[166]</a> Rucci was killed in a commando ambush in front of his residence. His murder was long attributed to the Montoneros (whose record of violence was well-established by then), but it is arguably Argentina's most prominent unsolved mystery.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> Perón was heartbroken by the assassination of trade union leader <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ignacio_Rucci" title="José Ignacio Rucci">José Ignacio Rucci</a>, for which the Montoneros claimed responsibility.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> Rucci's assassination marked the first time Perón cried in public. Perón went into state of depression, and declared at his death: "They killed my son. They cut off my legs".<a href="#cite_note-Soles-186">[186]</a> The death of Rucci made Perón cold towards Montoneros, culminating in Perón demanding their expulsion from the Justicalist Movement on May Day 1974, which insulted the Peronist Left. However, Perón did not desire to abandon the Montoneros, and he sought to restore his trust in his last speech from June 1974, where he denounced "the oligarchy and the pressures exerted by imperialism upon his government", suggesting that he was being manipulated by the Peronist right wing.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> Another guerrilla group, the Guevarist <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Revolutionary_Army_(Argentina)" title="People's Revolutionary Army (Argentina)">ERP</a>, also opposed the Peronist right-wing. They started engaging in <a href="/wiki/Armed_struggle" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed struggle">armed struggle</a>, assaulting an important Army barracks in <a href="/wiki/Azul,_Buenos_Aires_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Azul, Buenos Aires Province">Azul, Buenos Aires Province</a> on 19 January, and creating a <a href="/wiki/Foco" title="Foco">foco</a> (insurrection) in <a href="/wiki/Tucum%C3%A1n_Province" title="Tucumán Province">Tucumán</a>, a historically underdeveloped province in Argentina's largely rural <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Northwest" title="Argentine Northwest">northwest</a>.<a href="#cite_note-lewisgue-166">[166]</a> In May 1973 the ERP claimed to have extorted $1 million in goods from the Ford Motor Company, after murdering one executive and wounding another.<a href="#cite_note-terrorbook-188">[188]</a> Five months after the payment, the guerrillas killed another Ford executive and his three bodyguards. Only after Ford threatened to close down their operation in Argentina altogether, did Perón agree to have his army protect the plant.<a href="#cite_note-terrorbook-188">[188]</a> Perón's failing health complicated matters. He developed an <a href="/wiki/Enlarged_prostate" class="mw-redirect" title="Enlarged prostate">enlarged prostate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heart_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart disease">heart disease</a>, and by at least one account, he may have been senile by the time he was sworn in for his third term. His wife frequently had to take over as Acting President over the course of the next year.<a href="#cite_note-Buckman-189">[189]</a> Perón maintained a full schedule of policy meetings with both government officials and chief base of support, the CGT. He also presided over the inaugural of the <a href="/wiki/Atucha_I_Nuclear_Power_Plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Atucha I Nuclear Power Plant">Atucha I Nuclear Power Plant</a> (Latin America's first) in April; the reactor, begun while he was in exile, was the fruition of work started in the 1950s by the <a href="/wiki/CNEA" class="mw-redirect" title="CNEA">National Atomic Energy Commission</a>, his landmark bureau. His diminishing support from the far left (which believed Perón had come under the control of the right-wing entorno (entourage) led by López Rega, UOM head <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Miguel" title="Lorenzo Miguel">Lorenzo Miguel</a>, and Perón's own wife) turned to open enmity following rallies on the <a href="/wiki/Plaza_de_Mayo" title="Plaza de Mayo">Plaza de Mayo</a> on 1 May and 12 June in which the president condemned their demands and increasingly violent activities.<a href="#cite_note-page-12">[12]</a> Perón was reunited with another friend from the 1950s – Paraguayan dictator <a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Stroessner" title="Alfredo Stroessner">Alfredo Stroessner</a> – on 16 June to sign the bilateral treaty that broke ground on <a href="/wiki/Yacyret%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Yacyretá">Yacyretá</a> Hydroelectric Dam (the world's second-largest). Perón returned to Buenos Aires with clear signs of <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a> and, on 28 June, he had a series of <a href="/wiki/Myocardial_infarction" title="Myocardial infarction">heart attacks</a>. Isabel was on a trade mission to Europe, but returned urgently and was secretly sworn in on an interim basis on 29 June. Following a promising day at the official presidential residence of <a href="/wiki/Quinta_de_Olivos" title="Quinta de Olivos">Quinta de Olivos</a> in the Buenos Aires suburb of <a href="/wiki/Olivos,_Buenos_Aires_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Olivos, Buenos Aires Province">Olivos</a>, Juan Perón had a final attack on Monday, 1 July 1974 and died at 13:15. He was 78 years old.<a href="#cite_note-page-12">[12]</a> Perón's corpse was first transported by hearse to <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires_Metropolitan_Cathedral" title="Buenos Aires Metropolitan Cathedral">Buenos Aires Metropolitan Cathedral</a> for a funeral mass the next day. Afterwards the body, dressed in full military uniform, was taken to the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_the_Argentine_National_Congress" title="Palace of the Argentine National Congress">Palace of the National Congress</a>, where it lay in state over the next 46 hours, during which more than 130,000 people filed past the coffin. Finally, at 09:30 on a rainy Thursday, 4 July the funeral procession commenced. Perón's Argentine flag-covered casket was placed on a <a href="/wiki/Limbers_and_caissons" title="Limbers and caissons">limber</a> towed by a small army truck (escorted by cavalry and a large motorcade of motorcycles and a few armored vehicles) through the capital's streets back to Olivos.<a href="#cite_note-itnsource.com-190">[190]</a> At least one million people turned out for Perón's funeral, some of whom threw flowers at the casket and chanted, "¡Perón! ¡Perón! ¡Perón!" as it passed by. Along the 16-kilometer (10-mile) route from the Palace to Olivos, hundreds of armed soldiers lining it were assigned to restrain the crowd. As many as 2,000 foreign journalists covered the ceremony. The funeral cortege reached its final destination two and a half hours later. There, the coffin was greeted by a <a href="/wiki/21-gun_salute" title="21-gun salute">21-gun salute</a>. Many international heads of state offered condolences to Argentina following the demise of President Perón.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> Three days of official mourning were declared thereafter.<a href="#cite_note-itnsource.com-190">[190]</a> Perón had recommended that his wife, Isabel, rely on Balbín for support, and at the president's burial Balbín uttered an historic phrase: "The old adversary bids farewell to a friend."<a href="#cite_note-page-12">[12]</a> <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a> declared eight days of mourning, <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a> declared seven days of mourning, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> declared three days of mourning.<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> <a href="/wiki/Isabel_Per%C3%B3n" title="Isabel Perón">Isabel Perón</a> succeeded her husband to the presidency, but proved incapable of managing the country's political and economic problems, including the left-wing insurgency and the reactions of the extreme right.<a href="#cite_note-Buckman-189">[189]</a> Ignoring her late husband's advice, Isabel gave Balbín no role in her new government, instead granting broad powers to López Rega, who started a "<a href="/wiki/Dirty_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Dirty war">dirty war</a>" against political opponents. Isabel Perón's term ended abruptly on 24 March 1976 after a <a href="/wiki/March_1976_coup" class="mw-redirect" title="March 1976 coup">military coup d'état</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Military_junta" title="Military junta">military junta</a>, headed by General <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Videla" class="mw-redirect" title="Jorge Videla">Jorge Videla</a>, took control of the country, establishing the self-styled <a href="/wiki/National_Reorganization_Process" title="National Reorganization Process">National Reorganization Process</a>. The junta ramped up the "dirty war", combining widespread persecution of political dissidents with <a href="/wiki/State_terrorism" title="State terrorism">state terrorism</a>. The death toll rose to thousands (at least 9,000, with human rights organizations claiming it was closer to 30,000). Many of these were "the <a href="/wiki/Forced_disappearance" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced disappearance">disappeared</a>" (desaparecidos), people kidnapped and executed without trial or record. <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Per%C3%B3n_y_Balb%C3%ADn_-_Buenos_Aires_-_1972.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Perón hosts the head of the opposition UCR, Ricardo Balbín, at his home in preparations for the 1973 campaign."><img alt="Perón hosts the head of the opposition UCR, Ricardo Balbín, at his home in preparations for the 1973 campaign." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Per%C3%B3n_y_Balb%C3%ADn_-_Buenos_Aires_-_1972.jpg/143px-Per%C3%B3n_y_Balb%C3%ADn_-_Buenos_Aires_-_1972.jpg" decoding="async" width="143" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Per%C3%B3n_y_Balb%C3%ADn_-_Buenos_Aires_-_1972.jpg/214px-Per%C3%B3n_y_Balb%C3%ADn_-_Buenos_Aires_-_1972.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Per%C3%B3n_y_Balb%C3%ADn_-_Buenos_Aires_-_1972.jpg 2x" data-file-width="225" data-file-height="315" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Perón hosts the head of the opposition <a href="/wiki/Radical_Civic_Union" title="Radical Civic Union">UCR</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Balb%C3%ADn" title="Ricardo Balbín">Ricardo Balbín</a>, at his home in preparations for the 1973 campaign.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:PeronLopezRega.png" class="mw-file-description" title="José López Rega, Perón's personal secretary, proved a detrimental influence over the aging leader, leveraging this for corruption and revenge."><img alt="José López Rega, Perón's personal secretary, proved a detrimental influence over the aging leader, leveraging this for corruption and revenge." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/PeronLopezRega.png/169px-PeronLopezRega.png" decoding="async" width="169" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/PeronLopezRega.png/253px-PeronLopezRega.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/PeronLopezRega.png/337px-PeronLopezRega.png 2x" data-file-width="653" data-file-height="774" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">José López Rega, Perón's personal secretary, proved a detrimental influence over the aging leader, leveraging this for corruption and revenge.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Palco_de_Per%C3%B3n_(a_color!).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Perón greets supporters during a 12 June 1974 rally, his last."><img alt="Perón greets supporters during a 12 June 1974 rally, his last." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Palco_de_Per%C3%B3n_%28a_color%21%29.jpg/194px-Palco_de_Per%C3%B3n_%28a_color%21%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="194" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Palco_de_Per%C3%B3n_%28a_color%21%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="225" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Perón greets supporters during a 12 June 1974 rally, his last.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Ceau%C8%99escus_and_the_Per%C3%B3ns_in_Olivos.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Juan and Isabel Perón with Nicolae and Elena Ceaușescu during their state visit to Argentina on 6 March 1974."><img alt="Juan and Isabel Perón with Nicolae and Elena Ceaușescu during their state visit to Argentina on 6 March 1974." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/The_Ceau%C8%99escus_and_the_Per%C3%B3ns_in_Olivos.jpg/200px-The_Ceau%C8%99escus_and_the_Per%C3%B3ns_in_Olivos.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/The_Ceau%C8%99escus_and_the_Per%C3%B3ns_in_Olivos.jpg/300px-The_Ceau%C8%99escus_and_the_Per%C3%B3ns_in_Olivos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/The_Ceau%C8%99escus_and_the_Per%C3%B3ns_in_Olivos.jpg/400px-The_Ceau%C8%99escus_and_the_Per%C3%B3ns_in_Olivos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1319" data-file-height="893" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Juan and Isabel Perón with <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu">Nicolae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elena_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Elena Ceaușescu">Elena Ceaușescu</a> during their state visit to Argentina on 6 March 1974.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Per%C3%B3n_Funeral.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Perón's funeral cortège along the Avenida de Mayo."><img alt="Perón's funeral cortège along the Avenida de Mayo." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Per%C3%B3n_Funeral.jpg/173px-Per%C3%B3n_Funeral.jpg" decoding="async" width="173" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Per%C3%B3n_Funeral.jpg/259px-Per%C3%B3n_Funeral.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Per%C3%B3n_Funeral.jpg/345px-Per%C3%B3n_Funeral.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1313" data-file-height="1521" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Perón's funeral cortège along the <a href="/wiki/Avenida_de_Mayo" title="Avenida de Mayo">Avenida de Mayo</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Campora_votando_(1973).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Perón's stand-in, Héctor Cámpora, votes in the 1973 elections. Perón nominated Cámpora to placate the Left, but their support for Perón waned after the leader made them guilty by association for the growing wave of violence."><img alt="Perón's stand-in, Héctor Cámpora, votes in the 1973 elections. Perón nominated Cámpora to placate the Left, but their support for Perón waned after the leader made them guilty by association for the growing wave of violence." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Campora_votando_%281973%29.jpg/190px-Campora_votando_%281973%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Campora_votando_%281973%29.jpg/285px-Campora_votando_%281973%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Campora_votando_%281973%29.jpg/380px-Campora_votando_%281973%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="761" data-file-height="801" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Perón's stand-in, Héctor Cámpora, votes in the 1973 elections. Perón nominated Cámpora to placate the Left, but their support for Perón waned after the leader made them guilty by association for the growing wave of violence.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationship_with_Allende_and_Pinochet">Relationship with Allende and Pinochet</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Juan_Per%C3%B3n&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Relationship with Allende and Pinochet">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pinochet-Peron_1974.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Pinochet-Peron_1974.jpg/170px-Pinochet-Peron_1974.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Pinochet-Peron_1974.jpg/255px-Pinochet-Peron_1974.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Pinochet-Peron_1974.jpg/340px-Pinochet-Peron_1974.jpg 2x" data-file-width="586" data-file-height="553" /></a><figcaption>Perón greeting <a href="/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet" title="Augusto Pinochet">Augusto Pinochet</a> at <a href="/wiki/Mor%C3%B3n_Airport_and_Air_Base" title="Morón Airport and Air Base">Morón Airbase</a> on 14 May 1974.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Allende" title="Salvador Allende">Salvador Allende</a> had actively rejected Perón's attempts of establishing cooperation between Chile and Argentina during the 1940s and 1950s.<a href="#cite_note-Ortega2014-194">[194]</a> Allende received the election of <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9ctor_Jos%C3%A9_C%C3%A1mpora" title="Héctor José Cámpora">Héctor Cámpora</a>, who had previously lived in exile in Chile, as good news. Allende sent <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aniceto_Rodr%C3%ADguez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aniceto Rodríguez (page does not exist)">Aniceto Rodríguez</a> to Buenos Aires to work on an alliance between the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Chile" title="Socialist Party of Chile">Socialist Party of Chile</a> and the Justicialism. Later Allende attended the presidential inauguration of Campora. All of this was greeted favorably by Perón, who came to refer to Allende as "compañero". However, Perón also pointed to Allende as a cautionary example for the most radical of his followers. In September just a few days before the <a href="/wiki/1973_Chilean_coup_d%27etat" class="mw-redirect" title="1973 Chilean coup d'etat">1973 Chilean coup d'etat</a> he addressed <a href="/wiki/Tendencia_Revolucionaria" title="Tendencia Revolucionaria">Tendencia Revolucionaria</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">If you want to do as <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Allende" title="Salvador Allende">Allende</a>, then look how it goes for Allende. One has to be calm.<a href="#cite_note-Ortega2014-194">[194]</a><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Juan Perón</cite></div></blockquote> Perón condemned the coup as a "fatality for the continent" stating that the coup leader <a href="/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet" title="Augusto Pinochet">Augusto Pinochet</a> represented interests "well known" to him. He praised Allende for his "valiant attitude" of <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Salvador_Allende" title="Death of Salvador Allende">committing suicide</a>. He took note of the role of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_intervention_in_Chile" title="United States intervention in Chile">United States in instigating the coup</a> by recalling his familiarity with coup-making processes.<a href="#cite_note-Ortega2014-194">[194]</a> On 14 May 1974 Perón received <a href="/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet" title="Augusto Pinochet">Augusto Pinochet</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Mor%C3%B3n_Airport_and_Air_Base" title="Morón Airport and Air Base">Morón Airbase</a>. Pinochet was heading to meet <a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Stroessner" title="Alfredo Stroessner">Alfredo Stroessner</a> in Paraguay so the encounter at Argentina was technically a stopover. Pinochet and Perón are both reported to have felt uncomfortable during the meeting. Perón expressed his wishes to settle the <a href="/wiki/Beagle_conflict" title="Beagle conflict">Beagle conflict</a> and Pinochet his concerns about Chilean exiles in Argentina near the frontier with Chile. Perón would have conceded on moving these exiles from the frontiers to eastern Argentina, but he warned "Perón takes his time, but accomplishes" (Perón tarda, pero cumple). Perón justified his meeting with Pinochet stating that it was important to keep good relations with Chile under all circumstances and with whoever might be in government.<a href="#cite_note-Ortega2014-194">[194]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mausoleum_and_legacy">Mausoleum and legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Juan_Per%C3%B3n&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Mausoleum and legacy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hands_of_Per%C3%B3n" title="Hands of Perón">Hands of Perón</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Street_in_BA_31.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Street_in_BA_31.JPG/220px-Street_in_BA_31.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Street_in_BA_31.JPG/330px-Street_in_BA_31.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Street_in_BA_31.JPG/440px-Street_in_BA_31.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Perón Street in midtown Buenos Aires, one of numerous streets and avenues named in his honor when democracy returned to Argentina in 1983. It refers to him as General and not President.</figcaption></figure> Perón was buried in <a href="/wiki/La_Chacarita_Cemetery" title="La Chacarita Cemetery">La Chacarita Cemetery</a> in Buenos Aires. On 10 June 1987, his tomb was desecrated, and his hands and some personal effects, including his sword, were stolen.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] Perón's hands were cut off with a chainsaw. A ransom letter asking for US$8 million was sent to some Peronist members of Congress. This profanation was a ritualistic act to condemn Perón's spirit to eternal unrest, according to journalists David Cox and Damian Nabot in their book Second Death, who connected it to <a href="/wiki/Licio_Gelli" title="Licio Gelli">Licio Gelli</a> and military officers involved during Argentina's Dirty War.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> The bizarre incident remains unresolved.<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> On 17 October 2006, his body was moved to a <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum" title="Mausoleum">mausoleum</a> at his former summer residence, rebuilt as a museum, in the Buenos Aires suburb of <a href="/wiki/San_Vicente,_Buenos_Aires" title="San Vicente, Buenos Aires">San Vicente</a>. A few people were injured in incidents as Peronist trade unions fought over access to the ceremony, although police were able to contain the violence enough for the procession to complete its route to the mausoleum. The relocation of Perón's body offered his self-proclaimed illegitimate daughter, Martha Holgado, the opportunity to obtain a DNA sample from his corpse. She had attempted to have this DNA analysis performed for 15 years, and the test in November 2006 ultimately proved she was not his daughter.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> Holgado died of liver cancer on 7 June 2007. Before her death, she vowed to continue the legal battle to prove she was Perón's biological child. Argentina joined the <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a> under Perón in 1973 and remained a member until the term of <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Menem" title="Carlos Menem">Carlos Menem</a> in 1991.<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Juan_Per%C3%B3n&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peronism" title="Peronism">Peronism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Argentina_(1946-1955)" title="History of Argentina (1946-1955)">History of Argentina (1946-1955)</a></li> <li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/32px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/48px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/64px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Argentina" title="Portal:Argentina">Argentina portal</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Juan_Per%C3%B3n&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-allison-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-allison_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-allison_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAllison2004" class="citation journal cs1">Allison, Victoria (2004). "White Evil: Peronist Argentina in the US Popular Imagination Since 1955". American Studies International. 42 (1). Mid-America American Studies Association: 7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Studies+International&rft.atitle=White+Evil%3A+Peronist+Argentina+in+the+US+Popular+Imagination+Since+1955&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=7&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Allison&rft.aufirst=Victoria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuan+Per%C3%B3n" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ferreyra-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ferreyra_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ferreyra_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFerreyra2022" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ferreyra, Silvana (2022). ""Perón Pedófilo": usos políticos del pasado en Twitter". Escuela de Historia (in Spanish). 37 (1). Facultad de Humanidades y Artes (Universidad Nacional de Rosario): 9–10. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1853-8835">1853-8835</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Escuela+de+Historia&rft.atitle=%22Per%C3%B3n+Ped%C3%B3filo%22%3A+usos+pol%C3%ADticos+del+pasado+en+Twitter&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E9-%3C%2Fspan%3E10&rft.date=2022&rft.issn=1853-8835&rft.aulast=Ferreyra&rft.aufirst=Silvana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuan+Per%C3%B3n" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="Reference-AHD-Perón" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Per%C3%B3n">"Perón"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language" title="The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language">The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language</a> (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved 19 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Per%C3%B3n&rft.btitle=The+American+Heritage+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahdictionary.com%2Fword%2Fsearch.html%3Fq%3DPer%25C3%25B3n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuan+Per%C3%B3n" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/Perón,_Juan_Domingo">"Perón, Juan Domingo"</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] (US) and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308151832/https://www.lexico.com/search?filter=en_dictionary&query=per%C3%B3n%2C%2Bjuan%2Bdomingo">"Perón, Juan Domingo"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lexico" title="Lexico">Lexico</a> UK English Dictionary. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lexico.com/definition/Per%C3%B3n,+Juan+Domingo">the original</a> on 8 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Per%C3%B3n%2C+Juan+Domingo&rft.btitle=Lexico+UK+English+Dictionary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fdefinition%2FPer%25C3%25B3n%2C%2BJuan%2BDomingo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuan+Per%C3%B3n" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Per%C3%B3n">"Perón"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a>. Merriam-Webster. 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Psychology Press. p. 282. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415118859" title="Special:BookSources/9780415118859"><bdi>9780415118859</bdi></a>. Retrieved 12 March 2023. <q>Subsequently [Peron] served briefly as military attaché both in Rome and Berlin, studying fascist technique at first hand.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Peron%2C+Juan+Domingo&rft.btitle=Who%27s+who+in+Modern+History%3A+From+1860+to+the+Present+Day&rft.series=The+Routledge+who%27s+who+series&rft.pages=282&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780415118859&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvbtGwFoNUtYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuan+Per%C3%B3n" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGalasso2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Norberto_Galasso" title="Norberto Galasso">Galasso, Norberto</a> (2005). 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ProQuest Etheses. London School of Economics and Political Science: 80–81.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ProQuest+Etheses&rft.atitle=Italian+immigrants+in+contemporary+Buenos+Aires%3A+Their+responses+to+changing+political%2C+economic+and+social+circumstances&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E80-%3C%2Fspan%3E81&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Schneider&rft.aufirst=Arnd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fetheses.lse.ac.uk%2F1287%2F1%2FU062673.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuan+Per%C3%B3n" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGillespie1982" class="citation book cs1">Gillespie, Richard (1982). Soldiers of Peron: Argentina's Montoneros. Oxford University Press. pp. 9–10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-821131-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-821131-7"><bdi>0-19-821131-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soldiers+of+Peron%3A+Argentina%27s+Montoneros&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E9-%3C%2Fspan%3E10&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-19-821131-7&rft.aulast=Gillespie&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuan+Per%C3%B3n" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-peronism-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-peronism_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-peronism_66-1">b</a> Brennan, James P. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AsuoVCbF7DgC&q=Fayt">Peronism and Argentina</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. 1998. </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHayes1973" class="citation book cs1">Hayes, Paul (1973). Fascism. London: Allen & Unwin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-04-320090-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-04-320090-2"><bdi>978-0-04-320090-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/862679">862679</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fascism&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F862679&rft.isbn=978-0-04-320090-2&rft.aulast=Hayes&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuan+Per%C3%B3n" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mitos-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mitos_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mitos_68-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPigna2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Felipe_Pigna" title="Felipe Pigna">Pigna, Felipe</a> (2008). Los mitos de la historia argentina 4. Buenos Aires: Editorial Planeta. pp. 28–29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-950-49-1980-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-950-49-1980-3"><bdi>978-950-49-1980-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Los+mitos+de+la+historia+argentina+4&rft.place=Buenos+Aires&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E28-%3C%2Fspan%3E29&rft.pub=Editorial+Planeta&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-950-49-1980-3&rft.aulast=Pigna&rft.aufirst=Felipe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuan+Per%C3%B3n" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hodges_61-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hodges_61_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hodges_61_69-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHodges1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_C._Hodges" title="Donald C. Hodges">Hodges, Donald</a> (1991). Argentina's "Dirty War": An Intellectual Biography. <a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin, Texas</a>: University of Texas Press. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-77689-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-77689-0"><bdi>978-0-292-77689-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Argentina%27s+%22Dirty+War%22%3A+An+Intellectual+Biography&rft.place=Austin%2C+Texas&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-292-77689-0&rft.aulast=Hodges&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuan+Per%C3%B3n" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-james_202-70"><a href="#cite_ref-james_202_70-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJames1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_James_(historian)" title="Daniel James (historian)">James, Daniel</a> (1988). Resistance and integration: Peronism and the Argentine working class, 1946-1976. Cambridge University Press. p. 202. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-46682-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-46682-2"><bdi>0-521-46682-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Resistance+and+integration%3A+Peronism+and+the+Argentine+working+class%2C+1946-1976&rft.pages=202&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-521-46682-2&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuan+Per%C3%B3n" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLotinaAiolfi2023" class="citation book cs1">Lotina, Goran Petrovic; Aiolfi, Théo (2023). Performing Left Populism: Performance, Politics and the People. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 128. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781350347045" title="Special:BookSources/9781350347045"><bdi>9781350347045</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Performing+Left+Populism%3A+Performance%2C+Politics+and+the+People&rft.pages=128&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9781350347045&rft.aulast=Lotina&rft.aufirst=Goran+Petrovic&rft.au=Aiolfi%2C+Th%C3%A9o&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuan+Per%C3%B3n" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJames1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_James_(historian)" title="Daniel James (historian)">James, Daniel</a> (1988). Resistance and integration: Peronism and the Argentine working class, 1946-1976. Cambridge University Press. p. 203. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-46682-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-46682-2"><bdi>0-521-46682-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Resistance+and+integration%3A+Peronism+and+the+Argentine+working+class%2C+1946-1976&rft.pages=203&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-521-46682-2&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuan+Per%C3%B3n" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJames_P._Brennan1998" class="citation book cs1">James P. Brennan (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/peronismargentin0000unse">Peronism and Argentina</a>. Scholarly Resources Inc. pp. 8–9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8420-2706-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8420-2706-8"><bdi>0-8420-2706-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peronism+and+Argentina&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E8-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.pub=Scholarly+Resources+Inc.&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-8420-2706-8&rft.au=James+P.+Brennan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fperonismargentin0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuan+Per%C3%B3n" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBradbury2023" class="citation book cs1">Bradbury, Pablo (2023). Liberationist Christianity in Argentina (1930-1983). Ingram Publisher Services. pp. 22–23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-80010-922-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-80010-922-3"><bdi>978-1-80010-922-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2633-7061">2633-7061</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liberationist+Christianity+in+Argentina+%281930-1983%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E22-%3C%2Fspan%3E23&rft.pub=Ingram+Publisher+Services&rft.date=2023&rft.issn=2633-7061&rft.isbn=978-1-80010-922-3&rft.aulast=Bradbury&rft.aufirst=Pablo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuan+Per%C3%B3n" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goebel_2011_85-75"><a href="#cite_ref-Goebel_2011_85_75-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoebel2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Goebel" title="Michael Goebel">Goebel, Michael</a> (2011). Argentina's Partisan Past: Nationalism and the Politics of History. Liverpool University Press. p. 85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84631-714-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84631-714-9"><bdi>978-1-84631-714-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Argentina%27s+Partisan+Past%3A+Nationalism+and+the+Politics+of+History&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=Liverpool+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-84631-714-9&rft.aulast=Goebel&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuan+Per%C3%B3n" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMuddeRovira_Kaltwasser2011" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Cas_Mudde" title="Cas Mudde">Mudde, Cas</a>; Rovira Kaltwasser, Cristóbal (2011). "Voices of the Peoples: Populism in Europe and Latin America Compared". Kellogg Working Paper (378): 24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kellogg+Working+Paper&rft.atitle=Voices+of+the+Peoples%3A+Populism+in+Europe+and+Latin+America+Compared&rft.issue=378&rft.pages=24&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Mudde&rft.aufirst=Cas&rft.au=Rovira+Kaltwasser%2C+Crist%C3%B3bal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuan+Per%C3%B3n" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eatwell_1999_196-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eatwell_1999_196_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eatwell_1999_196_77-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEatwell1999" class="citation book cs1">Eatwell, Roger (1999). Contemporary Political Ideologies. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 196. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-5173-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-5173-6"><bdi>978-0-8264-5173-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Political+Ideologies&rft.pages=196&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-5173-6&rft.aulast=Eatwell&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuan+Per%C3%B3n" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHodges1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_C._Hodges" title="Donald C. Hodges">Hodges, Donald</a> (1991). Argentina's "Dirty War": An Intellectual Biography. <a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin, Texas</a>: University of Texas Press. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-77689-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-77689-0"><bdi>978-0-292-77689-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Argentina%27s+%22Dirty+War%22%3A+An+Intellectual+Biography&rft.place=Austin%2C+Texas&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-292-77689-0&rft.aulast=Hodges&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuan+Per%C3%B3n" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLasa2019" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lasa, Carlos Daniel (2 August 2019). Qué es el Peronismo. Una mirada transpolítica (in Spanish). EUCASA. pp. 15–18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-950-623-149-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-950-623-149-1"><bdi>978-950-623-149-1</bdi></a>. <q>De Alemania volví a Italia y me dediqué a estudiar el asunto. Mi conocimiento del italiano me permitió penetrar yo diría que profundamente en los fundamentos del sistema y así fue como descubrí algo que desde ese punto de vista social fue para mi muy interesante. El fascismo italiano llevó a las organizaciones populares a una participación efectiva de la vida nacional, de la cual había estado siempre apartado el pueblo. Hasta la ascensión de Mussolini al poder, la nación iba por un lado y el trabajador por otro, y este ultimo no tenia ninguna participación en aquella. Descubrí el resurgimiento de las corporaciones y las estudie a fondo.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Qu%C3%A9+es+el+Peronismo.+Una+mirada+transpol%C3%ADtica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E15-%3C%2Fspan%3E18&rft.pub=EUCASA&rft.date=2019-08-02&rft.isbn=978-950-623-149-1&rft.aulast=Lasa&rft.aufirst=Carlos+Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuan+Per%C3%B3n" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHodges1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_C._Hodges" title="Donald C. Hodges">Hodges, Donald</a> (1991). Argentina's "Dirty War": An Intellectual Biography. <a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin, Texas</a>: University of Texas Press. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-77689-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-77689-0"><bdi>978-0-292-77689-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Argentina%27s+%22Dirty+War%22%3A+An+Intellectual+Biography&rft.place=Austin%2C+Texas&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-292-77689-0&rft.aulast=Hodges&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuan+Per%C3%B3n" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crass1-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Crass1_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crass1_81-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCrassweller1987" class="citation book cs1">Crassweller, Robert D. (1987). Peron and the Enigmas of Argentina. Penguin Books Canada Ltd. p. 221. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-02381-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-02381-8"><bdi>0-393-02381-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peron+and+the+Enigmas+of+Argentina&rft.pages=221&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+Canada+Ltd.&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-393-02381-8&rft.aulast=Crassweller&rft.aufirst=Robert+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuan+Per%C3%B3n" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCornerLim2016" class="citation book cs1">Corner, Paul; Lim, Jie-Hyun (2016). The Palgrave Handbook of Mass Dictatorship. 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A comparison of the role of the Social and Solidarity Economy in Argentina and the United Kingdom in the context of a neoliberal economy"</a> (PDF). 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Department of Social Science and Humanities. City University London: 132.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Social+Science+and+Humanities&rft.atitle=The+Coverage+of+Latin+America+by+the+British+Press&rft.pages=132&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Aguirre&rft.aufirst=Pablo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenaccess.city.ac.uk%2Fid%2Feprint%2F8249%2F1%2FThe_coverage_of_Latin_America_by_the_British_press.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuan+Per%C3%B3n" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHellman1985" class="citation journal cs1">Hellman, Judith Adler (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/156835">"Review"</a>. Journal of Latin American Studies. 17 (2). Cambridge University Press: 458. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/156835">156835</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Latin+American+Studies&rft.atitle=Review&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=458&rft.date=1985&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F156835%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hellman&rft.aufirst=Judith+Adler&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F156835&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuan+Per%C3%B3n" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UG1-86"><a href="#cite_ref-UG1_86-0">^</a> From the 'Perón tapes' he recorded the year before his death, published in Yo, Juan Domingo Perón, Luca de Tena et al.; this translation as quoted in <a href="/wiki/Uki_Go%C3%B1i" title="Uki Goñi">Uki Goñi</a>'s The Real Odessa: Smuggling the Nazis to Perón's Argentina, Granta (revised edition) 2003, p. 100 </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">The Real Odessa: Smuggling the Nazis to Peron's Argentina. 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Milan Stojadinović, Prime Minister of Yugoslavia, and his Ideology"</a>. In Haynes, Rebecca; Rady, Martyn (eds.). In the Shadow of Hitler: Personalities of the Right in Central and Eastern Europe. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: I.B. 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Retrieved 7 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Infobae&rft.atitle=La+importancia+del+v%C3%ADnculo+Argentina-Israel&rft.date=2020-01-21&rft.aulast=Caucino&rft.aufirst=Mariano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.infobae.com%2Fopinion%2F2020%2F01%2F21%2Fla-importancia-del-vinculo-argentina-israel%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuan+Per%C3%B3n" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bell-106">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bell_106-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bell_106-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLawrence_D._Bell2002" class="citation thesis cs1">Lawrence D. Bell (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://etd.ohiolink.edu/acprod/odb_etd/ws/send_file/send?accession=osu1039034580&disposition=inline">The Jews and Perón: Communal Politics and National Identity in Peronist Argentina, 1946-1955</a> (Doctor of Philosophy thesis). <a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio" title="Columbus, Ohio">Columbus, Ohio</a>: Ohio State University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Jews+and+Per%C3%B3n%3A+Communal+Politics+and+National+Identity+in+Peronist+Argentina%2C+1946-1955&rft.degree=Doctor+of+Philosophy&rft.inst=Ohio+State+University&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Lawrence+D.+Bell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fetd.ohiolink.edu%2Facprod%2Fodb_etd%2Fws%2Fsend_file%2Fsend%3Faccession%3Dosu1039034580%26disposition%3Dinline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuan+Per%C3%B3n" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> Levine, Laurence. Inside Argentina from Perón to Menem: 1950–2000 From an American Point of View. p. 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> Rein, Raanan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZX0OywEACAAJ">Populism and Ethnicity: Peronism and the Jews of Argentina</a>. McGill-Queen's University Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJames_P._Brennan1998" class="citation book cs1">James P. Brennan (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/peronismargentin0000unse">Peronism and Argentina</a>. Scholarly Resources Inc. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8420-2706-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8420-2706-8"><bdi>0-8420-2706-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peronism+and+Argentina&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Scholarly+Resources+Inc.&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-8420-2706-8&rft.au=James+P.+Brennan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fperonismargentin0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuan+Per%C3%B3n" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-james_241-110"><a href="#cite_ref-james_241_110-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJames1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_James_(historian)" title="Daniel James (historian)">James, Daniel</a> (1988). Resistance and integration: Peronism and the Argentine working class, 1946-1976. Cambridge University Press. p. 241. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-46682-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-46682-2"><bdi>0-521-46682-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Resistance+and+integration%3A+Peronism+and+the+Argentine+working+class%2C+1946-1976&rft.pages=241&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-521-46682-2&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuan+Per%C3%B3n" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJean-Pierre1973" class="citation book cs1">Jean-Pierre, Arthur Bernard (1973). The Pelican Latin American Library: Guide to the Political Parties of South America. Michigan: Penguin Books. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780140216257" title="Special:BookSources/9780140216257"><bdi>9780140216257</bdi></a>. <q>The regime that was progressively establishing itself in Argentina may be described as populist - a combination of demagogy, nationalism, opportunism and paternalistic socialism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pelican+Latin+American+Library%3A+Guide+to+the+Political+Parties+of+South+America&rft.place=Michigan&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=9780140216257&rft.aulast=Jean-Pierre&rft.aufirst=Arthur+Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuan+Per%C3%B3n" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJames_P._Brennan1998" class="citation book cs1">James P. Brennan (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/peronismargentin0000unse">Peronism and Argentina</a>. Scholarly Resources Inc. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8420-2706-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8420-2706-8"><bdi>0-8420-2706-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peronism+and+Argentina&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Scholarly+Resources+Inc.&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-8420-2706-8&rft.au=James+P.+Brennan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fperonismargentin0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuan+Per%C3%B3n" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHodges1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_C._Hodges" title="Donald C. Hodges">Hodges, Donald</a> (1991). Argentina's "Dirty War": An Intellectual Biography. <a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin, Texas</a>: University of Texas Press. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-77689-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-77689-0"><bdi>978-0-292-77689-0</bdi></a>. <q>Consequently, Peron settled for the term 'justicialism.' The odds clearly favored his Christian and humanist version of socialism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Argentina%27s+%22Dirty+War%22%3A+An+Intellectual+Biography&rft.place=Austin%2C+Texas&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-292-77689-0&rft.aulast=Hodges&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuan+Per%C3%B3n" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAmeringer2009" class="citation book cs1">Ameringer, Charles D. (2009). The Socialist Impulse: Latin America in the Twentieth Century. University Press of Florida. p. 165. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8130-3812-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8130-3812-4"><bdi>978-0-8130-3812-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Socialist+Impulse%3A+Latin+America+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.pages=165&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Florida&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8130-3812-4&rft.aulast=Ameringer&rft.aufirst=Charles+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuan+Per%C3%B3n" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAmeringer2009" class="citation book cs1">Ameringer, Charles D. (2009). The Socialist Impulse: Latin America in the Twentieth Century. University Press of Florida. p. 169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8130-3812-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8130-3812-4"><bdi>978-0-8130-3812-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Socialist+Impulse%3A+Latin+America+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.pages=169&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Florida&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8130-3812-4&rft.aulast=Ameringer&rft.aufirst=Charles+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuan+Per%C3%B3n" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHodges1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_C._Hodges" title="Donald C. Hodges">Hodges, Donald</a> (1991). 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Jorge M. Streb; Valeria Dowding (eds.). "The economic analysis of populism: a selective review of the literature". Documentos de Trabajo (694). Universidad del Cema: 29. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1668-4583">1668-4583</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Documentos+de+Trabajo&rft.atitle=The+economic+analysis+of+populism%3A+a+selective+review+of+the+literature&rft.issue=694&rft.pages=29&rft.date=2019-05&rft.issn=1668-4583&rft.aulast=Ocampo&rft.aufirst=Emilio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuan+Per%C3%B3n" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFdi_TellaDubra2018" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rafael_di_Tella" title="Rafael di Tella">di Tella, Rafael</a>; Dubra, Juan (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs40503-017-0046-5">"Some elements of Peronist beliefs and tastes"</a>. 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Argentine Workers: Peronism and Contemporary Class Consciousness. University of Pittsburgh Press. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8229-3703-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8229-3703-4"><bdi>0-8229-3703-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Argentine+Workers%3A+Peronism+and+Contemporary+Class+Consciousness&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=University+of+Pittsburgh+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-8229-3703-4&rft.aulast=Ranis&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuan+Per%C3%B3n" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBalloffet2018" class="citation journal cs1">Balloffet, Lily Pearl (2018). "Argentine and Egyptian History Entangled: From Perón to Nasser". 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Doubleday & Company, Inc. p. 129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0801825224" title="Special:BookSources/978-0801825224"><bdi>978-0801825224</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Man%3A+The+Social+Bases+of+Politics&rft.pages=129&rft.pub=Doubleday+%26+Company%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1960&rft.isbn=978-0801825224&rft.aulast=Lipset&rft.aufirst=Seymour+Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuan+Per%C3%B3n" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZanatta2022" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Zanatta, Loris (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cris.unibo.it/retrieve/548dda5d-d31c-4b9a-9889-e42295b52ac4/Peronismo%20e%20castrismo.%20Il%20socialismo%20nazionale%20in%20America%20Latina.pdf">"Peronismo e castrismo. 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Zed Books. p. 192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780862325701" title="Special:BookSources/9780862325701"><bdi>9780862325701</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Argentina%3A+From+Anarchism+to+Peronism%3A+Workers%2C+Unions+and+Politics%2C+1855-1985&rft.pages=192&rft.pub=Zed+Books&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9780862325701&rft.aulast=Munck&rft.aufirst=Ronaldo&rft.au=Falc%C3%B3n%2C+Ricardo&rft.au=Galitelli%2C+Bernardo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuan+Per%C3%B3n" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMoores2008" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Moores, Lucio Fernández (8 October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081011105757/http://www.clarin.com/diario/2008/10/08/elpais/p-01776893.htm">"Analizan una indemnizacion que ya cobro la familia Rucci"</a>. <a href="/wiki/El_Pa%C3%ADs" title="El País">El País</a> (in Spanish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clarin.com/diario/2008/10/08/elpais/p-01776893.htm">the original</a> on 11 October 2008. Retrieved 27 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Pa%C3%ADs&rft.atitle=Analizan+una+indemnizacion+que+ya+cobro+la+familia+Rucci&rft.date=2008-10-08&rft.aulast=Moores&rft.aufirst=Lucio+Fern%C3%A1ndez&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.clarin.com%2Fdiario%2F2008%2F10%2F08%2Felpais%2Fp-01776893.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuan+Per%C3%B3n" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHedges2021" class="citation book cs1">Hedges, Jill (2021). Juan Perón: The Life of the People's Colonel. I.B. Tauris. p. 228. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7556-0268-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7556-0268-1"><bdi>978-0-7556-0268-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Juan+Per%C3%B3n%3A+The+Life+of+the+People%27s+Colonel&rft.pages=228&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0-7556-0268-1&rft.aulast=Hedges&rft.aufirst=Jill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuan+Per%C3%B3n" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Soles-186"><a href="#cite_ref-Soles_186-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.solesdigital.com.ar/libros/rucci.htm">José Ignacio Rucci, El precio de la lealtad</a>, review of Luís Fernando Beraza's biography of Rucci (Vergara, 2007) by Soles Digital, 10 December 2007 (in Spanish) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080621003227/http://www.solesdigital.com.ar/libros/rucci.htm">Archived</a> 21 June 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMunckFalcónGalitelli1987" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="/wiki/Ronaldo_Munck" title="Ronaldo Munck">Munck, Ronaldo</a>; <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo_Falc%C3%B3n_(historiador)" class="extiw" title="es:Ricardo Falcón (historiador)">Falcón, Ricardo</a> [in Spanish]; Galitelli, Bernardo (1987). Argentina: From Anarchism to Peronism: Workers, Unions and Politics, 1855-1985. Zed Books. p. 192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780862325701" title="Special:BookSources/9780862325701"><bdi>9780862325701</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Argentina%3A+From+Anarchism+to+Peronism%3A+Workers%2C+Unions+and+Politics%2C+1855-1985&rft.pages=192&rft.pub=Zed+Books&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9780862325701&rft.aulast=Munck&rft.aufirst=Ronaldo&rft.au=Falc%C3%B3n%2C+Ricardo&rft.au=Galitelli%2C+Bernardo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuan+Per%C3%B3n" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-terrorbook-188">^ <a href="#cite_ref-terrorbook_188-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-terrorbook_188-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGhosh1995" class="citation book cs1">Ghosh, S. K. 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Itnsource.com. Retrieved 15 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Itnsource.com&rft.atitle=Getty+Images&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itnsource.com%2Ffr%2Fspecials%2Freuters-digitisation%2Fshotlist%2FRTV%2F1974%2F07%2F05%2FBGY509120100%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuan+Per%C3%B3n" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141025121723/http://www.elhistoriador.com.ar/articulos/vuelta_de_peron/muerte_de_juan_domingo_peron.php">"The death of Juan Domingo Perón"</a> (in Spanish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elhistoriador.com.ar/articulos/vuelta_de_peron/muerte_de_juan_domingo_peron.php">the original</a> on 25 October 2014. Retrieved 4 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+death+of+Juan+Domingo+Per%C3%B3n&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elhistoriador.com.ar%2Farticulos%2Fvuelta_de_peron%2Fmuerte_de_juan_domingo_peron.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuan+Per%C3%B3n" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1974/07/03/archives/latin-nations-of-left-and-right-from-cuba-to-brazil-hail-peron.html">"Latin Nations of Left and Right, from Cuba to Brazil, Hail Peron"</a>. The New York Times. 3 July 1974.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Latin+Nations+of+Left+and+Right%2C+from+Cuba+to+Brazil%2C+Hail+Peron&rft.date=1974-07-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1974%2F07%2F03%2Farchives%2Flatin-nations-of-left-and-right-from-cuba-to-brazil-hail-peron.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuan+Per%C3%B3n" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reuters.screenocean.com/record/441940">"Reuters Archive Licensing"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reuters+Archive+Licensing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freuters.screenocean.com%2Frecord%2F441940&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuan+Per%C3%B3n" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ortega2014-194">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ortega2014_194-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ortega2014_194-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ortega2014_194-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ortega2014_194-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOrtega2014" class="citation journal cs1">Ortega, José (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encrucijadaamericana.cl/articulos/a6_n2/4_peron_y_chile.pdf">"Perón y Chile"</a> (PDF). Encucijada Americana. 6 (2): 67. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.53689%2Fea.v6i2.67">10.53689/ea.v6i2.67</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:211276031">211276031</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encucijada+Americana&rft.atitle=Per%C3%B3n+y+Chile&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=67&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.53689%2Fea.v6i2.67&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A211276031%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ortega&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encrucijadaamericana.cl%2Farticulos%2Fa6_n2%2F4_peron_y_chile.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuan+Per%C3%B3n" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061211194758/http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2006/10/14/america/LA_GEN_Argentina_Perons_Bones.php">"Argentine Strongman's corpse disturbed again"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Herald_Tribune" title="International Herald Tribune">International Herald Tribune</a>. 14 October 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2006/10/14/america/LA_GEN_Argentina_Perons_Bones.php">the original</a> on 11 December 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Herald+Tribune&rft.atitle=Argentine+Strongman%27s+corpse+disturbed+again&rft.date=2006-10-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iht.com%2Farticles%2Fap%2F2006%2F10%2F14%2Famerica%2FLA_GEN_Argentina_Perons_Bones.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuan+Per%C3%B3n" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> Nabot, Damian, and Cox, David. Second Death: Licio Gelli, The P2 Masonic Lodge and The Plot to Destroy Juan Peron. 2014.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>][<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090825192948/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb3148/is_77/ai_n31883762/pg_3/">"Evita in wonderland: Pulqui and the workshop of underdevelopment"</a>. CineAction. Summer 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb3148/is_77/ai_n31883762/pg_3/">the original</a> on 25 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CineAction&rft.atitle=Evita+in+wonderland%3A+Pulqui+and+the+workshop+of+underdevelopment&rft.ssn=summer&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffindarticles.com%2Fp%2Farticles%2Fmi_hb3148%2Fis_77%2Fai_n31883762%2Fpg_3%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuan+Per%C3%B3n" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061024142120/http://edition.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/americas/10/17/peron.rebury.ap/index.html">"Body of Argentina's Perón to move to $1.1 million crypt"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. 17 October 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/americas/10/17/peron.rebury.ap/index.html">the original</a> on 24 October 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Body+of+Argentina%27s+Per%C3%B3n+to+move+to+%241.1+million+crypt&rft.date=2006-10-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2006%2FWORLD%2Famericas%2F10%2F17%2Fperon.rebury.ap%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuan+Per%C3%B3n" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6060388.stm">"Violence mars reburial of Perón"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 17 October 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Violence+mars+reburial+of+Per%C3%B3n&rft.date=2006-10-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Famericas%2F6060388.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuan+Per%C3%B3n" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/dad8e554dd531634d2553b6120a48287">"Argentina Withdraws from Non-Aligned Movement"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press&rft.atitle=Argentina+Withdraws+from+Non-Aligned+Movement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fdad8e554dd531634d2553b6120a48287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuan+Per%C3%B3n" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Juan_Per%C3%B3n&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Gabriele Casula (2004). "Dove naciò Perón? un enigma sardo nella storia dell'Argentina". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060604075029/http://www.editorisardi.it/catalogo/shopping/book_enlarge.php?id=2470">catalog listing</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041124114538/http://www.condaghes.com/scheda.asp?id=88-7356-028-8">official page</a></li> <li>Guareschi, Roberto (5 November 2005). "Not quite the Evita of Argentine legend". <a href="/wiki/New_Straits_Times" title="New Straits Times">New Straits Times</a>, p. 21.</li> <li>Hugo Gambini (1999). Historia del peronismo, Editorial Planeta. F2849 .G325 1999</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sabio.arizona.edu/search/X?(nudelman)+and+(era)+and+(terror)&l=&b=&SORT=A&m=&p=&Da=&Db=">Nudelman, Santiago</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150315233013/http://sabio.arizona.edu/search/X?(nudelman)+and+(era)+and+(terror)&l=&b=&SORT=A&m=&p=&Da=&Db=">Archived</a> 15 March 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Buenos Aires, 1960; Chiefly draft resolutions and declarations presented by Nudelman as a member of the Cámara de Diputados of the Argentine Republic during the Perón administration)</li> <li>Martínez, Tomás Eloy. La Novela de Perón. Vintage Books, 1997.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li> <li>Page, Joseph. Perón: a biography (Random House, 1983)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Juan_Per%C3%B3n&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> has media related to: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Juan_Per%C3%B3n" class="extiw" title="commons:Juan Perón">Juan Perón</a> (<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Juan_Domingo_Per%C3%B3n" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Juan Domingo Perón">category</a>)</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tau.ac.il/eial/II_1/plotkin.htm#foot0">Perón y el peronismo: un ensayo bibliográfico</a> by Mariano Ben Plotkin. (in Spanish)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070111183803/http://www.ukinet.com/english.htm">Webpage of author Uki Goñi</a> with extensive documentation on Perón's involvement in harboring Nazi fugitives</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121118234333/http://latinamericanhistory.about.com/od/thehistoryofargentina/p/09juanperon.htm">Biography of Juan Peron archived</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 18 November 2012) a brief biography on About.com</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.casahistoria.net/peron.htm">Casahistoria pages on Perón</a> Les Fearns site, also links to Eva Perón pages</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040410153117/http://edsall-historypage.org/html/20_truths_peron.html">"The Twenty Truths of the Peronist Movement (1940s): The Justicialist movement's core tenets"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edsall-historypage.org/html/20_truths_peron.html">the original</a> on 10 April 2004. Retrieved 13 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Twenty+Truths+of+the+Peronist+Movement+%281940s%29%3A+The+Justicialist+movement%27s+core+tenets&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedsall-historypage.org%2Fhtml%2F20_truths_peron.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuan+Per%C3%B3n" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050830055728/http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/arl/pm/sample2/argentin/peron/">Juan Domingo Perón Argentine Presidential Messages</a> Well indexed dating from 1946 onwards. The actual documents are shown as photocopied images. Note: Downloading can be slow. University of Texas.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/013434">Newspaper clippings about Juan Perón</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">New office </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Labour,_Employment_and_Social_Security_(Argentina)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Labour, Employment and Social Security (Argentina)">Secretary of Labour and Social Security</a> 1943–1945 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Domingo_Mercante" title="Domingo Mercante">Domingo Mercante</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Pablo_Ram%C3%ADrez" title="Pedro Pablo Ramírez">Pedro Pablo Ramírez</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defense_(Argentina)" title="Ministry of Defense (Argentina)">Minister of War</a> 1944–1945 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eduardo_%C3%81valos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eduardo Ávalos (page does not exist)">Eduardo Ávalos</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Edelmiro_Juli%C3%A1n_Farrell" title="Edelmiro Julián Farrell">Edelmiro Farrell</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Argentina" title="Vice President of Argentina">Vice President of Argentina</a> 1944–1945 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Juan_Pistarini" title="Juan Pistarini">Juan Pistarini</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Argentina" title="President of Argentina">President of Argentina</a> First and Second Terms 1946–1955 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Lonardi" title="Eduardo Lonardi">Eduardo Lonardi</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Alberto_Lastiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Raúl Alberto Lastiri">Raúl Lastiri</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Argentina" title="President of Argentina">President of Argentina</a> Third Term 1973–1974 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Isabel_Per%C3%B3n" title="Isabel Perón">Isabel Perón</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Juan_Domingo_Perón92" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Juan_Domingo_Per%C3%B3n" title="Template:Juan Domingo Perón"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Juan_Domingo_Per%C3%B3n" title="Template talk:Juan Domingo Perón"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Juan_Domingo_Per%C3%B3n" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Juan Domingo Perón"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Juan_Domingo_Perón92" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Juan Domingo Perón</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five-Year_Plans_of_Argentina" title="Five-Year Plans of Argentina">Five-Years Plans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huemul_Project" title="Huemul Project">Huemul Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrias_Aeron%C3%A1uticas_y_Mec%C3%A1nicas_del_Estado" title="Industrias Aeronáuticas y Mecánicas del Estado">IAME</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IAME_Justicialista" title="IAME Justicialista">Justicialista</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_nationalisation_in_Argentina" title="Railway nationalisation in Argentina">Railway nationalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Position" title="Third Position">Third Position</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Juan_Peron_con_banda_de_presidente.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Juan_Peron_con_banda_de_presidente.jpg/75px-Juan_Peron_con_banda_de_presidente.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Juan_Peron_con_banda_de_presidente.jpg/113px-Juan_Peron_con_banda_de_presidente.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Juan_Peron_con_banda_de_presidente.jpg/150px-Juan_Peron_con_banda_de_presidente.jpg 2x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="387" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1946_Argentine_general_election" title="1946 Argentine general election">1946 election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Argentine_legislative_election" title="1948 Argentine legislative election">1948 election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1951_Argentine_general_election" title="1951 Argentine general election">1951 election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Argentine_legislative_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1954 Argentine legislative election">1954 election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_1973_Argentine_general_election" class="mw-redirect" title="September 1973 Argentine general election">1973 election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Constitution_of_1949" title="Argentine Constitution of 1949">Argentine Constitution (1949)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrupaci%C3%B3n_de_Trabajadores_Latinoamericanos_Sindicalistas" title="Agrupación de Trabajadores Latinoamericanos Sindicalistas">ATLAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CGT_(Argentina)" class="mw-redirect" title="CGT (Argentina)">CGT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descamisado" title="Descamisado">Descamisado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Montoneros_from_Plaza_de_Mayo" title="Expulsion of Montoneros from Plaza de Mayo">Expulsion of Montoneros from Plaza de Mayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezeiza_massacre" title="Ezeiza massacre">Ezeiza massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grupo_Cine_Liberaci%C3%B3n" title="Grupo Cine Liberación">Grupo Cine Liberación</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Argentina)" title="Labour Party (Argentina)">Labour Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty_Day_(Argentina)" title="Loyalty Day (Argentina)">Loyalty Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Officers%27_Group" title="United Officers' Group">GOU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peronism" title="Peronism">Peronism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uni%C3%B3n_Popular" class="mw-redirect" title="Unión Popular">Unión Popular</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key associates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Manuel_Abal_Medina" title="Juan Manuel Abal Medina">Juan Manuel Abal Medina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Antonio" title="Jorge Antonio">Jorge Antonio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Apold" title="Raúl Apold">Raúl Apold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ngel_Borlenghi" title="Ángel Borlenghi">Ángel Borlenghi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Atilio_Bramuglia" title="Juan Atilio Bramuglia">Juan Atilio Bramuglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Cafiero" title="Antonio Cafiero">Antonio Cafiero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9ctor_C%C3%A1mpora" class="mw-redirect" title="Héctor Cámpora">Héctor Cámpora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Framini" title="Andrés Framini">Andrés Framini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licio_Gelli" title="Licio Gelli">Licio Gelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Miguel" title="Lorenzo Miguel">Lorenzo Miguel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_L%C3%B3pez_Rega" title="José López Rega">José López Rega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domingo_Mercante" title="Domingo Mercante">Domingo Mercante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delia_Parodi" title="Delia Parodi">Delia Parodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eva_Per%C3%B3n" title="Eva Perón">Eva Perón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_Per%C3%B3n" title="Isabel Perón">Isabel Perón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Pistarini" title="Juan Pistarini">Juan Pistarini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ignacio_Rucci" title="José Ignacio Rucci">José Ignacio Rucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Teisaire" title="Alberto Teisaire">Alberto Teisaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anti-Peronism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Balb%C3%ADn" title="Ricardo Balbín">Ricardo Balbín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spruille_Braden" title="Spruille Braden">Spruille Braden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Plaza_de_Mayo" title="Bombing of Plaza de Mayo">Bombing of Plaza de Mayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3n_Libertadora" title="Revolución Libertadora">Revolución Libertadora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augusto_Vandor" title="Augusto Vandor">Augusto Vandor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_life_of_Juan_Per%C3%B3n" title="Early life of Juan Perón">Early life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eva_Per%C3%B3n" title="Eva Perón">Eva Perón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_Per%C3%B3n" title="Isabel Perón">Isabel Perón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hands_of_Per%C3%B3n" title="Hands of Perón">Hands of Perón</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_vida_por_Per%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="La vida por Perón">La vida por Perón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Per%C3%B3n:_Apuntes_para_una_biograf%C3%ADa" class="mw-redirect" title="Perón: Apuntes para una biografía">Perón: Apuntes para una biografía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerta_de_Hierro,_el_exilio_de_Per%C3%B3n" title="Puerta de Hierro, el exilio de Perón">Puerta de Hierro, el exilio de Perón</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Juan_Perón_navigational_boxes97" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Juan_Perón_navigational_boxes97" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Juan Perón navigational boxes</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Peronism242" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Peronism" title="Template:Peronism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Peronism" title="Template talk:Peronism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Peronism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Peronism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Peronism242" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Peronism" title="Peronism">Peronism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Peronism" title="Federal Peronism">Federal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirchnerism" title="Kirchnerism">Kirchnerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menemism" title="Menemism">Menemism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Peronism" title="Orthodox Peronism">Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Peronism" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutionary Peronism">Revolutionary</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Escudo_de_la_Provincia_de_Presidente_Per%C3%B3n_-sin_silueta-.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Escudo_de_la_Provincia_de_Presidente_Per%C3%B3n_-sin_silueta-.svg/80px-Escudo_de_la_Provincia_de_Presidente_Per%C3%B3n_-sin_silueta-.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Escudo_de_la_Provincia_de_Presidente_Per%C3%B3n_-sin_silueta-.svg/120px-Escudo_de_la_Provincia_de_Presidente_Per%C3%B3n_-sin_silueta-.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Escudo_de_la_Provincia_de_Presidente_Per%C3%B3n_-sin_silueta-.svg/160px-Escudo_de_la_Provincia_de_Presidente_Per%C3%B3n_-sin_silueta-.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="92" data-file-height="133" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Argentina" title="List of heads of state of Argentina">Presidents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Juan Perón</a> (1946–1955; 1973–1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9ctor_Jos%C3%A9_C%C3%A1mpora" title="Héctor José Cámpora">Héctor J. Cámpora</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Lastiri" title="Raúl Lastiri">Raúl Lastiri</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_Per%C3%B3n" title="Isabel Perón">Isabel Perón</a> (1974–1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Menem" title="Carlos Menem">Carlos Menem</a> (1989–1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Duhalde" title="Eduardo Duhalde">Eduardo Duhalde</a> (2002–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9stor_Kirchner" title="Néstor Kirchner">Néstor Kirchner</a> (2003–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cristina_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Kirchner" title="Cristina Fernández de Kirchner">Cristina Fernández de Kirchner</a> (2007–2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Fern%C3%A1ndez" title="Alberto Fernández">Alberto Fernández</a> (2019–2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eva_Per%C3%B3n" title="Eva Perón">Eva Perón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domingo_Mercante" title="Domingo Mercante">Domingo Mercante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_William_Cooke" title="John William Cooke">John William Cooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delia_Parodi" title="Delia Parodi">Delia Parodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Manuel_Abal_Medina" title="Juan Manuel Abal Medina">Juan Manuel Abal Medina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_J._Ben%C3%ADtez" title="Antonio J. Benítez">Antonio J. Benítez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ignacio_Rucci" title="José Ignacio Rucci">José Ignacio Rucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augusto_Vandor" title="Augusto Vandor">Augusto Vandor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_Tosco" title="Agustín Tosco">Agustín Tosco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_L%C3%B3pez_Rega" title="José López Rega">José López Rega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Miguel" title="Lorenzo Miguel">Lorenzo Miguel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Cafiero" title="Antonio Cafiero">Antonio Cafiero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%C3%BAl_Ubaldini" title="Saúl Ubaldini">Saúl Ubaldini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Moyano" title="Hugo Moyano">Hugo Moyano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergio_Massa" title="Sergio Massa">Sergio Massa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1ximo_Kirchner" title="Máximo Kirchner">Máximo Kirchner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parties and subgroups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Justicialist_Party" title="Justicialist Party">Justicialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Union_(Argentina)" class="mw-redirect" title="Popular Union (Argentina)">Popular Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broad_Front_(Argentina)" title="Broad Front (Argentina)">Broad Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Commitment" title="Federal Commitment">Federal Commitment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evita_Movement" title="Evita Movement">Evita Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_C%C3%A1mpora" title="La Cámpora">La Cámpora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewal_Front" title="Renewal Front">Renewal Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Argentina)" title="Labour Party (Argentina)">Labour Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Civic_Union" title="Radical Civic Union">Radical Civic Union (Junta Renovadora)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Party_(Argentina)" title="Independent Party (Argentina)">Independent Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_Peronist_Party" title="Female Peronist Party">Female Peronist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tendencia_Revolucionaria" title="Tendencia Revolucionaria">Tendencia Revolucionaria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peronist_Armed_Forces" title="Peronist Armed Forces">Peronist Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montoneros" title="Montoneros">Montoneros</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alliances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Justicialist_Liberation_Front" class="mw-redirect" title="Justicialist Liberation Front">FREJULI</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Justicialist_Front_of_Popular_Unity&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Justicialist Front of Popular Unity (page does not exist)">FREJUPO</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Justicialist_Front_(1995)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Justicialist Front (1995) (page does not exist)">Justicialist Front</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Justicialist_Consensus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Justicialist Consensus (page does not exist)">Concertación</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_for_Victory" title="Front for Victory">Front for Victory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frente_de_Todos" title="Frente de Todos">Frente de Todos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty_Day_(Argentina)" title="Loyalty Day (Argentina)">October 17th Demonstration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Argentine_general_election" title="1946 Argentine general election">1946 general election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3n_Libertadora" title="Revolución Libertadora">1955 coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Montoneros_from_Plaza_de_Mayo" title="Expulsion of Montoneros from Plaza de Mayo">Expulsion of Montoneros from Plaza de Mayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezeiza_massacre" title="Ezeiza massacre">Ezeiza massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Olivos" title="Pact of Olivos">Pact of Olivos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Confederation_of_Labour_(Argentina)" title="General Confederation of Labour (Argentina)">General Confederation of Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peronist_March" title="Peronist March">Marcha Peronista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Constitution_of_1949" title="Argentine Constitution of 1949">1949 Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Peronists" title="Category:Peronists">Category:Peronists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Peronism" title="Category:Peronism">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Heads_of_state_of_Argentina1330" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_Argentina" title="Template:Presidents of Argentina"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Presidents_of_Argentina" title="Template talk:Presidents of Argentina"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents_of_Argentina" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents of Argentina"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Heads_of_state_of_Argentina1330" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Argentina" title="List of heads of state of Argentina">Heads of state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/May_Revolution" title="May Revolution">May Revolution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Argentine_War_of_Independence" title="Argentine War of Independence">independence war period</a> up to <a href="/wiki/Asamblea_del_A%C3%B1o_XIII" class="mw-redirect" title="Asamblea del Año XIII">Asamblea del Año XIII</a> (1810–1814)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primera_Junta" title="Primera Junta">Primera Junta</a> (1810)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junta_Grande" title="Junta Grande">Junta Grande</a> (1810–1811)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Triumvirate_(Argentina)" title="First Triumvirate (Argentina)">First Triumvirate</a> (1811–1812)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Triumvirate_(Argentina)" title="Second Triumvirate (Argentina)">Second Triumvirate</a> (1812–1814)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="16" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Argentina.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Argentina"><img alt="Flag of Argentina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/50px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/75px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/100px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Flag of Argentina</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Director_of_the_United_Provinces_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Supreme Director of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata">Supreme directors of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata</a> (1814–1820)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gervasio_Antonio_de_Posadas" title="Gervasio Antonio de Posadas">Gervasio Antonio de Posadas</a> (1814–1815)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Alvear" title="Carlos María de Alvear">Carlos María de Alvear</a> (1815)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Viamonte" title="Juan José Viamonte">Juan José Viamonte</a> (1815)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rondeau" title="José Rondeau">José Rondeau</a> (1815)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacio_%C3%81lvarez_Thomas" title="Ignacio Álvarez Thomas">Ignacio Álvarez Thomas</a> (1815–1816)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gonz%C3%A1lez_de_Balcarce" title="Antonio González de Balcarce">Antonio González de Balcarce</a> (1816)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Mart%C3%ADn_de_Pueyrred%C3%B3n" title="Juan Martín de Pueyrredón">Juan Martín de Pueyrredón</a> (1816–1819)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rondeau" title="José Rondeau">José Rondeau</a> (1819–1820)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Pedro_Aguirre" title="Juan Pedro Aguirre">Juan Pedro Aguirre</a> (1820)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">First presidential governments (1826–1827)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bernardino_Rivadavia" title="Bernardino Rivadavia">Bernardino Rivadavia</a> (1826–1827)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicente_L%C3%B3pez_y_Planes" title="Vicente López y Planes">Vicente López y Planes</a> (1827)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pacto_Federal" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacto Federal">Pacto Federal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Confederation" title="Argentine Confederation">Argentine Confederation</a> (1827–1862)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Dorrego" title="Manuel Dorrego">Manuel Dorrego</a> (1827–1828)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas" title="Juan Manuel de Rosas">Juan Manuel de Rosas</a> (1829–1832)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Ram%C3%B3n_Balcarce" title="Juan Ramón Balcarce">Juan Ramón Balcarce</a> (1832–1833)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Viamonte" title="Juan José Viamonte">Juan José Viamonte</a> (1833–1834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Vicente_Maza" title="Manuel Vicente Maza">Manuel Vicente Maza</a> (1834–1835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas" title="Juan Manuel de Rosas">Juan Manuel de Rosas</a> (1835–1852)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justo_Jos%C3%A9_de_Urquiza" title="Justo José de Urquiza">Justo José de Urquiza</a> (1854–1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santiago_Derqui" title="Santiago Derqui">Santiago Derqui</a> (1860–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Esteban_Pedernera" title="Juan Esteban Pedernera">Juan Esteban Pedernera</a> (1861)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical presidencies (1862–1880)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_Mitre" title="Bartolomé Mitre">Bartolomé Mitre</a> (1861–1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento" title="Domingo Faustino Sarmiento">Domingo Faustino Sarmiento</a> (1868–1874)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Avellaneda" title="Nicolás Avellaneda">Nicolás Avellaneda</a> (1874–1880)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Generation_of_%2780" title="Generation of '80">Generation of '80</a> (1880–1916)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Julio_Argentino_Roca" title="Julio Argentino Roca">Julio Argentino Roca</a> (1880–1886)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_%C3%81ngel_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Miguel Ángel Juárez">Miguel Ángel Juárez</a> (1886–1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Pellegrini" title="Carlos Pellegrini">Carlos Pellegrini</a> (1890–1892)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_S%C3%A1enz_Pe%C3%B1a" title="Luis Sáenz Peña">Luis Sáenz Peña</a> (1892–1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Evaristo_Uriburu" title="José Evaristo Uriburu">José Evaristo Uriburu</a> (1895–1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julio_Argentino_Roca" title="Julio Argentino Roca">Julio Argentino Roca</a> (1898–1904)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Quintana" title="Manuel Quintana">Manuel Quintana</a> (1904–1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Figueroa_Alcorta" title="José Figueroa Alcorta">José Figueroa Alcorta</a> (1905–1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roque_S%C3%A1enz_Pe%C3%B1a" title="Roque Sáenz Peña">Roque Sáenz Peña</a> (1910–1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorino_de_la_Plaza" title="Victorino de la Plaza">Victorino de la Plaza</a> (1914–1916)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">First <a href="/wiki/Radical_Civic_Union" title="Radical Civic Union">Radical Civic Union</a> terms (1916–1930)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hip%C3%B3lito_Yrigoyen" title="Hipólito Yrigoyen">Hipólito Yrigoyen</a> (1916–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcelo_Torcuato_de_Alvear" title="Marcelo Torcuato de Alvear">Marcelo Torcuato de Alvear</a> (1922–1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip%C3%B3lito_Yrigoyen" title="Hipólito Yrigoyen">Hipólito Yrigoyen</a> (1928–1930)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Infamous_Decade" title="Infamous Decade">Infamous Decade</a> (1930–1943)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_F%C3%A9lix_Uriburu" title="José Félix Uriburu">José Félix Uriburu</a> (1930–1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_Pedro_Justo" title="Agustín Pedro Justo">Agustín Pedro Justo</a> (1932–1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Mar%C3%ADa_Ortiz" title="Roberto María Ortiz">Roberto María Ortiz</a> (1938–1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Castillo" title="Ramón Castillo">Ramón Castillo</a> (1942–1943)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/1943_Argentine_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1943 Argentine coup d'état">1943 Argentine coup d'état</a> (1943–1946)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arturo_Rawson" title="Arturo Rawson">Arturo Rawson</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Pablo_Ram%C3%ADrez" title="Pedro Pablo Ramírez">Pedro Pablo Ramírez</a> (1943–1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edelmiro_Juli%C3%A1n_Farrell" title="Edelmiro Julián Farrell">Edelmiro Julián Farrell</a> (1944–1946)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">First <a href="/wiki/Peronism" title="Peronism">Peronist</a> terms (1946–1955)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Juan Perón</a> (1946–1955)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3n_Libertadora" title="Revolución Libertadora">Revolución Libertadora</a> (1955–1958)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Lonardi" title="Eduardo Lonardi">Eduardo Lonardi</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Eugenio_Aramburu" title="Pedro Eugenio Aramburu">Pedro Eugenio Aramburu</a> (1955–1958)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fragile civilian governments – Proscription of Peronism (1958–1966)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arturo_Frondizi" title="Arturo Frondizi">Arturo Frondizi</a> (1958–1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Guido" title="José María Guido">José María Guido</a> (1962–1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arturo_Umberto_Illia" title="Arturo Umberto Illia">Arturo Umberto Illia</a> (1963–1966)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Revolution" title="Argentine Revolution">Argentine Revolution</a> (1966–1973)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Carlos_Ongan%C3%ADa" title="Juan Carlos Onganía">Juan Carlos Onganía</a> (1966–1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Marcelo_Levingston" title="Roberto Marcelo Levingston">Roberto Marcelo Levingston</a> (1970–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Agust%C3%ADn_Lanusse" title="Alejandro Agustín Lanusse">Alejandro Agustín Lanusse</a> (1971–1973)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Return of Perón (1973–1976)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9ctor_Jos%C3%A9_C%C3%A1mpora" title="Héctor José Cámpora">Héctor José Cámpora</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Alberto_Lastiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Raúl Alberto Lastiri">Raúl Alberto Lastiri</a> (1973)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Juan Perón</a> (1973–1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_Per%C3%B3n" title="Isabel Perón">Isabel Perón</a> (1974–1976)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_Reorganization_Process" title="National Reorganization Process">National Reorganization Process</a> (1976–1983)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Rafael_Videla" title="Jorge Rafael Videla">Jorge Rafael Videla</a> (1976–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Eduardo_Viola" title="Roberto Eduardo Viola">Roberto Eduardo Viola</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopoldo_Galtieri" title="Leopoldo Galtieri">Leopoldo Galtieri</a> (1981–1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reynaldo_Bignone" title="Reynaldo Bignone">Reynaldo Bignone</a> (1982–1983)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Return to democracy (1983–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Alfons%C3%ADn" title="Raúl Alfonsín">Raúl Alfonsín</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ra%C3%BAl_Alfons%C3%ADn" title="Presidency of Raúl Alfonsín">1983–1989</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Menem" title="Carlos Menem">Carlos Menem</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Carlos_Menem" title="Presidency of Carlos Menem">1989–1999</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_de_la_R%C3%BAa" title="Fernando de la Rúa">Fernando de la Rúa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Fernando_de_la_R%C3%BAa" title="Presidency of Fernando de la Rúa">1999–2001</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolfo_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Sa%C3%A1" title="Adolfo Rodríguez Saá">Adolfo Rodríguez Saá</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Duhalde" title="Eduardo Duhalde">Eduardo Duhalde</a> (2001-2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9stor_Kirchner" title="Néstor Kirchner">Néstor Kirchner</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_N%C3%A9stor_Kirchner" title="Presidency of Néstor Kirchner">2003–2007</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cristina_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Kirchner" title="Cristina Fernández de Kirchner">Cristina Fernández de Kirchner</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Cristina_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Kirchner" title="Presidency of Cristina Fernández de Kirchner">2007–2015</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauricio_Macri" title="Mauricio Macri">Mauricio Macri</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Mauricio_Macri" title="Presidency of Mauricio Macri">2015–2019</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Fern%C3%A1ndez" title="Alberto Fernández">Alberto Fernández</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Alberto_Fern%C3%A1ndez" title="Presidency of Alberto Fernández">2019–2023</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javier_Milei" title="Javier Milei">Javier Milei</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Javier_Milei" title="Presidency of Javier Milei">2023–present</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div>De facto leaders are in italics. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Argentina" title="President of Argentina">President of Argentina</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Presidents_of_Argentina" title="Category:Presidents of Argentina">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Argentina" title="List of heads of state of Argentina">List</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Eva_Perón120" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Maria_Eva_Duarte_de_Per%C3%B3n" title="Template:Maria Eva Duarte de Perón"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Maria_Eva_Duarte_de_Per%C3%B3n" title="Template talk:Maria Eva Duarte de Perón"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Maria_Eva_Duarte_de_Per%C3%B3n" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Maria Eva Duarte de Perón"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Eva_Perón120" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Eva_Per%C3%B3n" title="Eva Perón">Eva Perón</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Husband</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Juan Domingo Perón</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Evita_color.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Evita_color.jpg/75px-Evita_color.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Evita_color.jpg/113px-Evita_color.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Evita_color.jpg/150px-Evita_color.jpg 2x" data-file-width="557" data-file-height="777" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eva_Per%C3%B3n_Foundation" title="Eva Perón Foundation">Eva Perón Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciudad_Evita" title="Ciudad Evita">Ciudad Evita (Evita City)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_Peronist_Party" title="Female Peronist Party">Peronista Feminist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Confederation_of_Labour_(Argentina)" title="General Confederation of Labour (Argentina)">General Confederation of Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eva_Per%C3%B3n#European_tour" title="Eva Perón">European Rainbow Tour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Leader_of_the_Nation_of_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritual Leader of the Nation of Argentina">Spiritual Leader of the Nation</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Election_as_president_and_first_term_(1946-1952)">First presidential term</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#The_second_term_(1952-1955)">Second presidential term</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Followers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Descamisado" title="Descamisado">Descamisados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peronism" title="Peronism">Peronists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Homes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unzu%C3%A9_Palace" title="Unzué Palace">Unzué Palace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autobiography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_raz%C3%B3n_de_mi_vida" title="La razón de mi vida">La Razón de mi Vida (1951)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi_Mensaje" title="Mi Mensaje">Mi Mensaje (1952)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Eva_Per%C3%B3n" title="Cultural depictions of Eva Perón">Cultural depictions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Woman_with_the_Whip" title="The Woman with the Whip">The Woman with the Whip (1952 biography)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evita_(musical)" title="Evita (musical)">Evita (1978 musical)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evita_(1996_film)" title="Evita (1996 film)">Evita (1996 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eva_Per%C3%B3n:_The_True_Story" title="Eva Perón: The True Story">Eva Perón: The True Story (1996 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evita_(2008_film)" title="Evita (2008 film)">Evita (2008 documentary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eva_Doesn%27t_Sleep" title="Eva Doesn't Sleep">Eva Doesn't Sleep (2015 film)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copa_Eva_Duarte" title="Copa Eva Duarte">Copa Eva Duarte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty_Day_(Argentina)" title="Loyalty Day (Argentina)">Loyalty Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciudad_Eva_Per%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciudad Eva Perón">Ciudad Eva Perón</a> (1952–1955)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Post-war_flight_of_Axis_fugitives85" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Post-war_flight_of_Axis_fugitives" title="Template:Post-war flight of Axis fugitives"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Post-war_flight_of_Axis_fugitives" title="Template talk:Post-war flight of Axis fugitives"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Post-war_flight_of_Axis_fugitives" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Post-war flight of Axis fugitives"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Post-war_flight_of_Axis_fugitives85" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Post-war flight of Axis fugitives</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fugitives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight:normal;">German / Austrian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Abromeit" title="Franz Abromeit">Franz Abromeit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludolf_von_Alvensleben" title="Ludolf von Alvensleben">Ludolf von Alvensleben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Barbie" title="Klaus Barbie">Klaus Barbie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermine_Braunsteiner" title="Hermine Braunsteiner">Hermine Braunsteiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alois_Brunner" title="Alois Brunner">Alois Brunner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann">Adolf Eichmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Eisele_(physician)" title="Hans Eisele (physician)">Hans Eisele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aribert_Heim" title="Aribert Heim">Aribert Heim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Kutschmann" title="Walter Kutschmann">Walter Kutschmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_von_Leers" title="Johann von Leers">Johann von Leers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Mengele" title="Josef Mengele">Josef Mengele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Michel" title="Hermann Michel">Hermann Michel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Priebke" title="Erich Priebke">Erich Priebke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Rauff" title="Walter Rauff">Walter Rauff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Roschmann" title="Eduard Roschmann">Eduard Roschmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Schreiber" title="Walter Schreiber">Walter Schreiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horst_Schumann" title="Horst Schumann">Horst Schumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Schwammberger" title="Josef Schwammberger">Josef Schwammberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Stangl" title="Franz Stangl">Franz Stangl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Wagner" title="Gustav Wagner">Gustav Wagner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight:normal;">Croatian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Milivoj_A%C5%A1ner" title="Milivoj Ašner">Milivoj Ašner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrija_Artukovi%C4%87" title="Andrija Artuković">Andrija Artuković</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Geiser" title="Anton Geiser">Anton Geiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vjekoslav_Luburi%C4%87" title="Vjekoslav Luburić">Vjekoslav Luburić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ante_Paveli%C4%87" title="Ante Pavelić">Ante Pavelić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivo_Rojnica" title="Ivo Rojnica">Ivo Rojnica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinko_%C5%A0aki%C4%87" title="Dinko Šakić">Dinko Šakić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vjekoslav_Vran%C4%8Di%C4%87" title="Vjekoslav Vrančić">Vjekoslav Vrančić</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight:normal;">Belgian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Daye" title="Pierre Daye">Pierre Daye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Degrelle" title="Léon Degrelle">Léon Degrelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Lagrou" title="René Lagrou">René Lagrou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight:normal;">Ukrainian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Demjanjuk" title="John Demjanjuk">John Demjanjuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feodor_Fedorenko" title="Feodor Fedorenko">Feodor Fedorenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mykola_Lebed" title="Mykola Lebed">Mykola Lebed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight:normal;">Danish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kam" title="Søren Kam">Søren Kam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_V%C3%A6rnet" title="Carl Værnet">Carl Værnet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight:normal;">Estonian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Laak" title="Aleksander Laak">Aleksander Laak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Linnas" title="Karl Linnas">Karl Linnas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight:normal;">Latvian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viktors_Ar%C4%81js" title="Viktors Arājs">Viktors Arājs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herberts_Cukurs" title="Herberts Cukurs">Herberts Cukurs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight:normal;">Other nationalities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tscherim_Soobzokov" title="Tscherim Soobzokov">Tscherim Soobzokov</a> (Circassian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aarne_Kauhanen" title="Aarne Kauhanen">Aarne Kauhanen</a> (Finnish)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Assistance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;;font-weight:normal;">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ratlines_(World_War_II)" title="Ratlines (World War II)">Ratlines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;;font-weight:normal;">State involvement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Baviera" class="mw-redirect" title="Villa Baviera">Colonia Dignidad (Chile)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Franco (Spain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Nasser (Egypt)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Perón (Argentina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Rafael_Videla" title="Jorge Rafael Videla">Videla (Argentina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Paperclip" title="Operation Paperclip">Operation Paperclip (USA)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Germans_relocated_to_the_US_via_the_Operation_Paperclip" title="List of Germans relocated to the US via the Operation Paperclip">list of scientists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Osoaviakhim" title="Operation Osoaviakhim">Operation Osoaviakhim (USSR)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Germans_transported_to_the_USSR_via_the_Operation_Osoaviakhim" title="List of Germans transported to the USSR via the Operation Osoaviakhim">list of scientists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Leiber" title="Robert Leiber">Robert Leiber (Holy See)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Banzer" title="Hugo Banzer">Banzer (Bolivia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Stroessner" title="Alfredo Stroessner">Stroessner (Paraguay)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;;font-weight:normal;">Other persons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rodolfo_Freude" title="Rodolfo Freude">Rodolfo Freude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alois_Hudal" title="Alois Hudal">Alois Hudal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lescat" title="Charles Lescat">Charles Lescat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Ulrich_Rudel" title="Hans-Ulrich Rudel">Hans-Ulrich Rudel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Skorzeny" title="Otto Skorzeny">Otto Skorzeny</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hunters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serge_Klarsfeld" title="Serge Klarsfeld">Serge Klarsfeld</a> & <a href="/wiki/Beate_Klarsfeld" title="Beate Klarsfeld">Beate Klarsfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eli_Rosenbaum" title="Eli Rosenbaum">Eli Rosenbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Wiesenthal" title="Simon Wiesenthal">Simon Wiesenthal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efraim_Zuroff" title="Efraim Zuroff">Efraim Zuroff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disputed / dubious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krunoslav_Draganovi%C4%87" title="Krunoslav Draganović">Krunoslav Draganović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ODESSA" title="ODESSA">ODESSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stille_Hilfe" title="Stille Hilfe">Stille Hilfe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_last_surviving_people_suspected_of_participation_in_Nazi_war_crimes" title="List of last surviving people suspected of participation in Nazi war crimes">List of last surviving people suspected of participation in Nazi war crimes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q93330#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3394" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q93330#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3394" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q93330#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000368644200">ISNI</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121393788">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/73866687">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/19933/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJd3RFKTFFqrTPt4JQJRrq">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118739999">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50083258">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120249814">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120249814">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/LO1V149722">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35178545">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000604402&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1059659">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/105318">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070128561">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=164304">Greece</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000023737">Argentina</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/86lnqg3s5469t31">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810701346205606">Poland</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/324619">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007266420405171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058607729206706">Catalonia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01300644?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/853611">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118739999.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118739999">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/02840937X">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10596956">NARA</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10581127">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6df75d4">SNAC</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juan_Perón&oldid=1280096156">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juan_Perón&oldid=1280096156</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Juan_Per%C3%B3n" title="Category:Juan Perón">Juan Perón</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1895_births" title="Category:1895 births">1895 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1974_deaths" title="Category:1974 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