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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Contemporary storytelling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_storytelling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oral_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oral_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Oral traditions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Oral_traditions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Oral traditions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Oral_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Märchen_and_Sagen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Märchen_and_Sagen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span><i>Märchen</i> and <i>Sagen</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Märchen_and_Sagen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Learning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Learning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Learning</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Learning-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Learning subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Learning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_indigenous_cultures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_indigenous_cultures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>In indigenous cultures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_indigenous_cultures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Passing_on_values" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Passing_on_values"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Passing on values</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Passing_on_values-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Serious_storytelling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Serious_storytelling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Serious storytelling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Serious_storytelling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_a_political_praxis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_a_political_praxis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>As a political praxis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_a_political_praxis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Therapeutic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Therapeutic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Therapeutic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Therapeutic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_art_form" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_art_form"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>As art form</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-As_art_form-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle As art form subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-As_art_form-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aesthetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aesthetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Aesthetics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aesthetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Festivals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emancipation_of_the_story" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emancipation_of_the_story"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Emancipation of the story</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emancipation_of_the_story-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_business" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_business"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>In business</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_business-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In business subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_business-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Recruiting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recruiting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Recruiting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recruiting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Public relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Networking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Networking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Networking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Networking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Within_the_workplace" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Within_the_workplace"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.4</span> <span>Within the workplace</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Within_the_workplace-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-To_manage_conflicts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#To_manage_conflicts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.4.1</span> <span>To manage conflicts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-To_manage_conflicts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-To_interpret_the_past_and_shape_the_future" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#To_interpret_the_past_and_shape_the_future"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.4.2</span> <span>To interpret the past and shape the future</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-To_interpret_the_past_and_shape_the_future-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_reasoning_process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_reasoning_process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.4.3</span> <span>In the reasoning process</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_reasoning_process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_marketing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_marketing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.5</span> <span>In marketing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_marketing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Storytelling</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">36 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B5%D8%B5" title="رواية القصص – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رواية القصص" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narraci%C3%B3_d%27hist%C3%B2ries" title="Narració d'històries – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Narració d'històries" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salima_Salimbu" title="Salima Salimbu – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Salima Salimbu" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort%C3%A6lling_(storytelling)" title="Fortælling (storytelling) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fortælling (storytelling)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erz%C3%A4hlkunst" title="Erzählkunst – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Erzählkunst" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narraci%C3%B3n_de_historias" title="Narración de historias – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Narración de historias" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakontado" title="Rakontado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Rakontado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B5%D9%87%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%D9%88%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="قصه‌گویی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قصه‌گویی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storytelling_(technique)" title="Storytelling (technique) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Storytelling (technique)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%ED%86%A0%EB%A6%AC%ED%85%94%EB%A7%81" title="스토리텔링 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스토리텔링" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="कहानीकारी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कहानीकारी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bercerita" title="Bercerita – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bercerita" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagnamennska" title="Sagnamennska – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sagnamennska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storytelling" title="Storytelling – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Storytelling" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D" title="סיפור סיפורים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סיפור סיפורים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narratio_fabularum" title="Narratio fabularum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Narratio fabularum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penglipur_lara" title="Penglipur lara – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Penglipur lara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcm mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storytelling" title="Storytelling – Nigerian Pidgin" lang="pcm" hreflang="pcm" data-title="Storytelling" data-language-autonym="Naijá" data-language-local-name="Nigerian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Naijá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storytelling" title="Storytelling – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Storytelling" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%86%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0" title="ストーリーテリング – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ストーリーテリング" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortelling" title="Fortelling – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fortelling" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%89%E0%A8%A3%E0%A8%BE" title="ਬਾਤਾਂ ਪਾਉਣਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬਾਤਾਂ ਪਾਉਣਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narra%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_hist%C3%B3rias" title="Narração de histórias – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Narração de histórias" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storytelling" title="Storytelling – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Storytelling" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Сказительство – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сказительство" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tregimtaria" title="Tregimtaria – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Tregimtaria" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zgodbarjenje" title="Zgodbarjenje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zgodbarjenje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historieber%C3%A4ttande" title="Historieberättande – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Historieberättande" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="கதைகூறல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கதைகூறல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about portraying real or fictitious events. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Storytelling_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Storytelling (disambiguation)">Storytelling (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Everett_Millais_(1829-1896)_-_The_Boyhood_of_Raleigh_-_N01691_-_National_Gallery.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/John_Everett_Millais_%281829-1896%29_-_The_Boyhood_of_Raleigh_-_N01691_-_National_Gallery.jpg/300px-John_Everett_Millais_%281829-1896%29_-_The_Boyhood_of_Raleigh_-_N01691_-_National_Gallery.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/John_Everett_Millais_%281829-1896%29_-_The_Boyhood_of_Raleigh_-_N01691_-_National_Gallery.jpg/450px-John_Everett_Millais_%281829-1896%29_-_The_Boyhood_of_Raleigh_-_N01691_-_National_Gallery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/John_Everett_Millais_%281829-1896%29_-_The_Boyhood_of_Raleigh_-_N01691_-_National_Gallery.jpg/600px-John_Everett_Millais_%281829-1896%29_-_The_Boyhood_of_Raleigh_-_N01691_-_National_Gallery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1307" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Boyhood_of_Raleigh" title="The Boyhood of Raleigh">The Boyhood of Raleigh</a></i> by Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Everett_Millais" title="John Everett Millais">John Everett Millais</a>, oil on canvas, 1870.<br />A seafarer tells the young <a href="/wiki/Walter_Raleigh" title="Walter Raleigh">Walter Raleigh</a> and his brother the story of what happened out at sea.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Storytelling</b> is the social and cultural activity of sharing <a href="/wiki/Narrative" title="Narrative">stories</a>, sometimes with <a href="/wiki/Improvisation" title="Improvisation">improvisation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theatre" title="Theatre">theatrics</a> or embellishment. Every culture has its own narratives, which are shared as a means of <a href="/wiki/Entertainment" title="Entertainment">entertainment</a>, education, cultural preservation or instilling <a href="/wiki/Moral" title="Moral">moral</a> values.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crucial elements of stories and storytelling include <a href="/wiki/Plot_(narrative)" title="Plot (narrative)">plot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Character_(arts)" title="Character (arts)">characters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Point_of_view_(literature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Point of view (literature)">narrative point of view</a>. The term "storytelling" can refer specifically to <a href="/wiki/Oral_storytelling" title="Oral storytelling">oral storytelling</a> but also broadly to techniques used in other media to unfold or disclose the narrative of a story. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_perspective">Historical perspective</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Storytelling&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Historical perspective"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WLANL_-_MicheleLovesArt_-_Tropenmuseum_-_Pabuji-Verteldoek_(4669-1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/WLANL_-_MicheleLovesArt_-_Tropenmuseum_-_Pabuji-Verteldoek_%284669-1%29.jpg/220px-WLANL_-_MicheleLovesArt_-_Tropenmuseum_-_Pabuji-Verteldoek_%284669-1%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/WLANL_-_MicheleLovesArt_-_Tropenmuseum_-_Pabuji-Verteldoek_%284669-1%29.jpg/330px-WLANL_-_MicheleLovesArt_-_Tropenmuseum_-_Pabuji-Verteldoek_%284669-1%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/WLANL_-_MicheleLovesArt_-_Tropenmuseum_-_Pabuji-Verteldoek_%284669-1%29.jpg/440px-WLANL_-_MicheleLovesArt_-_Tropenmuseum_-_Pabuji-Verteldoek_%284669-1%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption>A very fine <a href="/wiki/Phad_painting" title="Phad painting">phad painting</a> dated 1938 A.D. The epic of Pabuji is an oral epic in the <a href="/wiki/Rajasthani_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajasthani language">Rajasthani language</a> that tells of the deeds of the folk hero-deity <a href="/wiki/Pabuji" title="Pabuji">Pabuji</a>, who lived in the 14th century.</figcaption></figure> <p>Storytelling, intertwined with the development of <a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">mythologies</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> predates writing. The earliest forms of storytelling were usually <a href="/wiki/Oral_literature" title="Oral literature">oral</a>, combined with gestures and expressions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Storytelling often has a prominent educational and performative role in <a href="/wiki/Religious" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious">religious</a> <a href="/wiki/Rituals" class="mw-redirect" title="Rituals">rituals</a> (for example, the <a href="/wiki/Passover_Seder" title="Passover Seder">Passover Seder</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), and some archaeologists<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (March 2021)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> believe that <a href="/wiki/Rock_art" title="Rock art">rock art</a> may have served as a form of storytelling for many<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="This term requires quantification. (March 2021)">quantify</span></a></i>]</sup> ancient <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">cultures</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Aboriginal Australian">Aboriginal Australian</a> people painted symbols which also appear in stories on cave walls as a means of helping the storyteller remember the story. The story was then told using a combination of oral narrative, <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a>, rock art and dance, which bring understanding and meaning to human existence through the remembrance and enactment of stories.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (March 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> People have used the <a href="/wiki/Dendroglyph" class="mw-redirect" title="Dendroglyph">carved trunks of living trees</a> and ephemeral media (such as sand and leaves) to record <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folktales</a> in pictures or with writing.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Complex forms of tattooing may also represent stories, with information about <a href="/wiki/Genealogy" title="Genealogy">genealogy</a>, affiliation and social status.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Folktales often <a href="/wiki/Aarne%E2%80%93Thompson_classification_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Aarne–Thompson classification systems">share common motifs and themes</a>, suggesting possible basic psychological similarities across various human cultures. Other stories, notably <a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale" title="Fairy tale">fairy tales</a>, appear to have spread from place to place, implying <a href="/wiki/Memetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Memetic">memetic</a> appeal and popularity. </p><p>Groups of originally oral tales can coalesce over time into <a href="/wiki/Literary_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary cycle">story cycles</a> (like the <i><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Nights" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabian Nights">Arabian Nights</a></i>), cluster around mythic heroes (like <a href="/wiki/King_Arthur" title="King Arthur">King Arthur</a>), and develop into the narratives of the deeds of the <a href="/wiki/Gods" class="mw-redirect" title="Gods">gods</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">saints</a> of various <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The results can be episodic (like the stories about <a href="/wiki/Anansi" title="Anansi">Anansi</a>), <a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">epic</a> (as with <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homeric</a> tales), inspirational (note the tradition of <a href="/wiki/Hagiography" title="Hagiography"><i>vitae</i></a>) and/or instructive (as in many Buddhist or Christian <a href="/wiki/Scriptures" class="mw-redirect" title="Scriptures">scriptures</a>). </p><p>With the advent of <a href="/wiki/Writing" title="Writing">writing</a> and the use of stable, portable <a href="/wiki/Media_(communication)" title="Media (communication)">media</a>, storytellers recorded, transcribed and continued to share stories over wide regions of the world. Stories have been carved, scratched, painted, printed or inked onto wood or bamboo, ivory and other bones, <a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">pottery</a>, clay tablets, stone, <a href="/wiki/Palm-leaf_manuscript" title="Palm-leaf manuscript">palm-leaf books</a>, skins (parchment), <a href="/wiki/Tapa_cloth" title="Tapa cloth">bark cloth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">paper</a>, silk, <a href="/wiki/Canvas" title="Canvas">canvas</a> and other textiles, recorded on <a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">film</a> and stored electronically in digital form. Oral stories continue to be created, improvisationally by impromptu and professional storytellers, as well as committed to memory and passed from generation to generation, despite the increasing popularity of written and televised media in much of the world. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporary_storytelling">Contemporary storytelling</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Storytelling&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Contemporary storytelling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Modern storytelling has a broad purview. In addition to its traditional forms (<a href="/wiki/Fairytales" class="mw-redirect" title="Fairytales">fairytales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folktales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">mythology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Legend" title="Legend">legends</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fables" class="mw-redirect" title="Fables">fables</a> etc.), it has extended itself to representing history, personal narrative, political commentary and evolving cultural norms. Contemporary storytelling is also widely used to address educational objectives.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New forms of media are creating new ways for people to record, express and consume stories.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tools for asynchronous group communication can provide an environment for individuals to reframe or recast individual stories into group stories.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Games and other digital platforms, such as those used in <a href="/wiki/Interactive_fiction" title="Interactive fiction">interactive fiction</a> or <a href="/wiki/Interactive_storytelling" title="Interactive storytelling">interactive storytelling</a>, may be used to position the user as a character within a bigger world. <a href="/wiki/Documentary" class="mw-redirect" title="Documentary">Documentaries</a>, including interactive <a href="/wiki/Web_documentary" title="Web documentary">web documentaries</a>, employ storytelling narrative techniques to communicate information about their topic.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Self-revelatory stories, created for their cathartic and therapeutic effect, are growing in their use and application, as in <a href="/wiki/Psychodrama" title="Psychodrama">psychodrama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drama_therapy" title="Drama therapy">drama therapy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Playback_theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Playback theatre">playback theatre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Storytelling is also used as a means by which to precipitate psychological and social change in the practice of <a href="/wiki/Transformative_arts" title="Transformative arts">transformative arts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some people also make a case for different narrative forms being classified as storytelling in the contemporary world. For example, digital storytelling, online and dice-and-paper-based role-playing games. In traditional <a href="/wiki/Role-playing_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Role-playing games">role-playing games</a>, storytelling is done by the person who controls the environment and the non-playing fictional characters, and moves the story elements along for the players as they interact with the storyteller. The game is advanced by mainly verbal interactions, with a dice roll determining random events in the fictional universe, where the players interact with each other and the storyteller. This type of game has many genres, such as <a href="/wiki/Sci-fi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sci-fi">sci-fi</a> and fantasy, as well as alternate-reality worlds based on the current reality, but with different settings and beings such as werewolves, aliens, daemons, or hidden societies. These oral-based role-playing games were very popular in the 1990s among circles of youth in many countries before computer and console-based online MMORPG's took their place. Despite the prevalence of computer-based MMORPGs, the dice-and-paper RPG still has a dedicated following. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Oral_traditions">Oral traditions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Storytelling&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Oral traditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Storytelling" title="Special:EditPage/Storytelling">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2011</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Oral_storytelling" title="Oral storytelling">Oral storytelling</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Story_Teller_by_Gaganendranath_Tagore.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Story_Teller_by_Gaganendranath_Tagore.jpg/220px-Story_Teller_by_Gaganendranath_Tagore.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Story_Teller_by_Gaganendranath_Tagore.jpg/330px-Story_Teller_by_Gaganendranath_Tagore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Story_Teller_by_Gaganendranath_Tagore.jpg/440px-Story_Teller_by_Gaganendranath_Tagore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="910" /></a><figcaption>Story Teller by <a href="/wiki/Gaganendranath_Tagore" title="Gaganendranath Tagore">Gaganendranath Tagore</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Oral traditions of storytelling are found in several civilizations; they predate the printed and online press. Storytelling was used to explain natural phenomena, bards told stories of creation and developed a pantheon of gods and myths. Oral stories passed from one generation to the next and storytellers were regarded as healers, leaders, spiritual guides, teachers, cultural secrets keepers and entertainers. Oral storytelling came in various forms including songs, poetry, chants and dance.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Albert_Lord" title="Albert Lord">Albert Bates Lord</a> examined oral narratives from field transcripts of Yugoslav oral bards collected by <a href="/wiki/Milman_Parry" title="Milman Parry">Milman Parry</a> in the 1930s, and the texts of epics such as the <a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lord found that a large part of the stories consisted of text which was improvised during the telling process. </p><p>Lord identified two types of <i>story vocabulary.</i> The first he called "formulas": "<a href="/wiki/Rosy-fingered_Dawn" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosy-fingered Dawn">Rosy-fingered Dawn</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Wine-Dark_Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Wine-Dark Sea">the wine-dark sea</a>" and other specific <a href="/wiki/Set_phrase" class="mw-redirect" title="Set phrase">set phrases</a> had long been known of in <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a> and other oral epics. Lord, however, discovered that across many story traditions, fully 90% of an oral epic is assembled from lines which are repeated verbatim or which use one-for-one word substitutions. In other words, oral stories are built out of set phrases which have been stockpiled from a lifetime of hearing and telling stories. </p><p>The other type of story vocabulary is theme, a set sequence of story actions that structure a tale. Just as the teller of tales proceeds line-by-line using formulas, so he proceeds from event-to-event using themes. One near-universal theme is repetition, as evidenced in Western <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a> with the "<a href="/wiki/Rule_of_three_(writing)" title="Rule of three (writing)">rule of three</a>": Three brothers set out, three attempts are made, three riddles are asked. A theme can be as simple as a specific set sequence describing the arming of a <a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">hero</a>, starting with shirt and trousers and ending with headdress and weapons. A theme can be large enough to be a plot component. For example: a hero proposes a journey to a dangerous place / he disguises himself / his disguise fools everybody / except for a common person of little account (a <a href="/wiki/Crone" title="Crone">crone</a>, a tavern maid or a woodcutter) / who immediately recognizes him / the commoner becomes the hero's ally, showing unexpected resources of skill or initiative. A theme does not belong to a specific story, but may be found with minor variation in many different stories. </p><p> The story was described by <a href="/wiki/Reynolds_Price" title="Reynolds Price">Reynolds Price</a>, when he wrote: </p><blockquote><p>A need to tell and hear stories is essential to the species <i>Homo sapiens</i> – second in necessity apparently after nourishment and before love and shelter. Millions survive without love or home, almost none in silence; the opposite of silence leads quickly to narrative, and the sound of story is the dominant sound of our lives, from the small accounts of our day's events to the vast incommunicable constructs of psychopaths.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>In contemporary life, people will seek to fill "story vacuums" with oral and written stories. "In the absence of a narrative, especially in an ambiguous and/or urgent situation, people will seek out and consume plausible stories like water in the desert. It is our innate nature to connect the dots. Once an explanatory narrative is adopted, it's extremely hard to undo," whether or not it is true.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Märchen_and_Sagen"><span id="M.C3.A4rchen_and_Sagen"></span><i>Märchen</i> and <i>Sagen</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Storytelling&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Märchen and Sagen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schlesisches_M%C3%A4rchen.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Schlesisches_M%C3%A4rchen.png/170px-Schlesisches_M%C3%A4rchen.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Schlesisches_M%C3%A4rchen.png/255px-Schlesisches_M%C3%A4rchen.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Schlesisches_M%C3%A4rchen.png/340px-Schlesisches_M%C3%A4rchen.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="1325" /></a><figcaption>Illustration from <i>Silesian Folk Tales</i> (The Book of <a href="/wiki/Rubezahl" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubezahl">Rubezahl</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Folklorists sometimes divide oral tales into two main groups: <i>Märchen</i> and <i>Sagen</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> terms for which there are no exact <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> equivalents, however we have approximations: </p><p><i>Märchen</i>, loosely translated as "<a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale" title="Fairy tale">fairy tale</a>(s)" or little stories, take place in a kind of separate "once-upon-a-time" world of nowhere-in-particular, at an indeterminate time in the past. They are clearly not intended to be understood as true. The stories are full of clearly defined incidents, and peopled by rather flat characters with little or no interior life. When the supernatural occurs, it is presented matter-of-factly, without surprise. Indeed, there is very little effect, generally; bloodcurdling events may take place, but with little call for emotional response from the listener.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><i>Sagen</i>, translated as "<a href="/wiki/Legend" title="Legend">legends</a>", are supposed to have actually happened, very often at a particular time and place, and they draw much of their power from this fact. When the supernatural intrudes (as it often does), it does so in an emotionally fraught manner. Ghost and <a href="/wiki/Lovers%27_Leap" class="mw-redirect" title="Lovers' Leap">Lovers' Leap</a> stories belong in this category, as do many UFO stories and stories of supernatural beings and events.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Another important examination of orality in human life is <a href="/wiki/Walter_J._Ong" title="Walter J. Ong">Walter J. Ong</a>'s <i>Orality and Literacy: The Technologizing of the Word</i> (1982). Ong studies the distinguishing characteristics of oral traditions, how oral and written cultures interact and condition one another, and how they ultimately influence human epistemology. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Learning">Learning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Storytelling&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Learning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orunamamu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Orunamamu.jpg/170px-Orunamamu.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="355" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Orunamamu.jpg/255px-Orunamamu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Orunamamu.jpg/340px-Orunamamu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1404" data-file-height="2934" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Orunamamu" title="Orunamamu">Orunamamu</a> storyteller, <a href="/wiki/Griot" title="Griot">griot</a> with cane</figcaption></figure> <p>Storytelling is a means for sharing and interpreting experiences. <a href="/wiki/Peter_L._Berger" title="Peter L. Berger">Peter L. Berger</a> says human life is narratively rooted, humans construct their lives and shape their world into homes in terms of these groundings and memories. Stories are universal in that they can bridge cultural, linguistic and age-related divides. Storytelling can be adaptive for all ages, leaving out the notion of <a href="/wiki/Age_segregation" title="Age segregation">age segregation</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Storytelling can be used as a method to teach ethics, <a href="/wiki/Moral_development" title="Moral development">values</a> and cultural norms and differences.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Learning is most effective when it takes place in social environments that provide authentic social cues about how knowledge is to be applied.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stories function as a tool to pass on knowledge in a social context. So, every story has 3 parts. First, The setup (The Hero's world before the adventure starts). Second, The Confrontation (The hero's world turned upside down). Third, The Resolution (Hero conquers villain, but it is not enough for Hero to survive. The Hero or World must be transformed). Any story can be framed in such format. </p><p>Human knowledge is based on stories and the human brain consists of cognitive machinery necessary to understand, remember and tell stories.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Humans are storytelling organisms that both individually and socially, lead storied lives.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stories mirror human thought as humans think in narrative structures and most often remember facts in story form. Facts can be understood as smaller versions of a larger story, thus storytelling can supplement analytical thinking. Because storytelling requires auditory and visual senses from listeners, one can learn to organize their mental representation of a story, recognize structure of language and express his or her thoughts.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stories tend to be based on experiential learning, but learning from an experience is not automatic. Often a person needs to attempt to tell the story of that experience before realizing its value. In this case, it is not only the listener who learns, but the teller who also becomes aware of his or her own unique experiences and background.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This process of storytelling is empowering as the teller effectively conveys ideas and, with practice, is able to demonstrate the potential of human accomplishment. Storytelling taps into existing knowledge and creates bridges both culturally and motivationally toward a solution. </p><p>Stories are effective educational tools because listeners become engaged and therefore remember. Storytelling can be seen as a foundation for learning and teaching. While the story listener is engaged, they are able to imagine new perspectives, inviting a transformative and empathetic experience.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This involves allowing the individual to actively engage in the story as well as observe, listen and participate with minimal guidance.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Listening to a storyteller can create lasting personal connections, promote innovative problem solving and foster a shared understanding regarding future ambitions.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The listener can then activate knowledge and imagine new possibilities. Together a storyteller and listener can seek best practices and invent new solutions. Because stories often have multiple layers of meanings, listeners have to listen closely to identify the underlying knowledge in the story. Storytelling is used as a tool to teach children the importance of respect through the practice of listening.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As well as connecting children with their environment, through the theme of the stories, and give them more autonomy by using repetitive statements, which improve their learning to learn competence.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also used to teach children to have respect for all life, value inter-connectedness and always work to overcome adversity. To teach this a <a href="/wiki/Kinesthetic_learning" title="Kinesthetic learning">Kinesthetic learning style</a> would be used, involving the listeners through music, dream interpretation, or dance.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_indigenous_cultures">In indigenous cultures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Storytelling&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: In indigenous cultures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_storytelling_in_North_America" title="Indigenous storytelling in North America">Indigenous storytelling in North America</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Historian_(The_How_and_Why_Library).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/The_Historian_%28The_How_and_Why_Library%29.jpg/170px-The_Historian_%28The_How_and_Why_Library%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/The_Historian_%28The_How_and_Why_Library%29.jpg/255px-The_Historian_%28The_How_and_Why_Library%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/The_Historian_%28The_How_and_Why_Library%29.jpg/340px-The_Historian_%28The_How_and_Why_Library%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3242" data-file-height="4167" /></a><figcaption><i>The Historian</i> – An indigenous artist is painting in sign language, on <a href="/wiki/Buckskin_(leather)" title="Buckskin (leather)">buckskin</a>, the story of a battle with American soldiers.</figcaption></figure> <p>For indigenous cultures of the Americas, storytelling is used as an oral form of language associated with practices and <a href="/wiki/Moral_development" title="Moral development">values</a> essential to developing one's identity. This is because everyone in the community can add their own touch and perspective to the narrative collaboratively – both individual and culturally shared perspectives have a place in the co-creation of the story. <a href="/wiki/Oral_storytelling" title="Oral storytelling">Oral storytelling</a> in indigenous communities differs from other forms of stories because they are told not only for entertainment, but for teaching values.<sup id="cite_ref-Archibald_2008_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Archibald_2008-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the <a href="/wiki/Sto:lo" class="mw-redirect" title="Sto:lo">Sto:lo</a> community in Canada focuses on reinforcing children's identity by telling stories about the land to explain their roles.<sup id="cite_ref-Archibald_2008_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Archibald_2008-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Furthermore, Storytelling is a way to teach younger members of indigenous communities about their culture and their identities. In Donna Eder's study, <a href="/wiki/Navajos" class="mw-redirect" title="Navajos">Navajos</a> were interviewed about storytelling practices that they have had in the past and what changes they want to see in the future. They notice that storytelling makes an impact on the lives of the children of the Navajos. According to some of the Navajos that were interviewed, storytelling is one of many main practices that teaches children the important principles to live a good life.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In indigenous communities, stories are a way to pass knowledge on from generation to generation. </p><p>For some indigenous people, experience has no separation between the physical world and the spiritual world. Thus, some indigenous people communicate to their children through ritual, storytelling, or dialogue. Community values, learned through storytelling, help to guide future generations and aid in identity formation.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Quechua_people" title="Quechua people">Quechua community</a> of Highland Peru, there is no separation between adults and children. This allows for children to learn storytelling through their own interpretations of the given story. Therefore, children in the <a href="/wiki/Quechua_people" title="Quechua people">Quechua community</a> are encouraged to listen to the story that is being told in order to learn about their identity and culture. Sometimes, children are expected to sit quietly and listen actively. This enables them to engage in activities as independent learners.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This teaching practice of storytelling allowed children to formulate ideas based on their own experiences and perspectives. In <a href="/wiki/Navajo" title="Navajo">Navajo</a> communities, for children and adults, storytelling is one of the many effective ways to educate both the young and old about their cultures, identities and history. Storytelling help the Navajos know who they are, where they come from and where they belong.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Storytelling in indigenous cultures is sometimes passed on by oral means in a quiet and relaxing environment, which usually coincides with family or tribal community gatherings and official events such as family occasions, rituals, or ceremonial practices.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the telling of the story, <a href="/wiki/Child_Integration" class="mw-redirect" title="Child Integration">children</a> may act as participants by asking questions, acting out the story, or telling smaller parts of the story.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, stories are not often told in the same manner twice, resulting in many variations of a single myth. This is because narrators may choose to insert new elements into old stories dependent upon the relationship between the storyteller and the audience, making the story correspond to each unique situation.<sup id="cite_ref-Silko,_L._Storyteller_1981_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silko,_L._Storyteller_1981-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Indigenous cultures also use <a href="/wiki/Teasing#Teasing_in_Indigenous_American_Communities" title="Teasing">instructional ribbing</a>— a playful form of correcting children's undesirable behavior— in their stories. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Ojibwe" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a> (or Chippewa) tribe uses the tale of an owl snatching away misbehaving children. The caregiver will often say, "The owl will come and stick you in his ears if you don't stop crying!" Thus, this form of teasing serves as a tool to correct inappropriate behavior and promote cooperation.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Types">Types</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Storytelling&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are various types of stories among many indigenous communities. Communication in Indigenous American communities is rich with stories, myths, philosophies and narratives that serve as a means to exchange information.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These stories may be used for coming of age themes, core values, morality, literacy and history. Very often, the stories are used to instruct and teach children about <a href="/wiki/Moral_development" title="Moral development">cultural values and lessons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Silko,_L._Storyteller_1981_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silko,_L._Storyteller_1981-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The meaning within the stories is not always explicit, and children are expected to make their own meaning of the stories. In the <a href="/wiki/Lakota_People" class="mw-redirect" title="Lakota People">Lakota Tribe</a> of North America, for example, young girls are often told the story of the <a href="/wiki/White_Buffalo_Calf_Woman" title="White Buffalo Calf Woman">White Buffalo Calf Woman</a>, who is a spiritual figure that protects young girls from the whims of men. In the <a href="/wiki/Odawa" title="Odawa">Odawa Tribe</a>, young boys are often told the story of a young man who never took care of his body, and as a result, his feet fail to run when he tries to escape predators. This story serves as an indirect means of encouraging the young boys to take care of their bodies.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Narratives can be shared to express the values or morals among family, relatives, or people who are considered part of the close-knit community. Many stories in indigenous American communities all have a "surface" story, that entails knowing certain information and clues to unlocking the metaphors in the story. The underlying message of the story being told, can be understood and interpreted with clues that hint to a certain interpretation.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In order to make meaning from these stories, elders in the <a href="/wiki/Sto:lo" class="mw-redirect" title="Sto:lo">Sto:lo</a> community for example, emphasize the importance in learning how to listen, since it requires the senses to bring one's heart and mind together.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, a way in which children learn about the metaphors significant for the society they live in, is by listening to their elders and participating in rituals where they respect one another.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Passing_on_values">Passing on values</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Storytelling&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Passing on values"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Stories in indigenous cultures encompass a variety of <a href="/wiki/Moral_development" title="Moral development">values</a>. These values include an emphasis on individual responsibility, concern for the environment and communal welfare.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stories are based on values passed down by older generations to shape the foundation of the community.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Storytelling is used as a bridge for knowledge and understanding allowing the values of "self" and "community" to connect and be learned as a whole. Storytelling in the <a href="/wiki/Navajo" title="Navajo">Navajo</a> community for example allows for community values to be learned at different times and places for different learners. Stories are told from the perspective of other people, animals, or the natural elements of the earth.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this way, children learn to value their place in the world as a person in relation to others. Typically, stories are used as an <a href="/wiki/Informal_learning" title="Informal learning">informal learning</a> tool in Indigenous American communities, and can act as an alternative method for reprimanding children's bad behavior. In this way, stories are non-confrontational, which allows the child to discover for themselves what they did wrong and what they can do to adjust the behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Parents in the <a href="/wiki/Arizona_Tewa" class="mw-redirect" title="Arizona Tewa">Arizona Tewa</a> community, for example, teach morals to their children through traditional narratives.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lessons focus on several topics including historical or "sacred" stories or more domestic disputes. Through storytelling, the Tewa community emphasizes the traditional wisdom of the ancestors and the importance of collective as well as individual identities. Indigenous communities teach children valuable skills and morals through the actions of good or mischievous stock characters while also allowing room for children to make meaning for themselves. By not being given every element of the story, children rely on their own experiences and not formal teaching from adults to fill in the gaps.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When children listen to stories, they periodically vocalize their ongoing <a href="/wiki/Attention" title="Attention">attention</a> and accept the extended turn of the storyteller. The emphasis on attentiveness to surrounding events and the importance of oral tradition in indigenous communities teaches children the skill of keen attention. For example, Children of the <a href="/wiki/Tohono_O%27odham" class="mw-redirect" title="Tohono O'odham">Tohono O'odham</a> American Indian community who engaged in more cultural practices were able to recall the events in a verbally presented story better than those who did not engage in cultural practices.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Body movements and gestures help to communicate values and keep stories alive for future generations.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elders, parents and grandparents are typically involved in teaching the children the cultural ways, along with history, community values and teachings of the land.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Children in indigenous communities can also learn from the underlying message of a story. For example, in a <a href="/wiki/Nahua_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahua peoples">nahuatl</a> community near <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>, stories about ahuaques or hostile water dwelling spirits that guard over the bodies of water, contain morals about respecting the environment. If the protagonist of a story, who has accidentally broken something that belongs to the ahuaque, does not replace it or give back in some way to the ahuaque, the <a href="/wiki/Protagonist" title="Protagonist">protagonist</a> dies.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this way, storytelling serves as a way to teach what the community values, such as valuing the environment. </p><p>Storytelling also serves to deliver a particular message during spiritual and ceremonial functions. In the ceremonial use of storytelling, the unity building theme of the message becomes more important than the time, place and characters of the message. Once the message is delivered, the story is finished. As cycles of the tale are told and retold, story units can recombine, showing various outcomes for a person's actions.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Storytelling&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Storytelling&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2015</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Storytelling has been assessed for critical literacy skills and the learning of theatre-related terms by the nationally recognized storytelling and creative drama organization, Neighborhood Bridges, in <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another storyteller researcher in the UK proposes that the social space created preceding oral storytelling in schools may trigger sharing (Parfitt, 2014).<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Storytelling has also been studied as a way to investigate and archive cultural knowledge and values within indigenous American communities. Iseke's study (2013)<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on the role of storytelling in the <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_people_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Métis people (United States)">Metis</a> community, showed promise in furthering research about the Metis and their shared communal atmosphere during storytelling events. Iseke focused on the idea of witnessing a storyteller as a vital way to share and partake in the Metis community, as members of the community would stop everything else they were doing in order to listen or "witness" the storyteller and allow the story to become a "ceremonial landscape", or shared reference, for everyone present. This was a powerful tool for the community to engage and teach new learner shared references for the values and ideologies of the Metis. Through storytelling, the Metis cemented the shared reference of personal or popular stories and <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a>, which members of the community can use to share ideologies. In the future, Iseke noted that Metis elders wished for the stories being told to be used for further research into their culture, as stories were a traditional way to pass down vital knowledge to younger generations. </p><p>For the stories we read, the "neuro-semantic encoding of narratives happens at levels higher than individual semantic units and that this encoding is systematic across both individuals and languages." This encoding seems to appear most prominently in the default mode network.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Serious_storytelling">Serious storytelling</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Storytelling&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Serious storytelling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Storytelling in serious application contexts, as e.g. therapeutics, business, serious games, medicine, education, or faith can be referred to as serious storytelling. Serious storytelling applies storytelling "outside the context of entertainment, where the narration progresses as a sequence of patterns impressive in quality ... and is part of a thoughtful progress".<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="As_a_political_praxis">As a political praxis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Storytelling&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: As a political praxis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some approaches treat narratives as politically motivated stories, stories empowering certain groups and stories giving people agency. Instead of just searching for the main point of the narrative, the political function is demanded through asking, "Whose interest does a personal narrative serve"?<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This approach mainly looks at the power, authority, knowledge, ideology and identity; "whether it legitimates and dominates or resists and empowers".<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All personal narratives are seen as ideological because they evolve from a structure of power relations and simultaneously produce, maintain and reproduce that power structure".<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Political theorist, <a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Hannah Arendt</a> argues that storytelling transforms private meaning to public meaning.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regardless of the gender of the narrator and what story they are sharing, the performance of the narrative and the audience listening to it is where the power lies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Therapeutic">Therapeutic</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Storytelling&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Therapeutic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Therapeutic storytelling is the act of telling one's story in an attempt to better understand oneself or one's situation. Oftentimes, these stories affect the audience in a therapeutic sense as well, helping them to view situations similar to their own through a different lens.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Noted author and folklore scholar, Elaine Lawless states, "...this process provides new avenues for understanding and identity formation. Language is utilised to bear witness to their lives".<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes a narrator will simply skip over certain details without realizing, only to include it in their stories during a later telling. In this way, that telling and retelling of the narrative serves to "reattach portions of the narrative".<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These gaps may occur due to a repression of the trauma or even just a want to keep the most gruesome details private. Regardless, these silences are not as empty as they appear, and it is only this act of storytelling that can enable the teller to fill them back in. </p><p>Psychodrama uses re-enactment of a personal, traumatic event in the life of a psychodrama group participant as a therapeutic methodology, first developed by psychiatrist, <a href="/wiki/J.L._Moreno" class="mw-redirect" title="J.L. Moreno">J.L. Moreno</a>, M.D. This therapeutic use of storytelling was incorporated into <a href="/wiki/Drama_Therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Drama Therapy">Drama Therapy</a>, known in the field as "Self Revelatory Theater". In 1975 Jonathan Fox and Jo Salas developed a therapeutic, improvisational storytelling form they called <a href="/wiki/Playback_Theatre" title="Playback Theatre">Playback Theatre</a>. Therapeutic storytelling is also used to promote healing through <a href="/wiki/Transformative_arts" title="Transformative arts">transformative arts</a>, where a facilitator helps a participant write and often present their personal story to an audience.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="As_art_form">As art form</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Storytelling&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: As art form"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aesthetics">Aesthetics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Storytelling&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Aesthetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The art of narrative is, by definition, an <a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">aesthetic</a> enterprise, and there are a number of artistic elements that typically interact in well-developed stories. Such elements include the essential idea of narrative structure with identifiable beginnings, middles, and endings, or exposition-development-climax-resolution-denouement, normally constructed into coherent plot lines; a strong focus on temporality, which includes retention of the past, attention to present action and protention/future anticipation; a substantial focus on characters and characterization which is "arguably the most important single component of the novel";<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a given <a href="/wiki/Isogloss" title="Isogloss">heterogloss</a> of different voices dialogically at play – "the sound of the human voice, or many voices, speaking in a variety of accents, rhythms and registers";<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> possesses a narrator or narrator-like voice, which by definition "addresses" and "interacts with" reading audiences (see <a href="/wiki/Reader_Response" class="mw-redirect" title="Reader Response">Reader Response</a> theory); communicates with a <a href="/wiki/Wayne_Booth" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayne Booth">Wayne Booth</a>-esque rhetorical thrust, a dialectic process of interpretation, which is at times beneath the surface, conditioning a plotted narrative, and at other times much more visible, "arguing" for and against various positions; relies substantially on now-standard aesthetic figuration, particularly including the use of <a href="/wiki/Metaphor" title="Metaphor">metaphor</a>, metonymy, <a href="/wiki/Synecdoche" title="Synecdoche">synecdoche</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irony" title="Irony">irony</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Hayden_White" title="Hayden White">Hayden White</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Metahistory:_The_Historical_Imagination_in_Nineteenth-century_Europe" title="Metahistory: The Historical Imagination in Nineteenth-century Europe">Metahistory</a></i> for expansion of this idea); is often enmeshed in intertextuality, with copious connections, references, allusions, similarities, parallels, etc. to other literatures; and commonly demonstrates an effort toward <i><a href="/wiki/Bildungsroman" title="Bildungsroman">bildungsroman</a></i>, a description of identity development with an effort to evince <i>becoming</i> in character and community. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Festivals">Festivals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Storytelling&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Festivals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Storytelling_festival" title="Storytelling festival">Storytelling festivals</a> typically feature the work of several storytellers and may include workshops for tellers and others who are interested in the art form or other targeted applications of storytelling. Elements of the <a href="/wiki/Oral_storytelling" title="Oral storytelling">oral storytelling</a> art form often include the tellers encouragement to have participants co-create an experience by connecting to relatable elements of the story and using techniques of <a href="/wiki/Mental_image" title="Mental image">visualization</a> (the seeing of images in the mind's eye), and use vocal and bodily <a href="/wiki/Gestures" class="mw-redirect" title="Gestures">gestures</a> to support understanding. In many ways, the art of storytelling draws upon other art forms such as <a href="/wiki/Acting" title="Acting">acting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oral_interpretation" title="Oral interpretation">oral interpretation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Performance_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Performance Studies">Performance Studies</a>. </p><p>In 1903, Richard Wyche, a professor of literature at the University of Tennessee created the first organized storytellers league of its kind.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It was called The National Story League. Wyche served as its president for 16 years, facilitated storytelling classes, and spurred an interest in the art. </p><p>Several other storytelling organizations started in the U.S. during the 1970s. One such organization was the National Association for the Perpetuation and Preservation of Storytelling (NAPPS), now the National Storytelling Network (NSN) and the International Storytelling Center (ISC). NSN is a professional organization that helps to organize resources for tellers and festival planners. The ISC runs the <a href="/wiki/National_Storytelling_Festival" title="National Storytelling Festival">National Storytelling Festival</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jonesborough,_TN" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonesborough, TN">Jonesborough, TN</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Australia followed their American counterparts with the establishment of storytelling guilds in the late 1970s.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Australian_storytelling" title="Australian storytelling">Australian storytelling</a> today has individuals and groups across the country who meet to share their stories. The UK's <a href="/wiki/Society_for_Storytelling" title="Society for Storytelling">Society for Storytelling</a> was founded in 1993, bringing together tellers and listeners, and each year since 2000 has run a National Storytelling Week the first week of February.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Currently, there are dozens of storytelling festivals and hundreds of professional storytellers around the world,<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and an international celebration of the art occurs on <a href="/wiki/World_Storytelling_Day" title="World Storytelling Day">World Storytelling Day</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Emancipation_of_the_story">Emancipation of the story</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Storytelling&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Emancipation of the story"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Storytelling" title="Special:EditPage/Storytelling">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In oral traditions, stories are kept alive by being told again and again. The material of any given story naturally undergoes several changes and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/adjustment" class="extiw" title="wikt:adjustment">adaptations</a> during this process. When and where <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">oral tradition</a> was superseded by <a href="/wiki/Print_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Print media">print media</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literary</a> <a href="/wiki/Idea" title="Idea">idea</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Author" title="Author">author</a> as originator of a story's <a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">authoritative</a> version changed people's <a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">perception</a> of stories themselves. In centuries following, stories tended to be seen as the work of individuals rather than a collective effort. Only recently when a significant number of influential authors began questioning their own roles, the value of stories as such – independent of authorship – was again recognized. Literary critics such as <a href="/wiki/Roland_Barthes" title="Roland Barthes">Roland Barthes</a> even proclaimed the <a href="/wiki/Death_of_the_Author" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of the Author">Death of the Author</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_business">In business</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Storytelling&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: In business"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>People have been telling stories at work since ancient times, when stories might inspire "courage and empowerment during the hunt for a potentially dangerous animal," or simply instill the value of listening.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Storytelling in business has become a field in its own right as industries have grown, as storytelling becomes a more popular art form in general through live storytelling events like <a href="/wiki/The_Moth" title="The Moth">The Moth</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recruiting">Recruiting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Storytelling&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Recruiting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Storytelling has come to have a prominent role in recruiting. The modern recruiting industry started in the 1940s as employers competed for available labor during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. Prior to that, employers usually placed newspaper ads telling a story about the kind of person they wanted, including their character and, in many cases, their ethnicity.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_relations">Public relations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Storytelling&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Public relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/History_of_public_relations" title="History of public relations">Public influence</a> has been part of human civilization since ancient times, but the modern public relations industry traces its roots to a Boston-based PR firm called The Publicity Bureau that opened in 1900.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although a PR firm may not identify its role as storytelling, the firm's task is to control the public narrative about the organization they represent. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Networking">Networking</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Storytelling&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Networking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Networking has been around since the industrial revolution when businesses recognized the need—and the benefit—of collaborating and trusting a wider range of people.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, networking is the subject for more than 100,000 books, seminars and online conversations.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Storytelling helps networkers showcase their expertise. "Using examples and stories to teach contacts about expertise, experience, talents, and interests" is one of eight networking competencies the <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Talent_Development" title="Association for Talent Development">Association for Talent Development</a> has identified, saying that networkers should "be able to answer the question, 'What do you do?' to make expertise visible and memorable."<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Business storytelling begins by considering the needs of the audience the networker wishes to reach, asking, "What is it about what I do that my audience is most interested in?" and "What would intrigue them the most?"<sup id="cite_ref-:3_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Within_the_workplace">Within the workplace</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Storytelling&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Within the workplace"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Summer_school_Berlin_School_of_Economics_2013-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Summer_school_Berlin_School_of_Economics_2013-01.jpg/220px-Summer_school_Berlin_School_of_Economics_2013-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Summer_school_Berlin_School_of_Economics_2013-01.jpg/330px-Summer_school_Berlin_School_of_Economics_2013-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Summer_school_Berlin_School_of_Economics_2013-01.jpg/440px-Summer_school_Berlin_School_of_Economics_2013-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Example of the use of storytelling in education</figcaption></figure> <p>In the workplace, communicating by using storytelling techniques can be a more compelling and effective route of delivering information than that of using only dry facts.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Uses include: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="To_manage_conflicts">To manage conflicts</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Storytelling&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: To manage conflicts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For <a href="/wiki/Managers" class="mw-redirect" title="Managers">managers</a> storytelling is an important way of resolving conflicts, addressing issues and facing challenges. Managers may use narrative discourse to deal with conflicts when direct action is inadvisable or impossible.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="To_interpret_the_past_and_shape_the_future">To interpret the past and shape the future</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Storytelling&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: To interpret the past and shape the future"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a group discussion a process of collective narration can help to influence others and unify the group by linking the past to the future. In such discussions, managers transform problems, requests and issues into stories.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Jameson calls this collective group construction story building. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_the_reasoning_process">In the reasoning process</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Storytelling&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: In the reasoning process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Storytelling plays an important role in reasoning processes and in convincing others. In business meetings, managers and business officials preferred stories to abstract arguments or statistical measures. When situations are complex or dense, <a href="/wiki/Narrative" title="Narrative">narrative</a> discourse helps to resolve conflicts, influences corporate decisions and stabilizes the group.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_marketing">In marketing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Storytelling&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: In marketing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Storytelling is increasingly being used in advertising in order to build customer loyalty.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Giles Lury, this marketing trend echoes the deeply rooted human need to be entertained.<sup id="cite_ref-PlainLanguageatWork25Mar2012_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PlainLanguageatWork25Mar2012-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stories are illustrative, easily memorable and allow companies to create stronger emotional bonds with customers.<sup id="cite_ref-PlainLanguageatWork25Mar2012_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PlainLanguageatWork25Mar2012-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A Nielsen study shows consumers want a more personal connection in the way they gather information since human brains are more engaged by storytelling than by the presentation of facts alone. When reading pure data, only the language parts of the brain work to decode the meaning. But when reading a story, both the language parts and those parts of the brain that would be engaged if the events of the story were actually experienced are activated. As a result, it is easier to remember stories than facts.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Marketing developments incorporating storytelling include the use of the <a href="/wiki/Trans-media" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans-media">trans-media</a> techniques that originated in the film industry intended to "build a world in which your story can evolve".<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples include the "Happiness Factory" of <a href="/wiki/Coca-Cola" title="Coca-Cola">Coca-Cola</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Storytelling&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dramatic_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Dramatic structure">Dramatic structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_war_theory" title="Just war theory">Just war doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Story_arc" title="Story arc">Story arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storyboard" title="Storyboard">Storyboard</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Storytelling_festival" title="Storytelling festival">Storytelling festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storytelling_game" title="Storytelling game">Storytelling game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Storytelling_Day" title="World Storytelling Day">World Storytelling Day</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Storytelling&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beyondintractability.org/essay/narratives">"Narratives and Story-Telling | Beyond Intractability"</a>. <i>www.beyondintractability.org</i>. 2016-07-06. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170711141403/http://www.beyondintractability.org/essay/narratives">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-07-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-07-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.beyondintractability.org&rft.atitle=Narratives+and+Story-Telling+%7C+Beyond+Intractability&rft.date=2016-07-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.beyondintractability.org%2Fessay%2Fnarratives&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStorytelling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherman2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Josepha_Sherman" title="Josepha Sherman">Sherman, Josepha</a> (26 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dG2sBwAAQBAJ"><i>Storytelling: An Encyclopedia of Mythology and Folklore</i></a>. Routledge (published 2015). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-45937-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-45937-8"><bdi>978-1-317-45937-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2021</span>. <q>Myths address daunting themes such as creation, life, death, and the workings of the natural world [...]. [...] Myths are closely related to religious stories, since myths sometimes belong to living religions.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Storytelling%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Mythology+and+Folklore&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015-03-26&rft.isbn=978-1-317-45937-8&rft.aulast=Sherman&rft.aufirst=Josepha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdG2sBwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStorytelling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlein2023" class="citation journal cs1">Klein, Reuven Chaim (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hcommons.org/deposits/view/hc:61280/CONTENT/the-passover-seder-as-an-exercise-in-piagetian-education-theory.pdf">"The Passover Seder as an Exercise in Piagetian Education Theory"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Religious Education</i>. <b>118</b> (4): 312–324. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00344087.2023.2228189">10.1080/00344087.2023.2228189</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Religious+Education&rft.atitle=The+Passover+Seder+as+an+Exercise+in+Piagetian+Education+Theory&rft.volume=118&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=312-324&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00344087.2023.2228189&rft.aulast=Klein&rft.aufirst=Reuven+Chaim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhcommons.org%2Fdeposits%2Fview%2Fhc%3A61280%2FCONTENT%2Fthe-passover-seder-as-an-exercise-in-piagetian-education-theory.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStorytelling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arkarcheology.uark.edu/rockart/index.html?pageName=Why%20did%20Native%20Americans%20make%20rock%20art?">"Why did Native Americans make rock art?"</a>. <i>Rock Art in Arkansas</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151002154650/http://arkarcheology.uark.edu/rockart/index.html?pageName=Why%20did%20Native%20Americans%20make%20rock%20art%3F">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2016</span>. <q>[...] rock art might have played an important part in story-telling, with combined value for education, entertainment, and group solidarity. This narrative function of rock art imagery is one of the current trends in interpretation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rock+Art+in+Arkansas&rft.atitle=Why+did+Native+Americans+make+rock+art%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farkarcheology.uark.edu%2Frockart%2Findex.html%3FpageName%3DWhy%2520did%2520Native%2520Americans%2520make%2520rock%2520art%3F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStorytelling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N4YAN7aGLQIC">Cajete, Gregory, Donna Eder and Regina Holyan. Life Lessons through Storytelling: Children's Exploration of Ethics. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 2010</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Kaeppler, Adrienne. "Hawaiian tattoo: a conjunction of genealogy and aesthetics". <i>Marks of Civilization: Artistic Transformations of the Human Body</i>. Los Angeles: Museum of Cultural History, UCLA (1988), APA.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPellowski1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anne_Pellowski" title="Anne Pellowski">Pellowski, Anne</a> (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hDDaAAAAMAAJ"><i>The World of Storytelling</i></a>. H.W. Wilson (published 1990). p. 44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8242-0788-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8242-0788-5"><bdi>978-0-8242-0788-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"The transformational power of networking in today's business world." Journal of Property Management, Mar.-Apr. 2017, p. 20+. Gale Academic OneFile Select, https://link-gale-com.libezproxy.broward.org/apps/doc/A490719005/EAIM?u=broward29&sid=EAIM&xid=a2cece77. Accessed 14 Feb. 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaber,_AnneLynne_Waymon" class="citation journal cs1">Baber, Anne & Lynne Waymon. "The connected employee: the eight networking competencies for organizational success". <i>T+D</i>. <b>64</b>: 50+ – via Gale Academic OneFile Select.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=T%2BD&rft.atitle=The+connected+employee%3A+the+eight+networking+competencies+for+organizational+success&rft.volume=64&rft.pages=50%2B&rft.au=Baber%2C+Anne&rft.au=Lynne+Waymon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStorytelling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">By Jason Hensel, One+. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mpiweb.org/Magazine/Archive/US/February2010/OnceUponATime.aspx">Once Upon a Time</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100227034738/http://www.mpiweb.org/Magazine/Archive/US/February2010/OnceUponATime.aspx">Archived</a> 2010-02-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." February 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cornell University. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vivo.cornell.edu/display/individual22706">Jameson, Daphne A Professor</a>." Retrieved Oct 19, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.colorado.edu/conflict/peace/treatment/stories.htm">"Story Telling"</a>. <i>www.colorado.edu</i>. 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170607160227/http://www.colorado.edu/conflict/peace/treatment/stories.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-06-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.colorado.edu&rft.atitle=Story+Telling&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.colorado.edu%2Fconflict%2Fpeace%2Ftreatment%2Fstories.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStorytelling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJameson2001" class="citation journal cs1">Jameson, Daphne A (2001). "Narrative Discourse and Management Action". <i>Journal of Business Communication</i>. <b>38</b> (4): 476–511. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002194360103800404">10.1177/002194360103800404</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145215100">145215100</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Business+Communication&rft.atitle=Narrative+Discourse+and+Management+Action&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=476-511&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F002194360103800404&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145215100%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Jameson&rft.aufirst=Daphne+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStorytelling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lury, Giles (2004). Brand Strategy, Issue 182, p. 32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.i-scoop.eu/art-storytelling-6-content-marketing-context-questions/">"The art of storytelling in 7 content marketing context questions"</a>. <i>i-SCOOP</i>. 2014-07-01. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170705074810/https://www.i-scoop.eu/art-storytelling-6-content-marketing-context-questions/">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-07-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-07-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=i-SCOOP&rft.atitle=The+art+of+storytelling+in+7+content+marketing+context+questions&rft.date=2014-07-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.i-scoop.eu%2Fart-storytelling-6-content-marketing-context-questions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStorytelling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PlainLanguageatWork25Mar2012-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PlainLanguageatWork25Mar2012_85-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PlainLanguageatWork25Mar2012_85-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Plain Language at Work. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.impact-information.com/impactinfo/newsletter/plwork51.htm">The best story wins</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006075822/http://www.impact-information.com/impactinfo/newsletter/plwork51.htm">Archived</a> 2014-10-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." Mar 25, 2012. Retrieved Dec 19, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">By Rachel Gillett, Fast Company. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fastcompany.com/3031419/hit-the-ground-running/why-our-brains-crave-storytelling-in-marketing">Why Our Brains Crave Storytelling in Marketing</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140910200325/http://www.fastcompany.com/3031419/hit-the-ground-running/why-our-brains-crave-storytelling-in-marketing">Archived</a> 2014-09-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." June 4, 2014. September 9, 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Transmedia Storytelling and Entertainment: An annotated syllabus Henry Jenkins Journal of Media & Cultural Studies Volume 24, 2010 – Issue 6: Entertainment Industries</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzsimmons2009" class="citation news cs1">Fitzsimmons, Caitlin (March 13, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/media/2009/mar/13/coca-cola-happiness-factory">"Coca-Cola launches new 'Happiness Factory' ad"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160312135842/http://www.theguardian.com/media/2009/mar/13/coca-cola-happiness-factory">Archived</a> from the original on March 12, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 22,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Coca-Cola+launches+new+%27Happiness+Factory%27+ad&rft.date=2009-03-13&rft.aulast=Fitzsimmons&rft.aufirst=Caitlin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmedia%2F2009%2Fmar%2F13%2Fcoca-cola-happiness-factory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStorytelling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Storytelling&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Storytelling" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Storytelling">Storytelling</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Storytelling" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Storytelling">Storytelling</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Storytelling</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Storytelling&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Storytelling">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Storytelling&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeyer1997" class="citation journal cs1">Beyer, Jürgen (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.folklore.ee/folklore/vol4/balti.htm">"Prolegomena to a history of story-telling around the Baltic Sea, c. 1550–1800"</a>. <i>Electronic Journal of Folklore</i>. <b>4</b>: 43–60. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7592%2Ffejf1997.04.balti">10.7592/fejf1997.04.balti</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Electronic+Journal+of+Folklore&rft.atitle=Prolegomena+to+a+history+of+story-telling+around+the+Baltic+Sea%2C+c.+1550%E2%80%931800&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=43-60&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7592%2Ffejf1997.04.balti&rft.aulast=Beyer&rft.aufirst=J%C3%BCrgen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.folklore.ee%2Ffolklore%2Fvol4%2Fbalti.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStorytelling" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Bruner" title="Jerome Bruner">Bruner, Jerome S.</a> <i>Actual Minds, Possible Worlds</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. 1986. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00365-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00365-1">978-0-674-00365-1</a></li> <li>Bruner, Jerome S. <i>Making Stories: Law, Literature, Life</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Farrar,_Straus_and_Giroux" title="Farrar, Straus and Giroux">Farrar, Straus and Giroux</a>. 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-374-20024-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-374-20024-4">978-0-374-20024-4</a></li> <li>Gargiulo, Terrence L. <i>The Strategic Use of Stories in Organizational Communication and Learning</i>. Armonk: <a href="/wiki/M.E._Sharpe" class="mw-redirect" title="M.E. Sharpe">M.E. Sharpe</a>. 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-1413-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-1413-1">978-0-7656-1413-1</a></li> <li>Greiner-Burkert, Barbara <i>The magical art of telling fairy tales: A practical guide to enchantment</i>. Munich, Germany: tausendschlau Verlag. 2012. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-943328-64-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-943328-64-6">978-3-943328-64-6</a></li> <li>Leitch, Thomas M. <i>What Stories Are: Narrative Theory and Interpretation</i>. University Park, Pennsylvania: <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennsylvania State University Press">Pennsylvania State University Press</a>. 1986. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-271-00431-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-271-00431-0">978-0-271-00431-0</a></li> <li>Lodge, David. <i>The Art of Fiction</i>, New York: Viking, 1992.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_McKee" title="Robert McKee">McKee, Robert</a>. <i>Story: Substance, Structure, Style, and the Principles of Screenwriting</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/ReganBooks" title="ReganBooks">ReganBooks</a>. 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-039168-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-039168-3">978-0-06-039168-3</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Narrative" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Narrative" title="Template:Narrative"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Narrative" title="Template talk:Narrative"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Narrative" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Narrative"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Narrative" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Narrative" title="Narrative">Narrative</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Character_(arts)" title="Character (arts)">Character</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antagonist" title="Antagonist">Antagonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archenemy" title="Archenemy">Archenemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_arc" title="Character arc">Character arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_flaw" title="Character flaw">Character flaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Characterization" title="Characterization">Characterization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confidant" title="Confidant">Confidant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deuteragonist" title="Deuteragonist">Deuteragonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_protagonist" title="False protagonist">False protagonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focal_character" title="Focal character">Focal character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foil_(narrative)" title="Foil (narrative)">Foil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_double" title="Gothic double">Gothic double</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hamartia" title="Hamartia">Hamartia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">Hero</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antihero" title="Antihero">Anti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byronic_hero" title="Byronic hero">Byronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragic_hero" title="Tragic hero">Tragic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narration" title="Narration">Narrator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protagonist" title="Protagonist">Protagonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_character" title="Stock character">Stock character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_man" title="Straight man">Straight man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supporting_character" title="Supporting character">Supporting character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_character" title="Title character">Title character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tritagonist" title="Tritagonist">Tritagonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villain" title="Villain">Villain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plot_(narrative)" title="Plot (narrative)">Plot</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ab_ovo" title="Ab ovo">Ab ovo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_(narrative)" title="Action (narrative)">Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backstory" title="Backstory">Backstory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origin_story" title="Origin story">Origin story</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chekhov%27s_gun" title="Chekhov's gun">Chekhov's gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clich%C3%A9" title="Cliché">Cliché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliffhanger" title="Cliffhanger">Cliffhanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_(narrative)" title="Conflict (narrative)">Conflict</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deus_ex_machina" title="Deus ex machina">Deus ex machina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialogue_in_writing" title="Dialogue in writing">Dialogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dramatic_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Dramatic structure">Dramatic structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucatastrophe" title="Eucatastrophe">Eucatastrophe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreshadowing" title="Foreshadowing">Foreshadowing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flashback_(narrative)" title="Flashback (narrative)">Flashback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flashforward" title="Flashforward">Flashforward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frame_story" title="Frame story">Frame story</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_medias_res" title="In medias res">In medias res</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kish%C5%8Dtenketsu" title="Kishōtenketsu">Kishōtenketsu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacGuffin" title="MacGuffin">MacGuffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pace_(narrative)" title="Pace (narrative)">Pace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plot_device" title="Plot device">Plot device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plot_twist" title="Plot twist">Plot twist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetic_justice" title="Poetic justice">Poetic justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_herring" title="Red herring">Red herring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reveal_(narrative)" title="Reveal (narrative)">Reveal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-insertion" title="Self-insertion">Self-insertion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaggy_dog_story" title="Shaggy dog story">Shaggy dog story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">Stereotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Story_arc" title="Story arc">Story arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Story_within_a_story" title="Story within a story">Story within a story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subplot" title="Subplot">Subplot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspense" title="Suspense">Suspense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trope_(literature)" title="Trope (literature)">Trope</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Setting_(narrative)" title="Setting (narrative)">Setting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternate_history" title="Alternate history">Alternate history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backstory" title="Backstory">Backstory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossover_(fiction)" title="Crossover (fiction)">Crossover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dream_world_(plot_device)" title="Dream world (plot device)">Dreamworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dystopia" title="Dystopia">Dystopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_location" title="Fictional location">Fictional location</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Fictional city">city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_country" title="Fictional country">country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_universe" title="Fictional universe">universe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_universes_in_fiction" title="Parallel universes in fiction">parallel</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">Utopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worldbuilding" title="Worldbuilding">Worldbuilding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theme_(narrative)" title="Theme (narrative)">Theme</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irony" title="Irony">Irony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leitmotif" title="Leitmotif">Leitmotif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphor" title="Metaphor">Metaphor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral" title="Moral">Moral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_development" title="Moral development">Moral development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motif_(narrative)" title="Motif (narrative)">Motif</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deal_with_the_Devil" title="Deal with the Devil">Deal with the Devil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_and_evil" title="Good and evil">Conflict between good and evil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-fulfilling_prophecy" title="Self-fulfilling prophecy">Self-fulfilling prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_travel" title="Time travel">Time travel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Writing_style" title="Writing style">Style</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegory" title="Allegory">Allegory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathos" title="Bathos">Bathos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_relief" title="Comic relief">Comic relief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diction" title="Diction">Diction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figure_of_speech" title="Figure of speech">Figure of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagery" title="Imagery">Imagery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mode_(literature)" title="Mode (literature)">Mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mood_(literature)" title="Mood (literature)">Mood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narration" title="Narration">Narration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_narrative_techniques" title="List of narrative techniques">Narrative techniques</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_hook" title="Narrative hook">Hook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Show,_don%27t_tell" title="Show, don't tell">Show, don't tell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stylistic_device" title="Stylistic device">Stylistic device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspension_of_disbelief" title="Suspension of disbelief">Suspension of disbelief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tone_(literature)" title="Tone (literature)">Tone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dramatic_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Dramatic structure">Structure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Act_(drama)" title="Act (drama)">Act</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dramatic_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Dramatic structure">Act structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-act_structure" title="Three-act structure">Three-act structure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freytag%27s_Pyramid" class="mw-redirect" title="Freytag's Pyramid">Freytag's Pyramid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exposition_(narrative)" title="Exposition (narrative)">Exposition</a>/<a href="/wiki/Protasis" title="Protasis">Protasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epitasis" title="Epitasis">Rising action/Epitasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climax_(narrative)" title="Climax (narrative)">Climax</a>/<a href="/wiki/Peripeteia" title="Peripeteia">Peripeteia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catastasis" title="Catastasis">Falling action/Catastasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catastrophe_(drama)" title="Catastrophe (drama)">Denouement/Catastrophe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Narrative structure">Linear narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonlinear_narrative" title="Nonlinear narrative">Nonlinear narrative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nonlinear_narrative_films" title="List of nonlinear narrative films">films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nonlinear_narrative_television_series" title="List of nonlinear narrative television series">television series</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premise_(narrative)" title="Premise (narrative)">Premise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_fiction_with_multiple_endings" title="Types of fiction with multiple endings">Types of fiction with multiple endings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_narrative_forms" title="List of narrative forms">Form</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drama" title="Drama">Drama</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fabliau" title="Fabliau">Fabliau</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_fiction" title="Flash fiction">Flash fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">Folklore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fable" title="Fable">Fable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale" title="Fairy tale">Fairy tale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legend" title="Legend">Legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">Myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tall_tale" title="Tall tale">Tall tale</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamebook" title="Gamebook">Gamebook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_art" title="Narrative art">Narrative art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_poetry" title="Narrative poetry">Narrative poetry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">Epic poetry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novel" title="Novel">Novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novella" title="Novella">Novella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parable" title="Parable">Parable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_story" title="Short story">Short story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vignette_(literature)" title="Vignette (literature)">Vignette</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Literary_genre" title="Literary genre">Genre</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_genres" title="List of writing genres">List</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiction" title="Fiction">Fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_fiction" title="Action fiction">Action fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventure_fiction" title="Adventure fiction">Adventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_novel" title="Comic novel">Comic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_fiction" title="Crime fiction">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docufiction" title="Docufiction">Docu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistolary_novel" title="Epistolary novel">Epistolary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergodic_literature" title="Ergodic literature">Ergodic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_literature" title="Erotic literature">Erotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fiction" title="Historical fiction">Historical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_fiction" title="Western fiction">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystery_fiction" title="Mystery fiction">Mystery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautical_fiction" title="Nautical fiction">Nautical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranoid_fiction" title="Paranoid fiction">Paranoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_fiction" title="Philosophical fiction">Philosophical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picaresque_novel" title="Picaresque novel">Picaresque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_fiction" title="Political fiction">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_culture_fiction" title="Pop culture fiction">Pop culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_fiction" title="Psychological fiction">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inspirational_fiction" title="Inspirational fiction">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogue_literature" title="Rogue literature">Rogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_novel" title="Romance novel">Romance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chivalric_romance" title="Chivalric romance">Chivalric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_(prose_fiction)" title="Romance (prose fiction)">Prose</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saga" title="Saga">Saga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">Satire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speculative_fiction" title="Speculative fiction">Speculative fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_fiction" title="Gothic fiction">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Gothic" title="Southern Gothic">Southern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic realism">Magic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hard_science_fiction" title="Hard science fiction">Hard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_and_dystopian_fiction" title="Utopian and dystopian fiction">Utopian and dystopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_underwater_science_fiction_works" title="List of underwater science fiction works">Underwater</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhero_fiction" title="Superhero fiction">Superhero</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_fiction" title="Theological fiction">Theological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thriller_(genre)" title="Thriller (genre)">Thriller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_fiction" title="Urban fiction">Urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonfiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonfiction">Nonfiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autobiography" title="Autobiography">Autobiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biography" title="Biography">Biography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-fiction_novel" title="Non-fiction novel">Novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creative_nonfiction" title="Creative nonfiction">Creative</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Narration" title="Narration">Narration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diegesis" title="Diegesis">Diegesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First-person_narrative" title="First-person narrative">First-person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-person_narrative" class="mw-redirect" title="Second-person narrative">Second-person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-person_narrative" class="mw-redirect" title="Third-person narrative">Third-person</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third-person_omniscient_narrative" class="mw-redirect" title="Third-person omniscient narrative">Third-person omniscient narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narration#Subjective_or_objective" title="Narration">Subjectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unreliable_narrator" title="Unreliable narrator">Unreliable narrator</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiperspectivity" title="Multiperspectivity">Multiple narrators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_of_consciousness" title="Stream of consciousness">Stream of consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_of_unconsciousness" title="Stream of unconsciousness">Stream of unconsciousness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">Tense</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Past_tense" title="Past tense">Past</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Present_tense" title="Present tense">Present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_tense" title="Future tense">Future</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dominant_narrative" title="Dominant narrative">Dominant narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiction_writing" title="Fiction writing">Fiction writing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continuity_(fiction)" title="Continuity (fiction)">Continuity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canon_(fiction)" title="Canon (fiction)">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reboot_(fiction)" title="Reboot (fiction)">Reboot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retroactive_continuity" title="Retroactive continuity">Retcon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_novel" title="Parallel novel">Parallel novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prequel" title="Prequel">Prequel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sequel" title="Sequel">Sequel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genre" title="Genre">Genre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_genres" title="List of genres">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_criticism" title="Literary criticism">Literary science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_theory" title="Literary theory">Literary theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_identity" title="Narrative identity">Narrative identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_paradigm" title="Narrative paradigm">Narrative paradigm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_therapy" title="Narrative therapy">Narrative therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narratology" title="Narratology">Narratology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metafiction" title="Metafiction">Metafiction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_narrative" title="Political narrative">Political narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">Rhetoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_rhetorical_terms" title="Glossary of rhetorical terms">Glossary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screenwriting" title="Screenwriting">Screenwriting</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Storytelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tellability" title="Tellability">Tellability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verisimilitude_(fiction)" title="Verisimilitude (fiction)">Verisimilitude</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Folklore_genres_and_types" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Folklore" title="Template:Folklore"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Folklore" title="Template talk:Folklore"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Folklore" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Folklore"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Folklore_genres_and_types" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">Folklore</a> genres and types</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Narrative</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_tale" title="Animal tale">Animal tale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fable" title="Fable">Fable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale" title="Fairy tale">Fairy tale</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fairy_tales" title="List of fairy tales">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legend" title="Legend">Legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tall_tales" class="mw-redirect" title="Tall tales">Tall tales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parable" title="Parable">Parable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_narrative" title="Personal narrative">Personal narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_legend" title="Urban legend">Urban legend</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">Oral tradition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Folk_etymology" title="Folk etymology">Folk etymology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/False_etymology" title="False etymology">False</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joke" title="Joke">Joke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursery_rhyme" title="Nursery rhyme">Nursery rhyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proverb" title="Proverb">Proverb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riddle" title="Riddle">Riddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saying" title="Saying">Saying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_game" title="Word game">Word game</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Folk_belief" title="Folk belief">Folk belief</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birthstone" title="Birthstone">Birthstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">Folk religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Folk_saint" title="Folk saint">Folk saint</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghostlore" title="Ghostlore">Ghostlore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legend_tripping" title="Legend tripping">Legend tripping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminous_gemstones" title="Luminous gemstones">Luminous gemstones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_wives%27_tale" title="Old wives' tale">Old wives' tale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">Ritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_bullet" title="Silver bullet">Silver bullet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_lore" title="Weather lore">Weather lore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Folk_arts" title="Folk arts">Folk arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Folk_art" title="Folk art">Folk art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_world_folk-epics" title="List of world folk-epics">Folk epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_dance" title="Folk dance">Folk dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_instrument" title="Folk instrument">Folk instrument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">Folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_play" title="Folk play">Folk play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_wrestling" title="Folk wrestling">Folk wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foodways" title="Foodways">Foodways</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cunning_folk" title="Cunning folk">Cunning folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakelore" class="mw-redirect" title="Fakelore">Fakelore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_devil" title="Folk devil">Folk devil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_healer" title="Folk healer">Folk healer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_hero" title="Folk hero">Folk hero</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_studies" title="Folklore studies">Folklore studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphology_(folkloristics)" title="Morphology (folkloristics)">Morphology (folkloristics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aarne%E2%80%93Thompson%E2%80%93Uther_Index" title="Aarne–Thompson–Uther Index">Aarne–Thompson–Uther Index</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Motif-Index_of_Folk-Literature" title="Motif-Index of Folk-Literature">Motif-Index of Folk-Literature</a></i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Storytelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_knowledge" title="Traditional knowledge">Knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_story" title="Traditional story">Story</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">Vernacular</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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