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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electronic_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Electronic media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electronic_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Single-player" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Single-player"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Single-player</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Single-player-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multiplayer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multiplayer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Multiplayer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multiplayer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-People" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#People"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>People</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-People-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle People subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-People-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gamemaster" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gamemaster"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Gamemaster</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gamemaster-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Player_character" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Player_character"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Player character</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Player_character-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-player_character" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-player_character"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Non-player character</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-player_character-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Types_of_RPGs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_RPGs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Types of RPGs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_RPGs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Movements_and_Traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Movements_and_Traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Movements and Traditions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Movements_and_Traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parts_of_Games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parts_of_Games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Parts of Games</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parts_of_Games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Lists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Role-playing game</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 58 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-58" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">58 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%85%D8%B5_%D8%A3%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="لعبة تقمص أدوار – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لعبة تقمص أدوار" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Ролева игра – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ролева игра" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPG" title="RPG – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="RPG" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joc_de_rol" title="Joc de rol – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Joc de rol" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%C4%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%C4%83_%D0%B2%C4%83%D0%B9%C4%83" title="Сăнарлă вăйă – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Сăнарлă вăйă" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hra_na_hrdiny" title="Hra na hrdiny – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hra na hrdiny" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rollespil" title="Rollespil – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Rollespil" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rollenspiel_(Spiel)" title="Rollenspiel (Spiel) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rollenspiel (Spiel)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rollim%C3%A4ng" title="Rollimäng – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rollimäng" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%B9%CF%87%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B9_%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%BB%CF%89%CE%BD" title="Παιχνίδι ρόλων – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Παιχνίδι ρόλων" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juego_de_rol" title="Juego de rol – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Juego de rol" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolludo" title="Rolludo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Rolludo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rol-joko" title="Rol-joko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Rol-joko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B4%E2%80%8C%D8%A2%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C" title="بازی نقش‌آفرینی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بازی نقش‌آفرینی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeu_de_r%C3%B4le_(activit%C3%A9_ludique)" title="Jeu de rôle (activité ludique) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jeu de rôle (activité ludique)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xogo_de_rol" title="Xogo de rol – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Xogo de rol" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A1%A4%ED%94%8C%EB%A0%88%EC%9E%89_%EA%B2%8C%EC%9E%84" title="롤플레잉 게임 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="롤플레잉 게임" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igre_uloga" title="Igre uloga – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Igre uloga" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permainan_bermain_peran" title="Permainan bermain peran – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Permainan bermain peran" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joco_de_rolo" title="Joco de rolo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Joco de rolo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spunaspil" title="Spunaspil – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Spunaspil" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gioco_di_ruolo" title="Gioco di ruolo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gioco di ruolo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%97%D7%A7_%D7%AA%D7%A4%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D" title="משחק תפקידים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="משחק תפקידים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludus_personarum" title="Ludus personarum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ludus personarum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lomu_sp%C4%93le" title="Lomu spēle – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Lomu spēle" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rollespill_(Spill)" title="Rollespill (Spill) – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Rollespill (Spill)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaidmen%C5%B3_%C5%BEaidimas" title="Vaidmenų žaidimas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vaidmenų žaidimas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szerepj%C3%A1t%C3%A9k" title="Szerepjáték – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szerepjáték" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AC" title="لعبة رول بلينج – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لعبة رول بلينج" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permainan_berperanan" title="Permainan berperanan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Permainan berperanan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rollenspel_(spel)" title="Rollenspel (spel) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Rollenspel (spel)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%97%E3%83%AC%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%82%B2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0" title="ロールプレイングゲーム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロールプレイングゲーム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rollespill_(underholdning)" title="Rollespill (underholdning) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Rollespill (underholdning)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPG-rollespel" title="RPG-rollespel – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="RPG-rollespel" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B2c_de_r%C3%B2tle_(l%C3%A9ser)" title="Jòc de ròtle (léser) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Jòc de ròtle (léser)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gra_fabularna" title="Gra fabularna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gra fabularna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Role-playing_game" title="Role-playing game – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Role-playing game" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joc_de_rol" title="Joc de rol – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Joc de rol" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Ролевая игра – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ролевая игра" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B2cura_di_rolu" title="Jòcura di rolu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Jòcura di rolu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Role-playing_game" title="Role-playing game – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Role-playing game" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hra_na_hrdinov" title="Hra na hrdinov – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hra na hrdinov" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igra_igranja_vlog" title="Igra igranja vlog – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Igra igranja vlog" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szpil_role" title="Szpil role – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Szpil role" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%95%DB%8C_%DA%95%DB%86%DA%B5%DA%AF%DB%8E%DA%95%D8%A7%D9%86" title="کایەی ڕۆڵگێڕان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کایەی ڕۆڵگێڕان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Игра улога – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Игра улога" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igre_uloga" title="Igre uloga – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Igre uloga" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roolipeli" title="Roolipeli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Roolipeli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rollspel" title="Rollspel – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rollspel" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Role-playing_games&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Role-playing games">Role-playing games</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Game in which players assume the roles of characters in a fictional setting</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the video game genre (also abbreviated RPG) or the tabletop game genre, see <a href="/wiki/Role-playing_video_game" title="Role-playing video game">role-playing video game</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tabletop_role-playing_game" title="Tabletop role-playing game">tabletop role-playing game</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with other forms of <a href="/wiki/Role-playing" title="Role-playing">role-playing</a>.</div> <style 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.sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Role-playing games</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Dados_4_a_20_caras_trans.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Dados_4_a_20_caras_trans.png/125px-Dados_4_a_20_caras_trans.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Dados_4_a_20_caras_trans.png/188px-Dados_4_a_20_caras_trans.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Dados_4_a_20_caras_trans.png/250px-Dados_4_a_20_caras_trans.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="420" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Types</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tabletop_role-playing_game" title="Tabletop role-playing game">Tabletop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_action_role-playing_game" title="Live action role-playing game">Live action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role-playing_video_game" title="Role-playing video game">Video game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actual_play" title="Actual play">Actual play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_text-based_role-playing_game" title="Online text-based role-playing game">Text-based</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Movements & Traditions</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_role-playing_games" title="History of role-playing games">History</a></li> <li>Indie <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indie_role-playing_game" title="Indie role-playing game">Tabletop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indie_game" title="Indie game">Video game</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_studies" title="Game studies">Ludology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GNS_theory" title="GNS theory">GNS theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role-playing_game_theory" title="Role-playing game theory">RPG theories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_School_Renaissance" title="Old School Renaissance">OSR</a></li> <li>Region <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tabletop_role-playing_games_in_Japan" title="Tabletop role-playing games in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_LARP" title="Nordic LARP">Nordic LARP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_role-playing_games" title="Polish role-playing games">Poland</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Parts of Games</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_setting" title="Campaign setting">Campaign setting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_creation" title="Character creation">Character creation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_mechanics" title="Game mechanics">Game mechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistic_(role-playing_games)" title="Statistic (role-playing games)">Statistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role-playing_game_terms" title="Role-playing game terms">Terminology</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Participants</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gamemaster" title="Gamemaster">Gamemaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Player_character" title="Player character">Player character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-player_character" title="Non-player character">Non-player character</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Lists</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_campaign_settings" title="List of campaign settings">Campaign settings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_live_action_role-playing_groups" title="List of live action role-playing groups">LARP groups</a></li> <li>Production <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_role-playing_game_artists" title="List of role-playing game artists">Artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_role-playing_game_designers" title="List of role-playing game designers">Designers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_game_manufacturers" title="List of game manufacturers">Publishers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_role-playing_games" class="mw-redirect" title="List of role-playing games">Tabletop games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_tabletop_role-playing_games" title="Timeline of tabletop role-playing games">Tabletop timeline</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <hr /> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Role-playing_games" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Role-playing games">WikiProject</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:RPG" title="Template:RPG"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:RPG" title="Template talk:RPG"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:RPG" title="Special:EditPage/Template:RPG"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>role-playing game</b> (sometimes spelled <b>roleplaying game</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-secondperson_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-secondperson-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gurpsrp_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gurpsrp-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or abbreviated as <b>RPG</b>) is a game in which players assume the roles of <a href="/wiki/Player_character" title="Player character">characters</a> in a fictional <a href="/wiki/Setting_(narrative)" title="Setting (narrative)">setting</a>. Players take responsibility for acting out these roles within a narrative, either through literal acting or through a process of structured decision-making regarding character development.<sup id="cite_ref-Cover_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cover-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Actions taken within many games succeed or fail according to a formal <a href="/wiki/Role-playing_game_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Role-playing game system">system of rules and guidelines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are several forms of role-playing games. The original form, sometimes called the <a href="/wiki/Tabletop_role-playing_game" title="Tabletop role-playing game">tabletop role-playing game</a> (TRPG or TTRPG), is conducted through discussion, whereas in <a href="/wiki/Live_action_role-playing_game" title="Live action role-playing game">live action role-playing</a> (LARP), players physically perform their characters' actions.<sup id="cite_ref-TychsenEtAl2006DefiningLARP_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TychsenEtAl2006DefiningLARP-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both forms feature <a href="/wiki/Collaborative_storytelling" class="mw-redirect" title="Collaborative storytelling">collaborative storytelling</a>. In both TTRPGs and LARPs, often an arranger called a <a href="/wiki/Game_master" class="mw-redirect" title="Game master">game master</a> (GM) decides on the game system and setting to be used, while acting as a facilitator or referee. Each of the other players takes on the role of a single character in the fiction.<sup id="cite_ref-whatisnarrative_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whatisnarrative-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several varieties of RPG also exist in electronic media, such as <a href="/wiki/Online_text-based_role-playing_game" title="Online text-based role-playing game">multiplayer text-based</a> <a href="/wiki/Multi-user_dungeon" title="Multi-user dungeon">Multi-User Dungeons (MUDs)</a> and their graphics-based successors, <a href="/wiki/Massively_multiplayer_online_role-playing_game" title="Massively multiplayer online role-playing game">massively multiplayer online role-playing games</a> (MMORPGs). Role-playing games also include single-player <a href="/wiki/Role-playing_video_game" title="Role-playing video game">role-playing video games</a> in which players control a character, or team of characters, who undertake(s) quests. Role-playing video games may include player capabilities that advance over time using statistical mechanics. These electronic games sometimes share settings and rules with tabletop RPGs, but emphasize <a href="/wiki/Leveling-up" class="mw-redirect" title="Leveling-up">character advancement</a> more than collaborative storytelling.<sup id="cite_ref-Tychsen2006CollaborativeNarrative_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tychsen2006CollaborativeNarrative-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Crawford_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crawford-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some RPG-related game forms, such as <a href="/wiki/Trading_card_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Trading card game">trading/collectible card games (CCGs)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wargaming" class="mw-redirect" title="Wargaming">wargames</a>, may or may not be included under the definition of role-playing games. Although some amount of <a href="/wiki/Role-playing" title="Role-playing">role-playing</a> activity may be present in such games, it is not the primary focus.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term <i>role-playing game</i> is also sometimes used to describe other games involving <a href="/wiki/Roleplay_simulation" title="Roleplay simulation">roleplay simulation</a>, such as exercises used in teaching, training, academic research, or <a href="/wiki/Therapy" title="Therapy">therepeutic</a> settings. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Purpose">Purpose</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Role-playing_game&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Purpose"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Role-playing_game_theory" title="Role-playing game theory">Role-playing game theory</a></div> <p>Both authors and major publishers of tabletop role-playing games consider them to be a form of interactive and collaborative <a href="/wiki/Storytelling" title="Storytelling">storytelling</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gurpsrp_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gurpsrp-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Events, characters, and narrative structure give a sense of a narrative experience, and the game need not have a strongly-defined storyline.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Interactivity is the crucial difference between role-playing games and traditional fiction. Whereas a viewer of a television show is a passive observer, a player in a role-playing game makes choices that affect the story.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such role-playing games extend an older tradition of <a href="/wiki/Storytelling_game" title="Storytelling game">storytelling games</a> where a small party of friends collaborate to create a story. </p><p>While simple forms of role-playing exist in traditional children's games of <a href="/wiki/Make_believe" title="Make believe">make believe</a>, role-playing games add a level of sophistication and persistence to this basic idea with additions such as game facilitators and rules of interaction. Participants in a role-playing game will generate specific characters and an ongoing plot. A consistent system of rules and a more or less realistic <a href="/wiki/Campaign_setting" title="Campaign setting">campaign setting</a> in games aids <a href="/wiki/Suspension_of_disbelief" title="Suspension of disbelief">suspension of disbelief</a>. The level of <a href="/wiki/Realism_(arts)" title="Realism (arts)">realism</a> in games ranges from just enough internal consistency to set up a <a href="/wiki/Narrativist" class="mw-redirect" title="Narrativist">believable story</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gamist" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamist">credible challenge</a> up to full-blown <a href="/wiki/Simulationist" class="mw-redirect" title="Simulationist">simulations</a> of real-world processes. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tabletop_role-playing_game" title="Tabletop role-playing game">Tabletop role-playing games</a> may also be used in therapy settings to help individuals develop behavioral, social, and even language skills.<sup id="cite_ref-White_2017_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-White_2017-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beneficiaries commonly include young people with neurodevelopmental conditions, such as <a href="/wiki/Autism_spectrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Autism spectrum">Autism spectrum</a> disorders, <a href="/wiki/ADHD" class="mw-redirect" title="ADHD">attention-deficit hyperactive disorder</a> (<a href="/wiki/ADHD" class="mw-redirect" title="ADHD">ADHD</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Dyslexia" title="Dyslexia">dyslexia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Berg_2016_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berg_2016-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Leung_2018_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leung_2018-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Varieties">Varieties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Role-playing_game&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Varieties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Role-playing games are played in a wide variety of formats, ranging from discussing character interaction in tabletop form, physically acting out characters in <a href="/wiki/Live_action_role-playing_game" title="Live action role-playing game">LARP</a> to playing characters virtually in digital media.<sup id="cite_ref-Tychsen2007_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tychsen2007-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also a great variety of <a href="/wiki/Role-playing_game_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Role-playing game system">systems of rules</a> and <a href="/wiki/Campaign_setting" title="Campaign setting">game settings</a>. Games that emphasize plot and character interaction over game mechanics and combat sometimes prefer the name <a href="/wiki/Storytelling_game" title="Storytelling game">storytelling game</a>. These types of games tend to reduce or eliminate the use of dice and other randomizing elements. Some games are played with characters created before the game by the GM, rather than those created by the players. This type of game is typically played at <a href="/wiki/Gaming_convention" title="Gaming convention">gaming conventions</a>, or in standalone games that do not form part of a campaign. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tabletop">Tabletop</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Role-playing_game&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Tabletop"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RPG-2009-Berlin-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/RPG-2009-Berlin-2.jpg/220px-RPG-2009-Berlin-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/RPG-2009-Berlin-2.jpg/330px-RPG-2009-Berlin-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/RPG-2009-Berlin-2.jpg/440px-RPG-2009-Berlin-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="749" /></a><figcaption>A group playing a tabletop RPG. The GM is at left using a cardboard <a href="/wiki/Gamemaster%27s_screen" title="Gamemaster's screen">screen</a> to hide dice rolls from the players.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tabletop_role-playing_game" title="Tabletop role-playing game">Tabletop role-playing game</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_role-playing_games" title="History of role-playing games">History of role-playing games</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dungeons_%26_Dragons" title="Dungeons & Dragons">Dungeons & Dragons</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Indie_role-playing_game" title="Indie role-playing game">Indie role-playing game</a></div> <p>Tabletop (TTRPG) and <i>pen-and-paper</i> (PnP) RPGs are conducted through discussion in a small social gathering. In traditional TTRPGs, a GM describes the game world and its inhabitants. The other players describe the intended actions of their characters, and the GM describes the outcomes.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some outcomes are determined by the game system, and some are chosen by the GM.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is the format in which role-playing games were first popularized. In contrast, many <a href="/wiki/Indie_role-playing_game" title="Indie role-playing game">indie role-playing games</a> experiment with different structures of play, such as sharing the responsibility for creating setting details and NPCs among all players.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first commercially available RPG, <i><a href="/wiki/Dungeons_%26_Dragons" title="Dungeons & Dragons">Dungeons & Dragons</a></i> (<i>D&D</i>), was inspired by fantasy literature and the <a href="/wiki/Wargaming" class="mw-redirect" title="Wargaming">wargaming</a> hobby and was published in 1974.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The popularity of <i>D&D</i> led to the birth of the tabletop role-playing game industry, which publishes games with many different themes, rules, and styles of play. </p><p>The popularity of tabletop games decreased in the late 1990s due to competition from online MMO RPGs,<sup id="cite_ref-Barton_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barton-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Role-playing_video_game" title="Role-playing video game">role-playing video games</a>, and collectible card games. However, TTRPGs experienced a resurgence in popularity between the mid-2010s and early 2020s due to <a href="/wiki/Actual_play" title="Actual play">actual play</a> web series<sup id="cite_ref-:32_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and online play through <a href="/wiki/Videoconference" class="mw-redirect" title="Videoconference">videoconferencing</a> during the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_lockdowns" title="COVID-19 lockdowns">COVID-19 lockdowns</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:23_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:34_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:34-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The tabletop format is often referred to simply as a <i>role-playing game</i>. To distinguish this form of RPG from other formats, the <a href="/wiki/Retronym" title="Retronym">retronyms</a> <i>tabletop role-playing game</i> or <i>pen and paper role-playing game</i> are sometimes used, though neither a table nor pen and paper are strictly necessary.<sup id="cite_ref-whatisnarrative_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whatisnarrative-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Live_action">Live action</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Role-playing_game&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Live action"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Live_action_role-playing_game" title="Live action role-playing game">Live action role-playing game</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hardenstein_2014_-_Adventurers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Hardenstein_2014_-_Adventurers.jpg/220px-Hardenstein_2014_-_Adventurers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Hardenstein_2014_-_Adventurers.jpg/330px-Hardenstein_2014_-_Adventurers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Hardenstein_2014_-_Adventurers.jpg/440px-Hardenstein_2014_-_Adventurers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4114" data-file-height="2743" /></a><figcaption>A fantasy LARP group</figcaption></figure> <p>A LARP is played more like <a href="/wiki/Improvisational_theatre" title="Improvisational theatre">improvisational theatre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Participants act out their characters' actions instead of describing them, and the real environment is used to represent the imaginary setting of the game world.<sup id="cite_ref-TychsenEtAl2006DefiningLARP_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TychsenEtAl2006DefiningLARP-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Players are often costumed as their characters and use appropriate props, and the venue may be decorated to resemble the fictional setting.<sup id="cite_ref-FalkDevonport2004Costume_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FalkDevonport2004Costume-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some live-action role-playing games use <a href="/wiki/Rock_paper_scissors" title="Rock paper scissors">rock paper scissors</a> or comparison of attributes to resolve conflicts symbolically, while other LARPs use physical combat with simulated arms such as <a href="/wiki/Airsoft_gun" title="Airsoft gun">airsoft guns</a> or <a href="/wiki/Foam_weapon" title="Foam weapon">foam weapons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Young2003Resolution_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Young2003Resolution-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>LARPs vary in size from a handful of players to several thousand, and in duration from a couple of hours to several days.<sup id="cite_ref-Widing2008_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Widing2008-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because the number of players in a LARP is usually larger than in a tabletop role-playing game, and the players may be interacting in separate physical spaces, there is typically less of an emphasis on tightly maintaining a narrative or directly entertaining the players, and game sessions are often managed in a more distributed manner.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electronic_media">Electronic media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Role-playing_game&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Electronic media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Role-playing_video_game" title="Role-playing video game">Role-playing video game</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Screenshot-Falcons-Eye.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Screenshot-Falcons-Eye.png/220px-Screenshot-Falcons-Eye.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Screenshot-Falcons-Eye.png/330px-Screenshot-Falcons-Eye.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Screenshot-Falcons-Eye.png/440px-Screenshot-Falcons-Eye.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>An adventurer finds a teleportation portal while exploring a dungeon in the role-playing video game <i><a href="/wiki/Falcon%27s_Eye" title="Falcon's Eye">Falcon's Eye</a></i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Tabletop role-playing games have been translated into a variety of electronic formats.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As early as 1974, the same year as the release of Dungeons & Dragons, unlicensed versions of it were developed on mainframe university systems under titles such as <i>dnd</i> and <i>Dungeon</i>. These early computer RPGs influenced all of electronic gaming, as well as spawning the role-playing video game genre.<sup id="cite_ref-Barton_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barton-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some authors divide digital role-playing games into two intertwined groups: single-player games using RPG-style mechanics, and multiplayer games incorporating social interaction.<sup id="cite_ref-Barton_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barton-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Yee_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yee-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Single-player">Single-player</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Role-playing_game&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Single-player"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Single-player role-playing video games form a loosely defined genre of computer and console games with origins in role-playing games such as <i>Dungeons & Dragons</i>, on which they base much of their terminology, settings, and game mechanics.<sup id="cite_ref-Barton_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barton-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This translation changes the experience of the game, providing a visual representation of the world but emphasizing statistical character development over collaborative, interactive storytelling.<sup id="cite_ref-Tychsen2006CollaborativeNarrative_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tychsen2006CollaborativeNarrative-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Crawford_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crawford-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Multiplayer">Multiplayer</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Role-playing_game&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Multiplayer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:God_Wars_II_screenshot_of_dungeon_with_MUSHclient_plugin.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fe/God_Wars_II_screenshot_of_dungeon_with_MUSHclient_plugin.png/220px-God_Wars_II_screenshot_of_dungeon_with_MUSHclient_plugin.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fe/God_Wars_II_screenshot_of_dungeon_with_MUSHclient_plugin.png/330px-God_Wars_II_screenshot_of_dungeon_with_MUSHclient_plugin.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/fe/God_Wars_II_screenshot_of_dungeon_with_MUSHclient_plugin.png 2x" data-file-width="430" data-file-height="232" /></a><figcaption>Typical MUD interface for <i><a href="/wiki/God_Wars_II" class="mw-redirect" title="God Wars II">God Wars II</a></i></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Online_text-based_role-playing_game" title="Online text-based role-playing game">Online text-based role-playing game</a> and <a href="/wiki/Massively_multiplayer_online_role-playing_game" title="Massively multiplayer online role-playing game">Massively multiplayer online role-playing game</a></div> <p>Online text-based role-playing games involve many players using some type of text-based interface and an Internet connection to play an RPG. Games played in a real-time way include <a href="/wiki/Multi-user_dungeon" title="Multi-user dungeon">MUDs</a>, <a href="/wiki/MUSH" title="MUSH">MUSHes</a>, and other varieties of <a href="/wiki/MU*" title="MU*">MU*</a>. Games played in a turn-based fashion include <a href="/wiki/Play-by-mail_game" title="Play-by-mail game">play-by-mail games</a> and <a href="/wiki/Play-by-post_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Play-by-post game">play-by-post games</a>. </p><p>Massively multiplayer online role-playing games (MMORPGs) combine the large-scale social interaction and <a href="/wiki/Persistent_world" title="Persistent world">persistent world</a> of MUDs with graphic interfaces. Most MMORPGs do not actively promote in-character role-playing, however, players can use the games' communication functions to role-play so long as other players cooperate.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of players in MMORPGs do not engage in role-playing in this sense.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Computer-assisted_gaming" title="Computer-assisted gaming">Computer-assisted gaming</a> can be used to add elements of computer gaming to in-person tabletop role-playing, where computers are used for record-keeping and sometimes to resolve combat, while the participants generally make decisions concerning character interaction. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="People">People</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Role-playing_game&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: People"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gamemaster">Gamemaster</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Role-playing_game&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Gamemaster"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gamemaster" title="Gamemaster">Gamemaster</a></div> <p>One common feature of many RPGs is the role of a gamemaster, a participant who has special duties to present the fictional setting, arbitrate the results of character actions, and maintain the narrative flow.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In tabletop and live-action RPGs the GM performs these duties in person. In video RPGs, many of the functions of a GM are fulfilled by the <a href="/wiki/Game_engine" title="Game engine">game engine</a>. However, some multi-player video RPGs also allow for a participant to take on a GM role through a visual interface called a <i>GM toolkit</i>, albeit with abilities limited by the available technology.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Player_character">Player character</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Role-playing_game&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Player character"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Player_character" title="Player character">Player character</a></div> <p>Another standard concept in RPGs is the player character, a character in the fictional world of the game whose actions the player controls. Typically each player controls a separate player character, sometimes more, each of whom acts as a protagonist in the story. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-player_character">Non-player character</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Role-playing_game&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Non-player character"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Non-player_character" title="Non-player character">Non-player character</a></div> <p>In contrast to player characters, non-player characters (NPCs) are controlled by the gamemaster or game engine, or by people assisting the gamemaster. Non-player characters fill out the population of the fictional setting and can act as antagonists, bystanders, or allies of the player characters.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Role-playing_game&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kbackgammon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Nuvola_apps_kbackgammon.png/28px-Nuvola_apps_kbackgammon.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Nuvola_apps_kbackgammon.png/42px-Nuvola_apps_kbackgammon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Nuvola_apps_kbackgammon.png/56px-Nuvola_apps_kbackgammon.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Games" title="Portal:Games">Games portal</a></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types_of_RPGs">Types of RPGs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Role-playing_game&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Types of RPGs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actual_play" title="Actual play">Actual play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live-action_role-playing_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Live-action role-playing game">Live-action role-playing game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_text-based_role-playing_game" title="Online text-based role-playing game">Online text-based role-playing game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Play-by-post_role-playing_game" title="Play-by-post role-playing game">Play-by-post role-playing game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role-playing_video_game" title="Role-playing video game">Role-playing video game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabletop_role-playing_game" title="Tabletop role-playing game">Tabletop role-playing game</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Movements_and_Traditions">Movements and Traditions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Role-playing_game&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Movements and Traditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_role-playing_games" title="History of role-playing games">History of role-playing games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indie_role-playing_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Indie role-playing games">Indie role-playing games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_role-playing_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese role-playing games">Japanese role-playing games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_LARP" title="Nordic LARP">Nordic LARP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_School_Renaissance" title="Old School Renaissance">Old School Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_role-playing_games" title="Polish role-playing games">Polish role-playing games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role-playing_game_theory" title="Role-playing game theory">Role-playing game theory</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parts_of_Games">Parts of Games</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Role-playing_game&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Parts of Games"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventure_(role-playing_games)" title="Adventure (role-playing games)">Adventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_setting" title="Campaign setting">Campaign setting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_creation" title="Character creation">Character creation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role-playing_game_terms" title="Role-playing game terms">Role-playing game terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistic_(role-playing_games)" title="Statistic (role-playing games)">RPG Statistics</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lists">Lists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Role-playing_game&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Lists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_campaign_settings" title="List of campaign settings">List of campaign settings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_designers_of_role-playing_games" class="mw-redirect" title="List of designers of role-playing games">List of designers of role-playing games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_game_manufacturers" title="List of game manufacturers">List of game manufacturers</a> (including role-playing games)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_role-playing_game_artists" title="List of role-playing game artists">List of role-playing game artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_role-playing_game_publishers" title="List of role-playing game publishers">List of role-playing game publishers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_role-playing_games_by_name" class="mw-redirect" title="List of role-playing games by name">List of role-playing games by name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_role-playing_game_software" title="List of role-playing game software">List of role-playing game software</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Role-playing_game&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conversation_games" title="Conversation games">Conversation games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaming_convention" title="Gaming convention">Gaming conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_role-playing_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of role-playing games">Timeline of role-playing games</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Role-playing_game&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-secondperson-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-secondperson_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHarriganWardrip-Fruin,_Noah2007" class="citation book cs1">Harrigan, Pat; Wardrip-Fruin, Noah (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gf4DQgAACAAJ&q=Second+Person:+Roleplaying+and+Story+in+Playable+Media"><i>Second Person: Roleplaying and Story in Playable Media</i></a>. MIT University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262514187" title="Special:BookSources/9780262514187"><bdi>9780262514187</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Second+Person%3A+Roleplaying+and+Story+in+Playable+Media&rft.pub=MIT+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780262514187&rft.aulast=Harrigan&rft.aufirst=Pat&rft.au=Wardrip-Fruin%2C+Noah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dgf4DQgAACAAJ%26q%3DSecond%2BPerson%3A%2BRoleplaying%2Band%2BStory%2Bin%2BPlayable%2BMedia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+game" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gurpsrp-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gurpsrp_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gurpsrp_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/GURPS" title="GURPS"><i>GURPS</i></a> (4th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Steve_Jackson_Games" title="Steve Jackson Games">Steve Jackson Games</a>. 2004. pp. Chapter 1. <q>But roleplaying is not purely educational. It's also one of the most creative possible entertainments. Most entertainment is passive: the audience just sits and watches, without taking part in the creative process. In roleplaying, the "audience" joins in the creation, which may introduce a huge impact on the project. The GM is the chief storyteller, but the players are responsible for portraying their characters. If they want something to happen in the story, they make it happen, because they're in the story.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=GURPS&rft.pages=Chapter+1&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Steve+Jackson+Games&rft.date=2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+game" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cover-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cover_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrouling2010" class="citation book cs1">Grouling, Jennifer (2010). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/creationnarrativ00cove"><i>The Creation of Narrative in Tabletop Role-Playing Games</i></a></span>. McFarland & Company. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/creationnarrativ00cove/page/n16">6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-4451-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-4451-9"><bdi>978-0-7864-4451-9</bdi></a>. <q>As suggested by the name, TRPGs are played face-to-face (around a table, most likely), and involve players 'acting out' a role. This acting is not always literal. Players do not arrive in costume or speak exclusively in character – something that differentiates TRPGs from live-action role-playing games (LARPs). Instead, players develop characters based on certain rules and are responsible for deciding what those characters do over the course of the game.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Creation+of+Narrative+in+Tabletop+Role-Playing+Games&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-4451-9&rft.aulast=Grouling&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcreationnarrativ00cove&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+game" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Tychsen 2006:76) "The variety of role-playing games makes it inherently challenging to provide a common definition. However, all forms of role-playing games – be they PnP RPGs, CRPGs, MMORPGs, or LARPS – share a group of characteristics, which makes them identifiable from other types of games: storytelling with rules, control of fictional characters, a fictitious reality, usually the presence of a game master (or game engine), and at least one player."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TychsenEtAl2006DefiningLARP-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TychsenEtAl2006DefiningLARP_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TychsenEtAl2006DefiningLARP_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">(Tychsen et al. 2006:255) "LARPs can be viewed as forming a distinct category of RPG because of two unique features: (a) The players physically embody their characters, and (b) the game takes place in a physical frame. Embodiment means that the physical actions of the player are regarded as those of the character. Whereas in an RPG played by a group sitting around a table, players describe the actions of their characters (e.g., "I run to stand beside my friend")"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-whatisnarrative-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-whatisnarrative_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-whatisnarrative_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim" class="citation web cs1">Kim, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080829174633/http://www.darkshire.net/%7Ejhkim/rpg/whatis/tabletop.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Narrative" or "Tabletop" RPGs"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.darkshire.net/~jhkim/rpg/whatis/tabletop.html">the original</a> on 29 August 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Narrative%22+or+%22Tabletop%22+RPGs&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.darkshire.net%2F~jhkim%2Frpg%2Fwhatis%2Ftabletop.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+game" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tychsen2006CollaborativeNarrative-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tychsen2006CollaborativeNarrative_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tychsen2006CollaborativeNarrative_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">(Tychsen 2006:75) "PnP RPGs are an example of interactive narratives. The rules and fictional worlds that form the basis for these games function as a vessel for collaborative, interactive storytelling. This is possibly the most important feature of PnP RPGs, and one that CRPGs have yet to reproduce."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crawford-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Crawford_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crawford_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrawford2003" class="citation book cs1">Crawford, Chris (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chriscrawfordong00craw_0/page/163"><i>Chris Crawford on Game Design</i></a></span>. New Riders Publishing. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chriscrawfordong00craw_0/page/163">163</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-146099-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-146099-7"><bdi>978-0-13-146099-7</bdi></a>. <q>In some ways, the emphasis on character development has impeded progress in storytelling with RPGs. The central premise of these [computer RPGs] is that the player steadily builds his abilities by acquiring wealth, tools, weapons, and experience. This emphasis on character development tends to work against the needs of dramatic development – dramatic twists and turns clash with the prevailing tone of steady development. Fortunately, this impediment is not fundamental to the RPG genre; it is a cultural expectation rather than an architectural necessity.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chris+Crawford+on+Game+Design&rft.pages=163&rft.pub=New+Riders+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-13-146099-7&rft.aulast=Crawford&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchriscrawfordong00craw_0%2Fpage%2F163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+game" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Heliö 2004) "In the family of role-playing games there are also a whole bunch of other game types and game-like activities that can be included or excluded, like the collectible card games (such as Magic: The Gathering) and board and strategy games (like Warhammer 40.000), or different forms of theatrical and larp-like combinations, such as fate-play. The action of role-playing is usually somehow present in these game forms, but the focus can be more either in the competitive nature of the game (MtG, Warhammer), or in the immersive performance (as in fate-play), than in role-playing itself."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Werewolf:_The_Apocalypse" title="Werewolf: The Apocalypse"><i>Werewolf: The Apocalypse</i></a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/White_Wolf_Publishing" title="White Wolf Publishing">White Wolf Publishing</a>. 1994. pp. Chapter 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56504-112-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56504-112-7"><bdi>978-1-56504-112-7</bdi></a>. <q>Although Werewolf is a game, it is more concerned with storytelling than it is with winning. Werewolf is a tool enabling you to become involved in tales of passion and glory and to help tell those stories yourself.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Werewolf%3A+The+Apocalypse&rft.pages=Chapter+1&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=White+Wolf+Publishing&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1-56504-112-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+game" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Dungeons & Dragons </i>Player's Handbook<i><span></span></i> (4th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Wizards_of_the_Coast" title="Wizards of the Coast">Wizards of the Coast</a>. 6 June 2008. pp. Chapter 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7869-4867-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7869-4867-3"><bdi>978-0-7869-4867-3</bdi></a>. <q>A roleplaying game is a storytelling game that has elements of the games of make-believe that many of us played as children.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dungeons+%26+Dragons+Player%27s+Handbook&rft.pages=Chapter+1&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Wizards+of+the+Coast&rft.date=2008-06-06&rft.isbn=978-0-7869-4867-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+game" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Heliö 2004) "Still, we must note that there is no actual story in the game of the role-playing game, though there are events, characters, and structures of narrativity giving the players the basis for interpreting it as a narrative. We have many partially open structures that we may fulfill with our imagination during the course of the game – within its limitations. We also have the ability to follow different kinds of narrative premises and structures as well as imitate them for ourselves to create more authentic and suitable narrative experiences. We have the 'narrative desire' to make pieces we interpret to relate to each other fit in, to construct the plot from recurring and parallel elements."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaskulLust2004" class="citation journal cs1">Waskul, Dennis; Lust, Matt (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121204065525/http://www.colorado.edu/ibs/pb/thornberry/socy5031/pdfs/waskul_lust_role_playing.pdf">"Role-Playing and Playing Roles: The Person, Player, and Persona in Fantasy Role-Playing"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Caliber</i>. <b>27</b> (3): 333–356. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fsi.2004.27.3.333">10.1525/si.2004.27.3.333</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.colorado.edu/ibs/pb/thornberry/socy5031/pdfs/waskul_lust_role_playing.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 4 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Digital Games Research Association (DiGRA). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.digra.org:8080/Plone/dl/db/07311.39029.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 25 June 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2010</span>. <q>The Role-Playing Game (RPG) is one of the major genres of games and has proven an extremely portable concept – from the physically embodied live action and tabletop formats to the various digital, mobile and even enhanced and augmented reality formats.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Cross-format+analysis+of+the+gaming+experience+in+multi-player+role-playing+games&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+DiGRA+2007+Conference%3A+Situated+Play&rft.pub=Digital+Games+Research+Association+%28DiGRA%29&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Tychsen&rft.aufirst=Anders&rft.au=Newman%2C+Ken&rft.au=Brolund%2C+Thea&rft.au=Hitchens%2C+Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.digra.org%3A8080%2FPlone%2Fdl%2Fdb%2F07311.39029.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+game" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Tychsen 2006:77) "In PnP RPGs, the general game process consists of information-feedback cycles between the players and the GM, or internally within the group."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Tychsen 2006:78–79) "The GM assumes a variety of responsibilities in PnP RPGs, depending on the playing style used, however, these normally include facilitation of game flow and game story, providing environmental content of the fictional reality, as well as administrating rules and arbitrating conflicts. ... In RPGs, the rules specify a great deal more than how pieces are moved on a game board. Because these games are focused on player characters, the rules are designed to govern the nature of these story protagonists and the fictional reality they act in. ... Note that the rules systems in PnP RPGs can be modified or ignored on the fly by the GM or players if so desired."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWieland" class="citation web cs1">Wieland, Rob. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/robwieland/2020/12/29/a-beginners-guide-to-powered-by-the-apocalypse-games/">"A Beginner's Guide To Powered By The Apocalypse Games"</a>. <i>Forbes</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=A+Beginner%E2%80%99s+Guide+To+Powered+By+The+Apocalypse+Games&rft.aulast=Wieland&rft.aufirst=Rob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Frobwieland%2F2020%2F12%2F29%2Fa-beginners-guide-to-powered-by-the-apocalypse-games%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+game" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Copier 2005:3) "...fantasy role-playing as a commercial product was developed in the 1970s as Dungeons and Dragons (D&D, 1974) by Gary Gygax and Dave Arneson. The game was based on a combination of their interests in table-top wargaming and literary fantasy."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barton-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barton_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barton_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barton_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barton_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarton2008" class="citation book cs1">Barton, Matt (22 February 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qPPRBQAAQBAJ"><i>Dungeons and Desktops: The History of Computer Role-Playing Games</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/CRC_Press" title="CRC Press">CRC Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4398-6524-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4398-6524-8"><bdi>978-1-4398-6524-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Comic+Book+Resources&rft.atitle=Dungeons+%26+Dragons%3A+How+Actual-Play+Shows+Are+Boosting+LGBTQ+Representation&rft.date=2020-06-14&rft.aulast=Sowa&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbr.com%2Fdungeons-dragons-actual-play-shows-boosting-lgbtq-representation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+game" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:6_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHedgeGrouling2021" class="citation book cs1">Hedge, Stephanie; Grouling, Jennifer, eds. (2021). 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Jefferson, NC: <a href="/wiki/McFarland_%26_Company" title="McFarland & Company">McFarland & Company</a>. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-4201-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-4201-7"><bdi>978-1-4766-4201-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1239982762">1239982762</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Roleplaying+Games+in+the+Digital+Age%3A+Essays+on+Transmedia+Storytelling%2C+Tabletop+RPGs+and+Fandom&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+NC&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1239982762&rft.isbn=978-1-4766-4201-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1239982762&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+game" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:03-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:03_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllison2021" class="citation web cs1">Allison, Peter Ray (21 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dicebreaker.com/categories/roleplaying-game/feature/tabletop-roleplaying-comfort-connection-control-covid-19">"Tabletop roleplaying has given players comfort, connection and control in a world that's taken them away"</a>. <i>Dicebreaker</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Polygon&rft.atitle=It%E2%80%99s+OK+to+not+be+OK+with+tabletop+gaming+done+via+Zoom&rft.date=2020-05-08&rft.aulast=Kuchera&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.polygon.com%2F2020%2F5%2F8%2F21252398%2Ftabletop-role-playing-dungeons-dragons-pathfinder-zoom-remote-coronavirus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+game" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:34-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:34_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gameshub.com/news/features/how-covid-helped-tabletop-rpgs-go-mainstream-6028/">"How COVID helped tabletop RPGs go mainstream"</a>. <i>www.gameshub.com</i>. 26 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gameshub.com&rft.atitle=How+COVID+helped+tabletop+RPGs+go+mainstream&rft.date=2021-10-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gameshub.com%2Fnews%2Ffeatures%2Fhow-covid-helped-tabletop-rpgs-go-mainstream-6028%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+game" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKilgallonSandy_AntunesMike_Young2001" class="citation book cs1">Kilgallon, John; Sandy Antunes; Mike Young (2001). <i>Rules to Live by: A Live Action Roleplaying Conflict Resolution System</i>. Interactivities Ink. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9708356-0-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9708356-0-4"><bdi>978-0-9708356-0-4</bdi></a>. <q>A live action roleplaying game is a cross between a traditional 'tabletop' roleplaying game and improvisational theatre.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rules+to+Live+by%3A+A+Live+Action+Roleplaying+Conflict+Resolution+System&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Interactivities+Ink&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-9708356-0-4&rft.aulast=Kilgallon&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Sandy+Antunes&rft.au=Mike+Young&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+game" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FalkDevonport2004Costume-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FalkDevonport2004Costume_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFalkDavenport,_Glorianna2004" class="citation book cs1">Falk, Jennica; <a href="/wiki/Glorianna_Davenport" title="Glorianna Davenport">Davenport, Glorianna</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130202212705/http://springerlink.com/content/up8k3p2xywdf49ag/?p=c2914626bfa243b299327f78722deb90&pi=1">"Live Role-Playing Games: Implications for Pervasive Gaming"</a>. <i>Entertainment Computing – ICEC 2004</i>. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 3166. Springer Berlin / Heidelberg. p. 131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-22947-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-22947-6"><bdi>978-3-540-22947-6</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://springerlink.com/content/up8k3p2xywdf49ag/?p=c2914626bfa243b299327f78722deb90&pi=1">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2 February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2008</span>. <q>The LRP player, like a stage actor, is a person who undergoes a transformation into a character. The character's costume and accessories, or kit, aids this transformation ... Physical structures may be used as game locations, and sometimes even purposely constructed to enhance the game world ... Players frequently use physical artifacts as props and tools in their role-play, primarily to back up their character roles.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Live+Role-Playing+Games%3A+Implications+for+Pervasive+Gaming&rft.btitle=Entertainment+Computing+%E2%80%93+ICEC+2004&rft.series=Lecture+Notes+in+Computer+Science&rft.pages=131&rft.pub=Springer+Berlin+%2F+Heidelberg&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-3-540-22947-6&rft.aulast=Falk&rft.aufirst=Jennica&rft.au=Davenport%2C+Glorianna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspringerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fup8k3p2xywdf49ag%2F%3Fp%3Dc2914626bfa243b299327f78722deb90%26pi%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+game" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Heliö 2004) "Naturally, an off-game object does not actually transform into the object it is imagined as being in-game: for instance, if an airplane in the sky becomes a dragon in some larpers' imaginations, it does not actually turn into a dragon – and even the players do not actually think so. The group of players has a common contract stating how to behave in the situation because they willingly share the game's make-believe world. In order to sustain the agreed immersion, the 'dragon's' airplaneness' should not, in any case, be directly voiced aloud."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Young2003Resolution-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Young2003Resolution_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung2003" class="citation book cs1">Young, Mike, ed. (2003). <i>The Book of LARP</i>. Interactivities Ink. pp. 7–8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9708356-8-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9708356-8-0"><bdi>978-0-9708356-8-0</bdi></a>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Live combat... requires the players' abilities to perform an action. You want to hit someone with a sword? You have to actually hit the player with a prop representing a sword, usually a padded weapon. ... Simulated combat is more abstract. It uses an external method that does not rely on player ability. For example, if you want to hit the other person with a sword, you may have to make a rock-paper-scissors challenge.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+LARP&rft.pages=7-8&rft.pub=Interactivities+Ink&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-9708356-8-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+game" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Widing2008-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Widing2008_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiding2008" class="citation book cs1">Widing, Gabriel (2008). "We Lost Our World and Made New Ones: Live Role-Playing in Modern Times". In Markus, Montola; Jaakko, Stenros (eds.). <i>Playground Worlds</i>. Ropecon ry. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-952-92-3579-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-952-92-3579-7"><bdi>978-952-92-3579-7</bdi></a>. <q>...the participants sustain these temporary worlds for a few hours or several days</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=We+Lost+Our+World+and+Made+New+Ones%3A+Live+Role-Playing+in+Modern+Times&rft.btitle=Playground+Worlds&rft.pub=Ropecon+ry&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-952-92-3579-7&rft.aulast=Widing&rft.aufirst=Gabriel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+game" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Tychsen et al. 2006:258) "Games range in size from a handful to more than 4,000 players"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Tychsen et al. 2005:218) "[The LARP GM is] forced to let go of the game and let it take on a life of its own outside his or her control. While based on similar principles, the requirements [are] therefore very different in practice from GMs in PnP RPGs... The GM is generally, unless the LARP is small in terms of the number of participants, <i>not</i> responsible for keeping the narrative flow. The GM can however oversee the progress of the game and help or influence where needed... Establishing a hierarchy of GMs and NPCs to monitor the game and ensure everyone is entertained and activated within the shared game space is a typical way of controlling large fantasy LARPS. This structure is usually established before the game commences."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Tychsen 2006:75) "A major source of inspiration of computer games of all genres is role-playing games. Being of a somewhat similar age as computer games, Pen and Paper Role Playing Games (PnP RPGs), a specialized form of table-top games (TTGs) involving multiple participants interacting in a fictional world, have influenced not only the Computer Role Playing Game (CRPG) genre [6], but virtually all types of computer games..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yee-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Yee_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yee, N. (2006). The Demographics, Motivations and Derived Experiences of Users of Massively-Multiuser Online Graphical Environments. PRESENCE: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 15, 309-329.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Tychsen 2005:218) "CRPGs can be separated into single- and multiplayer categories..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Heliö 2004) "Even if a game does not support active role-playing, as most of the massively multiplayer online role-playing games fail to do (Dark Age of Camelot and others), experienced role-players may adopt the mindset and take advantage of the game's communication functionalities, and start to role-play. This, however, requires the willing support or at least acceptance of the other players – any one of us can act like a prince, but if the others won't play along, it does not constitute role-playing."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEladhariMateas2009" class="citation conference cs1">Eladhari, Mirjam P; Mateas, Michael (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/3x99c2zt"><i>Rules for role play in Virtual Game Worlds Case study: The Pataphysic Institute</i></a>. Proceedings of the Digital Arts and Culture Conference. p. 1<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2009</span>. <q>However, the majority of players in MMORPGs do not role-play at all, but self-play, that is, play as being themselves without adopting a fictional role.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Rules+for+role+play+in+Virtual+Game+Worlds+Case+study%3A+The+Pataphysic+Institute&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Eladhari&rft.aufirst=Mirjam+P&rft.au=Mateas%2C+Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.escholarship.org%2Fuc%2Fitem%2F3x99c2zt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+game" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Tychsen et al. 2005:215–216) "The areas for which a GM can be responsible, regardless of the game platform (PnP RPG, LARP, CRPG or MMOG), vary not only internally in games from each platform but also across platforms. A GM in an MMOG generally has different responsibilities than a GM in a PnP RPG. These differences can be related to a limited number of variables, such as the media of expression. In some tabletop role-playing games, including Dungeons and Dragons, the GM is referred to as the Dungeon Master or DM. The full range of possible responsibilities of GMs can be subdivided into the following five categories, which also cover the functions of automated storytelling engines: [Narrative flow, Rules, Engagement, Environment, Virtual world:]"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Tychsen et al. 2006:255) "In a computer RPG, the role of the GM is taken on (with varying degrees of success) by software."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Tychsen et al. 2005:218) "CRPGs can be separated into ... those few who have incorporated a GM toolkit instead of a fully automated storytelling engine. ... In PnP RPGs and LARPs all lines of normal human communication are available: Speech, Emotion and Body Language (Figure 3). In CRPGs and MMOGs, they become narrowed down due to technical limitations, albeit with the added feature of Scripting as a means of communication. Additionally, contemporary game engines do not allow for on-the-fly updating of the game world and generation of new content in reaction to the actions of the player-controlled avatars (or characters in PnP RPG terminology)."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Tychsen et al. 2005:216) "The environment needs to be filled out with non-player controlled characters (NPCs)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Role-playing_game&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCopier2005" class="citation conference cs1">Copier, Marinka (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.digra.org/dl/db/06278.50594.pdf">"Connecting Worlds. Fantasy Role-Playing Games, Ritual Acts and the Magic Circle"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Proceedings of DiGRA 2005 Conference: Changing Views--Worlds in Play</i>. Digital Games Research Association (DiGRA). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061010084831/http://www.digra.org/dl/db/06278.50594.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 10 October 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Connecting+Worlds.+Fantasy+Role-Playing+Games%2C+Ritual+Acts+and+the+Magic+Circle&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+DiGRA+2005+Conference%3A+Changing+Views--Worlds+in+Play&rft.pub=Digital+Games+Research+Association+%28DiGRA%29&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Copier&rft.aufirst=Marinka&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.digra.org%2Fdl%2Fdb%2F06278.50594.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+game" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeliö2004" class="citation book cs1">Heliö, Satu (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110501045519/http://www.ropecon.fi/brap/ch6.pdf">"Role-Playing: A Narrative Experience and a Mindset"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Beyond role and play</i> (PDF). Solmukohta. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-952-91-6843-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-952-91-6843-9"><bdi>978-952-91-6843-9</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ropecon.fi/brap/ch6.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 1 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Role-Playing%3A+A+Narrative+Experience+and+a+Mindset&rft.btitle=Beyond+role+and+play&rft.pub=Solmukohta&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-952-91-6843-9&rft.aulast=Heli%C3%B6&rft.aufirst=Satu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ropecon.fi%2Fbrap%2Fch6.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+game" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTychsenHitchens,_MichaelBrolund,_TheaKavakli,_Manolya2005" class="citation conference cs1">Tychsen, Anders; Hitchens, Michael; Brolund, Thea; Kavakli, Manolya (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1109180.1109214">"The Game Master"</a>. <i>The Second Australasian Conference on Interactive Entertainment</i>. Creativity and Cognition Studios Press. p. 218<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=The+Game+Master&rft.btitle=The+Second+Australasian+Conference+on+Interactive+Entertainment&rft.pages=218&rft.pub=Creativity+and+Cognition+Studios+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Tychsen&rft.aufirst=Anders&rft.au=Hitchens%2C+Michael&rft.au=Brolund%2C+Thea&rft.au=Kavakli%2C+Manolya&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fportal.acm.org%2Fcitation.cfm%3Fid%3D1109180.1109214&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+game" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTychsen2006" class="citation conference cs1">Tychsen, Anders (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1231906"><i>Role Playing Games – Comparative Analysis Across Two Media Platforms</i></a>. IE '06: Proceedings of the 3rd Australasian conference on Interactive entertainment. Proceedings of the 3rd Australasian conference on Interactive entertainment. Australia. pp. 75–82.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Role+Playing+Games+%E2%80%93+Comparative+Analysis+Across+Two+Media+Platforms&rft.place=Australia&rft.series=Proceedings+of+the+3rd+Australasian+conference+on+Interactive+entertainment&rft.pages=75-82&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Tychsen&rft.aufirst=Anders&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fportal.acm.org%2Fcitation.cfm%3Fid%3D1231906&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+game" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTychsenHitchens,_MichaelBrolund,_TheaKavakli,_Manolya2006" class="citation journal cs1">Tychsen, Anders; Hitchens, Michael; Brolund, Thea; Kavakli, Manolya (July 2006). "Live Action Role-Playing Games: Control, Communication, Storytelling, and MMORPG Similarities". <i><a href="/wiki/Games_and_Culture" title="Games and Culture">Games and Culture</a></i>. <b>1</b> (3): 252–275. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1555412006290445">10.1177/1555412006290445</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12180996">12180996</a>.</cite><span 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