CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Southern Italy - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"2c6a018b-f556-47c8-ab49-e9173ffd20d4","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Southern_Italy","wgTitle":"Southern Italy","wgCurRevisionId":1259750189,"wgRevisionId":1259750189,"wgArticleId":897351,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list","CS1 Italian-language sources (it)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from January 2024","Articles containing Italian-language text","Pages using infobox settlement with no coordinates","Pages with Italian IPA","Articles containing Neapolitan-language text","Articles containing Sicilian-language text","Articles containing Latin-language text", "Articles containing French-language text","Geography of Italy","Society of Italy","Regions of Italy"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Southern_Italy","wgRelevantArticleId":897351,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":60000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled": false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q207989","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready", "ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.gallery","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Mezzogiorno.svg/1200px-Mezzogiorno.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1416"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Mezzogiorno.svg/800px-Mezzogiorno.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="944"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Mezzogiorno.svg/640px-Mezzogiorno.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="755"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Southern Italy - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Italy"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Italy&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Italy"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Southern_Italy rootpage-Southern_Italy skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Southern+Italy" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Southern+Italy" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Southern+Italy" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Southern+Italy" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology_of_Mezzogiorno" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology_of_Mezzogiorno"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etymology of <i>Mezzogiorno</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology_of_Mezzogiorno-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Regions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prehistory_and_antiquity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistory_and_antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Prehistory and antiquity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistory_and_antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_modern_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_modern_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Early modern history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_modern_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Early 19th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southern_and_Northern_Italy_in_1860" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_and_Northern_Italy_in_1860"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Southern and Northern Italy in 1860</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southern_and_Northern_Italy_in_1860-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_1861" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_1861"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>After 1861</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_1861-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Demography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Population</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Per_capita_GDP_by_region" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Per_capita_GDP_by_region"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Per capita GDP by region</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Per_capita_GDP_by_region-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Southern Italy</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 49 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">49 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8_%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="جنوب إيطاليا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جنوب إيطاليا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezzogiorno" title="Mezzogiorno – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Mezzogiorno" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezzogiorno" title="Mezzogiorno – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Mezzogiorno" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Южна Италия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Южна Италия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezzogiorno" title="Mezzogiorno – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Mezzogiorno" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezzogiorno" title="Mezzogiorno – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mezzogiorno" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCditalien" title="Süditalien – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Süditalien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B5una-Itaalia" title="Lõuna-Itaalia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lõuna-Itaalia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CE%99%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Νότια Ιταλία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νότια Ιταλία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basit%C3%A0glia" title="Basitàglia – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Basitàglia" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezzogiorno" title="Mezzogiorno – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mezzogiorno" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suda_Italio" title="Suda Italio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Suda Italio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezzogiorno" title="Mezzogiorno – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mezzogiorno" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="ایتالیای جنوبی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ایتالیای جنوبی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezzogiorno" title="Mezzogiorno – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mezzogiorno" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezzogiorno" title="Mezzogiorno – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mezzogiorno" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%ED%83%88%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84_%EB%82%A8%EB%B6%80" title="이탈리아 남부 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이탈리아 남부" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ju%C5%BEna_Italija" title="Južna Italija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Južna Italija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezzogiorno" title="Mezzogiorno – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mezzogiorno" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Хуссар Итали – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Хуссар Итали" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezzogiorno_(Italia)" title="Mezzogiorno (Italia) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mezzogiorno (Italia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%92%27%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%95" title="מצוג'ורנו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מצוג'ורנו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia_meridiana" title="Italia meridiana – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Italia meridiana" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dienvidit%C4%81lija" title="Dienviditālija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dienviditālija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piet%C5%B3_Italija" title="Pietų Italija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pietų Italija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9l-Olaszorsz%C3%A1g" title="Dél-Olaszország – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Dél-Olaszország" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezzogiorno" title="Mezzogiorno – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mezzogiorno" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E3%82%A4%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2" title="南イタリア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="南イタリア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezzogiorno" title="Mezzogiorno – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mezzogiorno" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezzogiorno" title="Mezzogiorno – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mezzogiorno" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezzogiorno" title="Mezzogiorno – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Mezzogiorno" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezzogiorno" title="Mezzogiorno – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mezzogiorno" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezzogiorno" title="Mezzogiorno – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mezzogiorno" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia_de_Sud" title="Italia de Sud – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Italia de Sud" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Южная Италия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Южная Италия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezzogiorno" title="Mezzogiorno – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Mezzogiorno" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia_jugore" title="Italia jugore – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Italia jugore" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia_d%C3%BB_Sud" title="Italia dû Sud – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Italia dû Sud" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezzogiorno" title="Mezzogiorno – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mezzogiorno" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Јужна Италија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јужна Италија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ju%C5%BEna_Italija" title="Južna Italija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Južna Italija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezzogiorno" title="Mezzogiorno – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mezzogiorno" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezzogiorno" title="Mezzogiorno – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mezzogiorno" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katimugang_Italya" title="Katimugang Italya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Katimugang Italya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCney_%C4%B0talya" title="Güney İtalya – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Güney İtalya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%86%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Південна Італія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Південна Італія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nam_%C3%9D" title="Nam Ý – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nam Ý" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0talyay_Veroci" title="İtalyay Veroci – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="İtalyay Veroci" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9" title="南意大利 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="南意大利" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q207989#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Southern_Italy" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Italy&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Italy&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Italy&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Italy&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Southern_Italy" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Southern_Italy" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Italy&oldid=1259750189" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Italy&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Southern_Italy&id=1259750189&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSouthern_Italy"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSouthern_Italy"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Southern_Italy&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Italy&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Southern_Italy" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikivoyage mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Southern_Italy" hreflang="en"><span>Wikivoyage</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q207989" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Macroregion of Italy</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the EU constituency, see <a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy_(European_Parliament_constituency)" title="Southern Italy (European Parliament constituency)">Southern Italy (European Parliament constituency)</a>. For the statistical regions of the EU, see <a href="/wiki/South_Italy" title="South Italy">South Italy</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Mezzogiorno" redirects here. For the Italian actress, see <a href="/wiki/Giovanna_Mezzogiorno" title="Giovanna Mezzogiorno">Giovanna Mezzogiorno</a>. For her father, see <a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Mezzogiorno" title="Vittorio Mezzogiorno">Vittorio Mezzogiorno</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Place in Italy</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Southern Italy</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native" lang="it"><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Italia meridionale</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>)</span><br /><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Sud Italia</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>)</span><br /><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Meridione</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>)</span><br /><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Mezzogiorno</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mezzogiorno.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Southern Italy"><img alt="Map of Italy, highlighting southern Italy, highlighting central Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Mezzogiorno.svg/250px-Mezzogiorno.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Mezzogiorno.svg/375px-Mezzogiorno.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Mezzogiorno.svg/500px-Mezzogiorno.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="735" data-file-height="867" /></a></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy" title="Regions of Italy">Regions</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="#Regions">List</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Abruzzo" title="Abruzzo"><img alt="Abruzzo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Abruzzo.svg/23px-Flag_of_Abruzzo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Abruzzo.svg/35px-Flag_of_Abruzzo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Abruzzo.svg/45px-Flag_of_Abruzzo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Abruzzo" title="Abruzzo">Abruzzo</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia"><img alt="Apulia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Apulia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Apulia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Apulia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Apulia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Apulia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Apulia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Basilicata" title="Basilicata"><img alt="Basilicata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_Basilicata.svg/23px-Flag_of_Basilicata.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_Basilicata.svg/35px-Flag_of_Basilicata.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_Basilicata.svg/45px-Flag_of_Basilicata.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="890" data-file-height="593" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Basilicata" title="Basilicata">Basilicata</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria"><img alt="Calabria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Calabria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Calabria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Calabria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Calabria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Calabria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Calabria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1037" data-file-height="692" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabria</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania"><img alt="Campania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Flag_of_Campania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Campania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Flag_of_Campania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Campania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Flag_of_Campania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Campania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campania</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Molise" title="Molise"><img alt="Molise" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Molise.svg/23px-Flag_of_Molise.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Molise.svg/35px-Flag_of_Molise.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Molise.svg/45px-Flag_of_Molise.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Molise" title="Molise">Molise</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia"><img alt="Sardinia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Sardinia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sardinia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Sardinia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sardinia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Sardinia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Sardinia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="895" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily"><img alt="Sicily" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Sicily_%28revised%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sicily_%28revised%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Sicily_%28revised%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sicily_%28revised%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Sicily_%28revised%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sicily_%28revised%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="530" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">123,024 km<sup>2</sup> (47,500 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Estimate <div class="ib-settlement-fn">(2019)</div></div></th><td class="infobox-data">20,637,360</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Languages</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> – Official language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> – <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Italy#Historical_linguistic_minorities" title="Languages of Italy">Official linguistic minorities</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh_language" title="Arbëresh language">Arbëresh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Algherese_dialect" title="Algherese dialect">Catalan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Calabrian_Greek" title="Calabrian Greek">Calabrian Greek</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-Provençal language">Franco-Provençal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Griko_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Griko dialect">Griko dialect</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Slavomolisano_dialect" title="Slavomolisano dialect">Serbo-Croatian</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> – Regional languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corsican_language" title="Corsican language">Corsican</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_language" title="Neapolitan language">Neapolitan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_language" title="Sicilian language">Sicilian</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Southern Italy</b> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">Sud Italia</i>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Italian:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="it-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[ˈsud<span class="wrap"> </span>iˈtaːlja]</a></span>, or <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Italia meridionale</i></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Italian:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="it-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[iˈtaːlja<span class="wrap"> </span>meridjoˈnaːle]</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_language" title="Neapolitan language">Neapolitan</a>: <i lang="nap">'o Sudde</i>; <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_language" title="Sicilian language">Sicilian</a>: <i lang="scn">Italia dû Suddi</i>), also known as <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><b>Meridione</b></i></span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Italian:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="it-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[meriˈdjoːne]</a></span>) or <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><b>Mezzogiorno</b></i></span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Italian:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="it-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[ˌmɛddzoˈdʒorno]</a></span>; Neapolitan: <i lang="nap">Miezojuorno</i>; Sicilian: <i lang="scn">Menzujornu</i>; <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">Midday</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>), is a <a href="/wiki/Macroregion" title="Macroregion">macroregion</a> of <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> consisting of its southern <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy" title="Regions of Italy">regions</a>. </p><p>The term "<span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Mezzogiorno</i></span>" today mostly refers to the regions that are associated with the people, lands or culture of the <a href="/wiki/Historical_region" title="Historical region">historical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural region">cultural region</a> that was once politically under the administration of the former Kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Naples</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Sicily</a> (officially denominated as one entity <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Regnum Siciliae citra Pharum</i></span> and <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">ultra Pharum</i></span>, i.e. "Kingdom of Sicily on the other side of <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Messina" title="Strait of Messina">the Strait</a>" and "across the Strait") and which later shared a common organization into Italy's largest <a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_states_of_Italy" title="List of historical states of Italy">pre-unitarian state</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The island of <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>, which was not part of the aforementioned <a href="/wiki/Polity" title="Polity">polity</a> and had been under the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alpine</a> <a href="/wiki/House_of_Savoy" title="House of Savoy">House of Savoy</a>, which would eventually annex the Bourbons' southern Italian kingdom altogether, is nonetheless often subsumed into the <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Mezzogiorno</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-istat_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-istat-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Istituto_Nazionale_di_Statistica" class="mw-redirect" title="Istituto Nazionale di Statistica">Italian National Institute of Statistics</a> (ISTAT) employs the term "<a href="/wiki/South_Italy" title="South Italy">south Italy</a>" (<span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Italia meridionale</i></span>, or just <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Sud</i></span>, i.e. "south") to statistically identify in its reportings the six mainland regions of southern Italy without Sicily and Sardinia, which form a distinct statistical region under the ISTAT denominated "<a href="/wiki/Insular_Italy" title="Insular Italy">Insular Italy</a>" (<span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Italia insulare</i></span>, or simply <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Isole</i></span> "Islands").<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These same subdivisions are at the bottom of the Italian <a href="/wiki/First_level_NUTS_of_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="First level NUTS of the European Union">First level NUTS of the European Union</a> and the Italian constituencies for the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a>. Nonetheless, Sardinia and especially Sicily are included as "southern Italy" in most definitions of the southern Italy macroregion. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_of_Mezzogiorno">Etymology of <i lang="it">Mezzogiorno</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Italy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology of Mezzogiorno"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a similar fashion to <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>'s <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Southern_France" title="Southern France">Midi</a></i></span> ("midday" or "noon" in <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>), the Italian term "<span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Mezzogiorno</i></span>" refers to the intensity and the position of sunshine at midday in the south of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_peninsula" title="Italian peninsula">Italian peninsula</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-eb_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term came into vogue after the annexation of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">Bourbon</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a> by the mainland-based <a href="/wiki/House_of_Savoy" title="House of Savoy">Savoyard</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a>, and the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Italian_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian unification">Italian unification</a> of 1861. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regions">Regions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Italy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Regions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy" title="Regions of Italy">Regions of Italy</a></div> <p>Southern Italy is generally thought to comprise the administrative regions that correspond to the geopolitical extent of the historical <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Abruzzo" title="Abruzzo">Abruzzo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basilicata" title="Basilicata">Basilicata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Molise" title="Molise">Molise</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>. The island of Sardinia, although being <a href="/wiki/Sardinia#Culture" title="Sardinia">culturally</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sardinia#Languages" title="Sardinia">linguistically</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Sardinia" title="History of Sardinia">historically</a> less related to the aforementioned regions than any of them is to one another is frequently included as part of the <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Mezzogiorno</i></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-istat_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-istat-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-medtour_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-medtour-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> often for statistical and economical purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-hospers_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hospers-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-medtour_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-medtour-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-natgeo_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-natgeo-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Italy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Italy" title="Geography of Italy">Geography of Italy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Corno_grande_da_campo_imperatore.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Corno_grande_da_campo_imperatore.jpg/220px-Corno_grande_da_campo_imperatore.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Corno_grande_da_campo_imperatore.jpg/330px-Corno_grande_da_campo_imperatore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Corno_grande_da_campo_imperatore.jpg/440px-Corno_grande_da_campo_imperatore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6458" data-file-height="4799" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Abruzzo" title="Abruzzo">Abruzzo</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Gran_Sasso_d%27Italia" title="Gran Sasso d'Italia">Gran Sasso d'Italia</a>, the highest mountain in the <a href="/wiki/Apennine_Mountains" title="Apennine Mountains">Apennines</a>, and the second-highest mountain in Italy outside the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Southern Italy forms the lower part of the Italian "boot", containing the ankle (<a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campania</a>), the toe (<a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabria</a>), the arch (<a href="/wiki/Basilicata" title="Basilicata">Basilicata</a>), and the heel (<a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a>), <a href="/wiki/Molise" title="Molise">Molise</a> (north of Apulia) and <a href="/wiki/Abruzzo" title="Abruzzo">Abruzzo</a> (north of Molise) along with Sicily, removed from Calabria by the narrow <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Messina" title="Strait of Messina">Strait of Messina</a>. Separating the "heel" and toe of the "boot" is the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Taranto" title="Gulf of Taranto">Gulf of Taranto</a>, named after the city of <a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Taranto</a>, which is at an angle between the heel and the boot itself. It is an arm of the <a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian Sea</a>. The island of <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>, situated to the west of the Italian peninsula and right below the French island of <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a>, may also often be included. </p><p>On the eastern coast is the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a>, leading into the rest of the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Otranto" title="Strait of Otranto">Strait of Otranto</a> (named after the largest city on the tip of the heel). On the Adriatic, south of the "spur" of the boot, the <a href="/wiki/Apulia_Carbonate_Platform" title="Apulia Carbonate Platform">peninsula of Monte Gargano</a>; on the <a href="/wiki/Tyrrhenian_Sea" title="Tyrrhenian Sea">Tyrrhenian Sea</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Salerno" title="Gulf of Salerno">Gulf of Salerno</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Naples" title="Gulf of Naples">Gulf of Naples</a>, the Gulf of Policastro and the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Gaeta" title="Gulf of Gaeta">Gulf of Gaeta</a> are each named after a large coastal city. Along the northern coast of the Salernitan Gulf and on the south of the <a href="/wiki/Sorrento_Peninsula" title="Sorrento Peninsula">Sorrentine Peninsula</a> runs the <a href="/wiki/Amalfi_Coast" title="Amalfi Coast">Amalfi Coast</a>. Off the peninsula's tip is the isle of <a href="/wiki/Capri" title="Capri">Capri</a>. </p><p>The climate is mainly <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">Mediterranean</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a> Csa), except at the highest elevations (Dsa, Dsb) and the <a href="/wiki/Semi-arid" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-arid">semi-arid</a> eastern stretches in Apulia and Molise, along the Ionian Sea in <a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabria</a> and the southern stretches of Sicily (BSw). The largest city of southern Italy is <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>, an originally Greek name that it has historically maintained for millennia. <a href="/wiki/Bari" title="Bari">Bari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Taranto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reggio_Calabria" title="Reggio Calabria">Reggio Calabria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Foggia" title="Foggia">Foggia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Salerno" title="Salerno">Salerno</a> are the next largest cities in the area. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ETH-BIB-Wanderung_der_Erdbeben-Centren_in_S%C3%BCd-Italien,_in._F.O._Mori-Dia_247-Z-00059.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/ETH-BIB-Wanderung_der_Erdbeben-Centren_in_S%C3%BCd-Italien%2C_in._F.O._Mori-Dia_247-Z-00059.tif/lossy-page1-220px-ETH-BIB-Wanderung_der_Erdbeben-Centren_in_S%C3%BCd-Italien%2C_in._F.O._Mori-Dia_247-Z-00059.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/ETH-BIB-Wanderung_der_Erdbeben-Centren_in_S%C3%BCd-Italien%2C_in._F.O._Mori-Dia_247-Z-00059.tif/lossy-page1-330px-ETH-BIB-Wanderung_der_Erdbeben-Centren_in_S%C3%BCd-Italien%2C_in._F.O._Mori-Dia_247-Z-00059.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/ETH-BIB-Wanderung_der_Erdbeben-Centren_in_S%C3%BCd-Italien%2C_in._F.O._Mori-Dia_247-Z-00059.tif/lossy-page1-440px-ETH-BIB-Wanderung_der_Erdbeben-Centren_in_S%C3%BCd-Italien%2C_in._F.O._Mori-Dia_247-Z-00059.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2932" data-file-height="3430" /></a><figcaption>Chronological map of the main seismic events occurring in southern Italy over the modern and contemporary age</figcaption></figure> <p>The region is geologically very active, except for <a href="/wiki/Salento" title="Salento">Salento</a> in <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a>, and highly seismic: the <a href="/wiki/1980_Irpinia_earthquake" title="1980 Irpinia earthquake">1980 Irpinia earthquake</a> killed 2,914 people, injured more than 10,000 and left 300,000 homeless. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Italy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Italy" title="History of Italy">History of Italy</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory_and_antiquity">Prehistory and antiquity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Italy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Prehistory and antiquity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></div> <p>In the 8th and the 7th centuries BCE, for various reasons, including demographic crisis (famine, overcrowding etc.), the search for new commercial outlets and ports, and expulsion from their homeland, <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a> began to settle in southern Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also during this period, Greek colonies were established in places as widely separated as the eastern coast of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Eastern Libya</a> and Massalia (<a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a>). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Agrigento-Tempio_della_Concordia01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Agrigento-Tempio_della_Concordia01.JPG/220px-Agrigento-Tempio_della_Concordia01.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Agrigento-Tempio_della_Concordia01.JPG/330px-Agrigento-Tempio_della_Concordia01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Agrigento-Tempio_della_Concordia01.JPG/440px-Agrigento-Tempio_della_Concordia01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>The Greek <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Concordia,_Agrigento" title="Temple of Concordia, Agrigento">Temple of Concordia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valle_dei_Templi" title="Valle dei Templi">Valle dei Templi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agrigento" title="Agrigento">Agrigento</a>, Sicily</figcaption></figure> <p>They included settlements in Sicily and the southern part of the Italian peninsula. The first Greek settlers found Italy inhabited by three major populations: <a href="/wiki/Ausones" title="Ausones">Ausones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oenotrians" title="Oenotrians">Oenotrians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iapyges" class="mw-redirect" title="Iapyges">Iapyges</a> (the last of which were subdivided into three tribes: <a href="/wiki/Daunians" title="Daunians">Daunians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peucetians" title="Peucetians">Peucetians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Messapians" title="Messapians">Messapians</a>). The relationships between the Greek settlers and the native peoples were initially hostilem especially with the Iapygian tribes. The Hellenic influence eventually shaped their culture and way of life. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Magna_Graecia_ancient_colonies_and_dialects-eu.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Magna_Graecia_ancient_colonies_and_dialects-eu.svg/220px-Magna_Graecia_ancient_colonies_and_dialects-eu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Magna_Graecia_ancient_colonies_and_dialects-eu.svg/330px-Magna_Graecia_ancient_colonies_and_dialects-eu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Magna_Graecia_ancient_colonies_and_dialects-eu.svg/440px-Magna_Graecia_ancient_colonies_and_dialects-eu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="414" /></a><figcaption>Ancient Greek colonies of <a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a> and their <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_dialects" title="Ancient Greek dialects">dialect</a> groupings in southern Italy<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#cea980; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek#Northwest_Doric" title="Doric Greek">Northwest Doric</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#b5ad96; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek#Achaean_Doric" title="Doric Greek">Achaean Doric</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#eacd85; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek#Doric_proper" title="Doric Greek">Doric proper</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#bebada; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Ionic_Greek" title="Ionic Greek">Ionic</a></div></figcaption></figure> <p>The Romans used to call the area of Sicily and coastal southern Italy <a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a> ("Great Greece") since it was so densely populated by coastal <a href="/wiki/Greek_colonisation" title="Greek colonisation">Greek colonies</a>; the ancient <a href="/wiki/Geographers" class="mw-redirect" title="Geographers">geographers</a> differed on whether the term included Sicily or merely <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabria</a> with <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> being the most prominent advocate of the wider definitions. </p><p>With this colonisation, <a href="/wiki/Greek_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek culture">Greek culture</a> was exported to Italy in its dialects of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek language</a>, its religious rites and its traditions of the independent <i><a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">polis</a></i>. An original <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenic civilization">Hellenic civilization</a> soon developed, later interacting with the native <a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_civilisations&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roman civilisations (page does not exist)">Roman civilisations</a>. The most important cultural transplant was the <a href="/wiki/Chalcis" title="Chalcis">Chalcidean</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cumaean_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Cumaean alphabet">Cumaean</a> variety of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a>, which was adopted by the <a href="/wiki/Etruscans" class="mw-redirect" title="Etruscans">Etruscans</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Old_Italic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Italic alphabet">Old Italic alphabet</a> subsequently evolved into the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a>, which became the most widely used alphabet in the world. </p><p>Many of the new Hellenic cities became very rich and powerful like <i>Neapolis</i> (Νεάπολις, <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>, "New City"), <i>Syrakousai</i> (Συράκουσαι, <a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Syracuse, Italy">Syracuse</a>), <i>Akragas</i> (Ἀκράγας, <a href="/wiki/Agrigento" title="Agrigento">Agrigento</a>), and <i><a href="/wiki/Sybaris" title="Sybaris">Sybaris</a></i> (Σύβαρις, <a href="/wiki/Sibari" title="Sibari">Sibari</a>). Other cities in Magna Graecia included <i><a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Tarentum</a></i> (Τάρας), <i><a href="/wiki/Metapontum" title="Metapontum">Metapontum</a></i> (Μεταπόντιον), <i><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Lucania" title="Heraclea Lucania">Heraclea</a></i> (Ἡράκλεια), <i><a href="/wiki/Locri" title="Locri">Epizephyrian Locri</a></i> (Λοκροὶ Ἐπιζεφύριοι), <i><a href="/wiki/Rhegion" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhegion">Rhegium</a></i> (Ῥήγιον), <i><a href="/wiki/Crotone" title="Crotone">Croton</a></i> (Κρότων), <i><a href="/wiki/Thurii" title="Thurii">Thurii</a></i> (Θούριοι), <i><a href="/wiki/Velia" title="Velia">Elea</a></i> (Ἐλέα), <i><a href="/wiki/Nola" title="Nola">Nola</a></i> (Νῶλα), <i><a href="/wiki/Sessa_Cilento" title="Sessa Cilento">Syessa</a></i> (Σύεσσα), <i><a href="/wiki/Bari" title="Bari">Bari</a></i> (Βάριον), and others. </p><p>Although many of the Greek inhabitants of Magna Graecia were entirely <a href="/wiki/Romanization_(cultural)" title="Romanization (cultural)">Latinized</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-unina_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unina-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> pockets of Greek culture and language remained and have survived to the present day. One example is the <a href="/wiki/Griko_people" title="Griko people">Griko people</a> in <a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bovesia" title="Bovesia">Bovesia</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Salento" title="Salento">Salento</a> (<a href="/wiki/Grec%C3%ACa_Salentina" title="Grecìa Salentina">Grecìa Salentina</a>), some of whom still maintain their Greek language (<a href="/wiki/Griko_language" title="Griko language">Griko language</a>) and customs.<sup id="cite_ref-affariregionali_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-affariregionali-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Griko language is the last living trace of the Greek elements that once formed Magna Graecia.<sup id="cite_ref-itinerarieluoghi_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-itinerarieluoghi-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shepherd-c-030-031.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Shepherd-c-030-031.jpg/220px-Shepherd-c-030-031.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Shepherd-c-030-031.jpg/330px-Shepherd-c-030-031.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Shepherd-c-030-031.jpg/440px-Shepherd-c-030-031.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1989" data-file-height="1528" /></a><figcaption>Southern Italy under <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a></figcaption></figure> <p>After <a href="/wiki/Pyrrhus_of_Epirus" title="Pyrrhus of Epirus">Pyrrhus of Epirus</a> failed in his attempt to stop the spread of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> hegemony in 282 BCE, the south fell under Roman domination and remained in such a position until the <a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">barbarian invasions</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Gladiator_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Gladiator War">Gladiator War</a> is a notable suspension of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">imperial</a> control). It was restored to <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern Roman</a> control in the 530s after the <a href="/wiki/Decline_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Decline of the Roman Empire">fall of Rome</a> in <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">the West</a> in 476, and some form of imperial authority survived until the 1070s. Total East Roman rule was ended by the <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombards</a> by <a href="/wiki/Zotto" title="Zotto">Zotto</a>'s conquest in the final quarter of the 6th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Italy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirate of Sicily">Emirate of Sicily</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy" title="Norman conquest of southern Italy">Norman conquest of southern Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kingdom_of_Sicily_1200.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Kingdom_of_Sicily_1200.png/220px-Kingdom_of_Sicily_1200.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Kingdom_of_Sicily_1200.png/330px-Kingdom_of_Sicily_1200.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Kingdom_of_Sicily_1200.png/440px-Kingdom_of_Sicily_1200.png 2x" data-file-width="1450" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Detailed map of the Kingdom of Sicily</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Regnonormanno1160.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Regnonormanno1160.jpg/220px-Regnonormanno1160.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Regnonormanno1160.jpg/330px-Regnonormanno1160.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Regnonormanno1160.jpg/440px-Regnonormanno1160.jpg 2x" data-file-width="648" data-file-height="429" /></a><figcaption>The Kingdom of Sicily at its greatest extent, during the 12th century</figcaption></figure> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_War_(535%E2%80%93554)" title="Gothic War (535–554)">Gothic War (535–554)</a> until the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Normans</a>, much of southern Italy's destiny was linked to the fortunes of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Empire">Eastern Empire</a> even though Byzantine domination was challenged in the 9th century by the <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombards</a>, who annexed the area of <a href="/wiki/Cosenza" title="Cosenza">Cosenza</a> to their <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Benevento" title="Duchy of Benevento">Duchy of Benevento</a>. Consequently, the Lombard and the Byzantine areas became influenced by Eastern monasticism, and much of southern Italy experienced a slow process of orientalisation in religious life (rites, cults and liturgy), which accompanied a spread of Eastern churches and monasteries that preserved and transmitted the Greek and Hellenistic tradition. The <a href="/wiki/Cattolica_di_Stilo" title="Cattolica di Stilo">Cattolica monastery</a> in Stilo is the most representative of these Byzantine monuments. From then to the 11th-century <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Norman</a> conquest the south of the peninsula was constantly plunged into wars between the Byzantines, Lombardy, and the <a href="/wiki/Aghlabid_dynasty" title="Aghlabid dynasty">Aghlabid dynasty</a>. The latter established two <a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_southern_Italy" title="History of Islam in southern Italy">emirates in southern Italy</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirate of Sicily">Emirate of Sicily</a> and, for 25 years, the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Bari" title="Emirate of Bari">Emirate of Bari</a>. <a href="/wiki/Amalfi" title="Amalfi">Amalfi</a>, an independent republic from the 7th century until 1075, and to a lesser extent <a href="/wiki/Gaeta" title="Gaeta">Gaeta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Molfetta" title="Molfetta">Molfetta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trani,_Apulia" class="mw-redirect" title="Trani, Apulia">Trani</a>, rivalled other <a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">Italian maritime republics</a> in their domestic prosperity and maritime importance. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Southern_Italy_1112.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Southern_Italy_1112.svg/180px-Southern_Italy_1112.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Southern_Italy_1112.svg/270px-Southern_Italy_1112.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Southern_Italy_1112.svg/360px-Southern_Italy_1112.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="712" data-file-height="807" /></a><figcaption>Southern Italy in 1112</figcaption></figure> <p>From 999 to 1139, the <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Normans</a> <a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy" title="Norman conquest of southern Italy">occupied all the Lombard and Byzantine possessions in southern Italy</a>, ended a millennium of imperial Roman rule in Italy and eventually expelled the Muslims from Sicily. The Norman <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a> under <a href="/wiki/Roger_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Roger II">Roger II</a> was characterised by its competent governance, <a href="/wiki/Multi-ethnic" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-ethnic">multi-ethnic</a> nature and <a href="/wiki/Religious_tolerance" title="Religious tolerance">religious tolerance</a>. Normans, Jews, Muslim Arabs, Byzantine Greeks, Lombards and "native" Sicilians lived in relative harmony.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Norman domination lasted only several decades before it formally ended in 1198 with the reign of <a href="/wiki/Constance_I_of_Sicily" title="Constance I of Sicily">Constance of Sicily</a>, and was replaced by that of the <a href="/wiki/Swabia" title="Swabia">Swabian</a> <a href="/wiki/Hohenstaufen" title="Hohenstaufen">Hohenstaufen</a> dynasty, thanks to Constance's marriage to <a href="/wiki/Henry_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry VI</a>, member of this family. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Castel_del_Monte_-_Andria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Castel_del_Monte_-_Andria.jpg/220px-Castel_del_Monte_-_Andria.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Castel_del_Monte_-_Andria.jpg/330px-Castel_del_Monte_-_Andria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Castel_del_Monte_-_Andria.jpg/440px-Castel_del_Monte_-_Andria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8294" data-file-height="5966" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Castel_del_Monte,_Apulia" title="Castel del Monte, Apulia">Castel del Monte</a>, built by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick II</a> between 1240 and 1250 in <a href="/wiki/Andria" title="Andria">Andria</a>, Apulia</figcaption></figure> <p>In Sicily, <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Sicily">King</a> <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick II</a> endorsed a deep reform of the laws culminating with the promulgation of the <a href="/wiki/Constitutions_of_Melfi" title="Constitutions of Melfi">Constitutions of Melfi</a> (1231, also known as <i><a href="/wiki/Liber_Augustalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Liber Augustalis">Liber Augustalis</a></i>), a collection of laws for his realm that was remarkable for its time and a source of inspiration for a long time afterward.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It made the Kingdom of Sicily a <a href="/wiki/Centralized_government" title="Centralized government">centralised state</a> and established the primacy of <a href="/wiki/Written_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Written law">written law</a>. With relatively small modifications, the<i> Liber Augustalis</i> remained the basis of Sicilian law until 1819. His royal court in <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a> from around 1220 to his death saw the first use of a literary form of an <a href="/wiki/Italo-Romance" class="mw-redirect" title="Italo-Romance">Italo-Romance</a> language, <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_language" title="Sicilian language">Sicilian</a>, which had a significant influence on what was to become the modern <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian language</a>. He also built the <a href="/wiki/Castel_del_Monte_(Apulia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Castel del Monte (Apulia)">Castel del Monte</a> and in 1224 founded the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Naples" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Naples">University of Naples</a>, now called, after him, <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A0_Federico_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Università Federico II">Università Federico II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1266, conflict between the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Hohenstaufen" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Hohenstaufen">House of Hohenstaufen</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Papacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Papacy">papacy</a> led to Sicily's conquest by <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles I of Sicily">Charles I</a>, Duke of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Anjou" title="Duchy of Anjou">Anjou</a>. Opposition to French officialdom and taxation combined with incitement of rebellion by agents from the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a> led to the <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Vespers" title="Sicilian Vespers">Sicilian Vespers</a> insurrection and successful invasion by king <a href="/wiki/Peter_III_of_Aragon" title="Peter III of Aragon">Peter III of Aragon</a> in 1282. The resulting <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sicilian_Vespers" title="War of the Sicilian Vespers">War of the Sicilian Vespers</a> lasted until 1302 the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Caltabellotta" title="Peace of Caltabellotta">Peace of Caltabellotta</a> divided the old Kingdom of Sicily into two. </p><p>The island of Sicily, called the "Kingdom of Sicily beyond the Lighthouse" or the Kingdom of Trinacria, went to <a href="/wiki/Frederick_III_of_Sicily" title="Frederick III of Sicily">Frederick III</a> of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Barcelona" title="House of Barcelona">House of Barcelona</a>, who had been ruling it. The peninsular territories, called Kingdom of Sicily contemporaneously but <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a> by modern scholarship, went to <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_Naples" title="Charles II of Naples">Charles II</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Capetian_House_of_Anjou" title="Capetian House of Anjou">House of Anjou</a>, who had likewise been ruling it. Thus, the peace was formal recognition of an uneasy <i>status quo</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the king of Spain had seized both two crowns in the 16th century, the administrations of the two halves of the Kingdom of Sicily remained separated until 1816, when they were reunited in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Two_Sicilies" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Two Sicilies">Kingdom of Two Sicilies</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kingdom_of_Sicily_1154.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Kingdom_of_Sicily_1154.svg/220px-Kingdom_of_Sicily_1154.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Kingdom_of_Sicily_1154.svg/330px-Kingdom_of_Sicily_1154.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Kingdom_of_Sicily_1154.svg/440px-Kingdom_of_Sicily_1154.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="712" data-file-height="807" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a> in 1154</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_modern_history">Early modern history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Italy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Early modern history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a> and <a href="/wiki/War_of_Spanish_Succession" class="mw-redirect" title="War of Spanish Succession">War of Spanish Succession</a></div> <p>In 1442, <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_V_of_Aragon" title="Alfonso V of Aragon">Alfonso V</a> conquered the Kingdom of Naples and unified Sicily and Naples once again as dependencies of the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a>. At his death in 1458, the kingdom was again divided . <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Naples" title="Ferdinand I of Naples">Ferrante</a>, Alfonso's illegitimate son, inherited Naples. When Ferrante died in 1494, <a href="/wiki/Charles_VIII_of_France" title="Charles VIII of France">Charles VIII of France</a> invaded Italy by using the Angevin claim to the throne of Naples, which his father had inherited on the death of King René's nephew in 1481, as a pretext, which started the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a>. Charles VIII expelled Ferrante’s successor, <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_II_of_Naples" title="Alfonso II of Naples">Alfonso II of Naples</a>, from Naples in 1495. However, he was soon forced to withdraw because of the support of <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">Ferdinand II of Aragon</a> to his cousin, Alfonso II's son <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Naples" title="Ferdinand II of Naples">Ferrantino</a>. </p><p>Ferrantino was restored to the throne but died in 1496 and was succeeded by his uncle, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_IV_of_Naples" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick IV of Naples">Frederick IV</a>. The French, however, did not give up their claim and, in 1501, agreed to a partition of the kingdom with Ferdinand of Aragon, who abandoned his cousin, King Frederick. The deal soon fell through, however, and the Crown of Aragon and France resumed their war over the kingdom, ultimately resulting in an Aragonese victory leaving Ferdinand in control of the kingdom by 1504. </p><p>The kingdom remained disputed between France and Spain for the next several decades. The French efforts to gain control of it became feebler as the decades went on, and Spanish control was never genuinely endangered. The French finally abandoned their claims to the kingdom by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Cateau-Cambr%C3%A9sis" title="Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis">Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis</a> in 1559. With the Treaty of London (1557), the new <a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">client state</a> of <a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Presidi" title="State of the Presidi">the so-called <i>Presidi</i></a> ("state of the garrisons") was established and governed directly by Spain as part of the Kingdom of Naples. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Municip.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Municip.jpg/220px-Municip.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Municip.jpg/330px-Municip.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Municip.jpg/440px-Municip.jpg 2x" data-file-width="709" data-file-height="531" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Castel_Nuovo" title="Castel Nuovo">Castel Nuovo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>: initiated by the <a href="/wiki/Capetian_House_of_Anjou" title="Capetian House of Anjou">Anjou</a>, it was heavily altered as it served as <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish</a> headquarters until the 18th century.</figcaption></figure> <p>The administration of the Kingdom of Naples and Sicily, as well as of the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Duchy of Milan</a>, was run by the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Italy" title="Council of Italy">Council of Italy</a>. The island of Sardinia, which had fully come to be under Iberian sovereignty in 1409 upon the fall of the last <a href="/wiki/Judicate_of_Arborea" title="Judicate of Arborea">indigenous state</a>, was an integral part of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Aragon" title="Council of Aragon">Council of Aragon</a> instead and remained as such until the first years of the XVIII° century, when Sardinia was ceded to Austria and eventually handed over to the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alpine</a>-based <a href="/wiki/House_of_Savoy" title="House of Savoy">House of Savoy</a> in 1720. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a> in the early 18th century, possession of the kingdom again changed hands. Under the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Utrecht" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Utrecht">Treaty of Utrecht</a> in 1713, <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a> was given to <a href="/wiki/Charles_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles VI</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a>. He also gained control of <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> in 1720, but Austrian rule did not last long. Both Naples and Sicily were <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bitonto" title="Battle of Bitonto">conquered</a> by a Spanish army during the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Polish_Succession" title="War of the Polish Succession">War of the Polish Succession</a> in 1734, and <a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain" title="Charles III of Spain">Charles, Duke of Parma</a>, a younger son of King <a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain" title="Philip V of Spain">Philip V of Spain</a> was installed as King of Naples and Sicily from 1735. Charles inherited the Spanish throne from his older half-brother in 1759, he left Naples and Sicily to his younger son, <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies">Ferdinand IV</a>. Despite the two kingdoms being in a <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal union</a> under the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a> from 1735 onwards, they remained constitutionally separated. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_19th_century">Early 19th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Italy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Early 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Two_Sicilies" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Two Sicilies">Kingdom of Two Sicilies</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koenigreich_beider_Sizilien.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Koenigreich_beider_Sizilien.jpg/220px-Koenigreich_beider_Sizilien.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Koenigreich_beider_Sizilien.jpg/330px-Koenigreich_beider_Sizilien.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Koenigreich_beider_Sizilien.jpg 2x" data-file-width="428" data-file-height="374" /></a><figcaption>A 19th century map of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Being a member of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a>, King <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies">Ferdinand IV</a> was a natural opponent of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_I_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon I of France">Napoleon</a>. In January 1799, <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a>, in the name of the <a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">French Republic</a>, captured Naples and proclaimed the <a href="/wiki/Parthenopaean_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Parthenopaean Republic">Parthenopaean Republic</a>, a French client state, as successor to the kingdom. <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies">King Ferdinand</a> fled from Naples to Sicily until June of that year. In 1806, Bonaparte, by then French Emperor, again dethroned King Ferdinand and appointed his brother, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Joseph Bonaparte">Joseph Bonaparte</a>, as King of Naples. In the Edict of Bayonne of 1808, Napoleon removed Joseph to Spain and appointed his brother-in-law, <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Murat" title="Joachim Murat">Joachim Murat</a>, as King of the Two Sicilies, though this meant control only of the mainland portion of the kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-colletta_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-colletta-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout this Napoleonic interruption, King Ferdinand remained in Sicily, with <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a> as his capital. </p><p>After Napoleon's defeat, King Ferdinand IV was restored by the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a> of 1815 as Ferdinand I of the <a href="/wiki/Two_Sicilies" class="mw-redirect" title="Two Sicilies">Two Sicilies</a>. He established a <a href="/wiki/Concordat" title="Concordat">concordat</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a>, which previously had a claim to the land.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were several rebellions on the island of <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> against the King <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies">Ferdinand II</a>, but the end of the kingdom was not brought about until the <a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_the_Thousand" title="Expedition of the Thousand">Expedition of the Thousand</a> in 1860, led by <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Giuseppe Garibaldi</a>, an icon of Italian Unification, with the support of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Savoy" title="House of Savoy">House of Savoy</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a> with its economic, political and cultural powerhouse in Northern Italy. The expedition resulted in a striking series of defeats for the Sicilian armies against the growing troops of Garibaldi. After the capture of Palermo and Sicily, he disembarked in Calabria and moved towards Naples, and in the meantimem the Piedmontese also invaded the Kingdom from the <a href="/wiki/Marche" title="Marche">Marche</a>. The last battles fought were <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Volturnus_(1860)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Volturnus (1860)">that of the Volturnus in 1860</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Gaeta_(1860)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Gaeta (1860)">siege of Gaeta</a>, where King <a href="/wiki/Francis_II_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Francis II of the Two Sicilies">Francis II</a> had sought shelter in thepe of for help, which never came. </p><p>The last towns to resist Garibaldi's expedition were <a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Messina</a>, which surrendered on 13 March 1861, and <a href="/wiki/Civitella_del_Tronto" title="Civitella del Tronto">Civitella del Tronto</a>, which surrendered on 20 March 1861. The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies was dissolved and annexed to the new <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a>, which was founded in the same year. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southern_and_Northern_Italy_in_1860">Southern and Northern Italy in 1860</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Italy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Southern and Northern Italy in 1860"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_the_Thousand" title="Expedition of the Thousand">Expedition of the Thousand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_unification#Defeat_of_the_Kingdom_of_Naples" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian unification">Defeat of the Kingdom of Naples</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Post-Unification_Italian_Brigandage" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Unification Italian Brigandage">Post-Unification Italian Brigandage</a></div> <p>At the time of Italian unification, the gap between the former northern states of <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> and the southern two Sicilies was significant: northern Italy had about 75,500 kilometers of roads and 2,316 kilometers of railroads, combined with a wide range of canals connected to rivers for freight transportation; iron and steel production was 17,000 tons per year. By contrast, in the former Bourbon southern state, there were 14,700 kilometers of roads, 184 kilometers of railroads (only around Naples), no canals connected to rivers and iron and steel production was 1,500 tons per year. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1853_Mitchell_Map_of_Southern_Italy_(_Naples,_Sicily_)_-_Geographicus_-_ItalySouth-mitchell-1850.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/1853_Mitchell_Map_of_Southern_Italy_%28_Naples%2C_Sicily_%29_-_Geographicus_-_ItalySouth-mitchell-1850.jpg/220px-1853_Mitchell_Map_of_Southern_Italy_%28_Naples%2C_Sicily_%29_-_Geographicus_-_ItalySouth-mitchell-1850.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/1853_Mitchell_Map_of_Southern_Italy_%28_Naples%2C_Sicily_%29_-_Geographicus_-_ItalySouth-mitchell-1850.jpg/330px-1853_Mitchell_Map_of_Southern_Italy_%28_Naples%2C_Sicily_%29_-_Geographicus_-_ItalySouth-mitchell-1850.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/1853_Mitchell_Map_of_Southern_Italy_%28_Naples%2C_Sicily_%29_-_Geographicus_-_ItalySouth-mitchell-1850.jpg/440px-1853_Mitchell_Map_of_Southern_Italy_%28_Naples%2C_Sicily_%29_-_Geographicus_-_ItalySouth-mitchell-1850.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2941" data-file-height="3500" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Bourbon-led <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a> from 1853, seven years before the annexation by the House of Savoy</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1860, illiteracy rates on the Italian peninsula averaged 75%, with the lowest level of 54% in the northwestern <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a> (also known as "<a href="/wiki/Piedmont" title="Piedmont">Piedmont</a>") and the highest in the south, and illiteracy in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a> reached 87%.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1860, the southern merchant navy amounted to 260,000 tons, and the northern merchant navy came to 347,000 tons, apart from the Venetian Navy, which was annexed in 1866 and assessed at 46,000 tons. In 1860 the whole Italian merchant navy was the fourth largest in Europe at about 607,000 tons.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The southern merchant navy was made up of sailing vessels mainly for fishing and coastal shipping in the Mediterranean Sea and had very few steamships, even if one of the first steamers was built and fitted out in Naples in 1818. Both the merchant and the military navies were insufficient compared to the great coastal extent of southern Italy, defined by the Italian historian Raffaele De Cesare: "… a great pier towards the south".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the article "This is Not Italy! Ruling and Representing the South", it is clear how the northern elites considered the south. The Piedmontese north felt the need to invade the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and establish a new form of governance based on the northern system, since they viewed the south as underdeveloped and lacking in social capital. Those views of the south can largely be attributed to the letters of correspondents in southern Italy who sent biased letters to leaders of the north, specifically <a href="/wiki/Camillo_Benso" class="mw-redirect" title="Camillo Benso">Camillo Benso</a>, urging the invasion and reformation of the south. Although those views of the south were condescending, they also came with a genuine belief that to create a unified Italy, help from the north was necessary. Viewing southern Italy as barbaric served as a sort of justification to allow the "civilized, Piedmontese north" (167) to intervene. Another viewm however, was marked by disdain for southern Italy. According to the article, "such manifestations of the south's difference threaten the glowing and gloating sense of northern superiority" (167). These viewpoints clearly indicate the divide between northern and southern Italy in the 1860s.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In an attempt to explain the striking difference between the annexed territory of the former Two Sicilies and the economic and political powerhouse centred in the north, <a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Italy" title="Racism in Italy">racist theories were postulated</a>, suggesting that such a divide had its roots in the coexistence of two mostly incompatible races.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The British historian <a href="/wiki/Denis_Mack_Smith" title="Denis Mack Smith">Denis Mack Smith</a> describes the radical difference between Northern and the newly-annexed southern Italy in 1860 as both halves being on quite different levels of civilization. He pointed out that the Bourbons in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a> were staunch supporters of a feudal system, had feared the traffic of ideas and had tried to keep their subjects insulated from the agricultural and industrial revolutions of Northern Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The study by Mack Smith is confirmed by the Italian historian and left-wing politician <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Antonio Gramsci</a> in his book <i>The Southern Question</i> by which the author emphasizes the "absolutely antithetical conditions" of northern and southern Italy at the time of Italian unification in 1861, when south and north were united again after more than one thousand years. Gramsci remarked that in Northern Italy, the historical period of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_city-states" title="Italian city-states">Comunes</a> had given a special boost to history and in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">northern Italy</a> existed an economic organization similar to that of the other states of Europe, propitious to further development of <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Industrial_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial sector">industry</a>, but in southern Italy, history had been different, and the paternalist Bourbon administrations produced nothing of value. The bourgeois class did not exist, agriculture was primitive and insufficient to satisfy the local market, there were no roads, no ports and the few waterways that the region had were not exploited because of the region's special geographical features.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Banda_del_Brigante_Totaro_di_San_Fele.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Banda_del_Brigante_Totaro_di_San_Fele.jpg/220px-Banda_del_Brigante_Totaro_di_San_Fele.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Banda_del_Brigante_Totaro_di_San_Fele.jpg/330px-Banda_del_Brigante_Totaro_di_San_Fele.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Banda_del_Brigante_Totaro_di_San_Fele.jpg/440px-Banda_del_Brigante_Totaro_di_San_Fele.jpg 2x" data-file-width="797" data-file-height="830" /></a><figcaption>A band of <a href="/wiki/Post-Unification_Italian_Brigandage" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Unification Italian Brigandage">southern Italian <i>briganti</i></a> ("brigands") from <a href="/wiki/Basilicata" title="Basilicata">Basilicata</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1860</span></figcaption></figure> <p>The living conditions of the people of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies are also illustrated by Raffaele De Cesare,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who reported that the Jing of Naples <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies">Ferdinand II</a> had no interest in doing useful works to improve the neglected condition of public hygiene, particularly in the provinces, where scarcity of sewer systems and often water shortages were known issues.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The problem of brigandage is explained in the book <i>Heroes and Brigands</i> by the southern Italian historian and politician <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Saverio_Nitti" title="Francesco Saverio Nitti">Francesco Saverio Nitti</a>, outlining that brigandage was endemic in southern Italy, since the Bourbons themselves relied on it as their military agent.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike in southern Italy, there was little brigandage in the other annexed states of Northern and Central Italy, like the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" title="Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia">Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Parma_and_Piacenza" title="Duchy of Parma and Piacenza">Duchy of Parma</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Modena_and_Reggio" title="Duchy of Modena and Reggio">Duchy of Modena</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a>. </p><p>According to the southern Italian historian <a href="/wiki/Giustino_Fortunato" title="Giustino Fortunato">Giustino Fortunato</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Italian institutional sources<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the problems of southern Italy had existed way before Italian unification, and Giustino Fortunato emphasised that the Bourbons were not the only ones responsible for the problems of the south, which had ancient and deep origins in the previous centuries of poverty and isolation, caused by domination by foreign governments. </p><p>In literature, the period around 1860 was depicted by the Sicilian writer <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Tomasi_di_Lampedusa" title="Giuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusa">Giuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusa</a> in his famous novel <i>Il Gattopardo</i> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Leopard" title="The Leopard">The Leopard</a></i>), set in <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> at the time of Italian unification. In a famous final scene, Prince Salina, when invited to join the senate of unified Italy, tells a high-ranking Piedmontese officer that "the Sicilian will never want to change, because the Sicilian feels perfect...". With theoe and other words, the author underscored the Sicilians' problems of having to change their old lifestyle and remaining on their island. The novel was adapted by <a href="/wiki/Luchino_Visconti" title="Luchino Visconti">Luchino Visconti</a> for his homonymous 1963 film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Leopard_(1963_film)" title="The Leopard (1963 film)">The Leopard</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_1861">After 1861</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Italy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: After 1861"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Meridionalism" title="Meridionalism">Meridionalism</a></div> <p>The southern economy greatly suffered after the Italian unification, and the process of industrialisation was interrupted. This situation of persistent backwardness in the socioeconomic development of the regions of southern Italy compared to the other regions of the country, especially the northern ones, is known as the <a href="/wiki/Southern_question" title="Southern question">Southern question</a>. Poverty and <a href="/wiki/Organized_crime" title="Organized crime">organised crime</a> were long-standing issues in southern Italy as well and it got worse after unification. Cavour stated the basic problem was poor government, and believed the solution lay in the strict application of the Piedmontese legal system. The main result was an upsurge in <a href="/wiki/Post-Unification_Italian_Brigandage" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Unification Italian Brigandage">brigandage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Therefore, the south experienced great economic difficulties resulting in massive emigration leading to a worldwide <a href="/wiki/Italian_diaspora" title="Italian diaspora">Italian diaspora</a>, especially to <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> and other parts of Europe. Many natives also relocated to the industrial cities in northern Italy, such as <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a>. A relative process of industrialisation has developed in some areas of the "Mezzogiorno" after the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/1946_Italian_institutional_referendum" title="1946 Italian institutional referendum">1946 referendum</a>, the region voted to keep the monarchy, with its greatest support coming in <a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campania</a>. Politically, the region was at odds with the north, which won the referendum to establish a republic.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today, the south remains less economically developed than the northern and central regions, which enjoyed an "<a href="/wiki/Italian_economic_miracle" title="Italian economic miracle">economic miracle</a>" in the 1950s and the 1960s and became highly industrialized. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demography">Demography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Italy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Demography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population">Population</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Italy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:97%; margin-right:10px;"> <caption>Most populous urban areas in southern Italy </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="text-align:center; background:#f5f5f5;">Rank </th> <th style="text-align:center; background:#f5f5f5;">City </th> <th style="text-align:center; background:#f5f5f5;">Region </th> <th style="text-align:center; background:#f5f5f5;">Population </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0f0;">1</td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campania</a></td> <td>955,503 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0f0;">2</td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a></td> <td>659,894 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0f0;">3</td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Bari" title="Bari">Bari</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a></td> <td>319,482 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0f0;">4</td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Catania" title="Catania">Catania</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a></td> <td>311,777 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0f0;">5</td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Messina</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a></td> <td>231,708 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0f0;">6</td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Taranto</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a></td> <td>195,279 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0f0;">7</td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Reggio_Calabria" title="Reggio Calabria">Reggio Calabria</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabria</a></td> <td>179,049 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0f0;">8</td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Cagliari" title="Cagliari">Cagliari</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a></td> <td>154,108 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0f0;">9</td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Foggia" title="Foggia">Foggia</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a></td> <td>150,185 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0f0;">10</td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Salerno" title="Salerno">Salerno</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campania</a></td> <td>132,640 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" style="text-align:center; background:#f5f5f5;"><small>Sources: 2019 Demo Istat<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1861</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">9,632,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1871</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">10,209,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+6.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1881</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">11,030,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+8.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1901</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">12,661,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+14.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1911</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">13,500,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+6.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1921</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">14,449,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+7.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1931</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">14,688,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1936</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">15,277,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+4.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1951</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">17,685,424</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+15.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1961</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">18,576,001</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+5.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1971</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">18,874,266</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1981</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">20,053,334</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+6.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1991</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">20,537,484</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2001</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">20,515,736</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−0.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">2011</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">20,619,697</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+0.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2021</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">19,932,825</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−3.3%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source: <a href="/wiki/Istituto_Nazionale_di_Statistica" class="mw-redirect" title="Istituto Nazionale di Statistica">ISTAT</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Italy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy#Southern_question" title="Economy of Italy">Italy's North–South economic divide</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:65393-Mafia_Italian_2010ean.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/65393-Mafia_Italian_2010ean.svg/220px-65393-Mafia_Italian_2010ean.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/65393-Mafia_Italian_2010ean.svg/330px-65393-Mafia_Italian_2010ean.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/65393-Mafia_Italian_2010ean.svg/440px-65393-Mafia_Italian_2010ean.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="446" data-file-height="321" /></a><figcaption>Map of the southern Italian criminal syndicates</figcaption></figure> <p>Starting from the unification of Italy in 1861–1870, a growing economic divide between the Northern provinces and the southern half of Italy became evident.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early decades of the new kingdom, the lack of effective land reform, heavy taxes, and other economic measures imposed on the south, along with the removal of protectionist tariffs on agricultural goods imposed to boost northern industry, made the situation nearly impossible for many tenant farmers, small businesses and land owners. Multitudes chose to emigrate rather than try to eke out a meagre living, especially from 1892 to 1921.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the surge of <a href="/wiki/Post-Unification_Italian_Brigandage" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Unification Italian Brigandage">brigandage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Organized_crime_in_Italy" title="Organized crime in Italy">mafia</a> provoked widespread violence, corruption and illegality. Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Giolitti" title="Giovanni Giolitti">Giovanni Giolitti</a> once conceded that places existed "where the law does not operate at all".<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the rise of <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>, the "Iron Prefect", <a href="/wiki/Cesare_Mori" title="Cesare Mori">Cesare Mori</a>, tried to defeat the powerful criminal organizations flowering in the south with some degree of success. However, when connections between mafia and the fascists emerged, Mori was removed, and fascist propaganda declared the mafia defeated.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Economically, Fascist policy aimed at the creation of an <a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Italian Empire</a> and southern Italian ports were strategic for all commerce towards the colonies. Naples enjoyed a demographic and economic rebirth, mainly due to the interest of King <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_III_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Emmanuel III of Italy">Victor Emmanuel III</a>, who was born there.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1950s, the <a href="/wiki/Cassa_per_il_Mezzogiorno" title="Cassa per il Mezzogiorno">Cassa per il Mezzogiorno</a> was set up as a huge public master plan to help industrialise the south by land reforms creating 120,000 new small farms and by the "Growth Pole Strategy" whereby 60% of all government investment would go to the south to boost the southern economy by attracting new capital, stimulating local firms, and providing employment. However, the objectives were largely missed, and the south became increasingly subsidised, dependent on the state and incapable of generating private growth itself.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Presently, huge regional disparities still persist. Problems still include pervasive organised crime and very high unemployment rates. </p><p>Southern Italy's lack of progress in bettering the area has had it record numbers of emigration. The most prevalent issue in southern Italy is its inability to attract businesses and therefore create jobs. Between 2007 and 2014, 943,000 Italians were unemployed, 70% being Italians from the south.<sup id="cite_ref-economist.com_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-economist.com-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Employment in the south is ranked the lowest when compared to countries in the European Union.<sup id="cite_ref-economist.com_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-economist.com-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Italians from the south are also ranked the lowest in terms of financial contributions into the economy of Italy from immigrants.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In southern Italy, the tourism, distribution, food industries, wood furniture, wholesale, vehicle sales, mineral sales and artisan fields are among the leading areas contributing to the projected employment growth.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The south heavily relies on tourism in for its economy and attracts tourists through its rich historical background. </p><p>A report published in July 2015 by the Italian organization <i>SVIMEZ</i> shows that southern Italy had a negative GDP growth in the previous seven years and that from 2000, it has been growing half as much as Greece.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016, southern Italy's GDP and economy was growing twice as much as northern Italy's.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Eurostat" title="Eurostat">Eurostat</a> figures published in 2019, southern Italy is the European area with the lowest percentages of employment: in Apulia, Sicily, Campania and Calabria, less than 50% of the people aged between 20 and 64 had a job in 2018. That is largely due to the low participation of women in the workforce, as slightly more than 30% of the women are employed, compared to a national and European average of 53.1% and 67.4%, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In southern Italy, which contains eight <a href="/wiki/Regional_policy_of_the_European_Union" title="Regional policy of the European Union">cohesion</a> areas (<a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Molise" title="Molise">Molise</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Puglia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abruzzo" title="Abruzzo">Abruzzo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Basilicata" title="Basilicata">Basilicata</a>), a <a href="/wiki/Public%E2%80%93private_partnership" title="Public–private partnership">public–private partnership</a> known as SMEI Italy serves as a catalyst for private investment and supports economic growth and employment creation.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over €1 billion in finance has been catalyzed in these eight locations to far, supporting almost 5 000 <a href="/wiki/Small_and_medium-sized_enterprises" title="Small and medium-sized enterprises">SMEs</a> and small mid-caps.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Per_capita_GDP_by_region">Per capita GDP by region</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Italy&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Per capita GDP by region"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Today, <a href="/wiki/Abruzzo" title="Abruzzo">Abruzzo</a> is the richest southern Italian the region, and <a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabria</a> is the poorest.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right"> <caption>Southern Italy regions by GDP per capita<br />(in euro, at current market prices)<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th data-sort-type="number">Rank</th> <th>Region</th> <th>2017</th> <th>% of nationwide average </th></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Abruzzo.svg/23px-Flag_of_Abruzzo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Abruzzo.svg/35px-Flag_of_Abruzzo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Abruzzo.svg/45px-Flag_of_Abruzzo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Abruzzo" title="Abruzzo">Abruzzo</a> </td> <td>25,000 </td> <td>86.51 </td></tr> <tr> <td>14</td> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_Basilicata.svg/23px-Flag_of_Basilicata.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_Basilicata.svg/35px-Flag_of_Basilicata.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_Basilicata.svg/45px-Flag_of_Basilicata.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="890" data-file-height="593" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Basilicata" title="Basilicata">Basilicata</a> </td> <td>21,400 </td> <td>74.05 </td></tr> <tr> <td>15</td> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Sardinia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sardinia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Sardinia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sardinia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Sardinia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Sardinia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="895" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a> </td> <td>20,900 </td> <td>72.32 </td></tr> <tr> <td>16</td> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Molise.svg/23px-Flag_of_Molise.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Molise.svg/35px-Flag_of_Molise.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Molise.svg/45px-Flag_of_Molise.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Molise" title="Molise">Molise</a> </td> <td>20,100 </td> <td>69.55 </td></tr> <tr> <td>17</td> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Apulia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Apulia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Apulia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Apulia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Apulia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Apulia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a> </td> <td>18,700 </td> <td>64.71 </td></tr> <tr> <td>18</td> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Flag_of_Campania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Campania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Flag_of_Campania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Campania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Flag_of_Campania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Campania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campania</a> </td> <td>18,500 </td> <td>64.01 </td></tr> <tr> <td>19</td> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Sicily_%28revised%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sicily_%28revised%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Sicily_%28revised%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sicily_%28revised%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Sicily_%28revised%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sicily_%28revised%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="530" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> </td> <td>17,700 </td> <td>61.25 </td></tr> <tr> <td>20</td> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Calabria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Calabria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Calabria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Calabria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Calabria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Calabria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1037" data-file-height="692" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabria</a> </td> <td>17,400 </td> <td>60.21 </td></tr> <tr> <td>—</td> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> </td> <td><b>28,900</b> </td> <td><b>100.00</b><i></i> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Italy&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eq_it-na_pizza-margherita_sep2005_sml.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Eq_it-na_pizza-margherita_sep2005_sml.jpg/220px-Eq_it-na_pizza-margherita_sep2005_sml.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Eq_it-na_pizza-margherita_sep2005_sml.jpg/330px-Eq_it-na_pizza-margherita_sep2005_sml.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Eq_it-na_pizza-margherita_sep2005_sml.jpg/440px-Eq_it-na_pizza-margherita_sep2005_sml.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Modern-style pizza, such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Pizza_Margherita" title="Pizza Margherita">pizza Margherita</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_pizza" title="History of pizza">originated</a> in <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Matera_boenisch_nov_2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Matera_boenisch_nov_2005.jpg/220px-Matera_boenisch_nov_2005.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Matera_boenisch_nov_2005.jpg/330px-Matera_boenisch_nov_2005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Matera_boenisch_nov_2005.jpg/440px-Matera_boenisch_nov_2005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2240" data-file-height="1680" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Sassi_di_Matera" title="Sassi di Matera">Sassi di Matera</a> have been described by <a href="/wiki/Fodor%27s" title="Fodor's">Fodor's</a> as "one of the most unique landscapes in Europe"<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The regions of southern Italy were exposed to some different historical influences from those the rest of the peninsula, starting most notably with <a href="/wiki/Greek_colonisation" title="Greek colonisation">Greek colonisation</a> in <a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a>. Greek influence in the south was dominant until Latinisation was completed by the time of the Roman <a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Principate</a>. Greek influences returned by the late Roman Empire, especially following the reconquests of <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>. </p><p>Sicily, a distinctive <a href="/wiki/Norman%E2%80%93Arab%E2%80%93Byzantine_culture" title="Norman–Arab–Byzantine culture">Norman–Arab–Byzantine culture</a> throughout the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, was captured by Muslims and turned into an Emirate for a period, and elements of Arab culture were introduced via Sicily to Italy and Europe. The rest of the mainland was subject to a struggle of power among the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombards</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a>. In addition, the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetians</a> established outposts as trade with <a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantium</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a> increased. </p><p>Until the <a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy" title="Norman conquest of southern Italy">Norman conquests</a> of the 11th and the 12th centuries much of the south followed <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern rite</a> (Greek) <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>. The Normans who settled in Sicily and southern Italy in the Middle Ages significantly impacted the architecture, religion and high culture of the region. Later, southern Italy was subjected to rule by the new European nation-states, first the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> and finally <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>. The Spanish had a major impact on the culture of the south, having ruled it for over three centuries. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish</a> communities lived in Sicily and southern Italy for over 15 centuries, but in 1492, King <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferdinan_II_of_Aragon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ferdinan II of Aragon (page does not exist)">Ferdinan II of Aragon</a> proclaimed the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Expulsion" title="Edict of Expulsion">Edict of Expulsion</a>. At their height, Jewish Sicilians probably constituted around one tenth of the island's population. After the edict, they partially converted to <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> and some moved to the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> and other places in Italy and Europe. In the 19th century, street musicians from <a href="/wiki/Basilicata" title="Basilicata">Basilicata</a> began to roam worldwide to seek a fortune, most of them would become professional instrumentalists in symphonic orchestras, especially in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Southern Italy has many major tourist attractions, such as the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Palace_of_Caserta" title="Royal Palace of Caserta">Palace of Caserta</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Amalfi_Coast" title="Amalfi Coast">Amalfi Coast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sassi_di_Matera" title="Sassi di Matera">Sassi di Matera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trullo" title="Trullo">Trulli di Alberobello</a> and other archaeological sites (many of which are protected by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>). There are also many <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greek</a> cities in southern Italy, such as <a href="/wiki/Sybaris" title="Sybaris">Sybaris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paestum" title="Paestum">Paestum</a>, which were founded several centuries before the start of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a>. Some of its beaches, woodlands and mountains are preserved in several <a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Italy" title="List of national parks of Italy">National Parks</a>; a major example is the <a href="/wiki/Pollino" title="Pollino">Pollino</a>, between Basilicata and Calabria, that hosts the <a href="/wiki/Pollino_National_Park" title="Pollino National Park">largest national park</a> in Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In recent years, southern Italy has experienced a revival of its traditions and <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Italy" title="Music of Italy">music</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Canzone_napoletana" title="Canzone napoletana">Neapolitan song</a> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Tarantella" title="Tarantella">tarantella</a></i>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed" style="font-size:88%; line-height:150%"> <li class="gallerycaption">Linguistic borders of the <a href="/wiki/Italo-Dalmatian_languages" title="Italo-Dalmatian languages">Italo-Dalmatian</a> southern Italian</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 132.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Neapolitan_noborders.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Range of the southern Italian dialects (Neapolitan)"><img alt="Range of the southern Italian dialects (Neapolitan)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Neapolitan_noborders.jpg/196px-Neapolitan_noborders.jpg" decoding="async" width="131" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Neapolitan_noborders.jpg/294px-Neapolitan_noborders.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Neapolitan_noborders.jpg/392px-Neapolitan_noborders.jpg 2x" data-file-width="592" data-file-height="680" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Range of the southern Italian dialects (<a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_language" title="Neapolitan language">Neapolitan</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dialetti_italiani_meridionali_estremi.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Range of the extreme southern Italian dialects"><img alt="Range of the extreme southern Italian dialects" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Dialetti_italiani_meridionali_estremi.svg/226px-Dialetti_italiani_meridionali_estremi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="151" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Dialetti_italiani_meridionali_estremi.svg/340px-Dialetti_italiani_meridionali_estremi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Dialetti_italiani_meridionali_estremi.svg/452px-Dialetti_italiani_meridionali_estremi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="609" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Range of the <a href="/wiki/Extreme_Southern_Italian" title="Extreme Southern Italian">extreme southern Italian</a> dialects</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Italy&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/32px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/48px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/64px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Italy" title="Portal:Italy">Italy portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Statistics_(Italy)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Institute of Statistics (Italy)">National Institute of Statistics (Italy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NUTS_statistical_regions_of_Italy" title="NUTS statistical regions of Italy">NUTS statistical regions of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_NUTS_level_1_regions" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian NUTS level 1 regions">Italian NUTS level 1 regions</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Italy" title="Northwest Italy">Northwest Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Italy" title="Northeast Italy">Northeast Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Italy" title="South Italy">South Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Italy" title="Insular Italy">Insular Italy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">Northern Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Italy" title="Central Italy">Central Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meridionalism" title="Meridionalism">Meridionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy_autonomist_movements" title="Southern Italy autonomist movements">Southern Italy autonomist movements</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Italy&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201217181039/http://demo.istat.it/bilmens2019gen/index.html">"Statistiche demografiche ISTAT"</a>. <i>www.demo.istat.it</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.demo.istat.it/bilmens2019gen/index.html">the original</a> on 17 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.demo.istat.it&rft.atitle=Statistiche+demografiche+ISTAT&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.demo.istat.it%2Fbilmens2019gen%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924042628/http://www.camera.it/parlam/leggi/99482l.htm">"Legge 482"</a>. Webcitation.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.camera.it/parlam/leggi/99482l.htm">the original</a> on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Legge+482&rft.pub=Webcitation.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.camera.it%2Fparlam%2Fleggi%2F99482l.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">«Con questa denominazione si indica lo Stato costituito nel dic. 1816 con l’unificazione dei regni di Napoli e di Sicilia, che restaurava l’autorità borbonica su tutta l’Italia meridionale; fu mantenuta fino all’ott. 1860, quando, tramite plebiscito, fu votata l’annessione al regno di Sardegna.» <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/due-sicilie-regno-delle_%28Dizionario-di-Storia%29/">"Regno delle Due Sicilie in <i>Dizionario di Storia</i>"</a>. <i>www.treccani.it</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.treccani.it&rft.atitle=Regno+delle+Due+Sicilie+in+Dizionario+di+Storia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.treccani.it%2Fenciclopedia%2Fdue-sicilie-regno-delle_%2528Dizionario-di-Storia%2529%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">«Mezzogiorno, region in Italy roughly coextensive with the former Kingdom of Naples.» <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Mezzogiorno">"Mezzogiorno"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mezzogiorno&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FMezzogiorno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">«Meridionale: in part.: che fa parte delle regioni continentali e insulari del Mezzogiorno d'Italia (delimitate convenzionalmente dai fiumi <a href="/wiki/Garigliano" title="Garigliano">Garigliano</a> e <a href="/wiki/Sangro" title="Sangro">Sangro</a>), le quali, in età prerisorgimentale, costituivano il Regno delle due Sicilie.» Battaglia, Salvatore (1961). <i>Grande dizionario della lingua italiana</i>, UTET, Torino, V. X, p.160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">«Il regno meridionale, Napoli e Sicilia con 6 milioni e 200 mila abitanti,... pare in principio per certa foga di riforme e per valori d'ingegni filosofici e riformisti gareggiare con la Lombardia austriaca.» Carducci, III-18-21, citato in <i>Grande dizionario della lingua italiana</i>, UTET, Torino, V. X, p.160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuigi_Mendola" class="citation web cs1">Luigi Mendola. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bestofsicily.com/mag/art425.htm">"Kingdom and House of the Two Sicilies"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kingdom+and+House+of+the+Two+Sicilies&rft.au=Luigi+Mendola&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bestofsicily.com%2Fmag%2Fart425.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">«Tra le maggiori novità del secolo ci fu proprio il ritorno all'indipendenza del regno meridionale, che riunì in un unico stato indipendente e sovrano il Mezzogiorno insulare e continentale.» <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancesca_Canale_Cama;_Daniele_Casanova;_Rosa_Maria_Delli_Quadri2017" class="citation book cs1">Francesca Canale Cama; Daniele Casanova; Rosa Maria Delli Quadri (2017). <i>Storia del Mediterraneo moderno e contemporaneo</i>. Napoli: Guida Editori. p. 173.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Storia+del+Mediterraneo+moderno+e+contemporaneo&rft.place=Napoli&rft.pages=173&rft.pub=Guida+Editori&rft.date=2017&rft.au=Francesca+Canale+Cama%3B+Daniele+Casanova%3B+Rosa+Maria+Delli+Quadri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Italy" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.regione.sardegna.it/j/v/25?s=51620&v=2&c=3690&t=1">"Il rapporto annuale Svimez sull'economia del Mezzogiorno"</a>. 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Il+rapporto+annuale+Svimez+sull%27economia+del+Mezzogiorno&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.regione.sardegna.it%2Fj%2Fv%2F25%3Fs%3D51620%26v%3D2%26c%3D3690%26t%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-istat-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-istat_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-istat_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150109153657/http://www3.istat.it/salastampa/comunicati/non_calendario/20091015_00/testointegrale20091015.pdf">"Classificazione economica ISTAT"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Italian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www3.istat.it/salastampa/comunicati/non_calendario/20091015_00/testointegrale20091015.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 9 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Classificazione+economica+ISTAT&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww3.istat.it%2Fsalastampa%2Fcomunicati%2Fnon_calendario%2F20091015_00%2Ftestointegrale20091015.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160415181308/http://demo.istat.it/pop2009/index.html">"Classificazione demografica ISTAT"</a> (in Italian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://demo.istat.it/pop2009/index.html">the original</a> on 15 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Classificazione+demografica+ISTAT&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdemo.istat.it%2Fpop2009%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eb-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-eb_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Mezzogiorno">"Mezzogiorno"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mezzogiorno&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FMezzogiorno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-medtour-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-medtour_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-medtour_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFApostolopoulosLeontidouLoukissas2014" class="citation book cs1">Apostolopoulos, Yorgos; Leontidou, Lila; Loukissas, Philippos (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hDTKAgAAQBAJ&q=sardinia+mezzogiorno&pg=PA52"><i>Mediterranean Tourism: Facets of Socioeconomic Development and Cultural Change</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317798385" title="Special:BookSources/9781317798385"><bdi>9781317798385</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mediterranean+Tourism%3A+Facets+of+Socioeconomic+Development+and+Cultural+Change&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781317798385&rft.aulast=Apostolopoulos&rft.aufirst=Yorgos&rft.au=Leontidou%2C+Lila&rft.au=Loukissas%2C+Philippos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhDTKAgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dsardinia%2Bmezzogiorno%26pg%3DPA52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hospers-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hospers_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHospers2004" class="citation book cs1">Hospers, Gert J. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-JGUDYUvdosC&q=sardinia+southern+italy+mezzogiorno&pg=PA97"><i>Regional Economic Change in Europe</i></a>. LIT Verlag Münster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783825881771" title="Special:BookSources/9783825881771"><bdi>9783825881771</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Regional+Economic+Change+in+Europe&rft.pub=LIT+Verlag+M%C3%BCnster&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9783825881771&rft.aulast=Hospers&rft.aufirst=Gert+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-JGUDYUvdosC%26q%3Dsardinia%2Bsouthern%2Bitaly%2Bmezzogiorno%26pg%3DPA97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-natgeo-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-natgeo_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJepsonSoriano2011" class="citation book cs1">Jepson, Tim; Soriano, Tino (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ds-7ZMz7yCUC&q=southern+italy"><i>National Geographic Traveler: Naples and Southern Italy</i></a> (2nd ed.). National Geographic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781426207105" title="Special:BookSources/9781426207105"><bdi>9781426207105</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=National+Geographic+Traveler%3A+Naples+and+Southern+Italy&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=National+Geographic+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781426207105&rft.aulast=Jepson&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft.au=Soriano%2C+Tino&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dds-7ZMz7yCUC%26q%3Dsouthern%2Bitaly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCerchiaiJannelliLongo2004" class="citation book cs1">Cerchiai, Lucia; Jannelli, Lorena; Longo, Fausto (2004). <i>The Greek cities of Magna Graecia and Sicily</i>. Los Angeles: Getty Trust Publications. pp. 14–18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89236-751-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-89236-751-2"><bdi>0-89236-751-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greek+cities+of+Magna+Graecia+and+Sicily&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pages=14-18&rft.pub=Getty+Trust+Publications&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-89236-751-2&rft.aulast=Cerchiai&rft.aufirst=Lucia&rft.au=Jannelli%2C+Lorena&rft.au=Longo%2C+Fausto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoger_D._Woodard2008" class="citation book cs1">Roger D. Woodard (2008). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ancientlanguages00roge/page/51"><i>"Greek dialects", in: The Ancient Languages of Europe</i></a></span>. Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ancientlanguages00roge/page/51">51</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-68495-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-68495-8"><bdi>978-0-521-68495-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Greek+dialects%22%2C+in%3A+The+Ancient+Languages+of+Europe&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-521-68495-8&rft.au=Roger+D.+Woodard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fancientlanguages00roge%2Fpage%2F51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-unina-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-unina_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wpage.unina.it/sornicol/Articoli/MultilinguismoSiciliaNapoliMedioevo-BLC.pdf">"Multilinguismo in Sicilia ea Napoli nel primo Medioevo"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Multilinguismo+in+Sicilia+ea+Napoli+nel+primo+Medioevo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwpage.unina.it%2Fsornicol%2FArticoli%2FMultilinguismoSiciliaNapoliMedioevo-BLC.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-affariregionali-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-affariregionali_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.affariregionali.it/media/170802/13-carmelo-giuseppe-nucera-intervento-sulle-minoranze.pdf">"Per la difesa e la valorizzazione della Lingua e Cultura Greco-Calabra"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Per+la+difesa+e+la+valorizzazione+della+Lingua+e+Cultura+Greco-Calabra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.affariregionali.it%2Fmedia%2F170802%2F13-carmelo-giuseppe-nucera-intervento-sulle-minoranze.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-itinerarieluoghi-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-itinerarieluoghi_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itinerarieluoghi.it/una-lingua-unidentita-alla-scoperta-del-griko-salentino/">"Una lingua, un'identità: alla scoperta del griko salentino"</a> (in Italian). 25 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Una+lingua%2C+un%27identit%C3%A0%3A+alla+scoperta+del+griko+salentino&rft.date=2020-05-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.itinerarieluoghi.it%2Funa-lingua-unidentita-alla-scoperta-del-griko-salentino%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bestofsicily.com/mag/art171.htm">"Sicilian Peoples: The Normans - Best of Sicily Magazine - Normans in Sicilian History"</a>. <i>www.bestofsicily.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bestofsicily.com&rft.atitle=Sicilian+Peoples%3A+The+Normans+-+Best+of+Sicily+Magazine+-+Normans+in+Sicilian+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bestofsicily.com%2Fmag%2Fart171.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorgina_Masson1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Georgina_Masson" title="Georgina Masson">Georgina Masson</a> (1973). <i>Frederick II of Hohenstaufen: a life</i>. London: Octagon Books. p. 156. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-374-95297-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-374-95297-3"><bdi>0-374-95297-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frederick+II+of+Hohenstaufen%3A+a+life&rft.place=London&rft.pages=156&rft.pub=Octagon+Books&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=0-374-95297-3&rft.au=Georgina+Masson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunt_Janin2008" class="citation book cs1">Hunt Janin (2008). <i>The University in Medieval Life, 1179–1499</i>. McFarland. p. 132. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-3462-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-3462-6"><bdi>978-0-7864-3462-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+University+in+Medieval+Life%2C+1179%E2%80%931499&rft.pages=132&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-3462-6&rft.au=Hunt+Janin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSir_Steven_Runciman1958" class="citation book cs1">Sir Steven Runciman (1958). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sicilianvesperst00runc"><i>The Sicilian Vespers: a history of the Mediterranean world in the later thirteenth century</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sicilianvesperst00runc/page/274">274</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-43774-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-43774-1"><bdi>0-521-43774-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sicilian+Vespers%3A+a+history+of+the+Mediterranean+world+in+the+later+thirteenth+century&rft.pages=274&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1958&rft.isbn=0-521-43774-1&rft.au=Sir+Steven+Runciman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsicilianvesperst00runc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-colletta-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-colletta_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColletta1858" class="citation book cs1">Colletta, Pietro (1858). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historykingdomn04collgoog"><i>History of the Kingdom of Naples (1858)</i></a>. University of Michigan. <q>Edict of Bayonne.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Kingdom+of+Naples+%281858%29&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan&rft.date=1858&rft.aulast=Colletta&rft.aufirst=Pietro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistorykingdomn04collgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080201080647/http://www.tolentino815.it/paginaeng2949.aspx">"The Battle of Tolentino, Joachim Murat"</a>. Tolentino815.it. 7 October 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tolentino815.it/paginaeng2949.aspx">the original</a> on 1 February 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Battle+of+Tolentino%2C+Joachim+Murat&rft.date=2007-10-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tolentino815.it%2Fpaginaeng2949.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlanch" class="citation book cs1">Blanch, L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081024094834/http://www.murat.it/Libri/Bibliogafia%20della%20Valente.htm"><i>Luigi de' Medici come uomo di stato e amministratore</i></a>. Archivio Storico per le Province Napoletane. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.murat.it/Libri/Bibliogafia%20della%20Valente.htm">the original</a> on 24 October 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Luigi+de%27+Medici+come+uomo+di+stato+e+amministratore&rft.pub=Archivio+Storico+per+le+Province+Napoletane&rft.aulast=Blanch&rft.aufirst=L&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.murat.it%2FLibri%2FBibliogafia%2520della%2520Valente.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aspeninstitute.it/system/files/private_files/2011-07/doc/UNIFICAZIONE_ITALIANA_SEZIONE_4_F_P.pdf">"The Italian Unification (L'Unificazione Italiana)- Treccani with contribution of Aspen Italy – Section IV – pages 417–418 illiteracy, p. 419 iron/steel, p. 420 roads and channels, p. 421 railroads)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Italian+Unification+%28L%27Unificazione+Italiana%29-+Treccani+with+contribution+of+Aspen+Italy+%E2%80%93+Section+IV+%E2%80%93+pages+417%E2%80%93418+illiteracy%2C+p.+419+iron%2Fsteel%2C+p.+420+roads+and+channels%2C+p.+421+railroads%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aspeninstitute.it%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fprivate_files%2F2011-07%2Fdoc%2FUNIFICAZIONE_ITALIANA_SEZIONE_4_F_P.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">National unification and economic development in Italy 1750–1913 (Unità nazionale e sviluppo economico in Italia 1750–1913) by Guido Pescosolido pages 95,133 – Italian edition <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788868124229" title="Special:BookSources/9788868124229">9788868124229</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Cesare1900" class="citation web cs1">De Cesare, Raffaele (6 July 1900). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/lafinediunregnon01deceiala">"La fine di un regno (Napoli e Sicilia)"</a>. Città di Castello, S. Lapi – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+fine+di+un+regno+%28Napoli+e+Sicilia%29&rft.pub=Citt%C3%A0+di+Castello%2C+S.+Lapi&rft.date=1900-07-06&rft.aulast=De+Cesare&rft.aufirst=Raffaele&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flafinediunregnon01deceiala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"This Is Not Italy!" <i>Ruling and Representing the South, 1860–1861</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlfredo_Niceforo1901" class="citation book cs1">Alfredo Niceforo (1901). <i>Italiani del nord e Italiani del sud</i>. <a href="/wiki/Fratelli_Bocca" class="mw-redirect" title="Fratelli Bocca">Fratelli Bocca</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Italiani+del+nord+e+Italiani+del+sud&rft.pub=Fratelli+Bocca&rft.date=1901&rft.au=Alfredo+Niceforo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Denis_Mack_Smith" title="Denis Mack Smith">Denis Mack Smith</a> (1998). <i>Modern Italy: A Political History.</i> University of Michigan Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0472108956" title="Special:BookSources/0472108956">0472108956</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/AntonioGramsciLaQuestioneMeridionale/Antonio+Gramsci+-+La+questione+meridionale#page/n3/mode/2up">"Antonio Gramsci La Questione Meridionale"</a>. <i>archive.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archive.org&rft.atitle=Antonio+Gramsci+La+Questione+Meridionale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FAntonioGramsciLaQuestioneMeridionale%2FAntonio%2BGramsci%2B-%2BLa%2Bquestione%2Bmeridionale%23page%2Fn3%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Raffaele De Cesare (1845–1918), Southern Italian historian and politician</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Cesare1900" class="citation web cs1">De Cesare, Raffaele (6 July 1900). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/lafinediunregnon02deceiala">"La fine di un regno (Napoli e Sicilia)"</a>. Città di Castello, S. Lapi – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+fine+di+un+regno+%28Napoli+e+Sicilia%29&rft.pub=Citt%C3%A0+di+Castello%2C+S.+Lapi&rft.date=1900-07-06&rft.aulast=De+Cesare&rft.aufirst=Raffaele&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flafinediunregnon02deceiala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Heroes and brigands (Eroi e briganti) by Francesco Saverio Nitti – (edition 1899) – Osanna Edizioni 2015 – <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788881674695" title="Special:BookSources/9788881674695">9788881674695</a> – page 33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFortunato1911" class="citation web cs1">Fortunato, Giustino (6 July 1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/ilmezzogiornoelo02fortuoft">"Il Mezzogiorno e lo stato italiano; discorsi politici (1880-1910)"</a>. Bari G. Laterza – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Il+Mezzogiorno+e+lo+stato+italiano%3B+discorsi+politici+%281880-1910%29&rft.pub=Bari+G.+Laterza&rft.date=1911-07-06&rft.aulast=Fortunato&rft.aufirst=Giustino&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Filmezzogiornoelo02fortuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.150anni.it/webi/index.php?s=37&wid=103">"La Scuola per i 150 anni dell'Unità d'Italia - Il problema del Mezzogiorno - Il divario di partenza"</a>. <i>www.150anni.it</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.150anni.it&rft.atitle=La+Scuola+per+i+150+anni+dell%27Unit%C3%A0+d%27Italia+-+Il+problema+del+Mezzogiorno+-+Il+divario+di+partenza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.150anni.it%2Fwebi%2Findex.php%3Fs%3D37%26wid%3D103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roland Sarti, <i>Italy: A Reference Guide from the Renaissance to the Present</i> (2004) pp 567–8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSexton2009" class="citation news cs1">Sexton, Renard (15 December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131205090622/http://www.fivethirtyeight.com/2009/12/berlusconi-survivor.html">"Berlusconi the Survivor"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/FiveThirtyEight.com" class="mw-redirect" title="FiveThirtyEight.com">FiveThirtyEight.com</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fivethirtyeight.com/2009/12/berlusconi-survivor.html">the original</a> on 5 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=FiveThirtyEight.com&rft.atitle=Berlusconi+the+Survivor&rft.date=2009-12-15&rft.aulast=Sexton&rft.aufirst=Renard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fivethirtyeight.com%2F2009%2F12%2Fberlusconi-survivor.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190724140744/http://demo.istat.it/bilmens2019gen/index.html">"Statistiche demografiche ISTAT"</a>. <i>demo.istat.it</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://demo.istat.it/bilmens2019gen/index.html">the original</a> on 24 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=demo.istat.it&rft.atitle=Statistiche+demografiche+ISTAT&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdemo.istat.it%2Fbilmens2019gen%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMignone2008" class="citation book cs1">Mignone, Mario B. (2008). <i>Italy today: Facing the Challenges of the New Millennium</i>. New York: Lang Publishing. p. 181. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4331-0187-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4331-0187-8"><bdi>978-1-4331-0187-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Italy+today%3A+Facing+the+Challenges+of+the+New+Millennium&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=181&rft.pub=Lang+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4331-0187-8&rft.aulast=Mignone&rft.aufirst=Mario+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Denis Mack Smith (1997). <i>Modern Italy; A Political History</i>. Ann Arbor: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">The University of Michigan</a> Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-10895-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-10895-4">978-0-472-10895-4</a>, pp. 209–210</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Smith (1997), pp. 199.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewark2007" class="citation book cs1">Newark, Tim (2007). <i>Mafia Allies: The True Story of America's Secret Alliance with the Mob in World War II</i>. London: MBI Publishing Company. pp. 47–48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-2457-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-2457-8"><bdi>978-0-7603-2457-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mafia+Allies%3A+The+True+Story+of+America%27s+Secret+Alliance+with+the+Mob+in+World+War+II&rft.place=London&rft.pages=47-48&rft.pub=MBI+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7603-2457-8&rft.aulast=Newark&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Victor-Emmanuel-III">"Victor Emmanuel III | king of Italy"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. 12 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Victor+Emmanuel+III+%26%23124%3B+king+of+Italy&rft.date=2023-05-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FVictor-Emmanuel-III&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Naples-Italy">"Naples | History & Points of Interest"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. 9 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Naples+%26%23124%3B+History+%26+Points+of+Interest&rft.date=2023-06-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FNaples-Italy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-economist.com-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-economist.com_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-economist.com_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/2015/05/16/a-tale-of-two-economies">"A tale of two economies"</a>. <i>The Economist</i>. 16 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=A+tale+of+two+economies&rft.date=2015-05-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Ffinance-and-economics%2F2015%2F05%2F16%2Fa-tale-of-two-economies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.italiamerica.org/id49.htm">"Southern Italian Immigration"</a>. <i>www.italiamerica.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.italiamerica.org&rft.atitle=Southern+Italian+Immigration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.italiamerica.org%2Fid49.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seeitalia.com/essentials/employment/">"Employment in Italy - Italy Employment - Jobs in Italy - seeitalia.com"</a>. <i>www.seeitalia.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.seeitalia.com&rft.atitle=Employment+in+Italy+-+Italy+Employment+-+Jobs+in+Italy+-+seeitalia.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seeitalia.com%2Fessentials%2Femployment%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.europeonline-magazine.eu/italys-south-much-worse-than-greece-economic-think-tank-reports_405140.html">"Italy's south "much worse than Greece," economic think tank reports"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Italy%27s+south+%22much+worse+than+Greece%2C%22+economic+think+tank+reports&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.europeonline-magazine.eu%2Fitalys-south-much-worse-than-greece-economic-think-tank-reports_405140.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ansa.it/sito/notizie/economia/2017/07/28/sud-nel-2016-cresce-piu-del-nord-che-nel-2017-recupera-_fd0c494a-416b-4633-8de5-61382493a495.html">"Sud nel 2016 cresce più del Nord, che nel 2017 recupera - Economia"</a>. <i>ANSA.it</i>. 28 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ANSA.it&rft.atitle=Sud+nel+2016+cresce+pi%C3%B9+del+Nord%2C+che+nel+2017+recupera+-+Economia&rft.date=2017-07-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ansa.it%2Fsito%2Fnotizie%2Feconomia%2F2017%2F07%2F28%2Fsud-nel-2016-cresce-piu-del-nord-che-nel-2017-recupera-_fd0c494a-416b-4633-8de5-61382493a495.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2019/06/22/occupazione-nel-sud-italia-4-delle-cinque-regioni-europee-con-il-tasso-piu-basso/5274588/">"Occupazione, nel Sud Italia 4 delle cinque regioni europee con il tasso più basso"</a>. <i>Il Fatto Quotidiano</i> (in Italian). 22 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Il+Fatto+Quotidiano&rft.atitle=Occupazione%2C+nel+Sud+Italia+4+delle+cinque+regioni+europee+con+il+tasso+pi%C3%B9+basso&rft.date=2019-06-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilfattoquotidiano.it%2F2019%2F06%2F22%2Foccupazione-nel-sud-italia-4-delle-cinque-regioni-europee-con-il-tasso-piu-basso%2F5274588%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openpolis.it/numeri/occupazione-femminile-sotto-al-50-in-tutte-le-regioni-del-sud-italia/">"Occupazione femminile sotto al 50% in tutte le regioni del sud Italia"</a>. Openpolis.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Occupazione+femminile+sotto+al+50%25+in+tutte+le+regioni+del+sud+Italia&rft.pub=Openpolis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.openpolis.it%2Fnumeri%2Foccupazione-femminile-sotto-al-50-in-tutte-le-regioni-del-sud-italia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eib.org/en/publications/online/eib-group-activities-in-eu-cohesion-regions-2021.htm">"EIB Group Activities in EU cohesion regions in 2021"</a>. <i>www.eib.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.eib.org&rft.atitle=EIB+Group+Activities+in+EU+cohesion+regions+in+2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eib.org%2Fen%2Fpublications%2Fonline%2Feib-group-activities-in-eu-cohesion-regions-2021.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/en/atlas/programmes/2014-2020/italy/2015it16rfsm001">"National operational programme SME Initiative"</a>. <i>ec.europa.eu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ec.europa.eu&rft.atitle=National+operational+programme+SME+Initiative&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fregional_policy%2Fen%2Fatlas%2Fprogrammes%2F2014-2020%2Fitaly%2F2015it16rfsm001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/en/newsroom/news/2018/01/26-01-2018-initiative-for-smes-eur-1-3-billion-for-small-businesses-in-southern-italy">"Initiative for SMEs: EUR 1.3 billion for small businesses in Southern Italy"</a>. <i>ec.europa.eu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ec.europa.eu&rft.atitle=Initiative+for+SMEs%3A+EUR+1.3+billion+for+small+businesses+in+Southern+Italy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fregional_policy%2Fen%2Fnewsroom%2Fnews%2F2018%2F01%2F26-01-2018-initiative-for-smes-eur-1-3-billion-for-small-businesses-in-southern-italy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/10474907/1-05032020-AP-EN.pdf/81807e19-e4c8-2e53-c98a-933f5bf30f58">GDP per capita in EU regions Regional GDP per capita ranged from 30% to 263% of the EU average in 2018</a> <i>ec.europa.eu</i>, accessed 25 December 2022</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statista.com/statistics/658274/gross-domestic-product-gdp-per-capita-of-italy-by-region/">Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita in Italy 2019, by region</a> <i>www.statista.com</i>, accessed 25 December 2022</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dati.istat.it/?lang=en&SubSessionId=d7346671-4bc3-4bf8-a16a-0d9cd55e9ce9&themetreeid=-200">"Regional accounts: per capita values"</a>. Istituto Nazionale di Statistica<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Regional+accounts%3A+per+capita+values&rft.pub=Istituto+Nazionale+di+Statistica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdati.istat.it%2F%3Flang%3Den%26SubSessionId%3Dd7346671-4bc3-4bf8-a16a-0d9cd55e9ce9%26themetreeid%3D-200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DdaXX0IyFKUC&q=matera+%22one+of+the+most+unique+landscapes+in+Europe%22%22&pg=PT195">Fodor's Southern Italy</a></i>, Fodor's Travel, 22 March 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/International_Council_for_Traditional_Music" title="International Council for Traditional Music">International Council for Traditional Music</a>, <i>Report from the International Meeting of the International Council for Traditional Music's Study Group on Folk Musical Instruments, Volume 11</i>, Musikmuseet, 1992, p. 54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.italymagazine.com/italy/calabria/visit-italys-largest-park-parco-del-pollino">"Visit Italy's largest park - Parco del Pollino"</a>. <i>italymagazine.com</i>. 23 July 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=italymagazine.com&rft.atitle=Visit+Italy%27s+largest+park+-+Parco+del+Pollino&rft.date=2009-07-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.italymagazine.com%2Fitaly%2Fcalabria%2Fvisit-italys-largest-park-parco-del-pollino&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Italy&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Albanese, Salvatore Nicodemo. <i>Gramsci and the Southern Question</i> (1980)</li> <li>Schneider, Jane. <i>Italy's 'Southern Question': Orientalism in One Country</i> (1998)</li> <li>Dal Lago, Enrico, and Rick Halpern, eds. <i>The American South and the Italian Mezzogiorno: Essays in Comparative History</i> (2002) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-73971-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-73971-X">0-333-73971-X</a></li> <li>Doyle, Don. <i>Nations Divided: America, Italy, and the Southern Question</i> (2002)</li> <li>Moe, Nelson. <i>The View from Vesuvius: Italian Culture and the Southern Question</i> (2002)</li> <li>Spagnoletti, Angelantonio. <i>Storia del Regno delle Due Sicilie</i> (2008)</li> <li>Nitti, Francesco Saverio. <i>Eroi e briganti</i> (1899-2015)</li> <li>Di Lampedusa, Tomasi. <i>Il gattopardo</i> (1958-2018)</li> <li>Pinto, Carmine. <i>La guerra per il Mezzogiorno. Italiani, borbonici e briganti 1860-1870</i> (2019)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Italy_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Italy_topics" title="Template:Italy topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Italy_topics" title="Template talk:Italy topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Italy_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Italy topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Italy_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Italy" title="Outline of Italy">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italy" title="History of Italy">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Italian_history" title="Timeline of Italian history">Timeline of Italian history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_citizenship" title="History of Italian citizenship">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_coins_in_Italy" title="History of coins in Italy">Currency and coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Italy" title="Economic history of Italy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_fashion" title="History of Italian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_flags" title="List of Italian flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Italy" title="Genetic history of Italy">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_states_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historic states of Italy">Historic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy" title="History of the Jews in Italy">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Italy" title="LGBT history in Italy">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy" title="Military history of Italy">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_Italy" title="Music history of Italy">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Italy" title="Name of Italy">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Italy" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Italy">Postage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Italy" title="History of rail transport in Italy">Railways</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Prehistory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Italy" title="Prehistoric Italy">Prehistory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Italy" title="Neolithic Italy">Neolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villanovan_culture" title="Villanovan culture">Villanovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terramare_culture" title="Terramare culture">Terramare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinaldone_culture" title="Rinaldone culture">Rinaldone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apennine_culture" title="Apennine culture">Apennine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golasecca_culture" title="Golasecca culture">Golasecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canegrate_culture" title="Canegrate culture">Canegrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latial_culture" title="Latial culture">Latial</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_peoples_of_Italy" title="List of ancient peoples of Italy">Ancient peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italic_peoples" title="Italic peoples">Italic peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latins_(Italic_tribe)" title="Latins (Italic tribe)">Latins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osci" title="Osci">Osci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picentes" title="Picentes">Picentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samnites" title="Samnites">Samnites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbri" title="Umbri">Umbri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Veneti" title="Adriatic Veneti">Veneti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Celts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligures" title="Ligures">Ligures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapians" title="Messapians">Messapians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_expansion_in_Italy" title="Roman expansion in Italy">Roman conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Roman Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italy_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Italy in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> <ul><li>Italy under <a href="/wiki/Odoacer#King_of_Italy" title="Odoacer">Odoacer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogoths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Italy" title="Byzantine Italy">Byzantium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards" title="Kingdom of the Lombards">Lombards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">the Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_medieval_kingdoms" title="Sardinian medieval kingdoms">the Sardinian Judicates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_southern_Italy" title="History of Islam in southern Italy">Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy" title="Norman conquest of southern Italy">Normans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guelphs_and_Ghibellines" title="Guelphs and Ghibellines">Guelphs and Ghibellines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_League" title="Lombard League">Lombard League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sicilian_Vespers" title="War of the Sicilian Vespers">War of the Sicilian Vespers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_city-states" title="Italian city-states">Italian city-states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Siena" title="Republic of Siena">Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">Maritime republics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi" title="Duchy of Amalfi">Amalfi</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Duchy of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_early_modern_Italy" title="History of early modern Italy">Early Modern period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Napoleonic Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" title="Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia">Austrian occupation and Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Late modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Unification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="First Italian War of Independence">First War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Second Italian War of Independence">Second War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_exodus" title="Niçard exodus">Niçard exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_the_Thousand" title="Expedition of the Thousand">Expedition of the Thousand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy">Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Third Italian War of Independence">Third War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Rome" title="Capture of Rome">Capture of Rome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_(1861%E2%80%931946)" title="History of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)">Monarchy and the World Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Colonial Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_I" title="Military history of Italy during World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Italian entry into World War I">Fourth War of Independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy">Fascist Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Fascist_regime_in_Italy" title="Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy">Fall of the Fascist regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Resistance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Social Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">Civil War</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Italian_Republic" title="History of the Italian Republic">Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1946_Italian_institutional_referendum" title="1946 Italian institutional referendum">Institutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istrian%E2%80%93Dalmatian_exodus" title="Istrian–Dalmatian exodus">Istrian–Dalmatian exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_economic_miracle" title="Italian economic miracle">Economic Boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxi_Trial" title="Maxi Trial">Maxi Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mani_pulite" title="Mani pulite">Mani pulite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Italy">Coronavirus pandemic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Italy" title="Geography of Italy">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italy_(geographical_region)" title="Italy (geographical region)">Italian geographical region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Italy" title="Climate of Italy">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Italy" title="Climate change in Italy">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Italy" title="Geology of Italy">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Italy" title="Fauna of Italy">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Italy" title="Flora of Italy">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Italy" title="List of mountains in Italy">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_foothills" title="Alpine foothills">Prealps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apennine_Mountains" title="Apennine Mountains">Apennines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanism_of_Italy" title="Volcanism of Italy">Volcanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Italy" title="List of volcanoes in Italy">Volcanoes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_Italy" title="List of beaches in Italy">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canals_in_Italy" title="List of canals in Italy">Canals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_caves_in_Italy" title="List of caves in Italy">Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Italy" title="List of earthquakes in Italy">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Italy" title="List of islands of Italy">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Italy" title="List of lakes of Italy">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Marine_Protected_Areas_of_Italy" title="List of Marine Protected Areas of Italy">Marine protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Italy" title="List of national parks of Italy">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regional_parks_of_Italy" title="List of regional parks of Italy">Regional parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Italy" title="List of rivers of Italy">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_valleys_of_Italy" title="List of valleys of Italy">Valleys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Italy" title="Politics of Italy">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Italy" title="Constitution of Italy">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Italy" title="Elections in Italy">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Italy" title="Foreign relations of Italy">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Italy" title="Government of Italy">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Italy" title="Human rights in Italy">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Italy">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Italy" title="Judiciary of Italy">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Italy" title="Law of Italy">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Italy" title="Law enforcement in Italy">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Armed_Forces" title="Italian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_nationality_law" title="Italian nationality law">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Parliament" title="Italian Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Italy" title="List of political parties in Italy">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Italy" title="President of Italy">President</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Italy" title="List of presidents of Italy">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">Prime Minister</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Italy" title="List of prime ministers of Italy">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Italy)" title="Council of Ministers (Italy)">Council of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy" title="Regions of Italy">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Italy" title="Provinces of Italy">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_cities_of_Italy" title="Metropolitan cities of Italy">Metropolitan cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Italy" title="List of cities in Italy">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comune" title="Comune">Comune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_Italy" title="List of municipalities of Italy">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_intelligence_agencies" title="Italian intelligence agencies">Security and intelligence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_regions_by_GDP" title="List of Italian regions by GDP">Italian regions by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Italy" title="Agriculture in Italy">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Italy" title="Automotive industry in Italy">Automotive industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Italy" title="Banking in Italy">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Italy" title="List of banks in Italy">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Italy" title="Bank of Italy">Central Bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_brands" title="List of Italian brands">Brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Italy" title="List of companies of Italy">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Italy" title="Energy in Italy">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_Italy" title="List of exports of Italy">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Italy" title="Science and technology in Italy">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_question" title="Southern question">Southern question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borsa_Italiana" title="Borsa Italiana">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Italy" title="Taxation in Italy">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Italy" title="Telecommunications in Italy">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Italy" title="Tourism in Italy">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trade_unions_in_Italy" title="List of trade unions in Italy">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Italy" title="Transport in Italy">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Italy" title="List of airports in Italy">air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Italy" title="Rail transport in Italy">rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Italy" title="Roads in Italy">road</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_welfare_state" title="Italian welfare state">Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_wine" title="Italian wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Italy" title="Category:Society of Italy">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobility_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobility of Italy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Italy" title="Censorship in Italy">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Italy" title="Corruption in Italy">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Italy" title="Crime in Italy">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Italy" title="Demographics of Italy">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Italy" title="Education in Italy">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_diaspora" title="Italian diaspora">Emigration and diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Italy" title="Gambling in Italy">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Italy" title="Health in Italy">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Italy" title="Healthcare in Italy">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Italy" title="Immigration to Italy">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Italian inventions and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Italy" title="List of people from Italy">People</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Italy" title="Languages of Italy">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Italian" title="Regional Italian">Regional</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_provinces_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Italian provinces by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Italy" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Italy">Orders, decorations, and medals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Italy" title="Poverty in Italy">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Italy" title="Prostitution in Italy">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_public_administration" title="Italian public administration">Public administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Italy" title="Racism in Italy">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Italy" title="Religion in Italy">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Italy" title="Social class in Italy">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Italy" title="Terrorism in Italy">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Italy" title="Water supply and sanitation in Italy">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Italy" title="Women in Italy">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Italy" title="Culture of Italy">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duecento" title="Duecento">Duecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trecento" title="Trecento">Trecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quattrocento" title="Quattrocento">Quattrocento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinquecento" title="Cinquecento">Cinquecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seicento" title="Seicento">Seicento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_culture_(1700s)" title="History of Italian culture (1700s)">Settecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Neoclassical_and_19th-century_art" title="Italian Neoclassical and 19th-century art">Ottocento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Il_Canto_degli_Italiani" title="Il Canto degli Italiani">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of Italy">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_art" title="Italian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Italy" title="List of castles in Italy">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cathedrals_in_Italy" title="List of cathedrals in Italy">Cathedrals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Italy" title="Cinema of Italy">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Italy" title="Emblem of Italy">Coat of arm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_cuisine" title="Italian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_design" title="Italian design">Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_fashion" title="Italian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Italy" title="Flag of Italy">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Italy" title="Folklore of Italy">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gardens_in_Italy" title="List of gardens in Italy">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Italy" title="Internet in Italy">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italophilia" title="Italophilia">Italophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libraries_in_Italy" title="List of libraries in Italy">Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_literature" title="Italian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Italy" title="Mass media in Italy">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Italy" title="List of museums in Italy">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Italy" title="Music of Italy">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Italy" title="Mythology of Italy">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Italy" title="National symbols of Italy">National symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_palaces_in_Italy" title="List of palaces in Italy">Palaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_philosophy" title="Italian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Italy" title="Public holidays in Italy">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Italy" title="Sport in Italy">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Italy" title="Television in Italy">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Italy" title="Theatre of Italy">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditions_of_Italy" title="Traditions of Italy">Traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Italy" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Italy">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/16px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/24px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/32px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Italy" title="Portal:Italy">Italy portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Italy" title="Category:Italy">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207989#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207989#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207989#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/315160373">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85069035">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13904976t">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13904976t">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007565392305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Southern_Italy&oldid=1259750189">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Southern_Italy&oldid=1259750189</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_Italy" title="Category:Geography of Italy">Geography of Italy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Italy" title="Category:Society of Italy">Society of Italy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Regions_of_Italy" title="Category:Regions of Italy">Regions of Italy</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Italian-language_sources_(it)" title="Category:CS1 Italian-language sources (it)">CS1 Italian-language sources (it)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_January_2024" title="Category:Use dmy dates from January 2024">Use dmy dates from January 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Italian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Italian-language text">Articles containing Italian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_infobox_settlement_with_no_coordinates" title="Category:Pages using infobox settlement with no coordinates">Pages using infobox settlement with no coordinates</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Italian_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Italian IPA">Pages with Italian IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Neapolitan-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Neapolitan-language text">Articles containing Neapolitan-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Sicilian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Sicilian-language text">Articles containing Sicilian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing French-language text">Articles containing French-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 26 November 2024, at 21:14<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Southern_Italy&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-795c86c559-ql4s4","wgBackendResponseTime":148,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.306","walltime":"1.624","ppvisitednodes":{"value":9453,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":190358,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":9610,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":27,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":24,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":215232,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1344.676 1 -total"," 30.57% 411.028 1 Template:Reflist"," 28.20% 379.214 1 Template:Infobox_settlement"," 24.96% 335.641 1 Template:Infobox"," 17.49% 235.210 33 Template:Cite_web"," 9.55% 128.438 4 Template:Native_name"," 7.75% 104.268 1 Template:Italy_topics"," 6.88% 92.498 1 Template:Short_description"," 6.19% 83.236 14 Template:Cite_book"," 5.29% 71.106 4 Template:Pagetype"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.732","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":17237059,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6df7948d6c-drhtr","timestamp":"20241127201426","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Southern Italy","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Southern_Italy","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q207989","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q207989","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-08-13T07:02:46Z","dateModified":"2024-11-26T21:14:13Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/76\/Mezzogiorno.svg","headline":"Economic macroregion of Italy"}</script> </body> </html>