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<div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Renewable energy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renewable_energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consumption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consumption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Consumption </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consumption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electricity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electricity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Electricity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electricity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Projections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Projections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Projections </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Projections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc 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data-title="Türkiyədə enerji" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D3%99_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D2%BB%D1%8B" title="Төркиә энергетикаһы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Төркиә энергетикаһы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BD%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD_%CE%A4%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Ενέργεια στην Τουρκία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ενέργεια στην Τουρκία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89nergie_en_Turquie" title="Énergie en Turquie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Énergie en Turquie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D6%84%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%A7%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1" title="Թուրքիայի էներգետիկա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թուրքիայի էներգետիկա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Turkey" title="Economy of Turkey">Economy of Turkey</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.5em 0;"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Turkey.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of Turkey"><img alt="Emblem of Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Emblem_of_Turkey.svg/75px-Emblem_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Emblem_of_Turkey.svg/113px-Emblem_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Emblem_of_Turkey.svg/150px-Emblem_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="373" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Turkey" title="Economic history of Turkey">Economic history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #ccc;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_economic_boom_of_the_2000s" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish economic boom of the 2000s">2000s boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Turkish_economic_crisis" title="2001 Turkish economic crisis">2001 economic crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_economic_crisis_(2018%E2%80%93current)" title="Turkish economic crisis (2018–current)">Economic crisis (2018-present)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Money</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #ccc;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_lira" title="Turkish lira">Turkish lira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey">Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Stock exchange</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #ccc;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borsa_Istanbul" title="Borsa Istanbul">Istanbul Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_listed_on_the_Istanbul_Stock_Exchange" title="List of companies listed on the Istanbul Stock Exchange">Companies listed on ISE</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Major projects</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #ccc;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baku%E2%80%93Tbilisi%E2%80%93Ceyhan_pipeline" title="Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline">Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union%E2%80%93Turkey_Customs_Union" title="European Union–Turkey Customs Union">European Union–Turkey Customs Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabucco_pipeline" title="Nabucco pipeline">Nabucco pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Anatolia_Project" title="Southeastern Anatolia Project">Southeastern Anatolia Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_ownership_in_Turkey" title="Land ownership in Turkey">Land ownership</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #ccc;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.3em;"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Energy in Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Turkey" title="Geography of Turkey">Geography of Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimum_wage_in_Turkey" title="Minimum wage in Turkey">Minimum wage in Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Turkey" title="Science and technology in Turkey">Science and technology in Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Turkey" title="Telecommunications in Turkey">Telecommunications in Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Turkey" title="Tourism in Turkey">Tourism in Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Turkey" title="Transport in Turkey">Transport in Turkey</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/32px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/48px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/64px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Turkey" title="Portal:Turkey">Turkey portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-top:0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Economy_of_Turkey" title="Template:Economy of Turkey"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Economy_of_Turkey" title="Template talk:Economy of Turkey"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Economy_of_Turkey" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Economy of Turkey"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Energy_consumption_by_source,_Turkey.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Energy_consumption_by_source%2C_Turkey.svg/220px-Energy_consumption_by_source%2C_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Energy_consumption_by_source%2C_Turkey.svg/330px-Energy_consumption_by_source%2C_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Energy_consumption_by_source%2C_Turkey.svg/440px-Energy_consumption_by_source%2C_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Energy consumption by source, Turkey</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Energy_industry" title="Energy industry">Energy</a> consumption per person in <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> is similar to the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_energy_consumption_per_capita" title="List of countries by energy consumption per capita">world average</a>,<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-2">[2]</a> and over 85 per cent is from <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuels" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil fuels">fossil fuels</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOECD2019-3">[3]</a> From 1990 to 2017 annual primary energy supply tripled, but then remained constant to 2019.<a href="#cite_note-:7-2">[2]</a> In 2019, Turkey's primary energy supply included around 30 per cent oil, 30 per cent coal, and 25 per cent gas.<a href="#cite_note-IEA_Primary-4">[4]</a> These fossil fuels contribute to <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution_in_Turkey" title="Air pollution in Turkey">Turkey's air pollution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_by_Turkey" title="Greenhouse gas emissions by Turkey">its above average greenhouse gas emissions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Turkey mines its own <a href="/wiki/Lignite" title="Lignite">lignite</a> (brown coal) but imports three-quarters of its energy, including half the <a href="/wiki/Coal_in_Turkey" title="Coal in Turkey">coal</a> and almost all the oil and gas it requires, and its energy policy prioritises reducing imports.<a href="#cite_note-IEA21-7">[7]</a> The <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a> has criticised the lack of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_pricing" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon pricing">carbon pricing</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOECD2019117-8">[8]</a> fossil fuel subsidies<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOECD2019115,_116-9">[9]</a> and the country's under-utilized <a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Turkey" title="Wind power in Turkey">wind</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Turkey" title="Solar power in Turkey">solar</a> potential.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOECD201965-10">[10]</a> <a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Electricity sector in Turkey">The country's electricity</a> supplies 20% of its energy<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> and is generated mainly from coal, gas and <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity_in_Turkey" title="Hydroelectricity in Turkey">hydroelectricity</a>; with a small but growing amount from wind, solar and geothermal.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> However, <a href="/wiki/Sakarya_Gas_Field" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakarya Gas Field">Black Sea gas</a> is forecast to meet all residential demand from the late 2020s.<a href="#cite_note-:10-13">[13]</a> <a href="/wiki/Akkuyu_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Akkuyu Nuclear Power Plant">A nuclear power plant</a> is also under construction, and one half of <a href="/wiki/Nameplate_capacity" title="Nameplate capacity">installed power capacity</a> is <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Turkey" title="Renewable energy in Turkey">renewable energy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Despite this, from 1990 to 2019, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> (CO2) emissions from fuel combustion rose from 130 <a href="/wiki/Megatonnes" class="mw-redirect" title="Megatonnes">megatonnes</a> (Mt) to 360 Mt.<a href="#cite_note-IEA_CO2-15">[15]</a> In 2023 energy consumption was forecast to increase almost 40% in the following 12 years.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <a href="/wiki/Energy_policy" title="Energy policy">Energy policy</a> is to secure national energy supply<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> and reduce fossil fuel imports,<a href="#cite_note-MFA-18">[18]</a> which accounted for over 20% of the cost of Turkey's imports in 2019,<a href="#cite_note-:5-19">[19]</a> and 75 per cent of the current account deficit.<a href="#cite_note-:0-20">[20]</a> This also includes <a href="/wiki/Efficient_energy_use" title="Efficient energy use">using energy efficiently</a>. However, as of 2019<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Turkey&action=edit">[update]</a>, little research has been done on the policies Turkey uses to reduce <a href="/wiki/Energy_poverty" title="Energy poverty">energy poverty</a>, which also include some subsidies for home heating and electricity use.<a href="#cite_note-:1-21">[21]</a> Turkey's <a href="/wiki/Energy_policy" title="Energy policy">energy policies</a> plan to give "due consideration to environmental concerns all along the energy chain", "within the context of sustainable development."<a href="#cite_note-MFA-18">[18]</a> These plans have been criticised for being published over a year after work mentioned in it had started,<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> not sufficiently involving the private sector,<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> and for being inconsistent with <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Turkey" title="Climate change in Turkey">Turkey's climate policy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Policy_and_regulation">Policy and regulation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Turkey&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Policy and regulation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CO2_emissions_Turkey.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/CO2_emissions_Turkey.svg/220px-CO2_emissions_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/CO2_emissions_Turkey.svg/330px-CO2_emissions_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/CO2_emissions_Turkey.svg/440px-CO2_emissions_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Development of carbon dioxide emissions</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Turkey#Policy_and_regulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Electricity sector in Turkey">Electricity sector in Turkey § Policy and regulation</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Energy_Market_Regulatory_Authority" title="Energy Market Regulatory Authority">Energy Market Regulatory Authority</a> was created in 2001. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Security_of_supply">Security of supply</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Turkey&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Security of supply">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Turkey#Energy_security" title="Economy of Turkey">Economy of Turkey § Energy security</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Primary_energy_supply_in_Turkey.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Primary_energy_supply_in_Turkey.svg/310px-Primary_energy_supply_in_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Primary_energy_supply_in_Turkey.svg/465px-Primary_energy_supply_in_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Primary_energy_supply_in_Turkey.svg/620px-Primary_energy_supply_in_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="432" /></a><figcaption>Primary energy supply in Turkey (2014–2020)<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></figcaption></figure> Turkey meets a quarter of its energy demand from national resources.<a href="#cite_note-:2-27">[27]</a> The Centre for Economics and Foreign Policy Studies (EDAM), a <a href="/wiki/Think_tank" title="Think tank">think tank</a>, says that in the 2010s, fossil fuel imports were probably the largest structural vulnerability of the country's economy:<a href="#cite_note-TurkStream-28">[28]</a> they cost $41 billion in 2019 representing about a fifth of Turkey's total import bill,<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> and were a large part of the 2018 current account deficit<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> and the country's <a href="/wiki/Turkish_currency_and_debt_crisis,_2018" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish currency and debt crisis, 2018">debt problems</a>. Although the country imports 99% of its natural gas and 93% of the petroleum it uses,<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> in the early 2020s fossil gas supply was diversified to reduce dependence on Russia.<a href="#cite_note-:8-32">[32]</a> To secure energy supply, the government built new gas pipelines,<a href="#cite_note-TurkStream-28">[28]</a> and regasification plants. For example, gas supplies from <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> surpassed those from Russia in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-:8-32">[32]</a> There is a large surplus of electricity generation capacity,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEurope_Beyond_Coal202015-33">[33]</a> however the government aims at meeting the forecast increase in demand for <a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Electricity sector in Turkey">electricity in Turkey</a> by building its first <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Turkey" title="Nuclear power in Turkey">nuclear power plant</a> and more <a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Turkey" title="Solar power in Turkey">solar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Turkey" title="Wind power in Turkey">wind</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity_in_Turkey" title="Hydroelectricity in Turkey">hydro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coal_in_Turkey" title="Coal in Turkey">coal-fired</a> power plants.<a href="#cite_note-Bayraktar2018-34">[34]</a> The International Climate Initiative says that, as an oil importer, Turkey can increase security of supply by increasing the proportion of renewable electricity it produces.<a href="#cite_note-:2-27">[27]</a> The <a href="/wiki/International_Energy_Agency" title="International Energy Agency">International Energy Agency</a> has suggested a <a href="/wiki/Carbon_emission_trading" title="Carbon emission trading">carbon market</a>,<a href="#cite_note-TPQ2018-35">[35]</a> and EDAM says that in the long term, a <a href="/wiki/Carbon_tax" title="Carbon tax">carbon tax</a> would reduce import dependency by speeding development of national solar and wind energy.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Because the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Turkey" title="Government of Turkey">Turkish government</a> is very centralised,<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> its energy policy is national. Lack of transmission capacity was one cause of the <a href="/wiki/2015_Turkey_blackout" title="2015 Turkey blackout">nationwide blackout in 2015</a>, therefore policy includes improving electricity transmission.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> As well as natural gas storage and <a href="/wiki/Regasification" title="Regasification">regasification</a> plants to convert imported <a href="/wiki/Liquefied_natural_gas" title="Liquefied natural gas">liquid natural gas</a> (LNG) to natural gas,<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> the government supports <a href="/wiki/Pumped-storage_hydroelectricity" title="Pumped-storage hydroelectricity">pumped-storage hydroelectricity</a> for long term energy storage.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> In 2020, renewables generated 40% of Turkey's electricity, which reduced gas import costs: but, being mainly <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">hydroelectricity</a>, the amount that can be produced is vulnerable to drought.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> According to Hülya Saygılı, an economist at <a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey">Turkey's central bank</a>, although imports of solar and wind power components accounted for 12% of import costs in 2017, in EU countries this is largely due to one-time setup costs. She said that compared with Italy and Greece, Turkey has not invested enough in solar and wind power.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy_efficiency">Energy efficiency</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Turkey&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Energy efficiency">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KarabukGES.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/KarabukGES.jpg/220px-KarabukGES.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/KarabukGES.jpg/330px-KarabukGES.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/KarabukGES.jpg/440px-KarabukGES.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Karabuk Solar Energy Farm</figcaption></figure> The National Energy Efficiency plan aims to decrease Turkey's <a href="/wiki/Energy_intensity" title="Energy intensity">energy intensity</a>—the energy required to produce ₺1 (<a href="/wiki/Turkish_lira" title="Turkish lira">Turkish lira</a>) of GDP—to the OECD average by 2023.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyas202015-43">[43]</a> Despite the Energy Efficiency Law and a target to reduce its energy intensity by at least 20% between 2011 and 2023; between 2005 and 2015, Turkey's energy intensity increased by seven per cent.<a href="#cite_note-TPQ2018-35">[35]</a> According to one study, if energy policy was changed—most importantly the removal of <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_subsidies" title="Fossil fuel subsidies">fossil fuel subsidies</a>—at least 20% of energy costs could be saved,<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> and according to the Chamber of Mechanical Engineers, the energy required for buildings could be cut by half.<a href="#cite_note-:5-19">[19]</a> In 2019, Energy Minister Fatih Dönmez said that improvement of the <a href="/wiki/Efficient_energy_use" title="Efficient energy use">energy efficiency</a> of public buildings should take the lead and that efficiency improvements are an important source of jobs.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> It has been suggested that more specific energy efficiency targets for buildings are needed.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Energy_and_Natural_Resources_(Turkey)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources (Turkey)">Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources</a>, Turkey has the potential to cut 15% to 20% of total consumption through energy conservation.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fossil_fuel_subsidies_and_taxes">Fossil fuel subsidies and taxes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Turkey&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Fossil fuel subsidies and taxes">edit</a>]</div> In the 21st century, Turkey's <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_subsidies" title="Fossil fuel subsidies">fossil fuel subsidies</a> are around 0.2% of GDP,<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-BloombergG20-49">[49]</a>: 29  including at least US$14 billion (US$169 per person) between January 2020 and September 2021.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> If unpaid damages (such as health damage from air pollution) are included road fuel subsidy is estimated at over 400 dollars per person per year and for all fossil fuels over one thousand dollars.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Data on finance for fossil fuels by state-owned banks and <a href="/wiki/Export_credit_agencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Export credit agencies">export credit agencies</a> is not public.<a href="#cite_note-BloombergG20-49">[49]</a>: 32  The energy minister Fatih Dönmez supports coal<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> and most <a href="/wiki/Energy_subsidies#Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy subsidies">energy subsidies</a> are for coal,<a href="#cite_note-OECD-54">[54]</a> which the <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a> has strongly criticised.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Capacity mechanism payments to <a href="/wiki/List_of_active_coal_fired_power_stations_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="List of active coal fired power stations in Turkey">coal-fired power stations in Turkey</a> in 2019 totalled <a href="/wiki/Turkish_lira" title="Turkish lira">₺</a>720 million (US$130 million) compared to <a href="/wiki/Turkish_lira" title="Turkish lira">₺</a>542 million (US$96 million) to gas-fired <a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Turkey" title="List of power stations in Turkey">power stations in Turkey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> In 2022 these payments totalled over US$200 million.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> As of 2020<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Turkey&action=edit">[update]</a>, the tax per unit energy on gasoline was higher than diesel,<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> despite diesel cars on average emitting more lung damaging <a href="/wiki/NOx" title="NOx">NOx</a> (nitrogen oxide).<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Oil_and_gas_subsidies_and_taxes">Oil and gas subsidies and taxes</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Turkey&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Oil and gas subsidies and taxes">edit</a>]</div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Oil_in_Turkey#Subsidies_and_taxes" title="Oil in Turkey">Oil in Turkey § Subsidies and taxes</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oil_in_Turkey&action=edit#Subsidies_and_taxes">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kanuni_Ship_20201020_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Medium sized ship viewed from starboard. Painted mostly red with the Turkish crescent and star in white near the bow. Above the bow is a helicopter deck and there is a large derrick amidships. Two small cranes are built into the side of the ship." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Kanuni_Ship_20201020_2.jpg/220px-Kanuni_Ship_20201020_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Kanuni_Ship_20201020_2.jpg/330px-Kanuni_Ship_20201020_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Kanuni_Ship_20201020_2.jpg/440px-Kanuni_Ship_20201020_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3929" data-file-height="1927" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Kanuni_(drillship)" title="Kanuni (drillship)">Kanuni</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Offshore_drilling" title="Offshore drilling">offshore deep-sea drilling</a> ship.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a></figcaption></figure> In Turkey, tax levied on diesel is lower than that on petrol, and it has been suggested by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Istanbul_International_Centre_for_Energy_and_Climate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Istanbul International Centre for Energy and Climate (page does not exist)">Istanbul International Centre for Energy and Climate</a> at <a href="/wiki/Sabanc%C4%B1_University" title="Sabancı University">Sabancı University</a> that taxes on diesel and petrol should be more-closely aligned with each other to minimise imports, because Turkey has enough petrol-refining capacity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDifiglioGürayMerdan2020202-61">[61]</a> In 2022 the Turkish Energy Minister said Turkey and <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Algeria" title="Energy in Algeria">Algeria</a> would create a joint oil-and-gas-exploration company.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a></div></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Gas_in_Turkey#Subsidies_and_taxes" title="Gas in Turkey">Gas in Turkey § Subsidies and taxes</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gas_in_Turkey&action=edit#Subsidies_and_taxes">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> The wholesale gas market is not as competitive in Turkey as it is in the EU: some analysts say that this is because the government does not want to split up the state-owned gas company BOTAŞ, or give <a href="/wiki/List_of_power_companies_of_Turkey" title="List of power companies of Turkey">other power companies</a> fair use of BOTAŞ' pipelines.<a href="#cite_note-Gas_in_Turkey_TPQ2018-63">[63]</a> They say Turkey has not joined <a href="/wiki/ENTSO-G" class="mw-redirect" title="ENTSO-G">the European gas network (ENTSO-G)</a> because joining would require this <a href="/wiki/Unbundling" title="Unbundling">unbundling</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gas_in_Turkey_TPQ2018-63">[63]</a> BOTAŞ controls over 90% of the natural gas market,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDifiglioGürayMerdan2020313-64">[64]</a> and is the gas infrastructure regulator and the only operator of gas transmission.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDifiglioGürayMerdan2020312-65">[65]</a> Exploration for gas in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mediterranean" title="Eastern Mediterranean">Eastern Mediterranean</a> is subsidised,<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gas_in_Turkey_OECD-67">[67]</a> and is a cause of geopolitical tension because of the <a href="/wiki/Cyprus_dispute" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyprus dispute">Cyprus dispute</a>.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Capacity_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Capacity market">capacity market</a> (or capacity mechanism) for electricity is payments to make sure that sufficient <a href="/wiki/Firm_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Firm power">firm power</a> is available to satisfy peaks in demand, such as late afternoon air conditioning in August. Because <a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Turkey#Natural_Gas" title="List of power stations in Turkey">gas-fired power stations</a> can usually ramp up and down quickly they are one way of ensuring supply at times of peak demand. Some other countries also have capacity markets but Turkey's has been criticised. The government says the purpose of capacity market payments is to secure national electricity supply.<a href="#cite_note-Gas_in_Turkey_capacitymech-69">[69]</a> However, despite almost all natural gas being imported, some gas-fired power plants received capacity payments in 2021, whereas some non-fossil <a href="/wiki/Firm_service" title="Firm service">firm power</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Demand_response" title="Demand response">demand response</a>, could not.<a href="#cite_note-Gas_in_Turkey_capacitymech-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> 17 gas-fired power stations were eligible for capacity payments in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Coal_subsidies_and_taxes">Coal subsidies and taxes</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Turkey&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Coal subsidies and taxes">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Coal_in_Turkey" title="Coal in Turkey">Coal in Turkey</a> is heavily subsidized.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŞahin201837-72">[72]</a> As of 2019<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Turkey&action=edit">[update]</a>, the government aims to keep the share of coal in the energy portfolio at around the same level in the medium to long term.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETech_review_7th_communication201920-73">[73]</a> Coal's place in the government's energy policy was detailed in 2019 by the <a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Political,_Economic_and_Social_Research" title="Foundation for Political, Economic and Social Research">Foundation for Political, Economic and Social Research</a> (SETA), an organisation that lobbies for the Turkish government.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Despite protests against coal power plants,<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> construction of <a href="/wiki/Emba_Hunutlu_power_station" title="Emba Hunutlu power station">Emba Hunutlu</a> was subsidized,<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> and in 2021 <a href="/wiki/Turkey_Wealth_Fund" title="Turkey Wealth Fund">Turkey's sovereign wealth fund</a> was still hoping for Chinese partners to start constructing <a href="/wiki/Af%C5%9Fin-Elbistan_C_power_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Afşin-Elbistan C power station">Afşin-Elibistan C</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Even in cities where natural gas is available, the government supports poor households with free coal.<a href="#cite_note-:0-20">[20]</a> Electricity from plants which are 40% efficient and burn imported coal never costs less than around 25 USD/MWh to generate: because if the coal costs under 70 USD/tonne it is taxed to bring it up to that price.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics">Politics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Turkey&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Politics">edit</a>]</div> Without subsidies, new and some existing coal power would be unprofitable, and it is claimed that <a href="/wiki/Path_dependence" title="Path dependence">path dependence</a> or past decisions, political influence, and distorted markets are why they continue.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Although the coal industry and the government are said to have a close relationship, the falling cost of wind and solar may increase pressure against maintaining coal subsidies.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Hydroelectric plants, especially new ones, are sometimes controversial in local, international and environmental politics.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> The EU might persuade Turkey to cooperate on climate change by supporting policies that reduce the country's external energy dependency in a sustainable manner.<a href="#cite_note-TPQ2018-35">[35]</a> State energy companies include <a href="/wiki/Eti_Mine_Works" class="mw-redirect" title="Eti Mine Works">Eti Mine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Coal_Enterprises" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Coal Enterprises">Turkish Coal Enterprises</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Hard_Coal_Enterprises" title="Turkish Hard Coal Enterprises">Turkish Hard Coal Enterprises</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Electricity_Generation_Company_(Turkey)" title="Electricity Generation Company (Turkey)">Electricity Generation Company</a>, <a href="/wiki/BOTA%C5%9E" title="BOTAŞ">BOTAŞ</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Electricity_Transmission_Corporation" title="Turkish Electricity Transmission Corporation">TEİAŞ</a> —the electricity trading and transmission company.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> The government holds a quarter of total installed electricity supply and often offers prices below market levels.<a href="#cite_note-Reuters2018-83">[83]</a> Energy deals, such as those with Russia, are said to be politically motivated.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy_transition">Energy transition</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Turkey&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Energy transition">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Turkey">Nuclear energy in Turkey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Turkey" title="Renewable energy in Turkey">Renewable energy in Turkey</a></div> In 2024 the long-term climate plan said that by 2053, the <a href="/wiki/Net-zero_emissions" title="Net-zero emissions">net zero</a> target year, renewables would supply half of <a href="/wiki/Primary_energy" title="Primary energy">primary energy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a>: section 4.8 The <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> has estimated the cost and benefits, but has suggested government do far more detailed planning.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wind_turbines_on_Nurda%C4%9F%C4%B1_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Wind_turbines_on_Nurda%C4%9F%C4%B1_02.jpg/220px-Wind_turbines_on_Nurda%C4%9F%C4%B1_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Wind_turbines_on_Nurda%C4%9F%C4%B1_02.jpg/330px-Wind_turbines_on_Nurda%C4%9F%C4%B1_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Wind_turbines_on_Nurda%C4%9F%C4%B1_02.jpg/440px-Wind_turbines_on_Nurda%C4%9F%C4%B1_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4250" data-file-height="2833" /></a><figcaption>A wind farm in <a href="/wiki/Gaziantep_Province" title="Gaziantep Province">Gaziantep Province</a></figcaption></figure> According to the <a href="/wiki/International_Renewable_Energy_Agency" title="International Renewable Energy Agency">International Renewable Energy Agency</a> and academic study, increasing the share of renewable energy could make the country more energy independent and increase employment<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkyazı_et_al20206-87">[87]</a> especially in Turkey's solar PV and solar heating industries.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=SHURA_Energy_Transition_Center&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SHURA Energy Transition Center (page does not exist)">SHURA Energy Transition Center</a> said in 2018 that a plan for solar power in Turkey beyond 2023 is needed.<a href="#cite_note-Shura2019-89">[89]</a> In an attempt to reduce fossil fuel imports the government supports <a href="/wiki/TOGG_Turkish_national_car" class="mw-redirect" title="TOGG Turkish national car">local production of electric cars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solar_cell" title="Solar cell">solar cells</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Some academics say that funding for renewables such as wind should be decentralized.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> For three decades from 1990, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_intensity" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon intensity">carbon intensity</a> remained almost constant around 61 tCO2/TJ (tons of carbon dioxide per terajoule).<a href="#cite_note-:7-2">[2]</a> Nuclear safety regulations and human resources could be improved<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> by cooperation with <a href="/wiki/Euratom" title="Euratom">Euratom</a> ( European Atomic Energy Community).<a href="#cite_note-TPQ2018-35">[35]</a> In 2018, a new regulator was set up for nuclear power safety, and $0.15 per kWh of generated electricity will be set aside for waste management.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health_and_the_environment">Health and the environment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Turkey&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Health and the environment">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution_in_Turkey" title="Air pollution in Turkey">Air pollution in Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_by_Turkey" title="Greenhouse gas emissions by Turkey">Greenhouse gas emissions by Turkey</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Turkey" title="Climate change in Turkey">Climate change in Turkey</a></div> Retrofitting equipment for pollution control, such as <a href="/wiki/Flue-gas_desulfurization" title="Flue-gas desulfurization">flue-gas desulfurization</a> at old lignite-fuelled plants like <a href="/wiki/Soma_power_station" title="Soma power station">Soma power station</a>,<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> might not be financially possible, as they use outdated technology.<a href="#cite_note-tepav-95">[95]</a> The government collects data on <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a> (SO2), NOx and <a href="/wiki/Particulate" class="mw-redirect" title="Particulate">particulate</a> air pollution from each large plant,<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> but it is not published. The energy policy aim of reducing imports (e.g. of gas) conflicts with the climate change policy aim of reducing the emission of greenhouse gases as some local resources (e.g. lignite) emit a lot of CO2. According to Ümit Şahin, who teaches climate change at <a href="/wiki/Sabanc%C4%B1_University" title="Sabancı University">Sabancı University</a>, Turkey must abandon fossil fuel completely and switch to <a href="/wiki/100%25_renewable_energy" title="100% renewable energy">100% renewable energy</a> by 2050.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŞahinTürkkan201930-97">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economics">Economics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Turkey&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Economics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Turkey#Economics_and_finance" class="mw-redirect" title="Electricity sector in Turkey">Electricity sector in Turkey § Economics and finance</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Renewable_energy_increases_employment_in_Turkey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Renewable_energy_increases_employment_in_Turkey.jpg/290px-Renewable_energy_increases_employment_in_Turkey.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Renewable_energy_increases_employment_in_Turkey.jpg/435px-Renewable_energy_increases_employment_in_Turkey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Renewable_energy_increases_employment_in_Turkey.jpg/580px-Renewable_energy_increases_employment_in_Turkey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2800" data-file-height="2499" /></a><figcaption>According to some studies a coal-phase out in favour of renewable energy would increase employment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDifiglioGürayMerdan202037-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a></figcaption></figure> Turkey's energy trade deficit was over $US80 billion in 2022,<a href="#cite_note-:4-100">[100]</a> causing a large foreign trade deficit.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Europe supports energy efficiency and renewable energy via the €1 billion Mid-size Sustainable Energy Financing Facility (MidSEFF) to finance investments in these areas.<a href="#cite_note-TPQ2018-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> <a href="/wiki/Energy_subsidy" title="Energy subsidy">Energy subsidies</a> amounted to 200 billion lira in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Up to 150kWh per month of free electricity is provided to two million poor families.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fatih_Birol" title="Fatih Birol">Fatih Birol</a>, the head of the <a href="/wiki/International_Energy_Agency" title="International Energy Agency">International Energy Agency</a> said in 2019 that, because of its falling price, the focus should be on maximizing onshore wind power in Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> The economics of coal power has been modelled by <a href="/wiki/Carbon_Tracker" title="Carbon Tracker">Carbon Tracker</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> They estimate that for new plants both wind and solar is already cheaper than coal power.<a href="#cite_note-:9-107">[107]</a> And they forecast that existing coal plants will be more expensive than new solar by 2023 and new wind by 2027.<a href="#cite_note-:9-107">[107]</a> Most energy deals in 2019 were for renewables, and over half the investment in these was from outside the country.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> The <a href="/wiki/External_costs" class="mw-redirect" title="External costs">external costs</a> of fossil fuel consumption in 2018 has been estimated as 1.5% of GDP.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarantoAydınalp_KöksalDal2020-109">[109]</a> The government sets the price of residential gas and electricity,<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> and as of 2018<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Turkey&action=edit">[update]</a>, for residential consumers, "high cost is the most important problem of Turkey's energy system".<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> In 2022, the energy import bill was 97 billion USD. Keeping consumer prices low is a political priority.<a href="#cite_note-:4-100">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Energy_sources">Energy sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Turkey&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Energy sources">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coal">Coal</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Turkey&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Coal">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Coal_in_Turkey" title="Coal in Turkey">Coal in Turkey</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tufanbeyli_Termik_Santrali.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Tufanbeyli_Termik_Santrali.jpg/220px-Tufanbeyli_Termik_Santrali.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Tufanbeyli_Termik_Santrali.jpg/330px-Tufanbeyli_Termik_Santrali.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Tufanbeyli_Termik_Santrali.jpg/440px-Tufanbeyli_Termik_Santrali.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4050" data-file-height="2428" /></a><figcaption>Tufanbeyli coal-fired power station, <a href="/wiki/Adana" title="Adana">Adana</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">Coal</a> supplies over a quarter of Turkey's primary energy.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> Every year, thousands of people die prematurely from coal-related causes, the most common of which is <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution_in_Turkey" title="Air pollution in Turkey">local air pollution</a>. Most coal mined in Turkey is <a href="/wiki/Lignite" title="Lignite">lignite</a> (brown coal), which is more polluting than other types of coal.<a href="#cite_note-HEAL2018-113">[113]</a> <a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy policy of Turkey">Turkey's energy policy</a> encourages mining lignite for <a href="/wiki/List_of_coal-fired_power_stations_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="List of coal-fired power stations in Turkey">coal-fired power stations</a> to reduce <a href="#Gas">gas imports</a>;<a href="#cite_note-MinEn-114">[114]</a> and coal supplies over 40% of domestic energy production.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErsoy20195-115">[115]</a> Mining peaked in 2018, at over 100 million tonnes,<a href="#cite_note-AA1-116">[116]</a> and declined considerably in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-:0-20">[20]</a> In contrast to local lignite production, Turkey imports almost all of the <a href="/wiki/Bituminous_coal" title="Bituminous coal">bituminous coal</a> it uses. The largest coalfield in Turkey is <a href="/wiki/Elbistan_coalfield" title="Elbistan coalfield">Elbistan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HDN1-117">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oil_and_gas">Oil and gas</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Turkey&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Oil and gas">edit</a>]</div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Oil_in_Turkey" title="Oil in Turkey">Oil in Turkey</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oil_in_Turkey&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Istanbul_asv2020-02_img55_View_of_Be%C5%9Fikta%C5%9F.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A large, low ship in front of a city skyline" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Istanbul_asv2020-02_img55_View_of_Be%C5%9Fikta%C5%9F.jpg/220px-Istanbul_asv2020-02_img55_View_of_Be%C5%9Fikta%C5%9F.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Istanbul_asv2020-02_img55_View_of_Be%C5%9Fikta%C5%9F.jpg/330px-Istanbul_asv2020-02_img55_View_of_Be%C5%9Fikta%C5%9F.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Istanbul_asv2020-02_img55_View_of_Be%C5%9Fikta%C5%9F.jpg/440px-Istanbul_asv2020-02_img55_View_of_Be%C5%9Fikta%C5%9F.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7810" data-file-height="3905" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Oil_tanker" title="Oil tanker">Tankers</a>, like this one in the <a href="/wiki/Bosporus" title="Bosporus">Bosporus</a>, are one way to export oil from <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">Oil</a> supplies over a quarter of Turkey's energy.<a href="#cite_note-Oil_in_Turkey_:0-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> Because the country produces very little oil,<a href="#cite_note-Oil_in_Turkey_:21-120">[120]</a> it is almost completely dependent on imports of oil and oil products such as <a href="/wiki/Petrol" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrol">petrol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diesel_fuel" title="Diesel fuel">diesel</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Oil_in_Turkey_:9-121">[121]</a> over half of which is consumed in <a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Turkey" title="Automotive industry in Turkey">the country's road vehicles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDifiglioGürayMerdan2020203-122">[122]</a> Turkey is the world's largest user of <a href="/wiki/Liquefied_petroleum_gas" title="Liquefied petroleum gas">liquefied petroleum gas</a> (LPG) for road transport.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDifiglioGürayMerdan2020206-123">[123]</a> Because Turkey produces only 7% of the oil it consumes, the country's total <a href="/wiki/Current_account_deficit" class="mw-redirect" title="Current account deficit">imports are worth more than its exports</a>, which is a problem for <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Turkey" title="Economy of Turkey">its economy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, several European countries stopped buying <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Russia" title="Petroleum industry in Russia">Russian oil, petrol and diesel</a> but <a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Russia–Turkey relations">Turkey's relations with Russia</a> are such that it supplies most such imports.<a href="#cite_note-Oil_in_Turkey_:22-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-Oil_in_Turkey_:23-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a></div></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Gas_in_Turkey" title="Gas in Turkey">Gas in Turkey</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gas_in_Turkey&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kanuni_Ship_20201020_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Medium-sized ship viewed from starboard. Painted mostly red with the Turkish crescent and star in white near the bow. Above the bow is a helicopter deck and there is a large derrick amidships. Two small cranes are built into the side of the ship." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Kanuni_Ship_20201020_2.jpg/300px-Kanuni_Ship_20201020_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Kanuni_Ship_20201020_2.jpg/450px-Kanuni_Ship_20201020_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Kanuni_Ship_20201020_2.jpg/600px-Kanuni_Ship_20201020_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3929" data-file-height="1927" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Kanuni_(drillship)" title="Kanuni (drillship)">Kanuni</a> has <a href="/wiki/Offshore_drilling" title="Offshore drilling">drilled</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">Natural gas</a> supplies over a quarter of Turkey's energy.<a href="#cite_note-Gas_in_Turkey_:0-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> The country consumes 50 to 60 billion cubic metres of this natural gas each year,<a href="#cite_note-Gas_in_Turkey_:14-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gas_in_Turkey_:13-132">[132]</a> nearly all of which is imported. A <a href="/wiki/Sakarya_gas_field" title="Sakarya gas field">large gas field in the Black Sea</a> however started production in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a> several European countries <a href="/wiki/2022%E2%80%932023_Russia%E2%80%93European_Union_gas_dispute" title="2022–2023 Russia–European Union gas dispute">stopped buying Russian oil or gas</a>, but <a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Russia–Turkey relations">Turkey's relations with Russia</a> are good enough that it continues to buy both.<a href="#cite_note-Gas_in_Turkey_:22-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gas_in_Turkey_:23-135">[135]</a> Turkey receives almost half of its gas from <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gas_in_Turkey_:13-132">[132]</a> As of 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Turkey&action=edit">[update]</a> wholesale gas is expensive and a large part of <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Turkey" title="Economy of Turkey">the import bill</a>. Households buy the most gas, followed by industry and power stations.<a href="#cite_note-Gas_in_Turkey_:17-136">[136]</a> Over 80% of the population has access to gas,<a href="#cite_note-Gas_in_Turkey_:16-137">[137]</a> and it supplies half the country's heating requirements.<a href="#cite_note-Gas_in_Turkey_:14-131">[131]</a> As the state owned oil and gas wholesaler <a href="/wiki/BOTA%C5%9E" title="BOTAŞ">BOTAŞ</a> has 80% of the gas market,<a href="#cite_note-Gas_in_Turkey_:0-129">[129]</a>: 16  the government can and does subsidize residential and industrial gas consumers.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> All industrial and commercial customers, and households using more than a certain amount of gas, can switch suppliers.<a href="#cite_note-Gas_in_Turkey_:0-129">[129]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nuclear">Nuclear</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Turkey&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Nuclear">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:352px"><div style="position:relative;width:350px;border:1px solid lightgray"><a href="/wiki/File:Turkey_adm_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Energy in Turkey is located in Turkey"><img alt="Energy in Turkey is located in Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Turkey_adm_location_map.svg/350px-Turkey_adm_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Turkey_adm_location_map.svg/525px-Turkey_adm_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Turkey_adm_location_map.svg/700px-Turkey_adm_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1578" data-file-height="721" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:90.8%;left:41.536%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Akkuyu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/8px-Blue_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/12px-Blue_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/16px-Blue_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Akkuyu_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Akkuyu Nuclear Power Plant">Akkuyu</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:5.849%;left:48.862%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Sinop" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Yellow_dddd00_pog.svg/8px-Yellow_dddd00_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Yellow_dddd00_pog.svg/12px-Yellow_dddd00_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Yellow_dddd00_pog.svg/16px-Yellow_dddd00_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Sinop_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Sinop Nuclear Power Plant">Sinop</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:8.913%;left:13.194%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="İğneada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Yellow_dddd00_pog.svg/8px-Yellow_dddd00_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Yellow_dddd00_pog.svg/12px-Yellow_dddd00_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Yellow_dddd00_pog.svg/16px-Yellow_dddd00_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%B0%C4%9Fneada_Nuclear_Power_Plant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="İğneada Nuclear Power Plant (page does not exist)">İğneada</a></div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Turkey_adm_location_map.svg" title="File:Turkey adm location map.svg">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Nuclear power stations in Turkey (<a href="/wiki/Template:Turkey_nuke_plant_map" title="Template:Turkey nuke plant map">view</a>) <a href="/wiki/File:Blue_pog.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/8px-Blue_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/12px-Blue_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/16px-Blue_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a> Under construction <a href="/wiki/File:Yellow_dddd00_pog.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Yellow_dddd00_pog.svg/8px-Yellow_dddd00_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Yellow_dddd00_pog.svg/12px-Yellow_dddd00_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Yellow_dddd00_pog.svg/16px-Yellow_dddd00_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a> Proposed</div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Turkey" title="Nuclear power in Turkey">Nuclear power in Turkey</a></div> There is no <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Turkey" title="Nuclear power in Turkey">nuclear power in Turkey</a> yet, but <a href="/wiki/Akkuyu_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Akkuyu Nuclear Power Plant">Akkuyu Nuclear Power Plant</a> is being built and is expected to start selling power in 2023. The <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_debate" title="Nuclear power debate">nuclear power debate</a> has a long history, with the 2018 construction start in <a href="/wiki/Mersin_Province" title="Mersin Province">Mersin Province</a> being the sixth major attempt to build a nuclear power plant since 1960.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> Plans for a <a href="/wiki/Sinop_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Sinop Nuclear Power Plant">nuclear plant in Sinop</a> and another at <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0%C4%9Fneada" title="İğneada">İğneada</a> have stalled.<a href="#cite_note-WorldNuclearTurkey-140">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Waste">Waste</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Turkey&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Waste">edit</a>]</div> In 2021, the Metropolitan Municipality of Istanbul opened country's first <a href="/wiki/Waste-to-energy_plant" title="Waste-to-energy plant">waste-to-energy plant</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Waste_Power_Plant" title="Istanbul Waste Power Plant">Istanbul Waste Power Plant</a> is capable of generating 175 <a href="/wiki/Kilowatt-hour#Watt-hour_multiples" title="Kilowatt-hour">MW⋅h</a> electrical and 175 MW⋅h thermal energy by 3,000 tons waste <a href="/wiki/Incineration" title="Incineration">incineration</a> daily.<a href="#cite_note-ay1-141">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renewable_energy">Renewable energy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Turkey&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Renewable energy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Turkey" title="Renewable energy in Turkey">Renewable energy in Turkey</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TR_Izmir_asv2020-02_img01_Basmane_Station.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/TR_Izmir_asv2020-02_img01_Basmane_Station.jpg/220px-TR_Izmir_asv2020-02_img01_Basmane_Station.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/TR_Izmir_asv2020-02_img01_Basmane_Station.jpg/330px-TR_Izmir_asv2020-02_img01_Basmane_Station.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/TR_Izmir_asv2020-02_img01_Basmane_Station.jpg/440px-TR_Izmir_asv2020-02_img01_Basmane_Station.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7691" data-file-height="4326" /></a><figcaption>Solar panels on an İzmir train station roof: the country has the potential to get a large part of its energy from the sun.</figcaption></figure> In 2022 over 40% of renewable energy was <a href="/wiki/Geothermal_energy_in_Turkey" title="Geothermal energy in Turkey">geothermal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:48-142">[142]</a>: iii  Although there are plenty of renewable resources for energy in Turkey,<a href="#cite_note-renewable-143">[143]</a> for electricity only hydropower has been developed near or to the full, supplying an average of about 20% of Turkey's national electricity supply,<a href="#cite_note-Shura2019-89">[89]</a> with other renewables supplying 12%.<a href="#cite_note-MinEn1-144">[144]</a> However, due to <a href="/wiki/Drought_in_Turkey" title="Drought in Turkey">drought in Turkey</a>, hydro has supplied less electricity than usual in recent years,<a href="#cite_note-TCMB-145">[145]</a> compared to around a third in a wet year.<a href="#cite_note-DS1-146">[146]</a> Turkey has invested less in solar and wind power than similar Mediterranean countries.<a href="#cite_note-TCMB-145">[145]</a> Turkey is a net exporter of wind power equipment, but a net importer of solar power equipment.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> By greatly increasing its production of solar power in the south and wind power in the west, the country's entire energy demand could be met from renewable sources by 2050.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Consumption">Consumption</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Turkey&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Consumption">edit</a>]</div> Consumption of energy in Turkey is around the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_energy_consumption_per_capita" title="List of countries by energy consumption per capita">world average</a> of about seventy <a href="/wiki/Gigajoule" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigajoule">gigajoules</a> (GJ) per person per year.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-2">[2]</a> In total Turkey <a href="/wiki/World_energy_consumption" class="mw-redirect" title="World energy consumption">uses</a> about six billion GJ of <a href="/wiki/Primary_energy" title="Primary energy">primary energy</a> per year—<a href="#cite_note-:7-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurkstat_report202032-150">[150]</a> over 80% from <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuels" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil fuels">fossil fuels</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOECD2019-3">[3]</a> In 2022 almost a third of energy was used by industry, and a similar share by residential and services, with transport using about a quarter.<a href="#cite_note-:48-142">[142]</a>: ii  Most energy used in buildings is for heating.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> Heating is the main use for <a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Geothermal power in Turkey">geothermal power in Turkey</a>. Gas consumption is concentrated in the north-west due to the concentration of industry, and the population in Istanbul.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDifiglioGürayMerdan2020319-152">[152]</a> The government introduced a green electricity tariff in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electricity">Electricity</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Turkey&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Electricity">edit</a>]</div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">These paragraphs are an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Electricity_in_Turkey" title="Electricity in Turkey">Electricity in Turkey</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electricity_in_Turkey&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> uses more <a href="/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity">electricity</a> per person than the global average, but less than the European average, with demand peaking in summer due to air conditioning. Most <a href="/wiki/Electricity_generation" title="Electricity generation">electricity is generated</a> from coal, gas and hydropower, with <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">hydroelectricity</a> from the east <a href="/wiki/Electric_power_transmission" title="Electric power transmission">transmitted</a> to big cities in the west. <a href="/wiki/Electricity_pricing" title="Electricity pricing">Electricity prices</a> are state-controlled, but wholesale prices are heavily influenced by the cost of imported gas. Each year, about 300 terawatt-hours <a href="/wiki/Kilowatt-hour#Watt-hour_multiples" title="Kilowatt-hour">(TWh)</a> of electricity is used, which is almost a quarter of the total energy used in Turkey. On average, about four hundred grams of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_in_Earth%27s_atmosphere" title="Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere">carbon dioxide</a> is emitted per kilowatt-hour of electricity generated (400 gCO2/kWh); this <a href="/wiki/Carbon_intensity" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon intensity">carbon intensity</a> is slightly less than the global average. As there is 100 GW of <a href="/wiki/Nameplate_capacity" title="Nameplate capacity">generating capacity</a>, far more electricity could be produced. Although only a tiny proportion is exported; consumption is forecast to increase, and there are plans for more exports during the 2020s. Turkey's <a href="/wiki/List_of_active_coal-fired_power_stations_in_Turkey" title="List of active coal-fired power stations in Turkey">coal-fired power stations</a> are the largest source of the country's <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_by_Turkey" title="Greenhouse gas emissions by Turkey">greenhouse-gas emissions</a>. Many <a href="/wiki/Lignite" title="Lignite">brown coal</a> power stations are subsidized, which increases <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution_in_Turkey" title="Air pollution in Turkey">air pollution</a>. Imports of gas, mostly for <a href="/wiki/Power_stations_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Power stations in Turkey">Turkey's power stations</a>, are one of the main <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of turkey">expenses for the country</a>. In winter, electricity generation is vulnerable to reductions in the gas supply from other countries.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> <a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Turkey" title="Solar power in Turkey">Solar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Turkey" title="Wind power in Turkey">wind power</a> are now the cheapest generators of electricity,<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> and more of both are being built. If enough solar and wind power is built, the country's <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">hydroelectric plants</a> should be enough to cover <a href="/wiki/Dunkelflaute" title="Dunkelflaute">windless cloudy weeks</a>. Renewables generate a third of the country's electricity, and academics have suggested that the target of 32% renewable energy by 2030 be increased to 50%, and that coal power should be phased out by the mid-2030s. Increased use of <a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle" title="Electric vehicle">electric vehicles</a> is expected to increase electricity demand.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Turkey&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Coal_in_Turkey#History" title="Coal in Turkey">Coal in Turkey § History</a></div> Four thousand years ago most of what is now <a href="/wiki/Forest_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest in Turkey">Turkey was forested</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Colak-157">[157]</a> Deforestation occurred during both prehistoric<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> and historic times, including the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> periods. The forests were cut down by people, partly to burn wood for heating.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> <a href="/wiki/Coal_in_Turkey" title="Coal in Turkey">Coal</a> has been burnt since late Ottoman times. During the late 20th and early 21st centuries the country was very exposed to oil and gas price volatility.<a href="#cite_note-:3-162">[162]</a> Around the turn of the century many gas fired power plants were built, and BOTAŞ extended the national gas pipeline network to most of the urban population.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> As Turkey had almost no natural gas of its own this increased import dependency, particularly on Russian gas.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> Therefore, many more <a href="/wiki/Regasification" title="Regasification">regasification</a> plants and gas storage (such as the <a href="/wiki/Lake_Tuz_Natural_Gas_Storage" title="Lake Tuz Natural Gas Storage">gas storage at Lake Tuz</a>) were built in the early 21st century, thus ensuring a much longer buffer should the main international import pipelines be cut for any reason. However <a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Turkey#Demand_forecasts" class="mw-redirect" title="Electricity sector in Turkey">growth in Turkish electricity demand</a> has often been overestimated. Although much energy infrastructure was privatised in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, energy is still highly state controlled.<a href="#cite_note-:3-162">[162]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Projections">Projections</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Turkey&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Projections">edit</a>]</div> In 2021 the <a href="/wiki/International_Energy_Agency" title="International Energy Agency">International Energy Agency</a> recommended Turkey includes further electrification in integrated <a href="/wiki/Scenario_planning" title="Scenario planning">scenario planning</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IEA21-7">[7]</a>: 3  Mckinsey suggested in 2023 that Turkey may become part of a bloc along with China and India buying fuel from Russia.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Turkey&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Turkey" title="Environmental issues in Turkey">Environmental issues in Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Tarsus_hydroelectric_power_plant" title="Historical Tarsus hydroelectric power plant">Historical Tarsus hydroelectric power plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Energy_Monitor" title="Global Energy Monitor">Global Energy Monitor</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Turkey&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://enerji.gov.tr/Media/Dizin/EIGM/tr/Raporlar/TUEP/T%C3%BCrkiye_National_Energy_Plan.pdf">National Energy Plan published 2023</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tskb.com.tr/uploads/file/energy-outlook-final.pdf">Energy Outlook 2022</a> See also <a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye_S%C4%B1nai_Kalk%C4%B1nma_Bankas%C4%B1" class="extiw" title="tr:Türkiye Sınai Kalkınma Bankası">tr:Türkiye Sınai Kalkınma Bankası</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Turkey&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output 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April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Turkish+Greenhouse+Gas+Inventory+report+%5BTurkStat+report%5D&rft.date=2020-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funfccc.int%2Fdocuments%2F223580&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+in+Turkey" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/statistical-review/bp-stats-review-2019-full-report.pdf">BP Statistical Review of World Energy</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/BP" title="BP">BP</a> (Report). 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=BP+Statistical+Review+of+World+Energy&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bp.com%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2Fbp%2Fbusiness-sites%2Fen%2Fglobal%2Fcorporate%2Fpdfs%2Fenergy-economics%2Fstatistical-review%2Fbp-stats-review-2019-full-report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+in+Turkey" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDifiglioGürayMerdan2020" class="citation report cs1">Difiglio, Prof. Carmine; Güray, Bora Şekip; Merdan, Ersin (November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iicec.sabanciuniv.edu/teo">Turkey Energy Outlook</a>. iicec.sabanciuniv.edu (Report). Sabanci University Istanbul International Center for Energy and Climate (IICEC). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-605-70031-9-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-605-70031-9-5"><bdi>978-605-70031-9-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Turkey+Energy+Outlook&rft.pub=Sabanci+University+Istanbul+International+Center+for+Energy+and+Climate+%28IICEC%29&rft.date=2020-11&rft.isbn=978-605-70031-9-5&rft.aulast=Difiglio&rft.aufirst=Prof.+Carmine&rft.au=G%C3%BCray%2C+Bora+%C5%9Eekip&rft.au=Merdan%2C+Ersin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiicec.sabanciuniv.edu%2Fteo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+in+Turkey" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTarantoAydınalp_KöksalDal2020" class="citation report cs1">Taranto, Yael; Aydınalp Köksal, Merih; Dal, Eda (December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.shura.org.tr/the-external-cost-of-fossil-fuel-use-in-power-generation-heating-and-road-transport-in-turkey/">The external cost of fossil fuel use in power generation, heating and road transport in Turkey</a>. SHURA Energy Transition Center (Report).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=The+external+cost+of+fossil+fuel+use+in+power+generation%2C+heating+and+road+transport+in+Turkey&rft.date=2020-12&rft.aulast=Taranto&rft.aufirst=Yael&rft.au=Ayd%C4%B1nalp+K%C3%B6ksal%2C+Merih&rft.au=Dal%2C+Eda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.shura.org.tr%2Fthe-external-cost-of-fossil-fuel-use-in-power-generation-heating-and-road-transport-in-turkey%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+in+Turkey" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIEA2021" class="citation techreport cs1"><a href="/wiki/International_Energy_Agency" title="International Energy Agency">IEA</a> (March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iea.org/reports/turkey-2021">Turkey 2021 – Energy Policy Review</a> (Technical report). <a href="/wiki/International_Energy_Agency" title="International Energy Agency">International Energy Agency</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Turkey+2021+%E2%80%93+Energy+Policy+Review&rft.pub=International+Energy+Agency&rft.date=2021-03&rft.au=IEA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iea.org%2Freports%2Fturkey-2021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+in+Turkey" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading_2">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Turkey&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://enerji.gov.tr/Media/Dizin/EIGM/tr/Raporlar/TUEP/T%C3%BCrkiye_National_Energy_Plan.pdf">National Energy Plan to 2035 published 2022</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a 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0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Renewable</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioenergy_in_Turkey" title="Bioenergy in Turkey">Bioenergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Geothermal power in Turkey">Geothermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity_in_Turkey" title="Hydroelectricity in Turkey">Hydroelectricity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Category:Hydroelectric_power_stations_in_Turkey" title="Category:Hydroelectric power stations in Turkey">Hydroelectric power stations in Turkey</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Turkey" title="Solar power in Turkey">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Turkey" title="Wind power in Turkey">Wind</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-renewable</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal_in_Turkey" title="Coal in Turkey">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural gas in Turkey">Natural gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Turkey" title="Nuclear power in Turkey">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Petroleum industry in Turkey">Petroleum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Turkey" title="Climate change in Turkey">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_by_Turkey" title="Greenhouse gas emissions by Turkey">Greenhouse gas emissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Turkey" title="Renewable energy in Turkey">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Electricity sector in Turkey">Electric power industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Turkey" title="List of power stations in Turkey">List of power stations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Market_Regulatory_Authority" title="Energy Market Regulatory Authority">Energy Market Regulatory Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Energy_and_Natural_Resources" title="Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources">Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Regulatory_Authority" title="Nuclear Regulatory Authority">Nuclear Regulatory Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Energy,_Nuclear_and_Mineral_Research_Agency" title="Turkish Energy, Nuclear and Mineral Research Agency">Turkish Energy, Nuclear and Mineral Research Agency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Energy companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BOTA%C5%9E" title="BOTAŞ">BOTAŞ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_Generation_Company_(Turkey)" title="Electricity Generation Company (Turkey)">Electricity Generation Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eti_Mine_Works" class="mw-redirect" title="Eti Mine Works">Eti Mine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Coal_Enterprises" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Coal Enterprises">Turkish Coal Enterprises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Hard_Coal_Enterprises" title="Turkish Hard Coal Enterprises">Turkish Hard Coal Enterprises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Electricity_Transmission_Corporation" title="Turkish Electricity Transmission Corporation">Turkish Electricity Transmission Corporation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /><a href="/wiki/Category:Energy_in_Turkey" title="Category:Energy in Turkey">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Turkey" title="Portal:Turkey">Turkey portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Energy_in_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Energy_in_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in Asia">Energy in Asia </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Afghanistan" title="Energy in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Armenia" title="Energy in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Azerbaijan" title="Energy in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Bahrain" title="Energy in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Bhutan" title="Energy in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Brunei" title="Energy in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Cambodia" title="Energy in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Cyprus" title="Energy in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_East_Timor" title="Energy in East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Egypt" title="Energy in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Energy in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_India" title="Energy in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Indonesia" title="Energy in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Iran" title="Energy in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Iraq" title="Energy in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Israel" title="Energy in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Japan" title="Energy in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Jordan" title="Energy in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Kazakhstan" title="Energy in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_North_Korea" title="Energy in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_South_Korea" title="Energy in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Kuwait" title="Energy in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Energy in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Laos" title="Energy in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Lebanon" title="Energy in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Mongolia" title="Energy in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Myanmar" title="Energy in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Nepal" title="Energy in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Oman" title="Energy in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_Philippines" title="Energy in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Qatar" title="Energy in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Russia" title="Energy in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Energy in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Singapore" title="Energy in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Syria" title="Energy in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Tajikistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Thailand" title="Energy in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Turkmenistan" title="Energy in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Energy in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Uzbekistan" title="Energy in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Vietnam" title="Energy in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Yemen" title="Energy in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy in Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Energy in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Taiwan" title="Energy in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy in the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy in Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Hong_Kong" title="Energy in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Macau" title="Energy in Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Energy_policy_of_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Energy_policy_of_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Energy policy of Asia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Afghanistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Afghanistan (page does not exist)">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Armenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Armenia (page does not exist)">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Azerbaijan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Azerbaijan (page does not exist)">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Bahrain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Bahrain (page does not exist)">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Bangladesh" title="Energy policy of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Bhutan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Bhutan (page does not exist)">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Brunei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Brunei (page does not exist)">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Cambodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Cambodia (page does not exist)">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_China" title="Energy policy of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Cyprus (page does not exist)">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_East_Timor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of East Timor (page does not exist)">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Egypt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Egypt (page does not exist)">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Georgia_(country)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Georgia (country) (page does not exist)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_India" title="Energy policy of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Indonesia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Indonesia (page does not exist)">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy policy of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy policy of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Israel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Israel (page does not exist)">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Japan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Japan (page does not exist)">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy policy of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy policy of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_North_Korea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of North Korea (page does not exist)">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_South_Korea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of South Korea (page does not exist)">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Kuwait&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Kuwait (page does not exist)">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Kyrgyzstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Kyrgyzstan (page does not exist)">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Laos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Laos (page does not exist)">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Lebanon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Lebanon (page does not exist)">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Malaysia" title="Energy policy of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_the_Maldives&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of the Maldives (page does not exist)">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Mongolia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Mongolia (page does not exist)">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Myanmar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Myanmar (page does not exist)">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Nepal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Nepal (page does not exist)">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Oman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Oman (page does not exist)">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Pakistan" title="Energy policy of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of the Philippines (page does not exist)">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Qatar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Qatar (page does not exist)">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Russia" title="Energy policy of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy policy of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Singapore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Singapore (page does not exist)">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy policy of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Syria (page does not exist)">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Tajikistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy policy of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy policy of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy policy of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Turkmenistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Turkmenistan (page does not exist)">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of the United Arab Emirates (page does not exist)">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Uzbekistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy policy of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Vietnam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Vietnam (page does not exist)">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Yemen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Yemen (page does not exist)">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_the_State_of_Palestine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of the State of Palestine (page does not exist)">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy policy of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Hong_Kong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Hong Kong (page does not exist)">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Macau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Macau (page does not exist)">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Energy_in_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Europe_topic" title="Template:Europe topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Europe_topic" title="Template talk:Europe topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Europe_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Europe topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Energy_in_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Europe" title="Energy in Europe">Energy in Europe </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Andorra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy in Andorra (page does not exist)">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Armenia" title="Energy in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Austria" title="Energy in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Azerbaijan" title="Energy in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Belarus" title="Energy in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Belgium" title="Energy in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Bulgaria" title="Energy in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Croatia" title="Energy in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Cyprus" title="Energy in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Energy in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Denmark" title="Energy in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Estonia" title="Energy in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Finland" title="Energy in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_France" title="Energy in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Energy in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Germany" title="Energy in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Greece" title="Energy in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Hungary" title="Energy in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Iceland" title="Energy in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Italy" title="Energy in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Kazakhstan" title="Energy in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Latvia" title="Energy in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Liechtenstein" title="Energy in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Lithuania" title="Energy in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Luxembourg" title="Energy in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Malta" title="Energy in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Moldova" title="Energy in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Monaco" title="Energy in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Montenegro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy in Montenegro (page does not exist)">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_Netherlands" title="Energy in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_North_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Norway" title="Energy in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Poland" title="Energy in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Portugal" title="Energy in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Romania" title="Energy in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Russia" title="Energy in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_San_Marino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy in San Marino (page does not exist)">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Serbia" title="Energy in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Slovakia" title="Energy in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Slovenia" title="Energy in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Spain" title="Energy in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Sweden" title="Energy in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Switzerland" title="Energy in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Ukraine" title="Energy in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Energy in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Kosovo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy in Kosovo (page does not exist)">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy in Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Transnistria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy in Transnistria (page does not exist)">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_%C3%85land&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy in Åland (page does not exist)">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_Faroe_Islands" title="Energy in the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Gibraltar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy in Gibraltar (page does not exist)">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Guernsey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy in Guernsey (page does not exist)">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_the_Isle_of_Man&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy in the Isle of Man (page does not exist)">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Jersey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy in Jersey (page does not exist)">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Svalbard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy in Svalbard (page does not exist)">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in the European Union">European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Energy_policy_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Europe_topic" title="Template:Europe topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Europe_topic" title="Template talk:Europe topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Europe_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Europe topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Energy_policy_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy policy of Europe">Energy policy of Europe </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Albania (page does not exist)">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Andorra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Andorra (page does not exist)">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Armenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Armenia (page does not exist)">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Austria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Austria (page does not exist)">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Azerbaijan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Azerbaijan (page does not exist)">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Belarus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Belarus (page does not exist)">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Belgium" title="Energy policy of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Bosnia and Herzegovina (page does not exist)">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Bulgaria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Bulgaria (page does not exist)">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Croatia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Croatia (page does not exist)">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Cyprus (page does not exist)">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_the_Czech_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of the Czech Republic (page does not exist)">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Denmark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Denmark (page does not exist)">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Estonia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Estonia (page does not exist)">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Finland" title="Energy policy of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of France (page does not exist)">France</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Georgia_(country)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Georgia (country) (page does not exist)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy policy of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Greece&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Greece (page does not exist)">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Hungary (page does not exist)">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Iceland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Iceland (page does not exist)">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of the Republic of Ireland (page does not exist)">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Italy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Italy (page does not exist)">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy policy of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Latvia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Latvia (page does not exist)">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Liechtenstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Liechtenstein (page does not exist)">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Lithuania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Lithuania (page does not exist)">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Luxembourg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Luxembourg (page does not exist)">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Malta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Malta (page does not exist)">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Moldova&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Moldova (page does not exist)">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Monaco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Monaco (page does not exist)">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Montenegro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Montenegro (page does not exist)">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_the_Netherlands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of the Netherlands (page does not exist)">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_North_Macedonia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of North Macedonia (page does not exist)">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy policy of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Poland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Poland (page does not exist)">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Portugal (page does not exist)">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Romania" title="Energy policy of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Russia" title="Energy policy of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_San_Marino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of San Marino (page does not exist)">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Serbia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Serbia (page does not exist)">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Slovakia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Slovakia (page does not exist)">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Slovenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Slovenia (page does not exist)">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Spain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Spain (page does not exist)">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy policy of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy policy of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy policy of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy policy of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Energy policy of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Kosovo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Kosovo (page does not exist)">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Transnistria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Transnistria (page does not exist)">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_%C3%85land&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Åland (page does not exist)">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_the_Faroe_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of the Faroe Islands (page does not exist)">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Gibraltar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Gibraltar (page does not exist)">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Guernsey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Guernsey (page does not exist)">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_the_Isle_of_Man&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of the Isle of Man (page does not exist)">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Jersey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Jersey (page does not exist)">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Svalbard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Svalbard (page does not exist)">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_European_Union" title="Energy policy of the European Union">European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Energy_by_country" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Energy_by_country" title="Template:Energy by country"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Energy_by_country" title="Template talk:Energy by country"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Energy_by_country" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Energy by country"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Energy_by_country" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Energy_by_country" title="Category:Energy by country">Energy by country</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Africa" title="Energy in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Algeria" title="Energy in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Angola" title="Energy in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Benin" title="Energy in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Botswana" title="Energy in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Energy in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Burundi" title="Energy in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Cameroon" title="Energy in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Cape_Verde" title="Energy in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Chad" title="Energy in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Energy in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">DR Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Djibouti" title="Energy in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Egypt" title="Energy in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Energy in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Eritrea" title="Energy in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Ethiopia" title="Energy in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Gabon" title="Energy in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Guinea" title="Energy in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Ivory_Coast" title="Energy in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Kenya" title="Energy in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Liberia" title="Energy in Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Libya" title="Energy in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Malawi" title="Energy in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Morocco" title="Energy policy of Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Mozambique" title="Energy in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Nigeria" title="Energy in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Rwanda" title="Energy in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Senegal" title="Energy in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Somaliland" title="Energy in Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_South_Africa" title="Energy in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Sudan" title="Energy in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Tanzania" title="Energy in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Tunisia" title="Energy in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Uganda" title="Energy in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Zambia" title="Energy in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Zimbabwe" title="Energy in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Belize" title="Energy in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Brazil" title="Energy in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Chile" title="Energy in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Mexico" title="Energy in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Paraguay" title="Energy in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Uruguay" title="Energy in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Venezuela" title="Energy in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_United_States" title="Energy in the United States">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Arkansas" title="Energy in Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_California" title="Energy in California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Guam" title="Energy in Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Hawaii" title="Energy in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Iowa" title="Energy in Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Ohio" title="Energy in Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Oregon" title="Energy in Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Texas" title="Energy in Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Vermont" title="Energy in Vermont">Vermont</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Energy_in_Asia" title="Category:Energy in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Afghanistan" title="Energy in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Armenia" title="Energy in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Azerbaijan" title="Energy in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Bahrain" title="Energy in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Bangladesh" title="Energy policy of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Bhutan" title="Energy in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Brunei" title="Energy in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Cambodia" title="Energy in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Hong_Kong" title="Energy in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Macau" title="Energy in Macau">Macau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_East_Timor" title="Energy in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Energy in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_India" title="Energy in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Indonesia" title="Energy in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Iran" title="Energy in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Iraq" title="Energy in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Israel" title="Energy in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Japan" title="Energy in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Jordan" title="Energy in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Kazakhstan" title="Energy in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Kuwait" title="Energy in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_North_Korea" title="Energy in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_South_Korea" title="Energy in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Energy in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Laos" title="Energy in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Lebanon" title="Energy in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Malaysia" title="Energy policy of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Mongolia" title="Energy in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Myanmar" title="Energy in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Nepal" title="Energy in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Oman" title="Energy in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Pakistan" title="Energy policy of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Energy in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_Philippines" title="Energy in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Qatar" title="Energy in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Russia" title="Energy in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Energy in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Singapore" title="Energy in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_South_Korea" title="Energy in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Syria" title="Energy in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Taiwan" title="Energy in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Thailand" title="Energy in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Turkmenistan" title="Energy in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Energy in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Uzbekistan" title="Energy in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Vietnam" title="Energy in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Yemen" title="Energy in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" 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