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<span>In opera</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_opera-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In opera subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_opera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aria_form_in_late_17th_century_French_and_Italian_opera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aria_form_in_late_17th_century_French_and_Italian_opera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Aria form in late 17th century French and Italian opera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aria_form_in_late_17th_century_French_and_Italian_opera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-18th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#18th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>18th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-18th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>19th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Concert_arias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concert_arias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Concert arias</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Concert_arias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Instrumental_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Instrumental_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Instrumental music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Instrumental_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Aria</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 65 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-65" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">65 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arie" title="Arie – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Arie" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A2%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="الآريا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الآريا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aria" title="Aria – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Aria" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariya" title="Ariya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ariya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Арыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Арыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ария – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ария" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arija" title="Arija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Arija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80ria_(m%C3%BAsica)" title="Ària (música) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ària (música)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81rie" title="Árie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Árie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aria" title="Aria – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Aria" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arie" title="Arie – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Arie" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arie" title="Arie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Arie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaria" title="Aaria – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Aaria" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B1" title="Άρια – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Άρια" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aria" title="Aria – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Aria" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ario" title="Ario – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ario" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aria_(musika)" title="Aria (musika) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Aria (musika)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7_(%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C)" title="آریا (موسیقی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آریا (موسیقی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aria" title="Aria – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Aria" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81iria" title="Áiria – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Áiria" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aria" title="Aria – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Aria" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84" title="아리아 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아리아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A1_(%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AA%D5%B7%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6)" title="Արիա (երաժշտություն) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Արիա (երաժշտություն)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arija" title="Arija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Arija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ario" title="Ario – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Ario" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aria_(musica)" title="Aria (musica) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Aria (musica)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_(%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94)" title="אריה (מוזיקה) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אריה (מוזיקה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="არია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="არია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ария – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ария" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ария – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Ария" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aria_(musica)" title="Aria (musica) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Aria (musica)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80rija" title="Ārija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ārija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arija" title="Arija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Arija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81ria" title="Ária – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ária" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Арија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Арија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE" title="അരിയാ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അരിയാ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aria" title="Aria – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Aria" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Ари – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Ари" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aria_(compositie)" title="Aria (compositie) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Aria (compositie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2" title="アリア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アリア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arie" title="Arie – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Arie" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arie" title="Arie – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Arie" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariya" title="Ariya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ariya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aria" title="Aria – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Aria" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81ria" title="Ária – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ária" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arie_(muzic%C4%83)" title="Arie (muzică) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Arie (muzică)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ария – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ария" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aria_(musica)" title="Aria (musica) – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Aria (musica)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aria" title="Aria – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Aria" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81ria" title="Ária – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ária" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arija" title="Arija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Arija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ئاریا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئاریا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_(%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Арија (музика) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Арија (музика)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arija_(muzika)" title="Arija (muzika) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Arija (muzika)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaria" title="Aaria – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Aaria" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aria" title="Aria – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Aria" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="อาเรีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อาเรีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ария – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ария" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arya" title="Arya – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Arya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Арія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Арія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aria" title="Aria – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Aria" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%92%8F%E5%8F%B9%E8%B0%83" title="咏叹调 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="咏叹调" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A9%A0%E5%98%86%E8%AA%BF" title="詠嘆調 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="詠嘆調" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A9%A0%E5%98%86%E8%AA%BF" title="詠嘆調 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="詠嘆調" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rsk mw-list-item"><a href="https://rsk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ария – Pannonian Rusyn" lang="rsk" hreflang="rsk" data-title="Ария" data-language-autonym="Руски" data-language-local-name="Pannonian Rusyn" 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page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Musical piece for a single voice as part of a larger work</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Aria_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Aria (disambiguation)">Aria (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Arias" redirects here. For people named Arias, see <a href="/wiki/Arias_(surname)" title="Arias (surname)">Arias (surname)</a>. For the city, see <a href="/wiki/Arias,_Argentina" title="Arias, Argentina">Arias, Argentina</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tamerlano_-_Bajazet-Aria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Tamerlano_-_Bajazet-Aria.jpg/250px-Tamerlano_-_Bajazet-Aria.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Tamerlano_-_Bajazet-Aria.jpg/330px-Tamerlano_-_Bajazet-Aria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Tamerlano_-_Bajazet-Aria.jpg/500px-Tamerlano_-_Bajazet-Aria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="808" data-file-height="1101" /></a><figcaption>The farewell aria of Sultan Bazajet in <a href="/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel" title="George Frideric Handel">Handel</a>'s opera <i><a href="/wiki/Tamerlano" title="Tamerlano">Tamerlano</a></i> (note the <i><a href="/wiki/Da_capo" title="Da capo">da capo</a></i> instruction). First edition, London, 1719.</figcaption></figure> <p>In music, an <b>aria</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far'">ɑːr</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Italian:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="it-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[ˈaːrja]</a></span>; <abbr title="plural">pl.</abbr>: <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">arie</i></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991" /><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Italian:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="it-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[ˈaːrje]</a></span>; <i>arias</i> in common usage; diminutive form: <b>arietta</b>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991" /><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Italian:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="it-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[aˈrjetta]</a></span>; <abbr title="plural">pl.</abbr>: <b>ariette</b>; in English simply <b><a href="/wiki/Air_(music)" title="Air (music)">air</a></b>) is a self-contained piece for one voice, with or without <a href="/wiki/Instrument_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Instrument (music)">instrumental</a> or <a href="/wiki/Orchestra" title="Orchestra">orchestral</a> <a href="/wiki/Accompaniment" title="Accompaniment">accompaniment</a>, normally part of a larger work. </p><p>The typical context for arias is <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">opera</a>, but vocal arias also feature in <a href="/wiki/Oratorio" title="Oratorio">oratorios</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cantata" title="Cantata">cantatas</a>, or they can be stand-alone <a href="/wiki/Concert_aria" title="Concert aria">concert arias</a>. The term was originally used to refer to any expressive <a href="/wiki/Melody" title="Melody">melody</a>, usually, but not always, performed by a singer. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aria&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Italian term <i>aria</i>, which derives from the Greek ἀήρ and Latin <i>aer</i> (air), first appeared in relation to music in the 14th century when it simply signified a manner or style of singing or playing. By the end of the 16th century, the term 'aria' refers to an instrumental form (cf. Santino Garsi da Parma lute works, ('Aria del Gran Duca'). By the early 16th century it was in common use as meaning a simple setting of <a href="/wiki/Strophe" title="Strophe">strophic</a> poetry; melodic <a href="/wiki/Madrigal" title="Madrigal">madrigals</a>, free of complex <a href="/wiki/Polyphony" title="Polyphony">polyphony</a>, were known as <i>madrigale arioso</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestrup_et_al.n.d.§1:_Derivation_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestrup_et_al.n.d.§1:_Derivation-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_opera">In opera</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aria&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: In opera"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aria_form_in_late_17th_century_French_and_Italian_opera">Aria form in late 17th century French and Italian opera</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aria&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Aria form in late 17th century French and Italian opera"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the context of staged works and concert works, arias evolved from simple melodies into structured forms. In such works, the sung, melodic, and structured aria differed from the speech-like (<i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/parlando" class="extiw" title="wikt:parlando">parlando</a></i>) <a href="/wiki/Recitative" title="Recitative">recitative</a> – the latter tending to carry the story-line, the former used to convey emotional content and serve as an opportunity for singers to display their vocal talent. </p><p>By the late 17th century operatic arias came to be written in one of two forms. <a href="/wiki/Binary_form" title="Binary form">Binary form</a> arias were in two sections (A–B); arias in <a href="/wiki/Ternary_form" title="Ternary form">ternary form</a> (A–B–A) were known as <i><a href="/wiki/Da_capo_aria" title="Da capo aria">da capo arias</a></i> (literally 'from the head', i.e. with the opening section repeated, often in a highly <a href="/wiki/Ornament_(music)" title="Ornament (music)">decorated</a> manner).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestrup_et_al.n.d.§2:_Seventeenth_century_vocal_music_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestrup_et_al.n.d.§2:_Seventeenth_century_vocal_music-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <i>da capo</i> aria the 'B' episode would typically be in a different <a href="/wiki/Key_(music)" title="Key (music)">key</a> – the <a href="/wiki/Dominant_(music)" title="Dominant (music)">dominant</a> or <a href="/wiki/Relative_major" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative major">relative major</a> key. Other variants of these forms are found in the French operas of the late 17th century such as those of <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lully" title="Jean-Baptiste Lully">Jean-Baptiste Lully</a> which dominated the period of the French baroque. Vocal solos in his operas (known of course as the French term, <i>airs</i>) are frequently in extended binary form (ABB') or sometimes in <i><a href="/wiki/Rondo" title="Rondo">rondeau</a></i> form (ABACA),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnthony1991202–205_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony1991202–205-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (a shape which is analogous to the instrumental <a href="/wiki/Rondo" title="Rondo">rondo</a>). </p><p>In the work of Italian composers of the late 17th and early 18th century, the <i>da capo</i> aria came to be include the <i><a href="/wiki/Ritornello" title="Ritornello">ritornello</a></i> (literally, 'little return'), a recurring instrumental episode which featured certain phrases of the aria proper and provided, in early operas, the opportunity for dancing or entries of characters.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Da capo</i> aria with <i>ritornelli</i> became a typifying feature of European opera throughout the 18th century and is thought by some writers to be a direct antecedent of <a href="/wiki/Sonata_form" title="Sonata form">sonata form</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>ritornelli</i> became essential to the structure of the aria – "while the words determine the character of a melody the ritornello instruments often decided in what terms it shall be presented."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis195997_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis195997-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="18th_century">18th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aria&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 18th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the early 18th century, composers such as <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Scarlatti" title="Alessandro Scarlatti">Alessandro Scarlatti</a> had established the aria form, and especially its da capo version with ritornelli, as the key element of <i><a href="/wiki/Opera_seria" title="Opera seria">opera seria</a></i>. "It offered balance and continuity, and yet gave scope for contrast. [...] The very regularity of its conventional features enabled deviations from the normal to be exploited with telling effect."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis195996_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis195996-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early years of the century, arias in the Italian style began to take over in French opera, giving rise eventually to the French genre of <i>ariette</i>, normally in a relatively simple ternary form.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnthony1991213–215_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony1991213–215-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Types of operatic aria became known by a variety of terms according to their character – e.g.<i>aria parlante</i> ('speaking-style', narrative in nature),<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>aria di <a href="/wiki/Bravura" title="Bravura">bravura</a></i> (typically given to a heroine),<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>aria buffa</i> (aria of a comic type, typically given to a <a href="/wiki/Bass_(voice_type)" title="Bass (voice type)">bass</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bass-baritone" title="Bass-baritone">bass-baritone</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and so on. </p><p>M. F. Robinson describes the standard aria in <i>opera seria</i> in the period 1720 to 1760 as follows: </p> <blockquote><p>The first section normally began with an orchestral ritornello after which the singer entered and sang the words of the first <a href="/wiki/Stanza" title="Stanza">stanza</a> in their entirety. By the end of this first vocal paragraph the music, if it were in a <a href="/wiki/Major_key" class="mw-redirect" title="Major key">major key</a> as it usually was, had modulated to the <a href="/wiki/Dominant_(music)" title="Dominant (music)">dominant</a>. The orchestra then played a second ritornello usually shorter than the first. The singer re-entered and sang the same words through a second time. The music of this second paragraph was often slightly more elaborate than that of the first. There were more repeats of words and perhaps more florid vocalisations. The key worked its way back to the <a href="/wiki/Tonic_(music)" title="Tonic (music)">tonic</a> for the final vocal <a href="/wiki/Cadence" title="Cadence">cadence</a> after which the orchestra rounded the section off with a final ritornello.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson196234–35_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson196234–35-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Siffred_Duplessis_-_Christoph_Willibald_Gluck_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Joseph_Siffred_Duplessis_-_Christoph_Willibald_Gluck_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/170px-Joseph_Siffred_Duplessis_-_Christoph_Willibald_Gluck_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Joseph_Siffred_Duplessis_-_Christoph_Willibald_Gluck_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/255px-Joseph_Siffred_Duplessis_-_Christoph_Willibald_Gluck_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Joseph_Siffred_Duplessis_-_Christoph_Willibald_Gluck_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/340px-Joseph_Siffred_Duplessis_-_Christoph_Willibald_Gluck_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4191" data-file-height="5200" /></a><figcaption>Gluck in a 1775 portrait by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Duplessis" title="Joseph Duplessis">Joseph Duplessis</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The nature and allocation of the arias to the different roles in <i>opera seria</i> was highly formalized. According to the playwright and <a href="/wiki/Librettist" class="mw-redirect" title="Librettist">librettist</a> <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Goldoni" title="Carlo Goldoni">Carlo Goldoni</a>, in his autobiography, </p> <blockquote><p>The three principal personages of the drama ought to sing five arias each; two in the first act, two in the second, and one in the third. The second actress and the second soprano can only have three, and the inferior characters must be satisfied with a single aria each, or two at the most. The author of the words must [...] take care that two pathetic [i.e. melancholy] arias do not succeed one another. He must distribute with the same precaution the bravura arias, the arias of action, the inferior arias, and the minuets and rondeaus. He must, above all things, avoid giving impassioned arias, bravura arias, or rondeaus, to inferior characters.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>By contrast, arias in <i><a href="/wiki/Opera_buffa" title="Opera buffa">opera buffa</a></i> (comic opera) were often specific in character to the nature of the character being portrayed (for example the cheeky servant-girl or the irascible elderly suitor or guardian).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlatoff199099–100_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlatoff199099–100-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By later in the century it was clear that these formats were becoming fossilized. <a href="/wiki/Christoph_Willibald_Gluck" title="Christoph Willibald Gluck">Christoph Willibald Gluck</a> thought that both <i>opera buffa</i> and <i>opera seria</i> had strayed too far from what opera should really be, and seemed unnatural. The jokes of <i>opera buffa</i> were threadbare and the repetition of the same characters made them seem no more than stereotypes. In <i>opera seria</i> the singing was devoted to superficial effects and the content was uninteresting and stale. As in <i>opera buffa</i>, the singers were often masters of the stage and the music, decorating the vocal lines so floridly that audiences could no longer recognise the original melody. Gluck wanted to return opera to its origins, focusing on human drama and passions and making words and music of equal importance. The effects of these Gluckist reforms were seen not only in his own operas but in the later works of <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Mozart</a>; the arias now become far more expressive of the individual emotions of the characters and are both more firmly anchored in, and advance, the storyline. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a> was to praise Gluck's innovations in his 1850 essay "<a href="/wiki/Opera_and_Drama" title="Opera and Drama">Opera and Drama</a>": " The musical composer revolted against the wilfulness of the singer"; rather than "unfold[ing] the purely sensuous contents of the Aria to their highest, rankest, pitch", Gluck sought "to put shackles on Caprice's execution of that Aria, by himself endeavouring to give the tune [...] an expression answering to the underlying Word-text".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner199526–27_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner199526–27-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This attitude was to underlie Wagner's would-be deconstruction of aria in his concept of <i><a href="/wiki/Gesamtkunstwerk" title="Gesamtkunstwerk">Gesamtkunstwerk</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aria&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite the ideals of Gluck, and the trend to organise libretti so that arias had a more organic part in the drama rather than merely interrupting its flow, in the operas of the early 19th century, (for example those of <a href="/wiki/Gioachino_Rossini" title="Gioachino Rossini">Gioachino Rossini</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Donizetti" title="Gaetano Donizetti">Gaetano Donizetti</a>), <a href="/wiki/Bravura" title="Bravura">bravura</a> arias remained focal attractions, and they continued to play a major role in <a href="/wiki/Grand_opera" title="Grand opera">grand opera</a>, and in Italian opera through the 19th century. </p><p>A favoured form of aria in the first half of the 19th century in Italian opera was the <i><a href="/wiki/Cabaletta" title="Cabaletta">cabaletta</a></i>, in which a songlike <i>cantabile</i> section is followed by a more animated section, the <i>cabaletta</i> proper, repeated in whole or in part. Typically such arias would be preceded by <a href="/wiki/Recitative" title="Recitative">recitative</a>, the whole sequence being termed a <i>scena</i>. There might also be opportunities for participation by orchestra or chorus. An example is <i>Casta diva</i> from the opera <i><a href="/wiki/Norma_(opera)" title="Norma (opera)">Norma</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Bellini" title="Vincenzo Bellini">Vincenzo Bellini</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-W51_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-W51-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After around 1850, aria forms in Italian opera began to show more variety – many of the operas of <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Giuseppe Verdi</a> offer extended narrative arias for leading roles that enable, in their scope, intensification of drama and characterisation. Examples include <a href="/wiki/Rigoletto" title="Rigoletto">Rigoletto</a>'s condemnation of the court, "Cortigiani, vil razza dannata!" (1851).<sup id="cite_ref-W51_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-W51-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later in the century, the post-1850 operas of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Wagner</a> were <a href="/wiki/Through-composed" class="mw-redirect" title="Through-composed">through-composed</a>, with fewer elements being readily identifiable as self-contained arias;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestrup_et_al.n.d.§5.2._17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestrup_et_al.n.d.§5.2.-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whilst the Italian genre of <a href="/wiki/Verismo" title="Verismo">verismo</a> opera also sought to integrate arioso elements although still allowing some 'show-pieces'.<sup id="cite_ref-W51_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-W51-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Concert_arias">Concert arias</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aria&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Concert arias"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Concert_aria" title="Concert aria">Concert arias</a>, which are not part of any larger work, (or were sometimes written to replace or <a href="/wiki/Insertion_aria" title="Insertion aria">insert</a> arias in their own operas or operas of other composers) were written by composers to provide the opportunity for vocal display for concert singers;<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> examples are <i><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Ah!_perfido" title="Ah! perfido">Ah! perfido</a></i></span></i>, Op. 65, by <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Beethoven</a>, and a number of concert arias by <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Mozart</a>, including <i><a href="/wiki/Conservati_fedele" title="Conservati fedele">Conservati fedele</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Instrumental_music">Instrumental music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aria&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Instrumental music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Goldberg-titlepage.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Goldberg-titlepage.png/220px-Goldberg-titlepage.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Goldberg-titlepage.png/330px-Goldberg-titlepage.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Goldberg-titlepage.png/440px-Goldberg-titlepage.png 2x" data-file-width="896" data-file-height="1285" /></a><figcaption>Title page of the <i>Goldberg Variations</i> (first edition, 1741)</figcaption></figure> <p>The term 'aria' was frequently used in the 17th and 18th centuries for instrumental music modelled on vocal music.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestrup_et_al.n.d.Introduction_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestrup_et_al.n.d.Introduction-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">J. S. Bach</a>'s so-called "<a href="/wiki/Goldberg_Variations" title="Goldberg Variations">Goldberg Variations</a>" were titled at their 1741 publication "Clavier Ubung bestehend in einer ARIA mit verschiedenen Verænderungen" ("Keyboard exercise, consisting of one ARIA with diverse variations.") </p><p>The word is sometimes used in contemporary music as a title for instrumental pieces, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Robin_Holloway" title="Robin Holloway">Robin Holloway</a>'s 1980 'aria' for <a href="/wiki/Chamber_ensemble" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamber ensemble">chamber ensemble</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Harrison_Birtwistle" title="Harrison Birtwistle">Harrison Birtwistle</a>'s brass band piece, "Grimethorpe Aria" (1973).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aria&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Operalogo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Operalogo.svg/31px-Operalogo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Operalogo.svg/47px-Operalogo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Operalogo.svg/62px-Operalogo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Opera" title="Portal:Opera">Opera portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li>See <a href="/wiki/Category:Arias" title="Category:Arias">Category:Arias</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aria&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Notes</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestrup_et_al.n.d.§1:_Derivation-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestrup_et_al.n.d.§1:_Derivation_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWestrup_et_al.n.d.">Westrup et al. (n.d.)</a>, §1: Derivation.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestrup_et_al.n.d.§2:_Seventeenth_century_vocal_music-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestrup_et_al.n.d.§2:_Seventeenth_century_vocal_music_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWestrup_et_al.n.d.">Westrup et al. (n.d.)</a>, §2: Seventeenth century vocal music.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony1991202–205-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnthony1991202–205_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnthony1991">Anthony (1991)</a>, pp. 202–205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTalbotn.d.">Talbot (n.d.)</a>; <a href="#CITEREFSolie1977">Solie (1977)</a>, pp. 54–5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSolie1977">Solie (1977)</a>, p. 31. See also e.g. <a href="#CITEREFRosen1988">Rosen (1988)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis195997-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis195997_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLewis1959">Lewis (1959)</a>, p. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis195996-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis195996_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLewis1959">Lewis (1959)</a>, p. 96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony1991213–215-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnthony1991213–215_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnthony1991">Anthony (1991)</a>, pp. 213–215.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/aria%20parlante">Merriam-Webster dictionary online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130202002217/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/aria%20parlante">Archived</a> 2013-02-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> accessed 21 March 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMoore1880" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Weeks_Moore" title="John Weeks Moore">Moore, John Weeks</a> (1880) [1854]. <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/A/Aria di bravura"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Complete_Encyclopaedia_of_Music/A/Aria_di_bravura">"Aria di bravura" </a></span>. <i>Complete Encyclopaedia of Music</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Ditson_and_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Oliver Ditson and Company">C. H. Ditson & Company</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aria+di+bravura&rft.btitle=Complete+Encyclopaedia+of+Music&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=C.+H.+Ditson+%26+Company&rft.date=1880&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=John+Weeks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webster-dictionary.org/definition/Aria%20buffa">"Aria buffa"</a> in <i>Webster's 1913 Dictionary</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson196234–35-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson196234–35_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobinson1962">Robinson (1962)</a>, pp. 34–35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cited in <a href="#CITEREFRobinson1962">Robinson (1962)</a>, p. 33. (Translation slightly adapted).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlatoff199099–100-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlatoff199099–100_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlatoff1990">Platoff (1990)</a>, pp. 99–100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner199526–27-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner199526–27_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWagner1995">Wagner (1995)</a>, pp. 26–27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-W51-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-W51_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-W51_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-W51_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWestrup_et_al.n.d.">Westrup et al. (n.d.)</a>, §5.1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestrup_et_al.n.d.§5.2.-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestrup_et_al.n.d.§5.2._17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWestrup_et_al.n.d.">Westrup et al. (n.d.)</a>, §5.2..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Companion_to_Music" title="The Oxford Companion to Music">The Oxford Companion to Music</a></i>, "Concert aria"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestrup_et_al.n.d.Introduction-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestrup_et_al.n.d.Introduction_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWestrup_et_al.n.d.">Westrup et al. (n.d.)</a>, Introduction.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boosey.com/cr/music/Robin-Holloway-Aria/3924">Boosey and Hawkes</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130504012743/http://www.boosey.com/cr/music/Robin-Holloway-Aria/3924">Archived</a> 2013-05-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> website, accessed 21 March 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.universaledition.com/composers-and-works/sir-harrison-birtwistle-64/works/grimethorpe-aria-2685">"Birtwistle – Grimethorpe Aria for brass ensemble"</a>. <i>Universal Edition</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180428013131/https://www.universaledition.com/composers-and-works/sir-harrison-birtwistle-64/works/grimethorpe-aria-2685">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Universal+Edition&rft.atitle=Birtwistle+%E2%80%93+Grimethorpe+Aria+for+brass+ensemble&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.universaledition.com%2Fcomposers-and-works%2Fsir-harrison-birtwistle-64%2Fworks%2Fgrimethorpe-aria-2685&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><b>Sources</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnthony1991" class="citation journal cs1">Anthony, James R. (1991). "Air and Aria added to French Opera from the Death of Lully to 1720". <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C3%A9vue_de_musicologie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Révue de musicologie (page does not exist)">Révue de musicologie</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9vue_de_musicologie" class="extiw" title="fr:Révue de musicologie">fr</a>]</span></i>. <b>77</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">201–</span>219.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=R%C3%A9vue+de+musicologie%3Cspan+class%3D%22noprint%22+style%3D%22font-size%3A85%25%3B+font-style%3A+normal%3B+%22%3E+%26%2391%3Bfr%26%2393%3B%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.atitle=Air+and+Aria+added+to+French+Opera+from+the+Death+of+Lully+to+1720&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E201-%3C%2Fspan%3E219&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Anthony&rft.aufirst=James+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLewis1959" class="citation journal cs1">Lewis, Anthony (1959). "Handel and the Aria". <i><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_Royal_Musical_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Proceedings of the Royal Musical Association">Proceedings of the Royal Musical Association</a></i>. <b>85</b>: <span class="nowrap">95–</span>107. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjrma%2F85.1.95">10.1093/jrma/85.1.95</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Musical+Association&rft.atitle=Handel+and+the+Aria&rft.volume=85&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E95-%3C%2Fspan%3E107&rft.date=1959&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjrma%2F85.1.95&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPlatoff1990" class="citation journal cs1">Platoff, John (1990). "The Buffa Aria in Mozart's Vienna". <i>Cambridge Opera Journal</i>. <b>2</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">99–</span>120. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0954586700003177">10.1017/S0954586700003177</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:193182157">193182157</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cambridge+Opera+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Buffa+Aria+in+Mozart%27s+Vienna&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E99-%3C%2Fspan%3E120&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0954586700003177&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A193182157%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Platoff&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRobinson1962" class="citation journal cs1">Robinson, M. F. (1962). "The Aria in Opera Seria, 1725–1780". <i><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_Royal_Musical_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Proceedings of the Royal Musical Association">Proceedings of the Royal Musical Association</a></i>. <b>88</b>: <span class="nowrap">31–</span>43. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjrma%2F88.1.31">10.1093/jrma/88.1.31</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Musical+Association&rft.atitle=The+Aria+in+Opera+Seria%2C+1725%E2%80%931780&rft.volume=88&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E31-%3C%2Fspan%3E43&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjrma%2F88.1.31&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=M.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRosen1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Rosen" title="Charles Rosen">Rosen, Charles</a> (1988). <i>Sonata Forms</i>. New York: Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780393302196" title="Special:BookSources/9780393302196"><bdi>9780393302196</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sonata+Forms&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Norton&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9780393302196&rft.aulast=Rosen&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSolie1977" class="citation journal cs1">Solie, John F. (1977). "Aria Structure and Ritornello Form in the Music of Albinoni". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Musical_Quarterly" title="The Musical Quarterly">The Musical Quarterly</a></i>. <b>63</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">31–</span>47. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmq%2FLXIII.1.31">10.1093/mq/LXIII.1.31</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Musical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Aria+Structure+and+Ritornello+Form+in+the+Music+of+Albinoni&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E31-%3C%2Fspan%3E47&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmq%2FLXIII.1.31&rft.aulast=Solie&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTalbotn.d." class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Talbot_(musicologist)" title="Michael Talbot (musicologist)">Talbot, Michael</a> (n.d.). "Ritornello". <i><a href="/wiki/Grove_Music_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Grove Music Online">Grove Music Online</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ritornello&rft.btitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.aulast=Talbot&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWagner1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Wagner, Richard</a> (1995). <i><a href="/wiki/Opera_and_Drama" title="Opera and Drama">Opera and Drama</a></i>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/William_Ashton_Ellis" title="William Ashton Ellis">W. Ashton Ellis</a>. Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780803297654" title="Special:BookSources/9780803297654"><bdi>9780803297654</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Opera+and+Drama&rft.place=Lincoln+and+London&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780803297654&rft.aulast=Wagner&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWestrup_et_al.n.d." class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jack_Westrup" title="Jack Westrup">Westrup, Jack</a> (n.d.). "Aria". <i><a href="/wiki/Grove_Music_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Grove Music Online">Grove Music Online</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aria&rft.btitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.aulast=Westrup&rft.aufirst=Jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAria" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aria&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Arias" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Arias">Arias</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/60px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/120px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Aria" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Aria">Aria</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/aria" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:aria">aria</a></b></i> or <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/arietta" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:arietta">arietta</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aria-database.com/">The Aria Database</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Opera_terms" title="Template:Opera terms"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Opera_terms" title="Template talk:Opera terms"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Opera_terms" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Opera terms"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Opera_terms_by_origin88" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">Opera</a> <a href="/wiki/Category:Opera_terminology" title="Category:Opera terminology">terms</a> by origin</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">English</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breeches_role" title="Breeches role">Breeches role</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chest_voice" title="Chest voice">Chest voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_performance" title="Concert performance">Concert performance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duodrama" title="Duodrama">Duodrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_voice" title="Head voice">Head voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insertion_aria" title="Insertion aria">Insertion aria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mad_scene" title="Mad scene">Mad scene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melodrama" title="Melodrama">Melodrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monodrama" title="Monodrama">Monodrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Number_(music)" title="Number (music)">Number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_house" title="Opera house">Opera house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patter_song" title="Patter song">Patter song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prompter_(opera)" title="Prompter (opera)">Prompter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sung-through" title="Sung-through">Sung-through</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surtitles" title="Surtitles">Surtitles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">French</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claque" title="Claque">Claque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup_de_glotte" title="Coup de glotte">Coup de glotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divertissement" title="Divertissement">Divertissement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encore" title="Encore">Encore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entr%27acte" title="Entr'acte">Entr'acte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haute-contre" title="Haute-contre">Haute-contre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interm%C3%A8de" title="Intermède">Intermède</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overture" title="Overture">Overture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9p%C3%A9titeur" title="Répétiteur">Répétiteur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roulade_(music)" title="Roulade (music)">Roulade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timbre" title="Timbre">Timbre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trag%C3%A9die_en_musique" title="Tragédie en musique">Tragédie en musique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travesti_(theatre)" title="Travesti (theatre)">Travesti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">German</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fach" title="Fach">Fach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gesamtkunstwerk" title="Gesamtkunstwerk">Gesamtkunstwerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kammers%C3%A4nger" title="Kammersänger">Kammersänger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapellmeister" title="Kapellmeister">Kapellmeister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leitmotif" title="Leitmotif">Leitmotif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literaturoper" title="Literaturoper">Literaturoper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regieoper" title="Regieoper">Regieoper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singspiel" title="Singspiel">Singspiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitzprobe" title="Sitzprobe">Sitzprobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spieloper" title="Spieloper">Spieloper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprechgesang" title="Sprechgesang">Sprechgesang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aria_di_sorbetto" title="Aria di sorbetto">Aria di sorbetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arioso" title="Arioso">Arioso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banda_(opera)" title="Banda (opera)">Banda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bel_canto" title="Bel canto">Bel canto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bravura" title="Bravura">Bravura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brindisi_(music)" title="Brindisi (music)">Brindisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burletta" title="Burletta">Burletta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabaletta" title="Cabaletta">Cabaletta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadenza" title="Cadenza">Cadenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantabile" title="Cantabile">Cantabile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castrato" title="Castrato">Castrato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavatina" title="Cavatina">Cavatina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiaroscuro_(music)" title="Chiaroscuro (music)">Chiaroscuro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coloratura" title="Coloratura">Coloratura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprimario" title="Comprimario">Comprimario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contralto" title="Contralto">Contralto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convenienze" class="mw-redirect" title="Convenienze">Convenienze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Da_capo_aria" title="Da capo aria">Da capo aria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diva" title="Diva">Diva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falsetto" title="Falsetto">Falsetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falsettone" title="Falsettone">Falsettone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fioritura" title="Fioritura">Fioritura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impresario" title="Impresario">Impresario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermezzo" title="Intermezzo">Intermezzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legato" title="Legato">Legato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libretto" title="Libretto">Libretto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licenza_(musical_term)" title="Licenza (musical term)">Licenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maestro" title="Maestro">Maestro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melodramma" title="Melodramma">Melodramma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messa_di_voce" title="Messa di voce">Messa di voce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezzo-soprano" title="Mezzo-soprano">Mezzo-soprano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musico" title="Musico">Musico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_seria" title="Opera seria">Opera seria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossia" title="Ossia">Ossia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passaggio" title="Passaggio">Passaggio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasticcio" title="Pasticcio">Pasticcio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portamento" title="Portamento">Portamento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prima_donna" title="Prima donna">Prima donna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recitative" title="Recitative">Recitative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritornello" title="Ritornello">Ritornello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinfonia" title="Sinfonia">Sinfonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solita_forma" title="Solita forma">Solita forma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soprano" title="Soprano">Soprano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soprano_sfogato" title="Soprano sfogato">Soprano sfogato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinto" title="Spinto">Spinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squillo" title="Squillo">Squillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stagione" title="Stagione">Stagione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stile_rappresentativo" title="Stile rappresentativo">Stile rappresentativo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenore_contraltino" title="Tenore contraltino">Tenore contraltino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenore_di_grazia" title="Tenore di grazia">Tenore di grazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tessitura" title="Tessitura">Tessitura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verismo" title="Verismo">Verismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibrato" title="Vibrato">Vibrato</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hovs%C3%A5ngare" title="Hovsångare">Hovsångare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div 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