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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Definition and historical development</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Definition_and_historical_development-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Definition and historical development subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Definition_and_historical_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins_in_Italian_opera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins_in_Italian_opera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Origins in Italian opera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins_in_Italian_opera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rondeau_form_in_French_Baroque_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rondeau_form_in_French_Baroque_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Rondeau form in French Baroque music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rondeau_form_in_French_Baroque_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spread_of_the_rondeau_form_internationally" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spread_of_the_rondeau_form_internationally"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Spread of the rondeau form internationally</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spread_of_the_rondeau_form_internationally-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rondo_and_sonata_form" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rondo_and_sonata_form"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Rondo and sonata form</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rondo_and_sonata_form-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples_of_rondo_form" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples_of_rondo_form"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Examples of rondo form</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples_of_rondo_form-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Character_type" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Character_type"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Character type</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Character_type-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_usages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_usages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Other usages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_usages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Rondo</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 50 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-50" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">50 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88_(%D9%86%D9%85%D8%B7)" title="روندو (نمط) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="روندو (نمط)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rondo" title="Rondo – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Rondo" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Ронда – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ронда" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE" title="Рондо – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Рондо" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rondo_(Musi)" title="Rondo (Musi) – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Rondo (Musi)" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rondo" title="Rondo – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Rondo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rond%C3%B3" title="Rondó – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Rondó" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rondo" title="Rondo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rondo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rondo" title="Rondo – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Rondo" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rondo" title="Rondo – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Rondo" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rondo_(Musik)" title="Rondo (Musik) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rondo (Musik)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rondo" title="Rondo – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rondo" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%BF%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%8C" title="Ροντό – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ροντό" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rond%C3%B3" title="Rondó – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Rondó" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rondelo_(muziko)" title="Rondelo (muziko) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Rondelo (muziko)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rondo" title="Rondo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Rondo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88" title="روندو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="روندو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rondo_(musique)" title="Rondo (musique) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Rondo (musique)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rond%C3%B3" title="Rondó – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Rondó" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A1%A0%EB%8F%84_(%EC%9D%8C%EC%95%85)" title="론도 (음악) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="론도 (음악)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%B8_(%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AA%D5%B7%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6)" title="Ռոնդո (երաժշտություն) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռոնդո (երաժշտություն)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rondo" title="Rondo – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rondo" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rond%C3%B2" title="Rondò – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rondò" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%95" title="רונדו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רונדו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D" title="რონდო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რონდო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE" title="Рондо – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Рондо" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE" title="Рондо – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Рондо" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rondeau" title="Rondeau – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Rondeau" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rond%C3%B3_(zene)" title="Rondó (zene) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Rondó (zene)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rondo_(dicht-_en_muziekvorm)" title="Rondo (dicht- en muziekvorm) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Rondo (dicht- en muziekvorm)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F" title="ロンド形式 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロンド形式" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rondo_(musikk)" title="Rondo (musikk) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Rondo (musikk)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rondo" title="Rondo – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Rondo" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rondo_(muzyka)" title="Rondo (muzyka) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rondo (muzyka)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rond%C3%B3" title="Rondó – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Rondó" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rondo_(muzic%C4%83)" title="Rondo (muzică) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Rondo (muzică)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE" title="Рондо – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Рондо" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rondo" title="Rondo – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Rondo" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rondo_(hudba)" title="Rondo (hudba) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Rondo (hudba)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rondo" title="Rondo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Rondo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE" title="Рондо – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Рондо" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rondo" title="Rondo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Rondo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rondo" title="Rondo – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Rondo" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rondo" title="Rondo – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rondo" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rondo" title="Rondo – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Rondo" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE_(%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Рондо (музика) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Рондо (музика)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rondo" title="Rondo – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Rondo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rondea" title="Rondea – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Rondea" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BF%B4%E6%97%8B%E6%9B%B2" title="迴旋曲 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="迴旋曲" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%9E%E6%97%8B%E6%9B%B2" title="回旋曲 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="回旋曲" data-language-autonym="中文" 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Musical form consisting of principal and contrasting themes</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the musical refrain form. For the late-18th-century operatic form type, see <a href="/wiki/Rond%C3%B2" title="Rondò">Rondò</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Rondo_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Rondo (disambiguation)">Rondo (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Franz_Rigler_three_rondos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Franz_Rigler_three_rondos.jpg/220px-Franz_Rigler_three_rondos.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Franz_Rigler_three_rondos.jpg/330px-Franz_Rigler_three_rondos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Franz_Rigler_three_rondos.jpg/440px-Franz_Rigler_three_rondos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1736" data-file-height="1285" /></a><figcaption>Title page of <a href="/wiki/Franz_Rigler" class="mw-redirect" title="Franz Rigler">Franz Rigler</a>'s "Three Rondos" (1790)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mozart%27s_Adagio_and_Rondo_K.617_ms.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Mozart%27s_Adagio_and_Rondo_K.617_ms.png/220px-Mozart%27s_Adagio_and_Rondo_K.617_ms.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Mozart%27s_Adagio_and_Rondo_K.617_ms.png/330px-Mozart%27s_Adagio_and_Rondo_K.617_ms.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Mozart%27s_Adagio_and_Rondo_K.617_ms.png/440px-Mozart%27s_Adagio_and_Rondo_K.617_ms.png 2x" data-file-width="641" data-file-height="477" /></a><figcaption>First page of the manuscript for <a href="/wiki/Mozart" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozart">Mozart</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Adagio_and_Rondo_for_glass_harmonica,_flute,_oboe,_viola_and_cello" title="Adagio and Rondo for glass harmonica, flute, oboe, viola and cello">Adagio and Rondo for glass harmonica, flute, oboe, viola and cello</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>rondo</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Musical_form" title="Musical form">musical form</a> that contains a principal <a href="/wiki/Theme_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theme (music)">theme</a> (sometimes called the "refrain") which alternates with one or more contrasting themes, generally called "episodes", but also occasionally referred to as "digressions" or "couplets". Some possible patterns include: <a href="/wiki/Musical_form#Labeling_procedures" title="Musical form">ABACA, ABACAB, ABACBA, or ABACABA</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rondo form emerged in the <a href="/wiki/Baroque_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Baroque period">Baroque period</a> and became increasingly popular during the <a href="/wiki/Classical_period_(music)" title="Classical period (music)">Classical period</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Grove_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest examples of compositions employing rondo form are found within Italian opera <a href="/wiki/Aria" title="Aria">arias</a> and choruses of the first years of the 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Grove_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These examples use a multi-couplet rondo or chain rondo (ABACAD) known as the <b>Italian rondo</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-Grove_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rondo form, also known in English by its French spelling <b>rondeau</b>, should not be confused with the unrelated and similarly named <a href="/wiki/Formes_fixes" title="Formes fixes">forme fixe</a> <a href="/wiki/Rondeau_(forme_fixe)" title="Rondeau (forme fixe)">rondeau</a>; a 14th- and 15th-century French poetic and <a href="/wiki/Chanson" title="Chanson">chanson</a> form. While the origins of rondo form come from Italian opera, the French composer <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lully" title="Jean-Baptiste Lully">Jean-Baptiste Lully</a>, who is sometimes referred to as the father of the rondo or rondeau form, and his contemporaries, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Champion_de_Chambonni%C3%A8res" title="Jacques Champion de Chambonnières">Jacques Champion de Chambonnières</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louis_Couperin" title="Louis Couperin">Louis Couperin</a> popularized the rondo form in France in the 17th century. These composers were succeeded in the later Baroque period by French composers <a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Leclair" title="Jean-Marie Leclair">Jean-Marie Leclair</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Couperin" title="François Couperin">François Couperin</a>, and most importantly <a href="/wiki/Jean-Philippe_Rameau" title="Jean-Philippe Rameau">Jean-Philippe Rameau</a> who continued to be important exponents of music compositions utilizing rondo form. Lully was the first composer to utilize a two-couplet design to his rondo structure, a technique he did not consistently adopt but which was later adopted and standardized by Rameau whose construction of the rondo was codified by the 17th century music theorist <a href="/wiki/Jean_Du_Breuil" title="Jean Du Breuil">Jean Du Breuil</a> in what became known as the <b>French rondeau</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-Grove_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These French composers employed rondo form in a wide range of media, including <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">opera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ballet" title="Ballet">ballet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Choral_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Choral music">choral music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Art_songs" class="mw-redirect" title="Art songs">art songs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orchestral_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Orchestral music">orchestral music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chamber_music" title="Chamber music">chamber music</a>, and works for solo instrument.<sup id="cite_ref-Grove_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French spread the popularity of the form internationally, and the rondo was soon adopted in the late 17th century and early 18th century by composers in other nations such as <a href="/wiki/Henry_Purcell" title="Henry Purcell">Henry Purcell</a> in England and <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Johann Sebastian Bach</a> in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-Grove_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While J.S. Bach's rondos were written in the earlier French tradition of construction and were not particularly progressive, his son <a href="/wiki/Carl_Philipp_Emanuel_Bach" title="Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach">Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach</a> was a highly imaginative and unusually innovative composer in the rondo form; producing thirteen sophisticated and highly personal rondos which place him as a central figure in this form at the end of the Baroque period and early Classical period.<sup id="cite_ref-Grove_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Classical_period_(music)" title="Classical period (music)">Classical period</a> in 1750, the rondo form was already well established throughout Europe and the rondo form reached the height of its popularity in the late 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Grove_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this period the rondo form was most frequently employed by composers as a single movement within a larger work; particularly <a href="/wiki/Concertos" class="mw-redirect" title="Concertos">concertos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serenades" class="mw-redirect" title="Serenades">serenades</a> but also with less frequency in symphonies and chamber music.<sup id="cite_ref-Grove_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, independent rondos were still written in this period, often as virtuoso pieces.<sup id="cite_ref-Grove_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many European composers of this era used the rondo form, including the composers <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Haydn" title="Joseph Haydn">Joseph Haydn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Ludwig van Beethoven</a> who all produced a significant body of music employing rondo form.<sup id="cite_ref-Grove_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These three composers were also important exponents of the <a href="/wiki/Sonata_rondo_form" title="Sonata rondo form">sonata rondo form</a>; a musical form developed in the Classical period which blended the structures of the <a href="/wiki/Sonata_form" title="Sonata form">sonata form</a> with the form of the rondo.<sup id="cite_ref-Grove_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 19th century composers in the <a href="/wiki/Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">Romantic period</a> continued to use the form with some regularity.<sup id="cite_ref-Grove_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Romantic era composers to produce music utilizing rondo form include Beethoven, <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Johannes Brahms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k" title="Antonín Dvořák">Antonín Dvořák</a>, <a href="/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Felix Mendelssohn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franz_Schubert" title="Franz Schubert">Franz Schubert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann">Robert Schumann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Richard Strauss</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky</a>. Rondo form has continued to be used by some <a href="/wiki/20th-century_classical_music" title="20th-century classical music">20th-century</a> and <a href="/wiki/21st-century_classical_music" class="mw-redirect" title="21st-century classical music">21st-century</a> composers; most often by those with a <a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism_(music)" title="Neoclassicism (music)">Neoclassical</a> aesthetic or by those composers referencing classical music composition in some fashion. Some 20th century composers to utilize rondo form include <a href="/wiki/Alban_Berg" title="Alban Berg">Alban Berg</a>, <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bart%C3%B3k" title="Béla Bartók">Béla Bartók</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duke_Ellington" title="Duke Ellington">Duke Ellington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Ginastera" title="Alberto Ginastera">Alberto Ginastera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Hindemith" title="Paul Hindemith">Paul Hindemith</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Prokofiev" title="Sergei Prokofiev">Sergei Prokofiev</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Grove_2-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rondo&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The English word <i>rondo</i> comes from the Italian form of the French <i>rondeau</i>, which means "a little <a href="/wiki/Round_(music)" title="Round (music)">round</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today the word rondo is widely used in the English language to refer to any musical work, vocal or instrumental, containing a principal <a href="/wiki/Theme_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theme (music)">theme</a> which alternates with one or more contrasting themes. However, some English and German speaking composers have also adopted the term rondeau over the term rondo to refer to their compositions utilizing this form; particularly when writing in a French compositional style.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In France, the word <i>rondeau</i> was first used in the <a href="/wiki/Medieval_music" title="Medieval music">Medieval</a> and <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_music" title="Renaissance music">Renaissance</a> periods to refer to the <a href="/wiki/Rondeau_(forme_fixe)" title="Rondeau (forme fixe)">'forme fixe <i>rondeau'</i></a>; a type of poetic and <a href="/wiki/Chanson" title="Chanson">chanson</a> form extant to France in the late 13th through 15th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-forme_fixe_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forme_fixe-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It originally developed as monophonic music (in the 13th century) and then as polyphonic music (in the 14th century). It disappeared from the repertoire by the beginning of the 16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoppin1978[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmedievalmusic00hopppage296_296]–297_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoppin1978[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmedievalmusic00hopppage296_296]–297-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoppin1978[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmedievalmusic00hopppage426_426]–429_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoppin1978[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmedievalmusic00hopppage426_426]–429-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with the formes fixes <i><a href="/wiki/Ballade_(forme_fixe)" title="Ballade (forme fixe)">ballade</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Virelai" title="Virelai">virelai</a></i>, the forme fixe rondeau was limited to only vocal music due to its use within the specific context of French language poetry.<sup id="cite_ref-forme_fixe_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forme_fixe-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The forme fixe <i>rondeau</i> is entirely unrelated to the later musical form <i>rondeau</i>, which emerged principally in mid 17th century France but had its origins in Italian opera of the late 16th and early 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Grove_2-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is this later music form which is now known as rondo in English.<sup id="cite_ref-Grove_2-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 18th century the term <b>Round O</b>, an English corruption of the French word ‘rondeau’, was also sometimes used in the English language to refer to the musical form rondeau. The term Round O was used in several 18th century English publications, including <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Clarke" title="Jeremiah Clarke">Jeremiah Clarke</a>'s <i>Choice Lessons for the Harpsichord or Spinett</i> (London, 1711) and <a href="/wiki/John_Hoyle_(author)" title="John Hoyle (author)">John Hoyle</a>'s <i>A Complete Dictionary of Music</i> (London, 1770). In James Grassineau 's <i>A Musical Dictionary</i> (1740) the term Round O was defined as an alternative spelling of rondeau.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition_and_historical_development">Definition and historical development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rondo&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Definition and historical development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable floatright" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Typical tonal structure of classical seven-part rondo, late 18th and early 19th centuries<sup id="cite_ref-White_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-White-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">  </th> <th scope="col">A </th> <th scope="col">B </th> <th scope="col">A </th> <th scope="col">C </th> <th scope="col">A </th> <th scope="col">B' </th> <th scope="col">A </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Major key </th> <td>I</td> <td>-V or V</td> <td>I</td> <td>VI, IV or<br />parallel minor</td> <td>I</td> <td>I</td> <td>I </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Minor key </th> <td>I</td> <td>III<br />or V</td> <td>I</td> <td>VI or IV</td> <td>I</td> <td>I</td> <td>I </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In rondo form, a principal <a href="/wiki/Theme_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theme (music)">theme</a> (sometimes called the "refrain") alternates with one or more contrasting themes, generally called "episodes", but also occasionally referred to as "digressions" or "couplets". Possible patterns include: <a href="/wiki/Musical_form#Labeling_procedures" title="Musical form">ABACA, ABACAB, ABACBA, or ABACABA</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "ABACA" is often referred as "five-part rondo", the "ABACAB" and "ABACBA" are sometimes called "six-part rondo", and the ABACABA is commonly known as "seven-part rondo". The number of themes can vary from piece to piece, and the recurring element is sometimes embellished and/or shortened in order to provide for <a href="/wiki/Variation_(music)" title="Variation (music)">variation</a>. Perhaps the best-known example of rondo form is <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Beethoven</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/F%C3%BCr_Elise" title="Für Elise">Für Elise</a>", an ABACA rondo. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins_in_Italian_opera">Origins in Italian opera</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rondo&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origins in Italian opera"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Writers on the origin of the rondo form have made connections to the use and development of <a href="/wiki/Ritornello" title="Ritornello">ritornello</a> in <a href="/wiki/Origins_of_opera" title="Origins of opera">early Italian opera</a> at the very end of the 16th century and early 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Grove_2-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While rondo form is similar to ritornello form, it is different in that ritornello form typically brings back the subject or main theme in a paraphrase of that theme through the use of fragments from previous musical passages and in different <a href="/wiki/Key_(music)" title="Key (music)">keys</a>; whereas the rondo brings back its theme complete and in the same key.<sup id="cite_ref-Grove_2-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ritornello, meaning 'return' in Italian, has its origins in 15th century <a href="/wiki/Madrigals" class="mw-redirect" title="Madrigals">madrigals</a> in which repetition or a return to particular stanza is a feature of the compositional structure.<sup id="cite_ref-ritornello_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ritornello-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the advent of opera in Italy in the very last years of the 16th century, ritornello form continued to develop specifically within the structure of the <a href="/wiki/Aria" title="Aria">aria</a> and opera chorus.<sup id="cite_ref-ritornello_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ritornello-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ritornello form was used in instrumental preludes, interludes or postludes (or any combination of these) within the aria and opera chorus; most frequently in the context of opera arias but also in 17th century sacred works such as vocal arias and choruses within <a href="/wiki/Oratorio" title="Oratorio">oratorios</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cantata" title="Cantata">cantatas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ritornello_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ritornello-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only 100 years later at the beginning of the 18th century was the ritornello technique transferred to the concerto;<sup id="cite_ref-ritornello_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ritornello-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> long after the rise of the rondo in France in the 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Grove_2-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The use and development of ritornello in the aria served a practical purpose; as the structure was used to clearly separate vocal sections of the aria from the instrumental preludes, interludes or postludes within the composition. Repeating or paraphrasing instrumental music in the structure of the aria provided a felicitous dramatic structure which could facilitate character entrances and exits, emphasize dramatic intent, or could provide music used with scene transformations or even accompaniments for dances.<sup id="cite_ref-ritornello_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ritornello-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ultimately, the use of ritornello in Italian opera led to the creation of some early Italian arias and opera choruses which follow a traditional rondo form in which the main theme is repeated in its entirety and in the same key. The earliest example of this is within <a href="/wiki/Jacopo_Peri" title="Jacopo Peri">Jacopo Peri</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Euridice_(Peri)" title="Euridice (Peri)">Euridice</a></i> (1600) in which the choruses "Al canto al ballo" and "Sospirate aure celesti" are arranged using a rondo structure.<sup id="cite_ref-Grove_2-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These early examples use a multi-couplet rondo or chain rondo (ABACAD) now known as the <b>Italian rondo</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-Grove_2-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rondeau_form_in_French_Baroque_music">Rondeau form in French Baroque music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rondo&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Rondeau form in French Baroque music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The rondo form, usually referred to in English using the French spelling rondeau when applied to French music, was a popular form in France from the mid to late 17th century and into the 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Grove_2-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French composers of the <a href="/wiki/Baroque_music" title="Baroque music">Baroque period</a> employed rondeau form in a wide range of media, including <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">opera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ballet" title="Ballet">ballet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Choral_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Choral music">choral music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Art_songs" class="mw-redirect" title="Art songs">art songs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orchestral_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Orchestral music">orchestral music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chamber_music" title="Chamber music">chamber music</a>, and works for solo instrument.<sup id="cite_ref-Grove_2-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The composer <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lully" title="Jean-Baptiste Lully">Jean-Baptiste Lully</a> is sometime credited as the 'father of the rondeau', as he was allegedly the first composer to utilize a two-couplet design to his rondeau structure; a technique he did not consistently adopt but which was later adopted and standardized by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Philippe_Rameau" title="Jean-Philippe Rameau">Jean-Philippe Rameau</a> whose construction of the rondeau was codified by the 17th century music theorist <a href="/wiki/Jean_Du_Breuil" title="Jean Du Breuil">Jean Du Breuil</a> in what became known as the <b>French rondeau</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-Grove_2-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some examples of Lully's use of the French rondeau include the "Rondeau pour les basques" from the ballet <i>Intermède de Xerxes</i> (1660), the "Rondeau pour la gloire" from the prologue of the opera <i><a href="/wiki/Alceste_(Lully)" title="Alceste (Lully)">Alceste</a></i> (1674), and the chorus "Suivons Armide" from the opera <i><a href="/wiki/Armide_(Lully)" title="Armide (Lully)">Armide</a></i> (1686).<sup id="cite_ref-Grove_2-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Three other important early rondeau composers of the Baroque period included <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Champion_de_Chambonni%C3%A8res" title="Jacques Champion de Chambonnières">Jacques Champion de Chambonnières</a> and the brothers <a href="/wiki/Louis_Couperin" title="Louis Couperin">Louis Couperin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Couperin" title="François Couperin">François Couperin</a>; all of whom wrote several rondeau for <a href="/wiki/Musical_keyboard" title="Musical keyboard">keyboard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Grove_2-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chambonnières composed a French rondeau for keyboard in F major simply titled <i>Rondeau</i>, and also composed many chaconnes-rondeaux; some of which follow the two-couplet design of the French rondeau but others displaying up to as many as five couplets.<sup id="cite_ref-Grove_2-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Louis Couperin was also experimental with the number of couplets he employed in his rondeau compositions; usually using three or four couplets in his rondeau construction. Louis's <i>Passacaille</i> for harpsichord has a nine couplet rondeau form.<sup id="cite_ref-Grove_2-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> François Couperin was the leading and most prolific French Baroque composer of rondeau composed for the <a href="/wiki/Harpsichord" title="Harpsichord">harpsichord</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Grove_2-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late part of the Baroque period, the composer <a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Leclair" title="Jean-Marie Leclair">Jean-Marie Leclair</a> was a particularly innovative composer within the French rondeau form; especially within his aria movements for violin. Leclair was one of the earliest composers to change metre and tempo within a couplet such as in his op.1 no.9, <i>Allegro ma non presto</i>, and to contain a rondeau within a rondeau in the final couplet as in his opus 1 number 1, <i>Aria</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Grove_2-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spread_of_the_rondeau_form_internationally">Spread of the rondeau form internationally</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rondo&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Spread of the rondeau form internationally"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The music of French Baroque composers like Lully and Rameau spread across Europe and influenced composers across the continent beginning in the late 17th century. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Purcell" title="Henry Purcell">Henry Purcell</a> was one of the earliest composers in England to adopt the form; writing a <i>Rondeau</i> as the second movement of his music for the play <i><a href="/wiki/Abdelazer" title="Abdelazer">Abdelazer</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Aphra_Behn" title="Aphra Behn">Aphra Behn</a> which premiered at the <a href="/wiki/Dorset_Garden_Theatre" title="Dorset Garden Theatre">Dorset Garden Theatre</a> on July 3, 1676. In Germany, the composers <a href="/wiki/Georg_Muffat" title="Georg Muffat">Georg Muffat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Caspar_Ferdinand_Fischer" title="Johann Caspar Ferdinand Fischer">Johann Caspar Ferdinand Fischer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Johann Sebastian Bach</a> all adopted French forms and techniques in some of their compositions; including utilization of the rondeau form. J.S. Bach's utilization of rondeau includes the <a href="/wiki/Passepied" title="Passepied">Passepied I</a> from <i>Suite No. 5 in E minor</i> (c. 1725) in his <i><a href="/wiki/English_Suites_(Bach)" title="English Suites (Bach)">English Suites</a></i>, the fifth movement 'Rondeaux' from <i><a href="/wiki/Partita_for_keyboard_No._2,_BWV_826" title="Partita for keyboard No. 2, BWV 826">Partita for keyboard No. 2, BWV 826</a></i> (c. 1725–1727), the third movement <i><a href="/wiki/Partita_for_Violin_No._3_(Bach)" title="Partita for Violin No. 3 (Bach)">Partita for Violin No. 3</a></i> (1720), and the Rondeau from the <i><a href="/wiki/Orchestral_Suite_No._2_(Bach)" class="mw-redirect" title="Orchestral Suite No. 2 (Bach)">Suite No. 2 in B minor</a></i> (c. 1738–1739).<sup id="cite_ref-Grove_2-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rondo_and_sonata_form">Rondo and sonata form</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rondo&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Rondo and sonata form"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A common expansion of rondo form is to combine it with <a href="/wiki/Sonata_form" title="Sonata form">sonata form</a>, to create the <a href="/wiki/Sonata_rondo_form" title="Sonata rondo form">sonata rondo form</a>. Here, the second theme acts in a similar way to the second theme group in sonata form by appearing first in a key other than the <a href="/wiki/Tonic_(music)" title="Tonic (music)">tonic</a> and later being repeated in the tonic key. Unlike sonata form, thematic development does not need to occur except possibly in the <a href="/wiki/Coda_(music)" title="Coda (music)">coda</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Examples_of_rondo_form">Examples of rondo form</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rondo&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Examples of rondo form"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart</a>: <a href="/wiki/Horn_Concerto_No._4_(Mozart)" class="mw-redirect" title="Horn Concerto No. 4 (Mozart)">Horn Concerto No. 4 in E-flat major</a>, last movement</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart</a>: <a href="/wiki/Piano_Sonata_No._11_(Mozart)" title="Piano Sonata No. 11 (Mozart)">Piano Sonata No. 11</a>, last movement, nicknamed "Rondo alla turca"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Ludwig van Beethoven</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rage_Over_a_Lost_Penny" title="Rage Over a Lost Penny">Rage Over a Lost Penny</a></li> <li>Ludwig van Beethoven: <a href="/wiki/Rondo_for_piano_and_orchestra_(Beethoven)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rondo for piano and orchestra (Beethoven)">Rondo for piano and orchestra, WoO, 6</a></li> <li>Ludwig van Beethoven: <a href="/wiki/Piano_Sonata_No._8_(Beethoven)" title="Piano Sonata No. 8 (Beethoven)">Piano Sonata Op. 13</a>, last movement</li> <li>Ludwig van Beethoven: <a href="/wiki/Piano_Concerto_No._5_(Beethoven)" title="Piano Concerto No. 5 (Beethoven)">Piano Concerto No. 5</a>, last movement</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k" title="Antonín Dvořák">Antonín Dvořák</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cello_Concerto_(Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k)" title="Cello Concerto (Dvořák)"> Cello Concerto in B minor</a>, third movement</li> <li>Antonín Dvořák: <a href="/wiki/Rondo_for_Cello_and_Orchestra_(Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k)" title="Rondo for Cello and Orchestra (Dvořák)">Rondo for Cello and Orchestra </a></li> <li>Antonín Dvořák: <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._6_(Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k)" title="Symphony No. 6 (Dvořák)">Symphony No. 6</a>, second movement</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin">Frédéric Chopin</a>: <a href="/wiki/Piano_Concerto_No._1_(Chopin)" title="Piano Concerto No. 1 (Chopin)">Piano Concerto No. 1</a>, third movement</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aram_Khachaturian" title="Aram Khachaturian">Aram Khachaturian</a>: <a href="/wiki/Violin_Concerto_(Khachaturian)" title="Violin Concerto (Khachaturian)">Violin Concerto</a>, second movement</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Prokofiev" title="Sergei Prokofiev">Sergei Prokofiev</a>: <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._5_(Prokofiev)" title="Symphony No. 5 (Prokofiev)">Symphony No. 5</a>, fourth movement</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Character_type">Character type</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rondo&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Character type"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rondo as a character-type (as distinct from the form) refers to music that is fast and vivacious – normally <i><a href="/wiki/Tempo#Italian_tempo_markings" title="Tempo">Allegro</a></i>. Many classical rondos feature music of a popular or folk character. Music that has been designated as "rondo" normally subscribes to both the form and character. On the other hand, there are many examples of slower, reflective works that are rondo in form but not in character; they include <a href="/wiki/Mozart" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozart">Mozart</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Rondo_in_A_minor_(Mozart)" title="Rondo in A minor (Mozart)">Rondo in A minor, K. 511</a> (marked <i><a href="/wiki/Tempo#Italian_tempo_markings" title="Tempo">Andante</a></i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_usages">Other usages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rondo&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Other usages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A well-known operatic vocal genre of the late 18th century, referred to at that time by the same name but distinguished today in English and German writing by the differently accented term "<a href="/wiki/Rond%C3%B2" title="Rondò">rondò</a>" is cast in two parts, slow-fast.<sup id="cite_ref-Neville_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neville-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rondo&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eugene K. Wolf, "Rondo", <i>Harvard Dictionary of Music</i>, fourth edition, edited by <a href="/wiki/Don_Michael_Randel" title="Don Michael Randel">Don Michael Randel</a>. Harvard University Press Reference Library (Cambridge: Belknap Press for Harvard University Press, 2003). <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01163-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01163-2">978-0-674-01163-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grove-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grove_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grove_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grove_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grove_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grove_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grove_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grove_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grove_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grove_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grove_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grove_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grove_2-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grove_2-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grove_2-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grove_2-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grove_2-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grove_2-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grove_2-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grove_2-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grove_2-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grove_2-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grove_2-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grove_2-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grove_2-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grove_2-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grove_2-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grove_2-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grove_2-27"><sup><i><b>ab</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grove_2-28"><sup><i><b>ac</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grove_2-29"><sup><i><b>ad</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grove_2-30"><sup><i><b>ae</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCole2001" class="citation journal cs1">Cole, Malcolm S. (January 20, 2001). "Rondo". <i><a href="/wiki/Grove_Music_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Grove Music Online">Grove Music Online</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>: 1, 3. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.23787">10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.23787</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.atitle=Rondo&rft.pages=1%2C+3&rft.date=2001-01-20&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.23787&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=Malcolm+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARondo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/rondo">"rondo (n.)"</a>. <i>Online Etymology Dictionary</i>. Douglas Harper<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=rondo+%28n.%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2Frondo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARondo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCole2001" class="citation journal cs1">Cole, Malcolm S. (January 20, 2001). "Rondeau(ii) (Fr.)". <i><a href="/wiki/Grove_Music_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Grove Music Online">Grove Music Online</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.23783">10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.23783</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.atitle=Rondeau%28ii%29+%28Fr.%29&rft.date=2001-01-20&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.23783&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=Malcolm+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARondo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-forme_fixe-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-forme_fixe_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-forme_fixe_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkins2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Wilkins, Nigel (2001). "Rondeau (i)". <i><a href="/wiki/Grove_Music_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Grove Music Online">Grove Music Online</a></i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.23782">10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.23782</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rondeau+%28i%29&rft.btitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.23782&rft.aulast=Wilkins&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARondo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoppin1978[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmedievalmusic00hopppage296_296]–297-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoppin1978[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmedievalmusic00hopppage296_296]–297_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoppin1978">Hoppin 1978</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/medievalmusic00hopp/page/296">296</a>–297.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoppin1978[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmedievalmusic00hopppage426_426]–429-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoppin1978[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmedievalmusic00hopppage426_426]–429_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoppin1978">Hoppin 1978</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/medievalmusic00hopp/page/426">426</a>–429.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkins2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Wilkins, Nigel (2001). "Rondeau (i)". <i><a href="/wiki/Grove_Music_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Grove Music Online">Grove Music Online</a></i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.23782">10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.23782</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rondeau+%28i%29&rft.btitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.23782&rft.aulast=Wilkins&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARondo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCole2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Cole, Malcolm S. (2001). "Round O". <i><a href="/wiki/Grove_Music_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Grove Music Online">Grove Music Online</a></i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.23962">10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.23962</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Round+O&rft.btitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.23962&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=Malcolm+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARondo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-White-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-White_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">White, John D. (1976). <i>The Analysis of Music</i>, pp. 54–56. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-033233-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-033233-X">0-13-033233-X</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eugene K. Wolf, "Rondo", <i>Harvard Dictionary of Music</i>, fourth edition, edited by <a href="/wiki/Don_Michael_Randel" title="Don Michael Randel">Don Michael Randel</a>. Harvard University Press Reference Library (Cambridge: Belknap Press for Harvard University Press, 2003). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01163-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01163-2">978-0-674-01163-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ritornello-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ritornello_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ritornello_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ritornello_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ritornello_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ritornello_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalbot2001" class="citation journal cs1">Talbot, Michael (January 20, 2001). "Ritornello (It.; Fr. ritournelle)". <i><a href="/wiki/Grove_Music_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Grove Music Online">Grove Music Online</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>: 1, 3. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.23526">10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.23526</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.atitle=Ritornello+%28It.%3B+Fr.+ritournelle%29&rft.pages=1%2C+3&rft.date=2001-01-20&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.23526&rft.aulast=Talbot&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARondo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neville-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Neville_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Don Neville, "Rondò", <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Opera" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Opera">The New Grove Dictionary of Opera</a></i>, 4 vols., edited by <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Sadie" title="Stanley Sadie">Stanley Sadie</a> (London: Macmillan, 1992).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><b>Sources</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoppin1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hoppin" title="Richard Hoppin">Hoppin, Richard H.</a> (1978). "The Rondeau". <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/medievalmusic00hopp"><i>Medieval Music</i></a></span>. New York: W. W. Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-09090-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-09090-6"><bdi>0-393-09090-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Rondeau&rft.btitle=Medieval+Music&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0-393-09090-6&rft.aulast=Hoppin&rft.aufirst=Richard+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmedievalmusic00hopp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARondo" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rondo&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mtcn.free.fr/mtcn-traditional-music-midi-limoux-carnival.php">Rondo form in traditional marches from Limoux' carnival</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> Texts on Wikisource: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Rondo" class="extiw" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Rondo">Rondo</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a></i>. 1905.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rondo&rft.btitle=New+International+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARondo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/Rondeau" class="extiw" title="s:The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Rondeau">Rondeau</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Americana" title="Encyclopedia Americana">Encyclopedia Americana</a></i>. 1920.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rondeau&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Americana&rft.date=1920&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARondo" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4h0YHYSuXI0"><span class="plainlinks">Audio, Rondeau</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a>, from Nouvelle Chaconne in E minor by <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Montan_Berton" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre-Montan Berton">Pierre-Montan Berton</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bayerische_Kammerphilharmonie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bayerische Kammerphilharmonie (page does not exist)">Bayerische Kammerphilharmonie</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayerische_Kammerphilharmonie" class="extiw" title="de:Bayerische Kammerphilharmonie">de</a>]</span>, <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Goebel" title="Reinhard Goebel">Reinhard Goebel</a> conducting</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Development_(music)" title="Development (music)">development</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arch_form" title="Arch form">Arch form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_argument" title="Musical argument">Argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ausmultiplikation" title="Ausmultiplikation">Ausmultiplikation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_form" title="Bar form">Bar form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binary_form" title="Binary form">Binary form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridge_(music)" title="Bridge (music)">Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call_and_response_(music)" title="Call and response (music)">Call and response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_(music)" title="Cell (music)">Cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coda_(music)" title="Coda (music)">Coda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conclusion_(music)" title="Conclusion (music)">Conclusion</a></li> <li><a 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title="Melody">Melody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motif_(music)" title="Motif (music)">Motif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_(music)" title="Movement (music)">Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostinato" title="Ostinato">Ostinato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overture" title="Overture">Overture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partita" title="Partita">Partita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_(music)" title="Period (music)">Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrase_(music)" title="Phrase (music)">Phrase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-chorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-chorus">Pre-chorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-chorus" title="Post-chorus">Post-chorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recapitulation_(music)" title="Recapitulation (music)">Recapitulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repetition_(music)" title="Repetition (music)">Repetition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reprise" title="Reprise">Reprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riff" title="Riff">Riff</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rond%C3%B2" title="Rondò">Rondò</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_(music)" title="Section (music)">Section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonata_form" title="Sonata form">Sonata form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonata_rondo_form" title="Sonata rondo form">Sonata rondo form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_structure" title="Song structure">Song structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strophic_form" title="Strophic form">Strophic form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ternary_form" title="Ternary form">Ternary form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subject_(music)" title="Subject (music)">Theme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty-two-bar_form" title="Thirty-two-bar form">Thirty-two-bar form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Through-composed_music" title="Through-composed music">Through-composed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_(music)" title="Transition (music)">Transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variation_(music)" title="Variation (music)">Variation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verse%E2%80%93chorus_form" title="Verse–chorus form">Verse–chorus form</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding-right:1.5em"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FClef.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="F (bass) clef symbol"><img alt="F (bass) clef symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/FClef.svg/40px-FClef.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/FClef.svg/60px-FClef.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/FClef.svg/80px-FClef.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="18" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output 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