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href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPICE_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB)" title="SPICE (протокол) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="SPICE (протокол)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Protocol_for_Independent_Computing_Environments" title="Simple Protocol for Independent Computing Environments – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Simple Protocol for Independent Computing Environments" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8B%AC%E7%AB%8B%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83%E7%AE%80%E5%8D%95%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" title="独立计算环境简单协议 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Remote computer desktop sharing protocol</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the remote desktop protocol. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Spice_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Spice (disambiguation)">Spice (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">SPICE</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Programmer" title="Programmer">Original author(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Qumranet" title="Qumranet">Qumranet</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Programmer" title="Programmer">Developer(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Red_Hat" title="Red Hat">Red Hat</a></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Stable release</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin:0px;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>spice-protocol: 0.14.4 / February 10, 2022<span class="noprint">; 2 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2022-02-10</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li>spice: 0.15.1 / October 12, 2022<span class="noprint">; 2 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2022-10-12</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li>spice-gtk: 0.41 / July 4, 2022<span class="noprint">; 2 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2022-07-04</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div> </div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Written in</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a> (Client)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_categories#Categorization_approaches" title="Software categories">Type</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Server, client</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GPL</a>, <a href="/wiki/GNU_Lesser_General_Public_License" title="GNU Lesser General Public License">LGPL</a> and <a href="/wiki/BSD_licenses" title="BSD licenses">BSD</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spice-space.org/">spice-space.org</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite" title="Internet protocol suite">Internet protocol suite</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Application_layer" title="Application layer">Application layer</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Border_Gateway_Protocol" title="Border Gateway Protocol">BGP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_Host_Configuration_Protocol" title="Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol">DHCP</a> (<a href="/wiki/DHCPv6" title="DHCPv6">v6</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System">DNS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_Transfer_Protocol" title="File Transfer Protocol">FTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTTP" title="HTTP">HTTP</a> (<a href="/wiki/HTTP/3" title="HTTP/3">HTTP/3</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTTPS" title="HTTPS">HTTPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Message_Access_Protocol" title="Internet Message Access Protocol">IMAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRC" title="IRC">IRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightweight_Directory_Access_Protocol" title="Lightweight Directory Access Protocol">LDAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_Gateway_Control_Protocol" title="Media Gateway Control Protocol">MGCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MQTT" title="MQTT">MQTT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_News_Transfer_Protocol" title="Network News Transfer Protocol">NNTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_Time_Protocol" title="Network Time Protocol">NTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Shortest_Path_First" title="Open Shortest Path First">OSPF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post_Office_Protocol" title="Post Office Protocol">POP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precision_Time_Protocol" title="Precision Time Protocol">PTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Network_Computing_Remote_Procedure_Call" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Network Computing Remote Procedure Call">ONC/RPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real-time_Transport_Protocol" title="Real-time Transport Protocol">RTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Time_Streaming_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Time Streaming Protocol">RTSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Routing_Information_Protocol" title="Routing Information Protocol">RIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Session_Initiation_Protocol" title="Session Initiation Protocol">SIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocol" title="Simple Mail Transfer Protocol">SMTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_Network_Management_Protocol" title="Simple Network Management Protocol">SNMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secure_Shell" title="Secure Shell">SSH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telnet" title="Telnet">Telnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_Layer_Security" title="Transport Layer Security">TLS/SSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XMPP" title="XMPP">XMPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Application_layer_protocols" title="Category:Application layer protocols"><i>more...</i></a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Transport_layer" title="Transport layer">Transport layer</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol">TCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_Datagram_Protocol" title="User Datagram Protocol">UDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Datagram_Congestion_Control_Protocol" title="Datagram Congestion Control Protocol">DCCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_Control_Transmission_Protocol" title="Stream Control Transmission Protocol">SCTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_Reservation_Protocol" title="Resource Reservation Protocol">RSVP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QUIC" title="QUIC">QUIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Transport_layer_protocols" title="Category:Transport layer protocols"><i>more...</i></a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Internet_layer" title="Internet layer">Internet layer</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol">IP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IPv4" title="IPv4">v4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPv6" title="IPv6">v6</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Control_Message_Protocol" title="Internet Control Message Protocol">ICMP</a> (<a href="/wiki/ICMPv6" title="ICMPv6">v6</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neighbor_Discovery_Protocol" title="Neighbor Discovery Protocol">NDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explicit_Congestion_Notification" title="Explicit Congestion Notification">ECN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Group_Management_Protocol" title="Internet Group Management Protocol">IGMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPsec" title="IPsec">IPsec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Internet_layer_protocols" title="Category:Internet layer protocols"><i>more...</i></a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Link_layer" title="Link layer">Link layer</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Address_Resolution_Protocol" title="Address Resolution Protocol">ARP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunneling_protocol" title="Tunneling protocol">Tunnels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point-to-Point_Protocol" title="Point-to-Point Protocol">PPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium_access_control" title="Medium access control">MAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Link_protocols" title="Category:Link protocols"><i>more...</i></a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Internet_protocol_suite" title="Template:Internet protocol suite"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Internet_protocol_suite" title="Template talk:Internet protocol suite"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Internet_protocol_suite" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Internet protocol suite"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Computing" title="Computing">computing</a>, <b>SPICE</b> (the <b>Simple Protocol for Independent Computing Environments</b>) is a remote-<a href="/wiki/Display_device" title="Display device">display</a> system built for <a href="/wiki/Virtual_environment" title="Virtual environment">virtual environments</a> which allows users to view a computing <a href="/wiki/Desktop_environment" title="Desktop environment"> "desktop" environment</a> – not only on its computer-server machine, but also from anywhere on the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> – using a wide variety of <a href="/wiki/Computer_architecture" title="Computer architecture">machine architectures</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Qumranet" title="Qumranet">Qumranet</a> originally developed SPICE using a <a href="/wiki/Closed-source" class="mw-redirect" title="Closed-source">closed-source</a> <a href="/wiki/Codebase" title="Codebase">codebase</a> in 2007. <a href="/wiki/Red_Hat" title="Red Hat">Red Hat, Inc</a> acquired Qumranet in 2008, and in December 2009 released the code under an <a href="/wiki/Open-source_license" title="Open-source license">open-source license</a> and made the protocol an open standard.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Security">Security</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simple_Protocol_for_Independent_Computing_Environments&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Security"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A SPICE client connection to a remote desktop server consists of multiple <a href="/wiki/Data_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Data channel">data channels</a>, each of which is run over a separate <a href="/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol">TCP</a> or <a href="/wiki/UNIX" class="mw-redirect" title="UNIX">UNIX</a> <a href="/wiki/Socket_connection" class="mw-redirect" title="Socket connection">socket connection</a>. A data channel can be designated to operate in either clear-text, or <a href="/wiki/Transport_Layer_Security" title="Transport Layer Security">TLS</a> modes, allowing the administrator to trade off the security level vs performance. The TLS mode provides <a href="/wiki/Strong_encryption" class="mw-redirect" title="Strong encryption">strong encryption</a> of all traffic transmitted on the data channel. </p><p>In addition to encryption, the SPICE protocol allows for a choice of authentication schemes. The original SPICE protocol defined a ticket based authentication scheme using a shared secret. The server would generate an <a href="/wiki/RSA_(algorithm)" class="mw-redirect" title="RSA (algorithm)">RSA</a> public/private <a href="/wiki/Keypair" class="mw-redirect" title="Keypair">keypair</a> and send its <a href="/wiki/Public_key" class="mw-redirect" title="Public key">public key</a> to the client. The client would encrypt the ticket (password) with the public key and send the result back to the server, which would decrypt and verify the ticket. The current SPICE protocol also allows for use of the <a href="/wiki/Simple_Authentication_and_Security_Layer" title="Simple Authentication and Security Layer">SASL</a> authentication protocol, thus enabling support for a wide range of admin configurable authentication mechanisms, in particular <a href="/wiki/Kerberos_(protocol)" title="Kerberos (protocol)">Kerberos</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Implementations">Implementations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simple_Protocol_for_Independent_Computing_Environments&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Implementations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While only one server implementation exists, several programmers have developed new implementations of the SPICE client-side since the open-sourcing of SPICE. </p> <dl><dt>spice-protocol</dt> <dd>The spice-protocol module<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> defines the SPICE wire protocol formats. This is made available under the BSD license, and is portable across the <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> and <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a> platforms.</dd> <dt>spice</dt> <dd>The spice module<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> provides the reference implementation for the server side of the SPICE protocol. The server is provided as a <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_library" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamic library">dynamic library</a> which can be linked to any application wishing to expose a SPICE server. As of 2013<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simple_Protocol_for_Independent_Computing_Environments&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, <a href="/wiki/QEMU" title="QEMU">QEMU</a> uses this to provide a SPICE interface for <a href="/wiki/Virtual_machine" title="Virtual machine">virtual machines</a>. The spice codebase is available under the <a href="/wiki/LGPL" class="mw-redirect" title="LGPL">LGPL</a> v2+ license.</dd> <dd>A client part of the spice codebase named spicec was removed in December 2014.</dd> <dt>spice-gtk</dt> <dd>The spice-gtk module<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> implements a SPICE client using the <a href="/wiki/GObject" title="GObject">GObject</a> type system and the <a href="/wiki/GTK" title="GTK">GTK</a> <a href="/wiki/Widget_toolkit" title="Widget toolkit">widget toolkit</a>. This comprises a low-level <a href="/wiki/Library_(computing)" title="Library (computing)">library</a>, spice-client-glib, which implements the client protocol code, and a high-level set of <a href="/wiki/Graphical_widget" title="Graphical widget">widgets</a> which provide a graphical client capability using GTK. This is made available under the <a href="/wiki/GNU_Lesser_General_Public_License" title="GNU Lesser General Public License">LGPLv2+</a> license, and is portable across the Linux, <a href="/wiki/OS_X" class="mw-redirect" title="OS X">OS X</a> and Windows platforms.</dd> <dt>spice-html5</dt> <dd>The spice-html5 module<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> implements a SPICE client that uses <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a> and is intended to run inside a web browser supporting <a href="/wiki/HTML5" title="HTML5">HTML5</a>. While it implements the SPICE protocol, it cannot talk directly to a regular SPICE server. It must connect to the server indirectly via <a href="/wiki/WebSocket" title="WebSocket">WebSocket</a> proxy.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is made available under a combination of the <a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License#Version_3" title="GNU General Public License">GPLv3+</a> and LGPLv3+ licenses.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simple_Protocol_for_Independent_Computing_Environments&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The SPICE protocol originated to provide improved <a href="/wiki/Remote_desktop" class="mw-redirect" title="Remote desktop">remote desktop</a> capabilities in a <a href="/wiki/Fork_(software_development)" title="Fork (software development)">fork</a> of the KVM codebase. </p> <dl><dt>QEMU/KVM</dt> <dd>The QEMU maintainers merged support for providing SPICE remote desktop capabilities for all QEMU virtual machines in March 2010. The QEMU binary links to the spice-server library to provide this capability and implements the QXL paravirtualized framebuffer device to enable the guest OS to take advantage of the performance benefits the SPICE protocol offers. The guest OS may also use a regular<a href="/wiki/VGA_card" class="mw-redirect" title="VGA card">VGA card</a>, albeit with degraded performance as compared to QXL.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Xspice</dt> <dd>The <a href="/wiki/X.Org_Server" title="X.Org Server">X.Org Server</a> driver for the QXL <a href="/wiki/Framebuffer" title="Framebuffer">framebuffer</a> device includes a <a href="/wiki/Wrapper_function" title="Wrapper function">wrapper</a> script,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which makes it possible to launch a Xorg server whose display is exported via the SPICE protocol. This enables use of SPICE in a remote desktop environment, without requiring QEMU/KVM virtualization.</dd> <dt>virt-viewer</dt> <dd>The <code>virt-viewer</code> program uses the spice-gtk client library to connect to virtual machines using SPICE, as an alternative to its previous support for <a href="/wiki/VNC" title="VNC">VNC</a>.</dd> <dt>oVirt</dt> <dd>SPICE is integrated into <a href="/wiki/OVirt" title="OVirt">oVirt</a> <a href="/wiki/Private_cloud" class="mw-redirect" title="Private cloud">private cloud</a> management software, allowing users to connect to virtual machines through SPICE.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simple_Protocol_for_Independent_Computing_Environments&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/28px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/42px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/56px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Free_and_open-source_software" title="Portal:Free and open-source software">Free and open-source software portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Hat_Virtualization" title="Red Hat Virtualization">Red Hat Virtualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_Graphics_Software" title="Remote Graphics Software">HP Remote Graphics Software</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simple_Protocol_for_Independent_Computing_Environments&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/spice/spice-protocol/-/releases/v0.14.4">"spice 0.14.4 release"</a>. gitlab.freedesktop.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=spice+0.14.4+release&rft.pub=gitlab.freedesktop.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgitlab.freedesktop.org%2Fspice%2Fspice-protocol%2F-%2Freleases%2Fv0.14.4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASimple+Protocol+for+Independent+Computing+Environments" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/spice/spice/-/releases/v0.15.1">"spice 0.15.1 release"</a>. gitlab.freedesktop.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=spice+0.15.1+release&rft.pub=gitlab.freedesktop.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgitlab.freedesktop.org%2Fspice%2Fspice%2F-%2Freleases%2Fv0.15.1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASimple+Protocol+for+Independent+Computing+Environments" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/spice/spice-gtk/-/releases/v0.41">"spice-gtk 0.41 release"</a>. gitlab.freedesktop.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=spice-gtk+0.41+release&rft.pub=gitlab.freedesktop.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgitlab.freedesktop.org%2Fspice%2Fspice-gtk%2F-%2Freleases%2Fv0.41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASimple+Protocol+for+Independent+Computing+Environments" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.redhat.com/about/news/press-archive/2009/12/spice-os">"Red Hat open-sources SPICE"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Red_Hat" title="Red Hat">Red Hat</a>. 9 December 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-10-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Red+Hat+open-sources+SPICE&rft.pub=Red+Hat&rft.date=2009-12-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.redhat.com%2Fabout%2Fnews%2Fpress-archive%2F2009%2F12%2Fspice-os&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASimple+Protocol+for+Independent+Computing+Environments" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spice-space.org/">"Project website"</a>. spice-space.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-12-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Project+website&rft.pub=spice-space.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spice-space.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASimple+Protocol+for+Independent+Computing+Environments" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cgit.freedesktop.org/spice/spice-protocol/tree/spice">"spice-protocol GIT repository"</a>. cgit.freedesktop.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-10-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=spice-protocol+GIT+repository&rft.pub=cgit.freedesktop.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcgit.freedesktop.org%2Fspice%2Fspice-protocol%2Ftree%2Fspice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASimple+Protocol+for+Independent+Computing+Environments" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cgit.freedesktop.org/spice/spice/">"spice/spice"</a>. <i>cgit.freedesktop.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cgit.freedesktop.org&rft.atitle=spice%2Fspice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcgit.freedesktop.org%2Fspice%2Fspice%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASimple+Protocol+for+Independent+Computing+Environments" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cgit.freedesktop.org/spice/spice-gtk/">"spice-gtk GIT repository"</a>. cgit.freedesktop.org. 2013-10-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-10-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=spice-gtk+GIT+repository&rft.pub=cgit.freedesktop.org&rft.date=2013-10-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcgit.freedesktop.org%2Fspice%2Fspice-gtk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASimple+Protocol+for+Independent+Computing+Environments" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cgit.freedesktop.org/spice/spice-html5/">"spice-html5 GIT repository"</a>. cgit.freedesktop.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-10-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=spice-html5+GIT+repository&rft.pub=cgit.freedesktop.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcgit.freedesktop.org%2Fspice%2Fspice-html5%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASimple+Protocol+for+Independent+Computing+Environments" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/kanaka/websockify">websockify</a> on <a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pve.proxmox.com/pve-docs-7/chapter-qm.html">"QEMU/KVM Virtual Machines"</a>. <i>pve.proxmox.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-09-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pve.proxmox.com&rft.atitle=QEMU%2FKVM+Virtual+Machines&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpve.proxmox.com%2Fpve-docs-7%2Fchapter-qm.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASimple+Protocol+for+Independent+Computing+Environments" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cgit.freedesktop.org/xorg/driver/xf86-video-qxl/tree/README.xspice">"XSpice README"</a>. cgit.freedesktop.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-10-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=XSpice+README&rft.pub=cgit.freedesktop.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcgit.freedesktop.org%2Fxorg%2Fdriver%2Fxf86-video-qxl%2Ftree%2FREADME.xspice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASimple+Protocol+for+Independent+Computing+Environments" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simple_Protocol_for_Independent_Computing_Environments&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spice-space.org/">Official website</a></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spice-space.org/static/docs/spice_protocol.pdf">SPICE protocol</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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<li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_Machine_Manager" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtual Machine Manager">Virtual Machine Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceph_(software)" title="Ceph (software)">Ceph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_(software)" title="Satellite (software)">Satellite</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Simple Protocol for Independent Computing Environments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansible_(software)" title="Ansible (software)">Ansible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CentOS" title="CentOS">CentOS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Hat_Network" title="Red Hat Network">Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Hat_Virtualization" title="Red Hat Virtualization">Virtualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenShift" title="OpenShift">OpenShift</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Fedora_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="The Fedora Project">The Fedora Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FreeOTP" title="FreeOTP">FreeOTP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Hat_Linux" title="Red Hat Linux">Red Hat Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mugshot_(website)" title="Mugshot (website)">Mugshot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spacewalk_(software)" title="Spacewalk (software)">Spacewalk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Whitehurst" title="Jim Whitehurst">Jim Whitehurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Szulik" title="Matthew Szulik">Matthew Szulik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Young_(businessman)" title="Bob Young (businessman)">Bob Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Ewing" title="Marc Ewing">Marc Ewing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Tiemann" title="Michael Tiemann">Michael Tiemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Cormier_(engineer)" title="Paul Cormier (engineer)">Paul Cormier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mergers and acquisitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C2Net" title="C2Net">C2Net</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cygnus_Solutions" title="Cygnus Solutions">Cygnus Solutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gluster" title="Gluster">Gluster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inktank_Storage" title="Inktank Storage">Inktank Storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MetaMatrix" title="MetaMatrix">MetaMatrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qumranet" title="Qumranet">Qumranet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fedora_Linux" title="Fedora Linux">Fedora Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Hat_Certification_Program" title="Red Hat Certification Program">Certification Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux_derivatives" title="Red Hat Enterprise Linux derivatives">Enterprise Linux derivatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Hat_Tower" title="Red Hat Tower">Tower</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    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