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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Earlier form of the Irish language</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Early Modern Irish</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Early Modern Gaelic</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;"><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Gaoidhealg</i></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Book_of_Ballymote_170r.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Book_of_Ballymote_170r.jpg/200px-Book_of_Ballymote_170r.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Book_of_Ballymote_170r.jpg/300px-Book_of_Ballymote_170r.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Book_of_Ballymote_170r.jpg/400px-Book_of_Ballymote_170r.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1268" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Recto_and_verso" title="Recto and verso">fol. 170r</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ballymote" title="Book of Ballymote">Book of Ballymote</a> (1390), the <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga"><a href="/wiki/Auraicept_na_n-%C3%89ces" title="Auraicept na n-Éces">Auraicept na n-Éces</a></i></span> explaining the <a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a> script.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Era</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">c. 1200 to c. 1600</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Celtic_languages" title="Insular Celtic languages">Insular Celtic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Goidelic_languages" title="Goidelic languages">Goidelic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Early Modern Irish</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Primitive_Irish" title="Primitive Irish">Primitive Irish</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Irish" title="Old Irish">Old Irish</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Irish" title="Middle Irish">Middle Irish</a> </li></ul> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Standard forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Classical_Gaelic">Classical Gaelic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/ghc" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:ghc">ghc</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Linguist_List" title="Linguist List">Linguist List</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200101010101/http://multitree.org/codes/ghc.html">ghc.html</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/hibe1235">hibe1235</a></code></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Early Modern Irish</b> (<a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>: <i lang="ga">Gaeilge Chlasaiceach</i>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'Classical Irish') represented a transition between <a href="/wiki/Middle_Irish" title="Middle Irish">Middle Irish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Modern Irish</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Keating_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keating-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its literary form, <b>Classical Gaelic</b>, was used in Ireland and Scotland from the 13th to the 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McManus_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McManus-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classical_Gaelic">Classical Gaelic</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Modern_Irish&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classical Gaelic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Classical Gaelic</b> or <b>Classical Irish</b> (<span title="Hiberno-Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="ghc">Gaoidhealg</i></span>) was a shared <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_literature" title="Gaelic literature">literary form of Gaelic</a> that was in use by poets in <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> from the 13th century to the 18th century. </p><p>Although the first written signs of <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a> having diverged from <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a> appear as far back as the 12th century annotations of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Deer" title="Book of Deer">Book of Deer</a>, Scottish Gaelic did not have a separate standardised form and did not appear in print on a significant scale until the 1767 translation of the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> into Scottish Gaelic;<sup id="cite_ref-Comp_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Comp-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, in the 16th century, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9on_Carsuel" title="Séon Carsuel">John Carswell</a>'s <i><span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Foirm na n-Urrnuidheadh</i></span></i>, an adaptation of <a href="/wiki/John_Knox" title="John Knox">John Knox</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Order" title="Book of Common Order">Book of Common Order</a></i>, was the first book printed in either Scottish or Irish Gaelic.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before that time, the vernacular dialects of Ireland and Scotland were considered to belong to a single language, and in the late 12th century a highly formalized standard variant of that language was created for the use in <a href="/wiki/Irish_bardic_poetry" title="Irish bardic poetry">bardic poetry</a>. The standard was created by medieval Gaelic poets based on the vernacular usage of the late 12th century and allowed a lot of dialectal forms that existed at that point in time,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but was kept conservative and had been taught virtually unchanged throughout later centuries. The grammar and metrical rules were described in a series of grammatical tracts and linguistic poems used for teaching in bardic schools.<sup id="cite_ref-linguistic-training_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-linguistic-training-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="External_history">External history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Modern_Irish&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: External history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elizabeth_I%27s_primer_on_Irish.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Elizabeth_I%27s_primer_on_Irish.jpg/220px-Elizabeth_I%27s_primer_on_Irish.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Elizabeth_I%27s_primer_on_Irish.jpg/330px-Elizabeth_I%27s_primer_on_Irish.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Elizabeth_I%27s_primer_on_Irish.jpg/440px-Elizabeth_I%27s_primer_on_Irish.jpg 2x" data-file-width="862" data-file-height="623" /></a><figcaption>Multilingual <a href="/wiki/Phrasebook" class="mw-redirect" title="Phrasebook">phrasebook</a> compiled for <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth I of England">Elizabeth I of England</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Tudor dynasty sought to subdue its Irish citizens. The Tudor rulers attempted to do this by restricting the use of the Irish language while simultaneously promoting the use of the English language. English expansion in Ireland, outside of the Pale, was attempted under Mary I, but ended with poor results.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Elizabeth I">Queen Elizabeth I</a> was proficient in several languages and is reported to have expressed a desire to understand Irish.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A primer was prepared on her behalf by <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Nugent" title="Christopher Nugent">Christopher Nugent, 6th Baron Delvin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Modern_Irish&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The grammar of Early Modern Irish is laid out in a series of grammatical <a href="/wiki/Tract_(literature)" title="Tract (literature)">tracts</a> written by native speakers and intended to teach the most cultivated form of the language to student <a href="/wiki/Bard" title="Bard">bards</a>, lawyers, doctors, administrators, monks, and so on in Ireland and Scotland. The tracts were edited and published by <a href="/wiki/Osborn_Bergin" title="Osborn Bergin">Osborn Bergin</a> as a supplement to <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89riu_(journal)" title="Ériu (journal)">Ériu</a></i> between 1916 and 1955 under the title <i>Irish Grammatical Tracts</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and some with commentary and translation by <a href="/wiki/Lambert_McKenna" title="Lambert McKenna">Lambert McKenna</a> in 1944 as <i>Bardic Syntactical Tracts</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-linguistic-training_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-linguistic-training-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">neuter</a> gender is gone (formerly neuter nouns transition mostly to masculine, occasionally feminine categories) – but some historically neuter nouns may still optionally cause <a href="/wiki/Irish_initial_mutations" title="Irish initial mutations">eclipsis</a> of a following complement (eg. <span title="Hiberno-Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="ghc">lá n-aon</i></span> "one day"), as they did in Old Irish. The distinction between preposition + accusative to show motion toward a goal (e.g. <span title="Hiberno-Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="ghc">san gcath</i></span> "into the battle") and preposition + dative to show non–goal-oriented location (e.g. <span title="Hiberno-Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="ghc">san chath</i></span> "in the battle") is lost during this period in the spoken language, as is the distinction between <a href="/wiki/Nominative" class="mw-redirect" title="Nominative">nominative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Accusative_case" title="Accusative case">accusative case</a> in nouns, but they are kept in Classical Gaelic. The Classical Gaelic standard also requires the use of accusative for <a href="/wiki/Direct_object" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct object">direct object</a> of the verb if it is different in form from the nominative. </p><p>Verb endings are also in transition.<sup id="cite_ref-Keating_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keating-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ending <i>-ann</i> (which spread from conjunct forms of Old Irish n-stem verbs like <span title="Old Irish (to 900)-language text"><i lang="sga">benaid, ·ben</i></span> "(he) hits, strikes"), today the usual 3rd person ending in the present tense, was originally just an alternative ending found only in verbs in <a href="/wiki/Dependent_and_independent_verb_forms" title="Dependent and independent verb forms">dependent position</a>, i.e. after particles such as the negative, but it started to appear in independent forms in 15th century prose and was common by 17th century. Thus Classical Gaelic originally had <span title="Hiberno-Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="ghc">molaidh</i></span> "[he] praises" versus <span title="Hiberno-Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="ghc">ní mhol</i></span> or <span title="Hiberno-Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="ghc">ní mholann</i></span> "[he] does not praise", whereas later Early Modern and Modern Irish have <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">molann sé</i></span> and <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">ní mholann sé</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-McManus_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McManus-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This innovation was not followed in <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a>, where the ending <i>-ann</i> has never spread,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the present and future tenses were merged: <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">glacaidh e</i></span> "he will grasp" but <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">cha ghlac e</i></span> "he will not grasp".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The fully stressed personal pronouns (which developed during Middle Irish out of Old Irish pronouns that were reserved for copular predicatives) are allowed in object and optionally in subject positions. If the subject is a 1st or 2nd person pronoun stated explicitly, the 3rd person form of the verb is used – most verb forms can take either the synthetic or analytic form, for example "I will speak" can be expressed as <span title="Hiberno-Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="ghc">laibheórad</i></span> (1st sg. form) or <span title="Hiberno-Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="ghc">laibheóraidh mé</i></span> (3rd sg. form and 1st sg. pronoun <i>mé</i>). The singular form is also used with 1st and 2nd person plural pronouns (<span title="Hiberno-Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="ghc">laibheóraidh sinn</i></span> "we will speak", <span title="Hiberno-Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="ghc">laibheóraidh sibh</i></span> "ye will speak") but the 3rd person plural form is used whenever a 3rd person plural subject is expressed (<span title="Hiberno-Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="ghc">laibheóraid na fir</i></span> "the men will speak"). </p><p>With regards to the pronouns Classical Gaelic (as well as Middle Irish) shows signs of <a href="/wiki/Split_ergativity" title="Split ergativity">split ergativity</a> – the pronouns are divided into two sets with partial <a href="/wiki/Ergative-absolutive_alignment" class="mw-redirect" title="Ergative-absolutive alignment">ergative-absolutive alignment</a>. The forms used for direct object of transitive verbs (the "object" pronouns) are also used: </p> <ol><li>as subjects of passive verbs, eg. <span title="Hiberno-Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="ghc">cuirthear ar an mbord <b>é</b></i></span> "<b>it</b> is put onto the table" – in Modern Irish these are understood as active autonomous verbs instead,</li> <li>for subjects of the copula, eg. <span title="Hiberno-Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="ghc">mo theanga, is é m'arm-sa <b>í</b></i></span> "my tongue, <b>it</b> is my weapon" (feminine <i>í</i> "it, she" refers back to <i>mo theanga</i>) – this is continued in Modern Irish,</li> <li>and they might be optionally used as subjects of intransitive verbs (instead of the "subject" pronouns) – this usage seems to indicate lack of agency or will in the subject, eg. <span title="Hiberno-Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="ghc">do bhí an baile gan bheannach / go raibhe <b>í</b> ag Éireannach</i></span> "the settlement was without a blessing until <b>it</b> was in the hands of an Irishman".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>The 3rd usage above disappeared in Modern Irish and even in Classical Gaelic the unmarked and more common pattern is to use the "subject" pronouns like with transitive verbs. </p><p>The 3rd person subject pronouns are always optional and often dropped in poetry. The infix pronouns inherited from Old Irish are still optionally used in poetry for direct objects, but their use was likely outdated in speech already in the beginning of the Early Modern period. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Modern_Irish&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first book printed in any Goidelic language was published in 1567 in Edinburgh, a translation of <a href="/wiki/John_Knox" title="John Knox">John Knox</a>'s 'Liturgy' by <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9on_Carsuel" title="Séon Carsuel">Séon Carsuel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_the_Isles" title="Bishop of the Isles">Bishop of the Isles</a>. He used a slightly modified form of the Classical Gaelic and also used the <a href="/wiki/Roman_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman script">Roman script</a>. In 1571, the first book in Irish to be printed in Ireland was a <a href="/wiki/Aibidil_Gaoidheilge_agus_Caiticiosma" title="Aibidil Gaoidheilge agus Caiticiosma">Protestant 'catechism'</a>, containing a guide to spelling and sounds in Irish.<sup id="cite_ref-MoodyMartin2009_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MoodyMartin2009-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was written by John Kearney, treasurer of St. Patrick's Cathedral. The type used was adapted to what has become known as the Irish script. This was published in 1602-3 by the printer Francke. The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Ireland" title="Church of Ireland">Church of Ireland</a> (a member of the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_communion" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican communion">Anglican communion</a>) undertook the first publication of Scripture in Irish. The first Irish translation of the New Testament was begun by <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Walsh_(bishop)" title="Nicholas Walsh (bishop)">Nicholas Walsh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Ossory" title="Bishop of Ossory">Bishop of Ossory</a>, who worked on it until his murder in 1585. The work was continued by John Kearny, his assistant, and Dr. <a href="/wiki/Nehemiah_Donellan" class="mw-redirect" title="Nehemiah Donellan">Nehemiah Donellan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Tuam" title="Archbishop of Tuam">Archbishop of Tuam</a>, and it was finally completed by <a href="/wiki/William_Daniel_(bishop)" title="William Daniel (bishop)">William Daniel</a> (Uilliam Ó Domhnaill), Archbishop of Tuam in succession to Donellan. Their work was printed in 1602. The work of translating the Old Testament was undertaken by <a href="/wiki/William_Bedel" class="mw-redirect" title="William Bedel">William Bedel</a> (1571–1642), Bishop of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Kilmore" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Kilmore">Kilmore</a>, who completed his translation within the reign of <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles the First</a>, however it was not published until 1680, in a revised version by <a href="/wiki/Narcissus_Marsh" title="Narcissus Marsh">Narcissus Marsh</a> (1638–1713), Archbishop of Dublin. William Bedell had undertaken a translation of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a> in 1606. An Irish translation of the revised prayer book of 1662 was effected by John Richardson (1664–1747) and published in 1712. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Encoding">Encoding</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Modern_Irish&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Encoding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a> gives the name "Hiberno-Scottish Gaelic" (and the code <code>ghc</code>) to cover Classical Gaelic. The code was introduced in the 15th edition of <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a>, with the language being described as "[a]rchaic literary language based on 12th century Irish, formerly used by professional classes in Ireland until the 17th century and Scotland until the 18th century."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Modern_Irish&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Irish_language" title="History of the Irish language">History of the Irish language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Modern_Irish&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Keating-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Keating_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keating_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBergin1930" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Osborn_Bergin" title="Osborn Bergin">Bergin, Osborn</a> (1930). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/storiesfromkeati00keat/page/n17/mode/2up">"Language"</a>. <i>Stories from Keating's History of Ireland</i> (3rd ed.). Dublin: Royal Irish Academy.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Language&rft.btitle=Stories+from+Keating%27s+History+of+Ireland&rft.place=Dublin&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Royal+Irish+Academy&rft.date=1930&rft.aulast=Bergin&rft.aufirst=Osborn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstoriesfromkeati00keat%2Fpage%2Fn17%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Modern+Irish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMac_Eoin1993" class="citation book cs1">Mac Eoin, Gearóid (1993). "Irish". In Ball, Martin J. (ed.). <i>The Celtic Languages</i>. London: Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">101–</span>44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-01035-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-01035-1"><bdi>978-0-415-01035-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Irish&rft.btitle=The+Celtic+Languages&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E101-%3C%2Fspan%3E44&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-415-01035-1&rft.aulast=Mac+Eoin&rft.aufirst=Gear%C3%B3id&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Modern+Irish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McManus-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McManus_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McManus_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcManus1994" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">McManus, Damian (1994). "An Nua-Ghaeilge Chlasaiceach". In K. McCone; D. McManus; C. Ó Háinle; N. Williams; L. Breatnach (eds.). <i>Stair na Gaeilge: in ómós do Pádraig Ó Fiannachta</i> (in Irish). Maynooth: Department of Old Irish, St. Patrick's College. pp. <span class="nowrap">335–</span>445. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-901519-90-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-901519-90-0"><bdi>978-0-901519-90-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=An+Nua-Ghaeilge+Chlasaiceach&rft.btitle=Stair+na+Gaeilge%3A+in+%C3%B3m%C3%B3s+do+P%C3%A1draig+%C3%93+Fiannachta&rft.place=Maynooth&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E335-%3C%2Fspan%3E445&rft.pub=Department+of+Old+Irish%2C+St.+Patrick%27s+College&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-901519-90-0&rft.aulast=McManus&rft.aufirst=Damian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Modern+Irish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Comp-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Comp_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomson (ed.), <i>The Companion to Gaelic Scotland</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meek, "Scots-Gaelic Scribes", pp. 263–4; Wormald, <i>Court, Kirk and Community</i>, p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrian_Ó_Cuív1973" class="citation book cs1">Brian Ó Cuív (1973). <i>The linguistic training of the mediaeval Irish poet</i>. Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0901282-699" title="Special:BookSources/978-0901282-699"><bdi>978-0901282-699</bdi></a>. <q>But what was achieved in the second half of the twelfth century was something completely radical: the formal adoption of vernacular speech as the basis for a new literary standard. (...) If what they observed of the language at that time had been written down and identified according to regions, and if the manuscripts containing their observations had survived the vicissitudes of the intervening centuries, we would have to-day a fascinating and unique collection of descriptive linguistic material. However, what the poets did was to co-ordinate this material to produce a prescriptive grammar.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+linguistic+training+of+the+mediaeval+Irish+poet&rft.pub=Dublin+Institute+for+Advanced+Studies&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0901282-699&rft.au=Brian+%C3%93+Cu%C3%ADv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Modern+Irish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-linguistic-training-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-linguistic-training_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-linguistic-training_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrian_Ó_Cuív1973" class="citation book cs1">Brian Ó Cuív (1973). <i>The linguistic training of the mediaeval Irish poet</i>. Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0901282-699" title="Special:BookSources/978-0901282-699"><bdi>978-0901282-699</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+linguistic+training+of+the+mediaeval+Irish+poet&rft.pub=Dublin+Institute+for+Advanced+Studies&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0901282-699&rft.au=Brian+%C3%93+Cu%C3%ADv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Modern+Irish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEoin_Mac_Cárthaigh2014" class="citation book cs1">Eoin Mac Cárthaigh (2014). <i>The Art of Bardic Poetry: A new Edition of Irish Grammatical Tracts I</i>. Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85500-226-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85500-226-5"><bdi>978-1-85500-226-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Bardic+Poetry%3A+A+new+Edition+of+Irish+Grammatical+Tracts+I&rft.pub=Dublin+Institute+for+Advanced+Studies&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-85500-226-5&rft.au=Eoin+Mac+C%C3%A1rthaigh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Modern+Irish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hindley, Reg. 1990. The Death of the Irish language: A qualified obituary London: Routledge, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.bl.uk/european/2021/11/elizabeth-i-and-languages.html">"Elizabeth I and languages"</a>. <i>European Studies Blog</i>. 17 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+Studies+Blog&rft.atitle=Elizabeth+I+and+languages&rft.date=2021-11-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.bl.uk%2Feuropean%2F2021%2F11%2Felizabeth-i-and-languages.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Modern+Irish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rct.uk/collection/1102695/facsimile-of-the-irish-language-primer-commissioned-for-elizabeth-i">"Sir Christopher Nugent, 5th Baron Delvin (1544-1602) - Facsimile of the Irish language primer commissioned for Elizabeth I"</a>. <i>www.rct.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.rct.uk&rft.atitle=Sir+Christopher+Nugent%2C+5th+Baron+Delvin+%281544-1602%29+-+Facsimile+of+the+Irish+language+primer+commissioned+for+Elizabeth+I&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rct.uk%2Fcollection%2F1102695%2Ffacsimile-of-the-irish-language-primer-commissioned-for-elizabeth-i&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Modern+Irish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaumgartenÓ_Maolalaigh2004" class="citation web cs1">Baumgarten, Rolf; Ó Maolalaigh, Roibeard (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bill.celt.dias.ie/vol3/singleindexes.php?IndexID=3422&IndexTypeID=1">"Electronic Bibliography of Irish Linguistics and Literature 1942–71, <i>Irish grammatical tracts</i>"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Electronic+Bibliography+of+Irish+Linguistics+and+Literature+1942%E2%80%9371%2C+Irish+grammatical+tracts&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Baumgarten&rft.aufirst=Rolf&rft.au=%C3%93+Maolalaigh%2C+Roibeard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbill.celt.dias.ie%2Fvol3%2Fsingleindexes.php%3FIndexID%3D3422%26IndexTypeID%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Modern+Irish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaumgartenÓ_Maolalaigh2004" class="citation web cs1">Baumgarten, Rolf; Ó Maolalaigh, Roibeard (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bill.celt.dias.ie/vol3/singleindexes.php?IndexTypeID=1&IndexID=3087">"Electronic Bibliography of Irish Linguistics and Literature 1942–71, <i>Bardic Syntactical Tracts</i>"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Electronic+Bibliography+of+Irish+Linguistics+and+Literature+1942%E2%80%9371%2C+Bardic+Syntactical+Tracts&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Baumgarten&rft.aufirst=Rolf&rft.au=%C3%93+Maolalaigh%2C+Roibeard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbill.celt.dias.ie%2Fvol3%2Fsingleindexes.php%3FIndexTypeID%3D1%26IndexID%3D3087&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Modern+Irish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This verbal ending <i>-ann</i> exists in a single phrase of Scottish Gaelic, <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">nach maireann</i></span> "deceased" (lit. "who does not live"), which is likely borrowed from the classical standard. The form <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">maireann</i></span> is understood as an adjective "alive" and not as a verbal form by modern speakers, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://faclair.com/ViewEntry.aspx?ID=67E50325F4B2AE2C8C017499D88D1D45">"maireann"</a>. <i>Am Faclair Beag</i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Bauer_(linguist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Bauer (linguist) (page does not exist)">Michael Bauer</a> and Will Robertson<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Am+Faclair+Beag&rft.atitle=maireann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffaclair.com%2FViewEntry.aspx%3FID%3D67E50325F4B2AE2C8C017499D88D1D45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Modern+Irish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeosamh_Watson1994" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Seosamh Watson (1994). "Gaeilge na hAlban, §19.3". In McCone, K.; McManus, D.; Ó Háinle, C.; Williams, N.; Breatnach, L. (eds.). <i>Stair na Gaeilge: in ómós do P[h]ádraig Ó Fiannachta</i> (in Irish). Maynooth: Roinn na Sean-Ghaeilge, Coláiste Phádraig. p. 688. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-901519-90-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-901519-90-1"><bdi>0-901519-90-1</bdi></a>. <q>Níor tháinig an foirceann <i>-(e)ann</i> chun cinn in Albain, agus diomaite den fhoirm <i>maireann</i> a thuigtear mar aidiacht anois in abairtí de chineál <i>nach maireann</i> ní heol dúinn a leithéid a bheith sa teanga labhartha ann: go deimhin, tuairimíonn [J. Gleasure] gur seift a bhí i bhforás fhoirmeacha cónasctha <i>-(e)ann</i> an láith. i nGaeilge na hÉireann leis an idirdhealú ar an fháistineach a neartú.</q> [The ending <i>-(e)ann</i> hasn't appeared in Scotland, and apart from the form <i>maireann</i> which is understood as an adjective now in utterances of the type <i>nach maireann</i> we are not aware of its likes existing in the spoken language: indeed, [J. Gleasure] opines that the system of the present conjunct ending <i>-(e)ann</i> in Irish was a device to strengthen the distinction from the future tense.]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gaeilge+na+hAlban%2C+%C2%A719.3&rft.btitle=Stair+na+Gaeilge%3A+in+%C3%B3m%C3%B3s+do+P%5Bh%5D%C3%A1draig+%C3%93+Fiannachta&rft.place=Maynooth&rft.pages=688&rft.pub=Roinn+na+Sean-Ghaeilge%2C+Col%C3%A1iste+Ph%C3%A1draig&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-901519-90-1&rft.au=Seosamh+Watson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Modern+Irish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalder1923" class="citation book cs1">Calder, George (1923). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gaelicgrammarcon00cald/page/223/mode/2up"><i>A Gaelic Grammar</i></a>. Glasgow: MacLaren & Sons. p. 223.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Gaelic+Grammar&rft.place=Glasgow&rft.pages=223&rft.pub=MacLaren+%26+Sons&rft.date=1923&rft.aulast=Calder&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgaelicgrammarcon00cald%2Fpage%2F223%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Modern+Irish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMícheál_Hoyne2020" class="citation journal cs1">Mícheál Hoyne (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dair.dias.ie/id/eprint/1104/">"Unaccusativity and the subject pronoun in Middle and Early Modern Irish"</a>. <i>Celtica</i>. <b>32</b>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0069-1399">0069-1399</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Celtica&rft.atitle=Unaccusativity+and+the+subject+pronoun+in+Middle+and+Early+Modern+Irish&rft.volume=32&rft.date=2020&rft.issn=0069-1399&rft.au=M%C3%ADche%C3%A1l+Hoyne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdair.dias.ie%2Fid%2Feprint%2F1104%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Modern+Irish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MoodyMartin2009-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MoodyMartin2009_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFT._W._MoodyF._X._MartinF._J._Byrne2009" class="citation book cs1">T. W. Moody; F. X. Martin; F. J. Byrne (12 March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OhceE8RkisEC">"The Irish Language in the Early Modern Period"</a>. <i>A New History of Ireland, Volume III: Early Modern Ireland 1534–1691</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 511. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199562527" title="Special:BookSources/9780199562527"><bdi>9780199562527</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Irish+Language+in+the+Early+Modern+Period&rft.btitle=A+New+History+of+Ireland%2C+Volume+III%3A+Early+Modern+Ireland+1534%E2%80%931691&rft.pages=511&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009-03-12&rft.isbn=9780199562527&rft.au=T.+W.+Moody&rft.au=F.+X.+Martin&rft.au=F.+J.+Byrne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOhceE8RkisEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Modern+Irish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/15/show_language/GHC">Gaelic, Hiberno-Scottish</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (15th ed., 2005) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Modern_Irish&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEleanor_Knott2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Knott" title="Eleanor Knott">Eleanor Knott</a> (2011) [1928]. <i>Irish Syllabic Poetry 1200–1600</i>. Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85500-048-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85500-048-3"><bdi>978-1-85500-048-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Irish+Syllabic+Poetry+1200%E2%80%931600&rft.pub=Dublin+Institute+for+Advanced+Studies&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-85500-048-3&rft.au=Eleanor+Knott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Modern+Irish" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsborn_Bergin2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Osborn_Bergin" title="Osborn Bergin">Osborn Bergin</a> (2003) [1970]. "Bardic Poetry: A Lecture delivered before the National Literary Society, Dublin, 15th April, 1912". <i>Irish Bardic Poetry: Texts and Translations</i>. Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-901282-12-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-901282-12-X"><bdi>0-901282-12-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bardic+Poetry%3A+A+Lecture+delivered+before+the+National+Literary+Society%2C+Dublin%2C+15th+April%2C+1912&rft.btitle=Irish+Bardic+Poetry%3A+Texts+and+Translations&rft.pub=Dublin+Institute+for+Advanced+Studies&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-901282-12-X&rft.au=Osborn+Bergin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Modern+Irish" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatharine_SimmsMícheál_Hoyne" class="citation web cs1">Katharine Simms; Mícheál Hoyne. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bardic.celt.dias.ie/">"Bardic Poetry Database"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bardic+Poetry+Database&rft.au=Katharine+Simms&rft.au=M%C3%ADche%C3%A1l+Hoyne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbardic.celt.dias.ie%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Modern+Irish" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrian_Ó_Cuív1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brian_%C3%93_Cu%C3%ADv" title="Brian Ó Cuív">Brian Ó Cuív</a> (1973). <i>The linguistic training of the mediaeval Irish poet</i>. Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0901282-699" title="Special:BookSources/978-0901282-699"><bdi>978-0901282-699</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+linguistic+training+of+the+mediaeval+Irish+poet&rft.pub=Dublin+Institute+for+Advanced+Studies&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0901282-699&rft.au=Brian+%C3%93+Cu%C3%ADv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Modern+Irish" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEoin_Mac_Cárthaigh2014" class="citation book cs1">Eoin Mac Cárthaigh (2014). <i>The Art of Bardic Poetry: A new Edition of Irish Grammatical Tracts I</i>. Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85500-226-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85500-226-5"><bdi>978-1-85500-226-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Bardic+Poetry%3A+A+new+Edition+of+Irish+Grammatical+Tracts+I&rft.pub=Dublin+Institute+for+Advanced+Studies&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-85500-226-5&rft.au=Eoin+Mac+C%C3%A1rthaigh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Modern+Irish" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLambert_McKenna1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lambert_McKenna" title="Lambert McKenna">Lambert McKenna</a> (1979) [1944]. <i>Bardic Syntactical Tracts</i>. Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bardic+Syntactical+Tracts&rft.pub=Dublin+Institute+for+Advanced+Studies&rft.date=1979&rft.au=Lambert+McKenna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Modern+Irish" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeek1996" class="citation book cs1">Meek, Donald E. (1996). "The Scots-Gaelic Scribes of Late Medieval Perthshire: An Overview of the Orthography and Contents of the Book of the Dean of Lismore". In Janet Hadley Williams (ed.). <i>Stewart Style, 1513–1542: Essays on the Court of James V</i>. East Linton. pp. <span class="nowrap">254–</span>72.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Scots-Gaelic+Scribes+of+Late+Medieval+Perthshire%3A+An+Overview+of+the+Orthography+and+Contents+of+the+Book+of+the+Dean+of+Lismore&rft.btitle=Stewart+Style%2C+1513%E2%80%931542%3A+Essays+on+the+Court+of+James+V&rft.place=East+Linton&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E254-%3C%2Fspan%3E72&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Meek&rft.aufirst=Donald+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Modern+Irish" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomson,_D.1994" class="citation book cs1">Thomson, D., ed. (1994). <i>The Companion to Gaelic Scotland</i>. Gairm. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-871901-31-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-871901-31-6"><bdi>1-871901-31-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Companion+to+Gaelic+Scotland&rft.pub=Gairm&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=1-871901-31-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Modern+Irish" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWormald1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jenny_Wormald" title="Jenny Wormald">Wormald, Jenny</a> (1981). <i>Court, Kirk and Community: Scotland, 1470-1625</i>. Edinburgh. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7486-0276-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7486-0276-3"><bdi>0-7486-0276-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Court%2C+Kirk+and+Community%3A+Scotland%2C+1470-1625&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-7486-0276-3&rft.aulast=Wormald&rft.aufirst=Jenny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Modern+Irish" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://xn--lamh-bpa.org/">"Léamh – Learn Early Modern Irish"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=L%C3%A9amh+%E2%80%93+Learn+Early+Modern+Irish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fxn--lamh-bpa.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Modern+Irish" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Irish_language281" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish language</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Irish_language" title="History of the Irish language">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European">Proto-Indo-European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Celtic">Proto-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Celtic" class="mw-redirect" title="Insular Celtic">Insular Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Goidelic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Goidelic">Proto-Goidelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_Irish" title="Primitive Irish">Primitive Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Irish" title="Old Irish">Old Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Irish" title="Middle Irish">Middle Irish</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Early Modern Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Irish" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Irish">Modern Irish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sociolinguistics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish-speaking_people" title="List of Irish-speaking people">List of <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Gaeilgeoirí</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connacht_Irish" title="Connacht Irish">Connacht Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munster_Irish" title="Munster Irish">Munster Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_Irish" class="mw-redirect" title="Newfoundland Irish">Newfoundland Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leinster_Irish" class="mw-redirect" title="Leinster Irish">Leinster Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Irish" title="Ulster Irish">Ulster Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_of_the_Irish_language" title="Status of the Irish language">Status</a> (<a href="/wiki/Irish_language_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Irish language in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language_outside_Ireland" title="Irish language outside Ireland">Outside Ireland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Irish_language_in_Newfoundland" title="Irish language in Newfoundland">in Newfoundland</a>)</li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga"><a href="/wiki/English_loanwords_in_Irish" title="English loanwords in Irish">Béarlachas</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1inne" title="Fáinne">Fáinne</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Irish_grammar" title="Irish grammar">Grammar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga"><a href="/wiki/An_Caighde%C3%A1n_Oifigi%C3%BAil" title="An Caighdeán Oifigiúil">An Caighdeán Oifigiúil</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_initial_mutations" title="Irish initial mutations">Initial mutations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_declension" title="Irish declension">Declension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_conjugation" title="Irish conjugation">Conjugation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependent_and_independent_verb_forms" title="Dependent and independent verb forms">Dependent and independent forms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_phonology" title="Irish phonology">Phonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_syntax" title="Irish syntax">Syntax</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_orthography" title="Irish orthography">Orthography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_type" title="Gaelic type">Gaelic type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Braille" title="Irish Braille">Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_literature" title="Early Irish literature">Early literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_literature_in_Irish" title="Modern literature in Irish">Modern literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_lexicography" title="Irish lexicography">Lexicography</a></li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga"><a href="/wiki/An_Caighde%C3%A1n_Oifigi%C3%BAil" title="An Caighdeán Oifigiúil">An Caighdeán Oifigiúil</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_language_media" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Irish language media">Media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Journals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga"><a href="/wiki/Comhar" title="Comhar">Comhar</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga"><a href="/wiki/Feasta" title="Feasta">Feasta</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga"><a href="/wiki/An_tUltach" title="An tUltach">An tUltach</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga"><a href="/wiki/Tuairisc.ie" title="Tuairisc.ie">Tuairisc.ie</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga"><a href="/wiki/N%C3%B3s" title="Nós">Nós</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga"><a href="/wiki/An_Gael" title="An Gael">An Gael</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga"><a href="/wiki/Irish_Independent" title="Irish Independent">Seachtain</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Television</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span title="Irish-language text"><span lang="ga" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/TG4" title="TG4">TG4</a></span></span></li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><span lang="ga" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/C%C3%BAla_4" class="mw-redirect" title="Cúla 4">Cúla 4</a></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RT%C3%89_One" title="RTÉ One">RTÉ One</a> <small>(<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga"><a href="/wiki/Nuacht_RT%C3%89" title="Nuacht RTÉ">Nuacht RTÉ</a></i></span>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BBC_Two_Northern_Ireland" title="BBC Two Northern Ireland">BBC Two NI</a> <small>(sporadic)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NVTV" title="NVTV">NVTV</a> <small>(sporadic)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Radio</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style: normal;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span title="Irish-language text"><span lang="ga" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/RT%C3%89_Raidi%C3%B3_na_Gaeltachta" title="RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta">RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta</a></span></span></li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><span lang="ga" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Raidi%C3%B3_R%C3%AD-R%C3%A1" title="Raidió Rí-Rá">Raidió Rí-Rá</a></span></span></li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><span lang="ga" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Raidi%C3%B3_Na_Life" title="Raidió Na Life">Raidió Na Life</a></span></span></li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><span lang="ga" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Raidi%C3%B3_F%C3%A1ilte" title="Raidió Fáilte">Raidió Fáilte</a></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_Ulster" title="BBC Radio Ulster">BBC Radio Ulster</a> <small>(<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga"><a href="/wiki/Blas_(Radio_Ulster)" title="Blas (Radio Ulster)">Blas</a></i></span>)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publishers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style: normal;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span title="Irish-language text"><span lang="ga" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tuairisc.ie" title="Tuairisc.ie">Tuairisc.ie</a></span></span></li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><span lang="ga" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/An_G%C3%BAm" title="An Gúm">An Gúm</a></span></span></li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><span lang="ga" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Cl%C3%B3_Iar-Chonnacht" title="Cló Iar-Chonnacht">Cló Iar-Chonnacht</a></span></span></li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><span lang="ga" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Coisc%C3%A9im" title="Coiscéim">Coiscéim</a></span></span></li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><span lang="ga" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Gael_Linn" title="Gael Linn">Gael Linn</a></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Texts_Society" title="Irish Texts Society">Irish Texts Society</a></li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><span lang="ga" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1irs%C3%A9al_agus_Dill" title="Sáirséal agus Dill">Sáirséal agus Dill</a></span></span></li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><span lang="ga" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Gl%C3%B3r_na_nGael" title="Glór na nGael">Glór na nGael</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Qualifications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leaving_Certificate_(Ireland)" title="Leaving Certificate (Ireland)">Leaving Cert Irish</a></li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga"><a href="/wiki/Teastas_Eorpach_na_Gaeilge" title="Teastas Eorpach na Gaeilge">Teastas Eorpach na Gaeilge</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Names</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_name" title="Irish name">Personal and family names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish-language_given_names" title="List of Irish-language given names">List of personal names</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Irish_language" title="Category:Irish language">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Scottish_Gaelic260" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Scottish_Gaelic_language" title="Template:Scottish Gaelic language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Scottish_Gaelic_language" title="Template talk:Scottish Gaelic language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Scottish_Gaelic_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Scottish Gaelic language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Scottish_Gaelic260" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Scottish_Gaelic" title="History of Scottish Gaelic">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language" title="Proto-Celtic language">Proto-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Celtic_languages" title="Insular Celtic languages">Insular Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goidelic_languages" title="Goidelic languages">Goidelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_Irish" title="Primitive Irish">Primitive Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Irish" title="Old Irish">Old Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Irish" title="Middle Irish">Middle Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelicisation" title="Gaelicisation">Gaelicisation</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Early Modern Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_Renaissance" title="Scottish Gaelic Renaissance">Renaissance</a> <small>(present)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dialects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Minch_Gaelic" title="Mid-Minch Gaelic">Mid-Minch Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebridean_Gaelic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebridean Gaelic">Hebridean Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argyll_Gaelic" class="mw-redirect" title="Argyll Gaelic">Argyll Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Sutherland_Gaelic" title="East Sutherland Gaelic">East Sutherland Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galwegian_Gaelic" title="Galwegian Gaelic">Galwegian Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Gaelic" title="Canadian Gaelic">Canadian Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_phonology_and_orthography" title="Scottish Gaelic phonology and orthography">Dialect phonology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_grammar" title="Scottish Gaelic grammar">Grammar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Gaelic alphabet">Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependent_and_independent_verb_forms" title="Dependent and independent verb forms">Dependent and independent verb forms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_orthography" title="Scottish Gaelic orthography">Orthography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_literature" title="Scottish Gaelic literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Scottish_Gaelic" title="Bible translations into Scottish Gaelic">Bible translations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_dictionaries" title="Scottish Gaelic dictionaries">Dictionaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official <br />support</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaelic_development&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gaelic development (page does not exist)">Gaelic development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd"><a href="/wiki/An_Comunn_G%C3%A0idhealach" title="An Comunn Gàidhealach">An Comunn Gàidhealach</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B2rd_na_G%C3%A0idhlig" title="Bòrd na Gàidhlig">Bòrd na Gàidhlig</a></li> <li><span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd"><a href="/wiki/Cl%C3%AC_G%C3%A0idhlig" title="Clì Gàidhlig">Clì Gàidhlig</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gaelic_College" title="The Gaelic College">The Gaelic College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabhal_M%C3%B2r_Ostaig" title="Sabhal Mòr Ostaig">Sabhal Mòr Ostaig</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_(Scotland)_Act_1872" title="Education (Scotland) Act 1872">Education (Scotland) Act 1872</a> <small>(past)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Language_(Scotland)_Act_2005" title="Gaelic Language (Scotland) Act 2005">Gaelic Language (Scotland) Act 2005</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_broadcasting_in_Scotland" title="Gaelic broadcasting in Scotland">Media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Newspapers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A0na" title="Dàna">Dàna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stornoway_Gazette" title="Stornoway Gazette">Stornoway Gazette</a> <small>(sporadic)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Highland_Free_Press" title="West Highland Free Press">West Highland Free Press</a> <small>(sporadic)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Broadcasting</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BBC_Alba" title="BBC Alba">BBC Alba</a> <small>(<span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd"><a href="/wiki/BBC_G%C3%A0idhlig" title="BBC Gàidhlig">BBC Gàidhlig</a></i></span>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_nan_G%C3%A0idheal" title="BBC Radio nan Gàidheal">BBC Radio <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">nan Gàidheal</i></span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publishers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acair_(publisher)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acair (publisher) (page does not exist)">Acair</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akerbeltz_(publisher)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Akerbeltz (publisher) (page does not exist)">Akerbeltz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birlinn_(publisher)" title="Birlinn (publisher)">Birlinn</a></li> <li><span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd"><a href="/wiki/CL%C3%80R" title="CLÀR">CLÀR</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd"><a href="/wiki/%C3%99r-sgeul" title="Ùr-sgeul">Ùr-sgeul</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_medium_education_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaelic medium education in Scotland">Gaelic-medium education</a></li> <li><i><span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd"><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A0idhealtachd" title="Gàidhealtachd">Gàidhealtachd</a></i></span></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_name" title="Scottish Gaelic name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_music" title="Gaelic music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_National_M%C3%B2d" title="Royal National Mòd">The <i><span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Mòd</i></span></i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_road_signs_in_Scotland" title="Gaelic road signs in Scotland">Road signs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Scottish_Gaelic_language" title="Category:Scottish Gaelic language">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Manx_language64" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Manx_language" title="Template:Manx language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Manx_language" title="Template talk:Manx language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Manx_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Manx language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Manx_language64" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx language</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Manx_language" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Manx language">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European">Proto-Indo-European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Celtic">Proto-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Celtic" class="mw-redirect" title="Insular Celtic">Insular Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Goidelic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Goidelic">Proto-Goidelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_Irish" title="Primitive Irish">Primitive Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Irish" title="Old Irish">Old Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Irish" title="Middle Irish">Middle Irish</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Early Modern Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Grammar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manx_grammar" title="Manx grammar">Manx grammar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Celtic_languages263" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Celtic_languages" title="Template:Celtic languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Celtic_languages" title="Template talk:Celtic languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Celtic_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Celtic languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Celtic_languages263" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reconstructed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language" title="Proto-Celtic language">Proto-Celtic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Hispano-Celtic_languages" title="Hispano-Celtic languages">Hispano-Celtic</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_language" title="Celtiberian language">Celtiberian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gallaecian_language" title="Gallaecian language">Gallaecian</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Celtic_languages" title="Nuclear Celtic languages">Nuclear Celtic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Insular_Celtic43" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Insular_Celtic_languages" title="Insular Celtic languages">Insular Celtic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Brittonic_languages" title="Brittonic languages">Brittonic</a><br />(Brythonic)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reconstructed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Common_Brittonic" title="Common Brittonic">Common Brittonic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Brittonic_languages" title="Southwestern Brittonic languages">Southwestern Brittonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Brittonic_languages" title="Western Brittonic languages">Western Brittonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cumbric" title="Cumbric">Cumbric</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Welsh" title="Old Welsh">Old Welsh</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Welsh" title="Middle Welsh">Middle Welsh</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pictish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pictish_language" title="Pictish language">Pictish</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Goidelic_languages" title="Goidelic languages">Goidelic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Classical_Gaelic" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Gaelic">Classical Gaelic</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Primitive_Irish" title="Primitive Irish">Primitive Irish</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Irish" title="Old Irish">Old Irish</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Irish" title="Middle Irish">Middle Irish</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Early Modern Irish</a></i>/<i><a href="/wiki/Classical_Gaelic" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Gaelic">Classical Gaelic</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Galwegian_Gaelic" title="Galwegian Gaelic">Galwegian Gaelic</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Galatian_language" title="Galatian language">Galatian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gaulish" title="Gaulish">Gaulish</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaulish" title="Cisalpine Gaulish">Cisalpine Gaulish</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lepontic_language" title="Lepontic language">Lepontic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Noric_language" title="Noric language">Noric</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unknown</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Belgian_language" title="Ancient Belgian language">Ancient Belgian</a></i>? (possibly hypothetical)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Camunic_language" title="Camunic language">Camunic</a></i>? (possibly related to <a href="/wiki/Rhaetic" title="Rhaetic">Rhaetic</a> or pre-Indo-European)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_(ancient_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligurian (ancient language)">Ligurian</a></i>? (possibly independent or pre-Indo-European)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lusitanian_language" title="Lusitanian language">Lusitanian</a></i>? (possibly <a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhaetic" title="Rhaetic">Rhaetic</a></i>? (possibly <a href="/wiki/Tyrsenian_languages" title="Tyrsenian languages">Tyrsenian</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tartessian_language" title="Tartessian language">Tartessian</a></i>? (possibly <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hispanic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleo-Hispanic languages">Paleo-Hispanic</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">Mixed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beurla_Reagaird" title="Beurla Reagaird">Beurla Reagaird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelta" title="Shelta">Shelta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Celtic-speaking areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Brittany" title="Lower Brittany">Lower Brittany</a> (Brittany)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y_Wladfa" title="Y Wladfa">Y Wladfa</a> (Chubut Province, Argentina; Welsh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaeltacht" title="Gaeltacht">Gaeltacht</a> (Ireland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Island" title="Cape Breton Island">Cape Breton Island</a> (Nova Scotia; Scottish Gaelic)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A0idhealtachd" title="Gàidhealtachd">Gàidhealtachd</a> (Scotland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y_Fro_Gymraeg" title="Y Fro Gymraeg">Y Fro Gymraeg</a> (Wales)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immersive education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_(school)" title="Diwan (school)">Diwan</a> (Breton)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skol_Veythrin_Karenza" title="Skol Veythrin Karenza">Skol Veythrin Karenza</a> (Cornish)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelscoil" title="Gaelscoil">Gaelscoil</a> (Irish)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunscoill_Ghaelgagh" title="Bunscoill Ghaelgagh">Bunscoill Ghaelgagh</a> (Manx)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic-medium_education" title="Scottish Gaelic-medium education">Scottish Gaelic-medium education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh-medium_education" title="Welsh-medium education">Welsh-medium education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct or ancestor languages</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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