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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Standard Austrian German</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Standard_Austrian_German-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Standard Austrian German subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Standard_Austrian_German-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Former_spoken_standard" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Former_spoken_standard"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Former spoken standard</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Former_spoken_standard-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Special_written_forms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Special_written_forms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Special written forms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Special_written_forms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>European Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Verbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Verbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocabulary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocabulary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Vocabulary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dialects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Dialects</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Dialects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Dialects subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Dialects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regional_accents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_accents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Regional accents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regional_accents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Austrian German</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">34 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oostenrykse_Duits" title="Oostenrykse Duits – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Oostenrykse Duits" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%86%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="ألمانية نمساوية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ألمانية نمساوية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alem%C3%A1n_austriaco" title="Alemán austriaco – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Alemán austriaco" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alem%C3%A1n_d%27Austria" title="Alemán d'Austria – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Alemán d'Austria" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92-t%C4%93-l%C4%AB_Tek-g%C3%AD" title="Ò-tē-lī Tek-gí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ò-tē-lī Tek-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austriazismus" title="Austriazismus – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Austriazismus" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakousk%C3%A1_n%C4%9Bm%C4%8Dina" title="Rakouská němčina – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rakouská němčina" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tedescu_austr%C3%ACacu" title="Tedescu austrìacu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Tedescu austrìacu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96sterreichisches_Deutsch" title="Österreichisches Deutsch – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Österreichisches Deutsch" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%85%CF%83%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%AC_%CE%93%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AC" title="Αυστριακά Γερμανικά – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αυστριακά Γερμανικά" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alem%C3%A1n_de_Austria" title="Alemán de Austria – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alemán de Austria" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C5%ADstra-germana_lingvo" title="Aŭstra-germana lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Aŭstra-germana lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="آلمانی اتریشی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آلمانی اتریشی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allemand_autrichien" title="Allemand autrichien – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Allemand autrichien" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84_%EB%8F%85%EC%9D%BC%EC%96%B4" title="오스트리아 독일어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="오스트리아 독일어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%BD%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A2%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF" title="Գերմաներենի ավստրիական տարբերակ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գերմաներենի ավստրիական տարբերակ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Jerman_Austria" title="Bahasa Jerman Austria – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Jerman Austria" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tedesco_austriaco" title="Tedesco austriaco – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tedesco austriaco" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austriacizmas" title="Austriacizmas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Austriacizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89_%D9%86%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%89" title="المانى نمساوى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="المانى نمساوى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Jerman_Austria" title="Bahasa Jerman Austria – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Jerman Austria" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahaso_Jerman_Austria" title="Bahaso Jerman Austria – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Bahaso Jerman Austria" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oostenrijks-Duits" title="Oostenrijks-Duits – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Oostenrijks-Duits" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E3%83%89%E3%82%A4%E3%83%84%E8%AA%9E" title="オーストリアドイツ語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オーストリアドイツ語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austriacka_odmiana_j%C4%99zyka_niemieckiego" title="Austriacka odmiana języka niemieckiego – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Austriacka odmiana języka niemieckiego" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alem%C3%A3o_austr%C3%ADaco" title="Alemão austríaco – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alemão austríaco" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_german%C4%83_austriac%C4%83" title="Limba germană austriacă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba germană austriacă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Австрийский вариант немецкого языка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Австрийский вариант немецкого языка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_German" title="Austrian German – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Austrian German" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96sterrikisk_tyska" title="Österrikisk tyska – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Österrikisk tyska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avusturya_Almancas%C4%B1" title="Avusturya Almancası – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Avusturya Almancası" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Австрійський варіант німецької мови – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Австрійський варіант німецької мови" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_%C3%81o" title="Tiếng Đức Áo – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Đức Áo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%9C%B0%E5%88%A9%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD" title="奥地利德语 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="奥地利德语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Austrian+German%22">"Austrian German"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Austrian+German%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Austrian+German%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Austrian+German%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Austrian+German%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Austrian+German%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Austrian German (Austrian)</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Austrian Standard German<br />Austrian High German</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Österreichisches Standarddeutsch</i></span><br /><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Österreichisches Hochdeutsch</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-AT-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈøːstɐraɪçɪʃəs<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈʃtandardˌdɔʏtʃ,<span class="wrap"> </span>-<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈstan-]</a></span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈøːstɐraɪçɪʃəs<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈhoːxdɔʏtʃ]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Austrians" title="Austrians">Austrians</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/High_German_languages" title="High German languages">High German</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_German" title="Standard German">Standard German</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Austrian German (Austrian)</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">–</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><i>None</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/IETF_language_tag" title="IETF language tag">IETF</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code>de-AT<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Languages_and_ethnic_groups_in_austria3.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Languages_and_ethnic_groups_in_austria3.png/320px-Languages_and_ethnic_groups_in_austria3.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Languages_and_ethnic_groups_in_austria3.png/480px-Languages_and_ethnic_groups_in_austria3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Languages_and_ethnic_groups_in_austria3.png/640px-Languages_and_ethnic_groups_in_austria3.png 2x" data-file-width="682" data-file-height="351" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Austrian German</b><sup id="cite_ref-eurotopics_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eurotopics-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Österreichisches Deutsch</i>), <b>Austrian Standard German</b> (<b>ASG</b>),<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>Standard Austrian German</b><sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Österreichisches Standarddeutsch</i></span>), <b>Austrian High German</b><sup id="cite_ref-eurotopics_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eurotopics-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Österreichisches Hochdeutsch</i></span>), or simply just <b>Austrian</b> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Österreichisch</i></span>), is the variety of <a href="/wiki/Standard_German" title="Standard German">Standard German</a> written and spoken in <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Tyrol" title="South Tyrol">South Tyrol</a>. It has the highest <a href="/wiki/Prestige_(sociolinguistics)" title="Prestige (sociolinguistics)">sociolinguistic prestige</a> locally, as it is the variation used in the media and for other formal situations. In less formal situations, Austrians use <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_language" title="Bavarian language">Bavarian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alemannic_German" title="Alemannic German">Alemannic dialects</a>, which are traditionally spoken but rarely written in Austria. It has been standardized with the publishing of the <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%96sterreichisches_W%C3%B6rterbuch" title="Österreichisches Wörterbuch">Österreichisches Wörterbuch</a></i> in 1951.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austrian_German&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Austrian German has its beginning in the mid-18th century, when Empress <a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa" title="Maria Theresa">Maria Theresa</a> and her son <a href="/wiki/Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor">Joseph II</a> introduced <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_education" title="Compulsory education">compulsory schooling</a> in 1774, and several reforms of administration in their multilingual <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburg Empire">Habsburg Empire</a>. At the time, the written standard was <i>Oberdeutsche Schreibsprache</i> (<a href="/wiki/Upper_German" title="Upper German">Upper German</a> written language), which was highly influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_language" title="Bavarian language">Bavarian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alemannic_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Alemannic dialects">Alemannic dialects</a> of Austria. Another option was to create a new standard based on the Southern German dialects, as proposed by the linguist <a href="/wiki/Johann_Siegmund_Popowitsch" title="Johann Siegmund Popowitsch">Johann Siegmund Popowitsch</a>. Instead they decided for pragmatic reasons to adopt the already-standardized <a href="/wiki/Saxon_Electoral_Chancellery" class="mw-redirect" title="Saxon Electoral Chancellery">chancellery</a> language of <a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a> (<i>Sächsische Kanzleisprache</i> or <i>Meißner Kanzleideutsch</i>), which was based on the administrative language of the non-Austrian area of <a href="/wiki/Mei%C3%9Fen" class="mw-redirect" title="Meißen">Meißen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a>. Austria High German (<i>Hochdeutsch in Österreich</i>, not to be confused with the Bavarian Austria German dialects) has the same geographic origin as the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_High_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss High German">Swiss High German</a> (<i>Schweizer Hochdeutsch</i>, not to be confused with the Alemannic <a href="/wiki/Swiss_German" title="Swiss German">Swiss German</a> dialects). </p><p>The process of introducing the new written standard was led by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_von_Sonnenfels" title="Joseph von Sonnenfels">Joseph von Sonnenfels</a>. </p><p>Since 1951, the standardized form of Austrian German for official governmental use and in schools has been defined by the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/%C3%96sterreichisches_W%C3%B6rterbuch" title="Österreichisches Wörterbuch">Österreichisches Wörterbuch</a></i></span> ("Austrian Dictionary"), published originally at the behest of the Austrian <a href="/wiki/Federal_Ministry_of_Education,_Arts_and_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Ministry of Education, Arts and Culture">Federal Ministry of Education, Arts and Culture</a> (in the 1950s the "Unterrichtsministerium", under minister Felix Hurdes) with Verlag Jugend & Volk, then by the Österreichischer Bundesverlag.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Standard_Austrian_German">Standard Austrian German</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austrian_German&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Standard Austrian German"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The official Austrian dictionary, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/%C3%96sterreichisches_W%C3%B6rterbuch" title="Österreichisches Wörterbuch">Österreichisches Wörterbuch</a></i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_prescription" title="Linguistic prescription">prescribes</a> spelling rules that define the official language.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Austrian delegates participated in the international working group that drafted the <a href="/wiki/German_orthography_reform_of_1996#In_Austria" title="German orthography reform of 1996">German spelling reform</a> of 1996 and several conferences leading up to the reform were hosted in Vienna at the invitation of the Austrian federal government. Austria adopted it as a signatory, along with Germany, Switzerland, and Liechtenstein, of an international memorandum of understanding (<span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;">Wiener Absichtserklärung</span></span>) signed in Vienna in 1996. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Eszett" class="mw-redirect" title="Eszett">eszett</a> or "sharp s" (ß) is used in Austria, as in Germany but not in Switzerland.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oesterreichische_Schulschrift_1995,_2_-_Schraegschrift.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Oesterreichische_Schulschrift_1995%2C_2_-_Schraegschrift.jpg/220px-Oesterreichische_Schulschrift_1995%2C_2_-_Schraegschrift.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Oesterreichische_Schulschrift_1995%2C_2_-_Schraegschrift.jpg/330px-Oesterreichische_Schulschrift_1995%2C_2_-_Schraegschrift.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Oesterreichische_Schulschrift_1995%2C_2_-_Schraegschrift.jpg/440px-Oesterreichische_Schulschrift_1995%2C_2_-_Schraegschrift.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1402" data-file-height="1525" /></a><figcaption><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Schulschrift</i></span> (1995), an Austrian primary-school handwriting style</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fu%C3%9Fgeher-Schild.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Fu%C3%9Fgeher-Schild.JPG/220px-Fu%C3%9Fgeher-Schild.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Fu%C3%9Fgeher-Schild.JPG/330px-Fu%C3%9Fgeher-Schild.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Fu%C3%9Fgeher-Schild.JPG/440px-Fu%C3%9Fgeher-Schild.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1395" data-file-height="888" /></a><figcaption>A sign in Vienna: <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Fußgeher</i></span> ("pedestrian") is <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Fußgänger</i></span> in Germany. In all-caps words, <a href="/wiki/Capital_%E1%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital ẞ">capital ẞ</a> (instead of <i>SS</i>) became standard in both nations in 2017, but <i>SS</i> remains valid.</figcaption></figure> <p>Distinctions in vocabulary persist, for example, in <a href="/wiki/Culinary" class="mw-redirect" title="Culinary">culinary</a> terms, for which communication with Germans is frequently difficult, and <a href="/wiki/Administration_(government)" title="Administration (government)">administrative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">legal</a> language because of Austria's exclusion from the development of a German <a href="/wiki/Nation-state" class="mw-redirect" title="Nation-state">nation-state</a> in the late 19th century and its manifold particular traditions. A comprehensive collection of Austrian-German legal, administrative and economic terms is offered in <i>Markhardt, Heidemarie: Wörterbuch der österreichischen Rechts-, Wirtschafts- und Verwaltungsterminologie</i> (Peter Lang, 2006). </p><p>Because of German's <a href="/wiki/Pluricentric_language" title="Pluricentric language">pluricentric</a> nature, German dialects in Austria should not be confused with the variety of Standard Austrian German spoken by most Austrians, which is distinct from that of <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> or <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>. In the field of German dialectology, the notion of Standard Austrian German has been both debated and defended by German linguists since the 1970s. A <a href="/wiki/One_Standard_German_Axiom" title="One Standard German Axiom">One Standard German Axiom</a>, effectively preventing the development of newer standards of German, has recently been offered as a characteristic of the field but has not been taken up. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Former_spoken_standard">Former spoken standard</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austrian_German&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Former spoken standard"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Until 1918, the spoken standard in Austria was the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Schönbrunner Deutsch</i></span>, a sociolect spoken by the imperial <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburg family">Habsburg family</a> and the nobility of <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>. The sociolect, a variety of Standard German, is influenced by <a href="/wiki/Viennese_German" title="Viennese German">Viennese German</a> and other Austro-Bavarian dialects spoken in eastern Austria but is slightly <a href="/wiki/Nasalization" title="Nasalization">nasalized</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Special_written_forms">Special written forms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austrian_German&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Special written forms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For many years, Austria had a special form of the language for official government documents that is known as <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Österreichische Kanzleisprache</i></span>, or "<a href="/wiki/Austrian_chancellery" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian chancellery">Austrian chancellery</a> language". It is a very traditional form of the language, probably derived from medieval <a href="/wiki/Deed" title="Deed">deeds</a> and documents, and has a very complex structure and vocabulary generally reserved for such documents. For most speakers (even native speakers), this form of the language is generally difficult to understand, as it contains many highly specialised terms for diplomatic, internal, official, and military matters. There are no regional variations because the special written form has been used mainly by a government that has now for centuries been based in Vienna. </p><p><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Österreichische Kanzleisprache</i></span> is now used less and less because of various administrative reforms that reduced the number of traditional civil servants (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Beamter" title="Beamter">Beamte</a></i></span>). As a result, Standard Austrian German is replacing it in government and administrative texts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_Union">European Union</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austrian_German&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: European Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When Austria became a member of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, 23 food-related terms were listed in its <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Accession_1994" title="Treaty of Accession 1994">accession</a> agreement as having the same legal status as the equivalent terms used in Germany,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for example, the words for "potato", "tomato", and "Brussels sprouts".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Examples in "<a href="#Vocab_difference">Vocabulary</a>") Austrian German is the only variety of a <a href="/wiki/Pluricentric_language" title="Pluricentric language">pluricentric language</a> recognized under international law or EU primary law.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grammar">Grammar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austrian_German&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Verbs">Verbs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austrian_German&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Verbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, as in the <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Switzerland#German" title="Languages of Switzerland">German-speaking parts of Switzerland</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Germany" title="Southern Germany">southern Germany</a>, verbs that express a state tend to use <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">sein</i></span> as the <a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_verb" title="Auxiliary verb">auxiliary verb</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Perfect_(grammar)" title="Perfect (grammar)">perfect</a>, as well as verbs of movement. <a href="/wiki/German_verb" class="mw-redirect" title="German verb">Verbs</a> which fall into this category include <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">sitzen</i></span> (to sit), <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">liegen</i></span> (to lie) and, in parts of <a href="/wiki/Styria" title="Styria">Styria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carinthia_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Carinthia (state)">Carinthia</a>, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">schlafen</i></span> (to sleep). Therefore, the perfect of these verbs would be <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">ich bin gesessen</i></span>, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">ich bin gelegen</i></span> and <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">ich bin geschlafen</i></span>, respectively. </p><p>In Germany, the words <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">stehen</i></span> (to stand) and <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">gestehen</i></span> (to confess) are identical in the present perfect: <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">habe gestanden</i></span>. The Austrian variant avoids that potential ambiguity (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">bin gestanden</i></span> from <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">stehen</i></span>, "to stand"; and <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">habe gestanden</i></span> from <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">gestehen</i></span>, "to confess": <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">"der Verbrecher ist vor dem Richter gestanden und hat gestanden"</i></span>). </p><p>In addition, the <a href="/wiki/Preterite" title="Preterite">preterite</a> (<a href="/wiki/Simple_past" title="Simple past">simple past</a>) is very rarely used in Austria, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Spoken_language" title="Spoken language">spoken language</a>, with the exception of some <a href="/wiki/Modal_verb" title="Modal verb">modal verbs</a> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">ich sollte</i></span>, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">ich wollte</i></span>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austrian_German&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Vocabulary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are many official terms that differ in Austrian German from their usage in most parts of <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>. Words used in Austria are <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Jänner</i></span> (January) rather than <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Januar</i></span>, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Feber</i></span> (seldom, February) along with <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Februar</i></span>, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">heuer</i></span> (this year) along with <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">dieses Jahr</i></span>, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Stiege</i></span> (stairs) along with <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Treppen</i></span>, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Rauchfang</i></span> (chimney) instead of <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Schornstein</i></span>, many administrative, legal and political terms, and many food terms, including the following:<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Vocab_difference"></span> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Austrian Standard German </th> <th>Standard German </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>Brandteigkrapferl</i> </td> <td><i>Windbeutel</i> </td> <td>Cream puff </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Eierspeise</i></td> <td><i>Rühreier</i></td> <td>Scrambled eggs </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Erdapfel (</i>also Bavarian and Southern German) </td> <td><i>Kartoffel</i></td> <td>Potato </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Faschiertes</i></td> <td><i>Hackfleisch</i></td> <td>Minced meat/Ground beef </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Fisolen</i></td> <td><i>Gartenbohnen</i> <br />or <i>Grüne Bohnen</i></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Common_bean" class="mw-redirect" title="Common bean">Common beans</a> /green beans </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Karfiol</i> (also Bavarian and Southern German) </td> <td><i>Blumenkohl</i></td> <td>Cauliflower </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Kohlsprossen</i></td> <td><i>Rosenkohl</i></td> <td>Brussel sprouts </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Kren</i> (also Bavarian and Southern German) </td> <td><i>Meerrettich</i></td> <td>Horseradish </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Kukuruz</i> (southeastern and western Austria) </td> <td><i>Mais</i> </td> <td>Maize/corn </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Marille</i></td> <td><i>Aprikose</i></td> <td>Apricot </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Melange</i> </td> <td><i>Milchkaffee</i> </td> <td>Milk heavy coffee drink </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Melanzani</i> </td> <td><i>Aubergine</i> </td> <td>Aubergine/eggplant </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Palatschinke</i></td> <td><i>Pfannkuchen</i></td> <td>Pancake </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Paradeiser</i> <br />(Vienna, Eastern Austria)</td> <td><i>Tomate</i></td> <td>Tomato </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Rote Rübe</i></td> <td><i>Rote Bete</i></td> <td>Beetroot </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Sauce Tartare</i></td> <td><i>Remoulade</i></td> <td>Tartar Sauce </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Schlagobers</i></td> <td><i>Schlagsahne</i></td> <td>Whipped cream </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Stanitzel</i> </td> <td><i>Eiswaffel</i> </td> <td>Ice cream cone </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Staubzucker</i> </td> <td><i>Puderzucker</i> </td> <td>Icing sugar/powdered sugar </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Topfen</i> (also Bavarian)</td> <td><i>Quark</i></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Quark_(dairy_product)" title="Quark (dairy product)">Quark</a>, a semi-sweet cottage cheese </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Weckerl</i> (also Bavarian) </td> <td><i>Brötchen</i> </td> <td>Roll (bread) </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>There are, however, some <a href="/wiki/False_friends" class="mw-redirect" title="False friends">false friends</a> between the two regional varieties: </p> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kasten</i></span> (wardrobe) along with or instead of <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Schrank</i></span> (and, similarly, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Eiskasten</i></span> along with <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kühlschrank</i></span>, fridge), as opposed to <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kiste</i></span> (box) instead of <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kasten</i></span>. <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kiste</i></span> in Germany means both "box" and "chest".</li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Sessel</i></span> (chair) instead of <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Stuhl</i></span>. <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Sessel</i></span> means "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/easy_chair" class="extiw" title="wikt:easy chair">easy chair</a>" in Germany and <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Stuhl</i></span> means "stool (faeces)" in both varieties.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dialects">Dialects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austrian_German&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Dialects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classification">Classification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austrian_German&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Dialects of the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Bavarian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Bavarian language">Austro-Bavarian group</a>, which also comprises dialects from <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Austro-Bavarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Austro-Bavarian">Central Austro-Bavarian</a> (along the main rivers <a href="/wiki/Isar" title="Isar">Isar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a>, spoken in the northern parts of the <a href="/wiki/Salzburg_(state)" title="Salzburg (state)">State of Salzburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Upper_Austria" title="Upper Austria">Upper Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lower_Austria" title="Lower Austria">Lower Austria</a>, and northern <a href="/wiki/Burgenland" title="Burgenland">Burgenland</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viennese_German" title="Viennese German">Viennese German</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Austro-Bavarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Austro-Bavarian">Southern Austro-Bavarian</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Tyrol_(state)" title="Tyrol (state)">Tyrol</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Tyrol" title="South Tyrol">South Tyrol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carinthia_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Carinthia (state)">Carinthia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Styria" title="Styria">Styria</a>, and the southern parts of Salzburg and Burgenland)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vorarlbergerisch" class="mw-redirect" title="Vorarlbergerisch">Vorarlbergerisch</a>, spoken in <a href="/wiki/Vorarlberg" title="Vorarlberg">Vorarlberg</a>, is a <a href="/wiki/High_Alemannic" class="mw-redirect" title="High Alemannic">High Alemannic</a> dialect.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regional_accents">Regional accents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austrian_German&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Regional accents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to the standard variety, in everyday life most Austrians speak one of a number of <a href="/wiki/Upper_German_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper German dialects">Upper German dialects</a>. </p><p>While strong forms of the various dialects are not fully <a href="/wiki/Mutually_intelligible" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutually intelligible">mutually intelligible</a> to <a href="/wiki/Northern_Germany" title="Northern Germany">northern Germans</a>, communication is much easier in <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>, especially rural areas, where the Bavarian dialect still predominates as the mother tongue. The <a href="/wiki/Central_Austro-Bavarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Austro-Bavarian">Central Austro-Bavarian</a> dialects are more intelligible to speakers of <a href="/wiki/Standard_German" title="Standard German">Standard German</a> than the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Austro-Bavarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Austro-Bavarian">Southern Austro-Bavarian</a> dialects of <a href="/wiki/Tyrol_(state)" title="Tyrol (state)">Tyrol</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Viennese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Viennese language">Viennese</a>, the Austro-Bavarian dialect of <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, is seen for many in Germany as quintessentially Austrian. The people of <a href="/wiki/Graz" title="Graz">Graz</a>, the capital of <a href="/wiki/Styria" title="Styria">Styria</a>, speak yet another dialect which is not very Styrian and more easily understood by people from other parts of Austria than other Styrian dialects, for example from western Styria. </p><p>Simple words in the various dialects are very similar, but pronunciation is distinct for each and, after listening to a few spoken words, it may be possible for an Austrian to realise which <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialect</a> is being spoken. However, in regard to the dialects of the deeper valleys of the Tyrol, other Tyroleans are often unable to understand them. Speakers from the different <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Provinces of Austria">provinces of Austria</a> can easily be distinguished from each other by their particular accents (probably more so than Bavarians), those of <a href="/wiki/Carinthia_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Carinthia (state)">Carinthia</a>, Styria, Vienna, <a href="/wiki/Upper_Austria" title="Upper Austria">Upper Austria</a>, and the Tyrol being very characteristic. Speakers from those regions, even those speaking Standard German, can usually be easily identified by their accent, even by an untrained listener. </p><p>Several of the dialects have been influenced by contact with non-Germanic linguistic groups, such as the dialect of Carinthia, where, in the past, many speakers were bilingual (and, in the southeastern portions of the state, many still are even today) with <a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a>, and the dialect of Vienna, which has been influenced by immigration during the <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian</a> period, particularly from what is today the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>. The German dialects of <a href="/wiki/South_Tyrol" title="South Tyrol">South Tyrol</a> have been influenced by local <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a>, particularly noticeable with the many <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a> from <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ladin_language" title="Ladin language">Ladin</a>. </p><p>The geographic borderlines between the different accents (<a href="/wiki/Isogloss" title="Isogloss">isoglosses</a>) coincide strongly with the borders of the states and also with the border with Bavaria, with Bavarians having a markedly different rhythm of speech in spite of the linguistic similarities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austrian_German&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austrian_German&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Some examples of <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Schönbrunner Deutsch</i></span>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Habsburg" title="Otto von Habsburg">Otto von Habsburg</a> (2004), former crown prince: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GEIHAl01GP4"><i>Quo vadis Integration</i> lecture</a></li> <li>Emperor <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Austria" title="Charles I of Austria">Charles I of Austria</a> (1916–1918): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jMU9FFzez1A">Recording</a> (1.5 min)</li> <li>Emperor <a href="/wiki/Franz_Joseph" class="mw-redirect" title="Franz Joseph">Franz Joseph</a> (1848–1916): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jecUwMPk8pE">Speech for a military fund</a> (30 sec)</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The 23 food terms of <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Protokoll Nr. 10</i></span> is quoted in this article:<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austrian_German&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>de-AT</i> is an <a href="/wiki/IETF_language_tag" title="IETF language tag">IETF language tag</a> that conforms with the current specification <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tools.ietf.org/rfc/bcp/bcp47.txt">BCP 47 Language Tags</a> (where <i>de-AT</i> happens to be mentioned explicitly). It is often used, for instance in major <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a> (e.g. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://developer.apple.com/library/ios/documentation/MacOSX/Conceptual/BPInternational/LanguageandLocaleIDs/LanguageandLocaleIDs.html">[1]</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.microsoft.com/resources/msdn/goglobal/default.mspx">[2]</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eurotopics-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eurotopics_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eurotopics_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150518084732/http://www.eurotopics.net/pl/home/presseschau/archiv/article/ARTICLE15377-The-problems-of-Austrian-German-in-Europe">"The problems of Austrian German in Europe"</a>. <i>eurotopics.net</i>. euro|topics. 16 March 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurotopics.net/pl/home/presseschau/archiv/article/ARTICLE15377-The-problems-of-Austrian-German-in-Europe">the original</a> on 18 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=eurotopics.net&rft.atitle=The+problems+of+Austrian+German+in+Europe&rft.date=2006-03-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurotopics.net%2Fpl%2Fhome%2Fpresseschau%2Farchiv%2Farticle%2FARTICLE15377-The-problems-of-Austrian-German-in-Europe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustrian+German" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRuss1994">Russ (1994</a>:7, 61–65, 69, 70)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanders2010" class="citation cs2">Sanders, Ruth H. (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d8YTDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA197"><i>German: Biography of a Language</i></a>, New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 197–198, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-538845-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-538845-9"><bdi>978-0-19-538845-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=German%3A+Biography+of+a+Language&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=197-198&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-538845-9&rft.aulast=Sanders&rft.aufirst=Ruth+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd8YTDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA197&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustrian+German" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoosmüller2007" class="citation cs2">Moosmüller, Sylvia (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kfs.oeaw.ac.at/publications/habil_2007may28_tableofcontents_zus_final.pdf"><i>Vowels in Standard Austrian German: An Acoustic-Phonetic and Phonological Analysis</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.kfs.oeaw.ac.at/publications/habil_2007may28_tableofcontents_zus_final.pdf">archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2015</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vowels+in+Standard+Austrian+German%3A+An+Acoustic-Phonetic+and+Phonological+Analysis&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Moosm%C3%BCller&rft.aufirst=Sylvia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kfs.oeaw.ac.at%2Fpublications%2Fhabil_2007may28_tableofcontents_zus_final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustrian+German" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerfettiRiebenFayol1997" class="citation cs2">Perfetti, Charles A.; Rieben, Laurence; Fayol, Michel, eds. (1997), <i>Learning to Spell: Research, Theory, and Practice Across Languages</i>, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, p. 88, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4106-0458-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4106-0458-3"><bdi>978-1-4106-0458-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Learning+to+Spell%3A+Research%2C+Theory%2C+and+Practice+Across+Languages&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=Lawrence+Erlbaum+Associates&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-4106-0458-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustrian+German" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEbner2008" class="citation book cs1">Ebner, Jakob (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oesterreichinstitut.at/fileadmin/content/vienna/Themenschwerpunkte/ebner_duden_oesterreichisches_deutsch.pdf"><i>Duden: Österreichisches Deutsch</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Dudenverl. 11-13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-411-73131-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-411-73131-2"><bdi>978-3-411-73131-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Duden%3A+%C3%96sterreichisches+Deutsch&rft.pages=11-13&rft.pub=Dudenverl.&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3-411-73131-2&rft.aulast=Ebner&rft.aufirst=Jakob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oesterreichinstitut.at%2Ffileadmin%2Fcontent%2Fvienna%2FThemenschwerpunkte%2Febner_duden_oesterreichisches_deutsch.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustrian+German" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoosmüllerSoukup" class="citation web cs1">Moosmüller, Sylvia; Soukup, Barbara. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231225032410/https://lanchart.hum.ku.dk/research/slice/publications-and-news-letters/publications/standard_languages/Soukup_and_Moosm_ller_-_Standard_language_in_Austria_-_p_39-46.pdf">"Standard language in Austria"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lanchart.hum.ku.dk/research/slice/publications-and-news-letters/publications/standard_languages/Soukup_and_Moosm_ller_-_Standard_language_in_Austria_-_p_39-46.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 25 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Standard+language+in+Austria&rft.aulast=Moosm%C3%BCller&rft.aufirst=Sylvia&rft.au=Soukup%2C+Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flanchart.hum.ku.dk%2Fresearch%2Fslice%2Fpublications-and-news-letters%2Fpublications%2Fstandard_languages%2FSoukup_and_Moosm_ller_-_Standard_language_in_Austria_-_p_39-46.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustrian+German" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDollinger2021" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dollinger, Stefan (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nid-library.com/Home/ViewBook/512/127/view"><i>Österreichisches Deutsch oder Deutsch in Österreich?</i></a> (in German) (3rd ed.). Vienna: New Academic Press. pp. 125–128.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C3%96sterreichisches+Deutsch+oder+Deutsch+in+%C3%96sterreich%3F&rft.place=Vienna&rft.pages=125-128&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=New+Academic+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Dollinger&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nid-library.com%2FHome%2FViewBook%2F512%2F127%2Fview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustrian+German" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoyce" class="citation web cs1">Joyce, Paul. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231225033105/http://joycep.myweb.port.ac.uk/abinitio/alphabet/umlautsz.html">"German Alphabet: Umlauts and 'ß' - Paul Joyce"</a>. <i>joycep.myweb.port.ac.uk</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://joycep.myweb.port.ac.uk/abinitio/alphabet/umlautsz.html">the original</a> on 25 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=joycep.myweb.port.ac.uk&rft.atitle=German+Alphabet%3A+Umlauts+and+%27%C3%9F%27+-+Paul+Joyce&rft.aulast=Joyce&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjoycep.myweb.port.ac.uk%2Fabinitio%2Falphabet%2Fumlautsz.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustrian+German" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZui2022" class="citation web cs1">Zui (5 November 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thelanguagecloset.com/2022/11/05/the-story-of-eszett-s/">"The story of Eszett (ß)"</a>. <i>The Language Closet</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Language+Closet&rft.atitle=The+story+of+Eszett+%28%C3%9F%29&rft.date=2022-11-05&rft.au=Zui&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthelanguagecloset.com%2F2022%2F11%2F05%2Fthe-story-of-eszett-s%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustrian+German" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnston1923" class="citation book cs1">Johnston, William M. (23 March 1923). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-dmH7FjxassC"><i>The Austrian Mind: An Intellectual and Social History, 1848-1938</i></a>. University of California Press. p. 127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520049550" title="Special:BookSources/9780520049550"><bdi>9780520049550</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Austrian+Mind%3A+An+Intellectual+and+Social+History%2C+1848-1938&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1923-03-23&rft.isbn=9780520049550&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=William+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-dmH7FjxassC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustrian+German" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRennison2005" class="citation cs2">Rennison, J.R. (2005), "Austria: Language Situation", in Brown, Keith (ed.), <i>Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics</i>, Elsevier Science, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780080547848" title="Special:BookSources/9780080547848"><bdi>9780080547848</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Austria%3A+Language+Situation&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Language+and+Linguistics&rft.pub=Elsevier+Science&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780080547848&rft.aulast=Rennison&rft.aufirst=J.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustrian+German" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=OJ:C:1994:241:TOC">"Documents concerning the accession of the Republic of Austria, the Kingdom of Sweden, the Republic of Finland and the Kingdom of Norway to the European Union"</a>. <i>European Commission</i>. 29 August 1994. p. 370<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2015</span>. <q>The specific Austrian terms of the German language contained in the Austrian legal order and listed in the Annex [Protocol No. 10] to this Protocol shall have the same status and may be used with the same legal effect as the corresponding terms used in Germany listed in that Annex.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+Commission&rft.atitle=Documents+concerning+the+accession+of+the+Republic+of+Austria%2C+the+Kingdom+of+Sweden%2C+the+Republic+of+Finland+and+the+Kingdom+of+Norway+to+the+European+Union&rft.pages=370&rft.date=1994-08-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feur-lex.europa.eu%2Flegal-content%2FEN%2FTXT%2F%3Furi%3DOJ%3AC%3A1994%3A241%3ATOC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustrian+German" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGröller2006" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gröller, Harald (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inst.at/trans/16Nr/07_3/groeller16.htm">"Deutsch oder Österreichisch - Ein kurzer Überblick über die österreichische Sprachpolitik"</a>. <i>Internet-Zeitschrift für Kulturwissenschaften</i> (in German). <b>16</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Internet-Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Kulturwissenschaften&rft.atitle=Deutsch+oder+%C3%96sterreichisch+-+Ein+kurzer+%C3%9Cberblick+%C3%BCber+die+%C3%B6sterreichische+Sprachpolitik&rft.volume=16&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Gr%C3%B6ller&rft.aufirst=Harald&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inst.at%2Ftrans%2F16Nr%2F07_3%2Fgroeller16.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustrian+German" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Markhardt's <i>Das österreichische Deutsch im Rahmen der EU</i>, Peter Lang, 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Otto Back, Erich Benedikt, Karl Blüml, et al.: Österreichisches Wörterbuch (neue Rechtschreibung). Herausgegeben im Auftrag des Bundesministeriums für Unterricht, Kunst und Kultur. Auf der Grundlage des amtlichen Regelwerks. 41. circulation, Österreichischer Bundesverlag, Wien 2009, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-209-06875-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-209-06875-0">978-3-209-06875-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTölgyesi2017" class="citation journal cs1">Tölgyesi, Tamás (January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/35613261">"Austriazismen in der mitteleuropäischen Küche"</a>. <i>Intra- und Interlinguale Zugänge zum Kulinarischen Diskurs I</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Intra-+und+Interlinguale+Zug%C3%A4nge+zum+Kulinarischen+Diskurs+I&rft.atitle=Austriazismen+in+der+mitteleurop%C3%A4ischen+K%C3%BCche&rft.date=2017-01&rft.aulast=T%C3%B6lgyesi&rft.aufirst=Tam%C3%A1s&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F35613261&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustrian+German" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austrian_German&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuss1994" class="citation cs2">Russ, Charles (1994), <i>The German Language Today: A Linguistic Introduction</i>, London: Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-42577-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-42577-0"><bdi>978-0-203-42577-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+German+Language+Today%3A+A+Linguistic+Introduction&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-203-42577-0&rft.aulast=Russ&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustrian+German" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austrian_German&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulrich_Ammon" class="extiw" title="de:Ulrich Ammon">Ammon, Ulrich</a>: <i>Die deutsche Sprache in Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz: Das Problem der nationalen Varietäten.</i> <a href="/wiki/De_Gruyter" title="De Gruyter">de Gruyter</a>, Berlin/New York 1995.</li> <li>Ammon, Ulrich / Hans Bickel, Jakob Ebner u. a.: <i>Variantenwörterbuch des Deutschen. Die Standardsprache in Österreich, der Schweiz und Deutschland sowie in Liechtenstein, Luxemburg, Ostbelgien und Südtirol</i>. Berlin/New York 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-11-016574-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-11-016574-0">3-11-016574-0</a>.</li> <li>Dollinger, Stefan: <i>Österreichisches Deutsch oder Deutsch in Österreich? Identitäten im 21. Jahrhundert.</i> New Academic Press, 2021. Available online, 3rd ed.:<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nid-library.com/Home/BookDetail/512">https://www.nid-library.com/Home/BookDetail/512</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-99036-023-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-99036-023-1">978-3-99036-023-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Grzega" title="Joachim Grzega">Grzega, Joachim</a>: „Deutschländisch und Österreichisches Deutsch: Mehr Unterschiede als nur in Wortschatz und Aussprache.“ In: Joachim Grzega: <i>Sprachwissenschaft ohne Fachchinesisch.</i> <a href="/wiki/Shaker_Verlag" title="Shaker Verlag">Shaker</a>, Aachen 2001, S. 7–26. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8265-8826-6" title="Special:BookSources/3-8265-8826-6">3-8265-8826-6</a>.</li> <li>Grzega, Joachim: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928223322/http://www.linguistik-online.com/3_00/grzega.html">"On the Description of National Varieties: Examples from (German and Austrian) German and (English and American) English".</a> In: Linguistik Online 7 (2000).</li> <li>Grzega, Joachim: "Nonchalance als Merkmal des Österreichischen Deutsch". In: <i>Muttersprache</i> 113 (2003): 242–254.</li> <li>Muhr, Rudolf / Schrodt, Richard: <i>Österreichisches Deutsch und andere nationale Varietäten plurizentrischer Sprachen in Europa.</i> Wien, 1997</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Krech, Eva Maria; Stock, Eberhard; Hirschfeld, Ursula; Anders, Lutz-Christian (2009). "Die Standardaussprache in Österreich". <i>Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch</i>. Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-018202-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-018202-6"><bdi>978-3-11-018202-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Die+Standardaussprache+in+%C3%96sterreich&rft.btitle=Deutsches+Aussprachew%C3%B6rterbuch&rft.place=Berlin%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-3-11-018202-6&rft.aulast=Krech&rft.aufirst=Eva+Maria&rft.au=Stock%2C+Eberhard&rft.au=Hirschfeld%2C+Ursula&rft.au=Anders%2C+Lutz-Christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustrian+German" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Muhr, Rudolf/Schrodt, Richard/Wiesinger, Peter (eds.): <i>Österreichisches Deutsch: Linguistische, sozialpsychologische und sprachpolitische Aspekte einer nationalen Variante des Deutschen.</i> Wien, 1995.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinz_Dieter_Pohl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinz Dieter Pohl (page does not exist)">Pohl, Heinz Dieter</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070608103554/http://members.chello.at/heinz.pohl/Identitaet_Sprache.htm">„Österreichische Identität und österreichisches Deutsch“</a> aus dem <i>„Kärntner Jahrbuch für Politik 1999“</i></li> <li>Wiesinger, Peter: <i>Die deutsche Sprache in Österreich. Eine Einführung</i>, In: Wiesinger (Hg.): <i>Das österreichische Deutsch. Schriften zur deutschen Sprache. Band 12.</i> (Wien, Köln, Graz, 1988, Verlag, Böhlau)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austrian_German&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ostarrichi.org/">Austrian German – German Dictionary</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.volkswoerterbuch.at/">Das Österreichische Volkswörterbuch</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Austria" title="Template:Languages of Austria"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Austria" title="Template talk:Languages of Austria"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Austria" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Austria"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Austria" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Austria" title="Languages of Austria">Languages of Austria</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Austrian German</a> <small>(see also <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Austro-Bavarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Bavarian">Austro-Bavarian</a> <small>(see also <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_language" title="Bavarian language">Bavarian</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bavarian" title="Central Bavarian">Central Bavarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viennese_German" title="Viennese German">Viennese German</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Bavarian" title="Southern Bavarian">Southern Bavarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gottscheerish" title="Gottscheerish">Gottscheerish</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Swabian_German" title="Swabian German">Swabian German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tyrolean_Swabian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tyrolean Swabian (page does not exist)">Tyrolean Swabian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alemannic_German" title="Alemannic German">Alemannic German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Constance_Alemannic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lake Constance Alemannic (page does not exist)">Lake Constance Alemannic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Alemannic" class="mw-redirect" title="High Alemannic">High Alemannic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highest_Alemannic" class="mw-redirect" title="Highest Alemannic">Highest Alemannic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walser_German" title="Walser German">Walser German</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Slavic_languages" title="West Slavic languages">West</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Slavic_languages" title="South Slavic languages">South</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carinthian_dialect_group" title="Carinthian dialect group">Carinthian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gail_Valley_dialect" title="Gail Valley dialect">Gail Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosen_Valley_dialect" title="Rosen Valley dialect">Rosen Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebriach_dialect" title="Ebriach dialect">Ebriach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaun_Valley_dialect" title="Jaun Valley dialect">Jaun Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Pohorje%E2%80%93Rem%C5%A1nik_dialect" title="North Pohorje–Remšnik dialect">North Pohorje-Remšnik</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Styrian_dialect_group" title="Styrian dialect group">Styrian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kozjak_subdialect" title="Kozjak subdialect">Kozjak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_dialect_group" title="Pannonian dialect group">Pannonian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prekmurje_Slovene" title="Prekmurje Slovene">Prekmurje</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Burgenland_Croatian" title="Burgenland Croatian">Burgenland Croatian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0toj_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Štoj dialect (page does not exist)">Štoj</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vlah_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vlah dialect (page does not exist)">Vlah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dolinci_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dolinci dialect (page does not exist)">Dolinci</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poljan_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poljan dialect (page does not exist)">Poljan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hati_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hati dialect (page does not exist)">Hati</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minority_languages_of_Austria" title="Minority languages of Austria">Other minority languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinte_Romani" title="Sinte Romani">Sinte Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Sign_Language" title="Austrian Sign Language">Austrian Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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