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<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"/> <title>CZ:Citation style - Citizendium</title> <script>document.documentElement.className="client-js";RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"a236ce1508ae9e07cebf1da8","wgCSPNonce":false,"wgCanonicalNamespace":"CZ","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":100,"wgPageName":"CZ:Citation_style","wgTitle":"Citation style","wgCurRevisionId":14757,"wgRevisionId":14757,"wgArticleId":14404,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Content Policy","Pages using PMID magic links","Pages using ISBN magic links"],"wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"CZ:Citation_style","wgRelevantArticleId":14404,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":[], "wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgPageFormsTargetName":null,"wgPageFormsAutocompleteValues":[],"wgPageFormsAutocompleteOnAllChars":false,"wgPageFormsFieldProperties":[],"wgPageFormsCargoFields":[],"wgPageFormsDependentFields":[],"wgPageFormsCalendarValues":[],"wgPageFormsCalendarParams":[],"wgPageFormsCalendarHTML":null,"wgPageFormsGridValues":[],"wgPageFormsGridParams":[],"wgPageFormsContLangYes":null,"wgPageFormsContLangNo":null,"wgPageFormsContLangMonths":[],"wgPageFormsHeightForMinimizingInstances":800,"wgPageFormsShowOnSelect":[],"wgPageFormsScriptPath":"/wiki/extensions/PageForms","edgValues":null,"wgPageFormsEDSettings":null,"wgAmericanDates":false,"wgVector2022PreviewPages":[],"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":4};RLSTATE={"site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles.legacy":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","site","mediawiki.page.ready", "mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.legacy.js","ext.gadget.charinsert","ext.popups"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.implement("user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"});});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/wiki/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cskins.vector.styles.legacy&only=styles&skin=vector"/> <script async="" src="/wiki/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""/> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/wiki/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector"/> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.39.5"/> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"/> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1000"/> <link rel="icon" href="/images/favicon1.ico"/> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/wiki/opensearch_desc.php" title="Citizendium"/> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="https://citizendium.org/wiki/api.php?action=rsd"/> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/"/> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Citizendium Atom feed" href="/wiki/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"/> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-W7ML9SNPXT"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-W7ML9SNPXT'); </script> </head> <body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-100 ns-subject page-CZ_Citation_style rootpage-CZ_Citation_style skin-vector action-view skin-vector-legacy vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-language-alert-in-sidebar-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-edit-disabled vector-feature-table-of-contents-disabled vector-feature-visual-enhancement-next-disabled"><div id="mw-page-base" class="noprint"></div> <div id="mw-head-base" class="noprint"></div> <div id="content" class="mw-body" role="main"> <a id="top"></a> <div id="siteNotice"></div> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-namespace">CZ</span><span class="mw-page-title-separator">:</span><span class="mw-page-title-main">Citation style</span></h1> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body"> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Citizendium</div> <div id="contentSub"></div> <div id="contentSub2"></div> <div id="jump-to-nav"></div> <a class="mw-jump-link" href="#mw-head">Jump to navigation</a> <a class="mw-jump-link" href="#searchInput">Jump to search</a> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-parser-output"><p>A <b>citation</b> allows the reader to verify a statement made in the text, see the source of data, gain more detail about a claim, or to explore the original context of a quoted passage. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Generating_the_citation_list"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Generating the citation list</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Listing_the_'references'_or_'notes'"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Listing the 'references' or 'notes'</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Preferred_reference_style"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Preferred reference style</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Journal_abbreviations"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Journal abbreviations</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Electronic_publications_and_hyper-linked_citation_resources"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Electronic publications and hyper-linked citation resources</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Avoid_"ibid.""><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Avoid "ibid."</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Practice_at_Citizendium"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Practice at Citizendium</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Generating_the_citation_list">Generating the citation list</span></h2> <p>To insert a note or reference, the text is marked with a superscript <a href="/wiki/Hyperlink" title="Hyperlink">hyperlink</a> that is linked to a note, like this,<sup id="cite_ref-Example1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Example1-1">[1]</a></sup>. This may direct the reader to a reliable source that validates the statement, such as a book, a scholarly journal, or a government agency website, or to a note that makes an explanatory comment or adds a tangential piece of information. The citation mark is usually placed after the section to which the citation is most relevant, or at the end of the paragraph, where more than one source of validation may be indicated.<sup id="cite_ref-Several1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Several1-2">[2]</a></sup> It should be placed after any punctuation mark and there should be no space before it. </p><p>This minimizes the number of superscripted numbers appearing in the text. The markup code used to produce the note [1] is: </p> <pre><ref name=Example1>A definitive direction to the source of the information is supplied here.</ref></pre> <p>If a citation is used several times in the one article it is useful to give the citation a name. This is done the first time a source is used by using the markup <ref name=Dickens1859>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dickens1859_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dickens1859-3">[3]</a></sup> </p><p>The named reference markup for the note [3] is easy to repeat here using its name.<sup id="cite_ref-Dickens1859_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dickens1859-3">[3]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span id="Listing_the_.27references.27_or_.27notes.27"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Listing_the_'references'_or_'notes'">Listing the 'references' or 'notes'</span></h2> <p>The <references/> markup symbol produces the following result when placed just here: </p> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Example1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Example1_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">A definitive direction to the source of the information is supplied here.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Several1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Several1_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Source 1. <ul><li>Source 2.</li> <li>Source 3. (This is what we are doing in many Citizendium biology pages to reduce clutter).</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-Dickens1859-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Dickens1859_3-0">3.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Dickens1859_3-1">3.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles Dickens (1859) <i>A Tale of Two Cities</i>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <p>The <references/> markup produces a list of all notes used in the text. See how note [3] has two symbols which are superscripted links referring back to where [3] was used in the text. Note how the references are organized in numerical order automatically. Generally, the citation list is placed directly after the main article.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[1]</a></sup> </p><p>Besides the <references/> template, Citizendium provides the {{Reflist}} and its variants described at <a href="/wiki/CZ:List-defined_references" title="CZ:List-defined references">CZ: List-defined references</a>. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Preferred_reference_style">Preferred reference style</span></h2> <p>For scientific articles, the preferred style is very similar to the internet publication <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/guidelines.php">Public Library of Science Biology</a> (PLoS Biology): </p><p><b>Journal articles</b> </p> <dl><dd>Benner SA <i>et al.</i> (1989) Modern metabolism as a palimpsest of the RNA world <i>Proc Natl Acad Sci USA</i> 86:7054-8 <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2476811?dopt=Abstract">PMID 2476811</a></dd></dl> <p>Note that <i>et al.</i> stands for the Latin <i>et alia</i>, meaning 'and others', and is used when there are more than two authors. </p><p><b>Electronic Journal Articles</b> </p> <dl><dd>Loker WM (1996) "Campesinos" and the crisis of modernization in Latin America <i>Jour Pol Ecol</i> 3. Available: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.library.arizona.edu/ej/jpe/volume_3/ascii-lokeriso.txt">http://www.library.arizona.edu/ej/jpe/volume_3/ascii-lokeriso.txt</a>. Accessed 11 August 2006.</dd></dl> <p><b>Books</b> </p> <dl><dd>Richard Dawkins (2004) <i>The Ancestor's Tale</i> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0618005838" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0618005838</a>; Audio (2005) <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0752873210" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0752873210</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metacritic.com/books/authors/dawkinsrichard/ancestorstale">Reviews here</a></dd></dl> <p><b>Book Chapters</b> </p> <dl><dd>Hansen B (1991) New York City epidemics and history for the public. In: Harden VA, Risse GB, editors. <i>AIDS and the historian</i> Bethesda: National Institutes of Health pp. 21–8</dd></dl> <p><br /> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Journal_abbreviations">Journal abbreviations</span></h3> <p>There are several different conventions for abbreviating Journal titles. The most common convention in scientific journals is that used by Index Medicus (and followed by PubMed). Abbreviations follow complex rules; for instance "-ogy" is always lost, so Biology becomes Biol); one exception to this is that where the title of a journal is a single word this is never abbreviated. Thus <i>The Journal of Endocrinology</i> is abbreviated as <i>J Endocrinol</i>, but <i>Endocrinology</i> is left unabbreviated. </p><p>The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) provides a service for <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=journals">looking up</a> journal names and abbreviations, and a list of journal names. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Electronic_publications_and_hyper-linked_citation_resources">Electronic publications and hyper-linked citation resources</span></h2> <p>The use of hyper-links to readily available publications available through the www is encouraged. Some resources, such as JSTOR, Project Muse, <i>New York Times</i>, and other electronic archives are readily available to researchers through their institutional affiliations. For the general public however, access is limited. JSTOR recommends that independent researchers (1) join a participating publisher or scholarly society, (2) visit a subscribing library, or (3) purchase the article from the publisher.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.jstor.org/logon?S1=c0a83465.11653e360350&T=6">[1]</a> </p><p>When you hyper-link a citation resource, include a short notation such as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/help/access_options.html">online source</a>. </p><p>When providing a doi (digital object identifier) for an article, format it as </p> <pre>[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.86.18.7054 Article title.]</pre> <p>This produces a direct link to the article's abstract, and links to full-text and downloadable PDF. For example: </p> <dl><dd><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.86.18.7054">Modern metabolism as a palimpsest of the RNA world.</a></dd></dl> <h2><span id="Avoid_.22ibid..22"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Avoid_"ibid."">Avoid "ibid."</span></h2> <p>If you have two or more footnotes in a row that cite the same source, avoid using "ibid." (the abbreviation for Latin <i>ibidem,</i> "in the same place") for the ones following the first one. If another author inserts text in the middle of the article and cites another source, then the subsequent "ibid."s will suddenly refer to the wrong source. </p><p>To prevent this confusing result, you can cite the previously-cited source using the author's surname plus either "op. cit." (abbreviation for "work cited") or a shortened title of the work. For example, if the first citation is </p><p>1. Robert Peters, <i>Where the Bee Sucks: Workers, Drones and Queens of Contemporary American Poetry,</i> p. 140. </p><p>then the second could be either </p><p>2. Peters, op. cit., p. 191. </p><p>or </p><p>2. Peters, <i>Where the Bee Sucks,</i> p. 191. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Practice_at_Citizendium">Practice at Citizendium</span></h2> <p>The principles behind the choice of any style of citations is to provide the reader with enough information to find the source for himself or herself, with efficient use of limited space and an aesthetically pleasing appearance on the page. Electronic links mean that, strictly, fewer details need be given to enable sources to be located efficiently - for a citation on PubMed everything is redundant except the PMID number. However citations do more than merely point to a source, they are also open acknowledgments of the origin of ideas and information. Listing sources clearly is an explicit and courteous recognition of the debt that authors have to other authors. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Chicago Manual of Style</i>, 14th ed., Part 1, see section 1.82, "Back Matter." This edition of the Chicago Manual of Style discusses the construction of a "book."</span> </li> </ol></div> <p><br /> </p> <table width="80%" align="center" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="border-bottom:1px solid #999999; border-top:1px solid #dddddd; border-left:1px solid #aaaaaa; border-right:1px solid #dddddd; margin:0 auto; clear: both;" class="collapsible {{{hide}}}"> <tbody><tr> <th align="center" colspan="3" style="background:#999933"><i>Citizendium</i> <a href="/wiki/CZ:Content_Policy" title="CZ:Content Policy">Content Policy</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f5f5f5" align="center" colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/CZ:Approval_Standards" title="CZ:Approval Standards">Approval Standards</a> | <a href="/wiki/CZ:Article_mechanics" title="CZ:Article mechanics">Article Mechanics</a> | <a href="/wiki/CZ:Subpages" title="CZ:Subpages">Subpages</a> | <a href="/wiki/CZ:Import" title="CZ:Import">Importing material from other sources</a> | <a href="/wiki/Category:Citable_versions_of_articles" title="Category:Citable versions of articles">Citable articles</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>|width=10% align=center style="background:#F5F5F5"|  |} </p>  </div> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=CZ:Citation_style&oldid=14757">https://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=CZ:Citation_style&oldid=14757</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Content_Policy" title="Category:Content Policy">Content Policy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_PMID_magic_links" title="Category:Pages using PMID magic links">Pages using PMID magic links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_ISBN_magic_links" title="Category:Pages using ISBN magic links">Pages using ISBN magic links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </div> <div id="mw-navigation"> <h2>Navigation menu</h2> <div id="mw-head"> <nav id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal vector-user-menu-legacy" aria-labelledby="p-personal-label" role="navigation" > <h3 id="p-personal-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">Personal tools</span> </h3> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="pt-login" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=CZ%3ACitation+style" title="To edit pages, [[Special:RequestAccount|get a contributor account]]. 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