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Dit is echter niet verplicht." class=""><span>Account aanmaken</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:Aanmelden&returnto=Xenofagie" title="U wordt van harte uitgenodigd om aan te melden, maar dit is niet verplicht [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Aanmelden</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Meer opties" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Persoonlijke hulpmiddelen" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Persoonlijke hulpmiddelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Gebruikersmenu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_nl.wikipedia.org&uselang=nl"><span>Doneren</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:GebruikerAanmaken&returnto=Xenofagie" title="Registreer u vooral en meld u aan. Dit is echter niet verplicht."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Account aanmaken</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:Aanmelden&returnto=Xenofagie" title="U wordt van harte uitgenodigd om aan te melden, maar dit is niet verplicht [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Aanmelden</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pagina's voor uitgelogde redacteuren <a href="/wiki/Help:Inleiding" aria-label="Meer leren over bewerken"><span>meer lezen</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:MijnBijdragen" title="Bijdragen IP-adres [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Bijdragen</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:MijnOverleg" title="Overlegpagina van de anonieme gebruiker van dit IP-adres [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Overleg</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Xenofagie</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ga naar een artikel in een andere taal. 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href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenophagy" title="Xenophagy – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Xenophagy" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8043643#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Taalkoppelingen bewerken" class="wbc-editpage">Koppelingen bewerken</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Naamruimten"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Xenofagie" title="Inhoudspagina 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lang="nl" dir="ltr"><p><b>Xenofagie</b> (van het Grieks: <i>xenos</i>, "vreemd" en <i>fagein</i>, "eten") en <b>allotrofie</b> (van het Grieks: alloi, "ander" en trophein, "voedingsstof") zijn grote veranderingen in vastgestelde patronen van <a href="/wiki/Biologie" title="Biologie">biologische</a> consumptie, door individuen of groepen. </p> <ul><li>In de <a href="/wiki/Entomologie" title="Entomologie">entomologie</a> is xenofagie een categorische verandering in de voeding, zoals een <a href="/wiki/Herbivoor" title="Herbivoor">herbivoor</a> die <a href="/wiki/Carnivoor" title="Carnivoor">vleesetend wordt</a> of een <a href="/wiki/Predatie" title="Predatie">roofdier</a> dat <a href="/wiki/Aaseter" title="Aaseter">necrofagisch wordt</a>, of een omkering van dergelijke veranderingen.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Allotrofie is een minder extreme verandering in het voedingspatroon, zoals in het geval van het <a href="/wiki/Zevenstippelig_lieveheersbeestje" title="Zevenstippelig lieveheersbeestje">lieveheersbeestje met zeven vlekken</a> dat een voedingspatroon van <a href="/wiki/Bladluizen" title="Bladluizen">bladluizen</a> soms bijvult met <a href="/wiki/Stuifmeel" title="Stuifmeel">stuifmeel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Er zijn verschillende duidelijke gevallen van allotrofie bij de Israëlische <i><a href="/wiki/Longitarsus" title="Longitarsus">Longitarsus-</a></i>kevers.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In de <a href="/wiki/Microbiologie" title="Microbiologie">microbiologie</a> is xenofagie het proces waarbij een cel <a href="/wiki/Autofagie_(biologie)" title="Autofagie (biologie)">autofagie</a> richt op <a href="/wiki/Pathogeen" title="Pathogeen">pathogenen</a>, zoals gedocumenteerd in de studie van antivirale afweer.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cellulaire xenofagie is een aangeboren onderdeel van <a href="/wiki/Immuunsysteem" title="Immuunsysteem">afweerreacties</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> hoewel het algemene belang van xenofagie nog niet zeker is.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In de <a href="/wiki/Ecologie" title="Ecologie">ecologie</a> komt allotrofie ook tot uiting in <a href="/wiki/Eutrofi%C3%ABring" title="Eutrofiëring">eutrofiëring</a>, aangezien het een verandering is in de voedingsbron, zoals een <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquatisch_ecosysteem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aquatisch ecosysteem (de pagina bestaat niet)">aquatisch ecosysteem</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dat nieuwe voedingsstoffen begint te ontvangen door drainage van het omringende land.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="toccolours appendix" role="presentation" style="font-size:90%; margin:1em 0 -0.5em; clear:both;"> <div><span style="font-weight:bold">Bronnen, noten en/of referenties</span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Insects and plants: parallel evolution and adaptations - Page 29 Pierre Jolivet - 1986 "Xenophagy is a complete change in diet, the herbivorous diet becoming carnivorous or vice versa, predators becoming necrophagous, coprophages becoming necrophagous or carnivorous, and so on."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sven Erik Jørgensen <i>Encyclopedia of Ecology: P-S</i> Page 2924 2008 "Allotrophy is also widespread among insects, an example being the 7-spot ladybird, whose diet is mainly based on aphids (plant lice) but often includes pollen, too."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Israel journal of entomology</i> Volumes 12-14 - Page 138 Entomological Society of Israel - 1978 "Jolivet (1953, 1967, and in litt., 1976) has used the term allotrophy for the cases where a beetle is found to feed on a completely unrelated host from its normally ... There are several apparent cases of allotrophy in Israeli <a href="/wiki/Longitarsus" title="Longitarsus">Longitarsus</a> (Table 1). "</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fernando E. Vega, Harry K. Kaya <i>Insect Pathology</i> Page 470 - 2012 "The process whereby the cell directs its autophagy machinery toward killing pathogens is termed xenophagy (Levine, 2005). Xenophagy is thought to play a role in antiviral defenses (Sabin et al., 2010), although there are few data on these interactions. While the specific molecules controlling this process are poorly understood, they are expected to share similarities ..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Diane Elizabeth Alexander, <i>Multiple functions of the herpes simplex virus type 1</i> Page 86 Washington University in St. Louis - 2008 "Xenophagy is proving to be an important component of the innate immune response to viral infections. Neuronal expression of the mammalian <a href="/wiki/Autophagy" title="Autophagy">autophagy</a> promoting protein Beclin 1 protects mice against lethal Sindbis virus encephalitis "</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">John P. Greer, John Foerster, George M. Rodgers <i>Wintrobe's Clinical Hematology</i> Volume 2 - Page 271 2008 "The general importance of xenophagy is not yet certain. Among the key components that are transferred to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Phagosome&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phagosome (de pagina bestaat niet)">phagosome</a> and are critical in creating an antimicrobial environment are the vacuole ATPase, NOS2, and phagocyte oxidase ..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Issues in Biological, Biochemical, and Evolutionary Sciences "We also find that the invasive efficiency of group A Streptococcus into cells is not altered by knockdown of VAMP8 or Vti1b, whereas cellular bactericidal efficiency is significantly diminished, indicating that xenophagy is functionally impaired."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Baruch Velan, Avigdor Shafferman, Arie Ordentlich -<i>The Challenge of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms</i> Page 31 2010 "Furthermore, studies have shown the ability of Y. pestis to survive in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Macrophage&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Macrophage (de pagina bestaat niet)">macrophages</a> activated with the cytokine IFNγ. Some vacuolar pathogens appear to co-opt the process of autophagy for survival in host cells. Alternatively, xenophagy is an ..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Eutrophication: causes, consequences, correctives</i> Page 53 <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a> (U.S.) - 1969 "The allotrophy of a lake indicates the intensity of organic supply from its environment. According to the first statement, trophy should not be equated with the status of nutrient conditions, as advocated by Findenegg (1955)."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Handbook of Inland Aquatic Ecosystem Management</i> - Page 16 Sven Erik Jorgensen, Jose Galizia Tundisi, Takako Matsumura Tundisi - 2012 (L 1 ) “Allotrophy” (heterotrophic pathway) “Autotrophy” (autotrophic pathway)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Productivity of world ecosystems</i> Page 90 International Council of Scientific Unions. Special Committee for the International Biological Programme - 1975 "DEGREE OF ALLOTROPHY IN STREAMS The role of allochthonous organic matter in stream economy was ... However, the measurement of the degree of allotrophy has been attempted only recently and by a few stream ecologists.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Academic Press Dictionary of Science and Technology</i>- Page 80 Christopher G. Morris, Academic Press - 1992 "Thus, allotroph, allotrophy. allotrophic lake Ecology, a lake that receives organic material by drainage from the surrounding land. allotropic relating to or characterized by allotropy. 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data-file-height="20" /></span></span> · <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Navigatie_voedingsgewoontes&action=edit" title="Sjabloon bewerken"><img alt="Sjabloon bewerken" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/16px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/24px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/32px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="Voedingsfysiologie,_dieren_en_micro-organismen" class="navigatie-titel">Voedingsfysiologie, dieren en micro-organismen</div> <div class="navigatie-inhoud"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67785531">.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel{margin:0 auto 0 auto;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel .links{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel .rechts{padding-left:0.5em}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel tr{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr;width:100%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel tr:last-of-type{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel .links{text-align:unset}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel .rechts{padding:unset}}</style><table class="navigatie-tabel vatop" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style=""><tbody><tr><td class="links" style=""><b><a href="/wiki/Carnivoor" title="Carnivoor">Carnivorie</a>:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Avivoor" title="Avivoor">avivoor</a> · <a href="/wiki/Formicivoor" title="Formicivoor">formicivoor</a> · <a href="/wiki/Hematofaag" title="Hematofaag">hematofaag</a> · <a href="/wiki/Hypercarnivoor" title="Hypercarnivoor">hypercarnivoor</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypocarnivoor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hypocarnivoor (de pagina bestaat niet)">hypocarnivoor</a> · <a href="/wiki/Insectivoor_(ecologie)" title="Insectivoor (ecologie)">insectivoor</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kannibalisme" title="Kannibalisme">kannibalisme</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lepidofaag&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lepidofaag (de pagina bestaat niet)">lepidofaag</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesocarnivoor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mesocarnivoor (de pagina bestaat niet)">mesocarnivoor</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Molluscivoor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molluscivoor (de pagina bestaat niet)">molluscivoor</a> · <a href="/wiki/Nematovoor" title="Nematovoor">nematovoor</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ophifaag" title="Ophifaag">ophifaag</a> · <a href="/wiki/Piscivoor" title="Piscivoor">piscivoor</a> · <a href="/wiki/Spongivoor" title="Spongivoor">spongivoor</a> · <a href="/wiki/Vermivoor" title="Vermivoor">vermivoor</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b><a href="/wiki/Herbivoor" title="Herbivoor">Herbivorie</a>:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Folivoor" title="Folivoor">folivoor</a> · <a href="/wiki/Fungivoor" title="Fungivoor">fungivoor</a> · <a href="/wiki/Frugivoor" title="Frugivoor">frugivoor</a> · <a href="/wiki/Graminivoor" title="Graminivoor">graminivoor</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Granivoor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Granivoor (de pagina bestaat niet)">granivoor</a> · <a href="/wiki/Nectarivoor" title="Nectarivoor">nectarivoor</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Osteofagie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Osteofagie (de pagina bestaat niet)">osteofagie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Palynivoor" title="Palynivoor">palynivoor</a> · <a href="/wiki/Xylofaag" title="Xylofaag">xylofaag</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b>Embryonaal:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Adelfofagie" title="Adelfofagie">adelfofagie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Matrofagie" title="Matrofagie">matrofagie</a> · <a href="/wiki/O%C3%B6fagie" title="Oöfagie">oöfagie</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedofagie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pedofagie (de pagina bestaat niet)">pedofagie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Placentofagie" title="Placentofagie">placentofagie</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b>Cellulair:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Endocytose" title="Endocytose">endocytose</a> · <a href="/wiki/Endosymbiose" title="Endosymbiose">endosymbiose</a> · <a href="/wiki/Fagocytose" title="Fagocytose">fagocytose</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kleptoplastie" title="Kleptoplastie">kleptoplastie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Myzocytose" title="Myzocytose">myzocytose</a> · <a href="/wiki/Pinocytose" title="Pinocytose">pinocytose</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b>Overige:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Bacterivoor" title="Bacterivoor">bacterivoor</a> · <a href="/wiki/Commensalisme" title="Commensalisme">commensalisme</a> · <a href="/wiki/Coprofagie" title="Coprofagie">coprofagie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Detrivoor" title="Detrivoor">detrivoor</a> · <a href="/wiki/Geofagie" title="Geofagie">geofagie</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Microbivoor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Microbivoor (de pagina bestaat niet)">microbivoor </a> · <a href="/wiki/Mutualisme" title="Mutualisme">mutualisme</a> · <a href="/wiki/Omnivoor" title="Omnivoor">omnivoor</a> · <a href="/wiki/Parasiet" title="Parasiet">parasitisme</a> · <a href="/wiki/Planktivoor" title="Planktivoor">planktivoor</a> · <a href="/wiki/Saprofagie" title="Saprofagie">saprofagie</a> · <a class="mw-selflink selflink">xenofagie</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Overgenomen van "<a dir="ltr" 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