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In the course of his employment with the CIA, Snepp had served two tours of duty in South Vietnam. Decent Interval was based upon this experience. Id. at 930. 8. 444 U.S. at 507. 9. Although dozens of former CIA employees have published books relating to CIA activities without submitting manuscripts for prepublication review, see note 227 infra, Snepp was the first person the government sued after publication for violation of the secrecy agreement. In 1972, the CIA brought a prepublication suit against Victor Marchetti, a former employee, when it learned of his plans to publish a book revealing classified information without seeking prior approval from the CIA. The government obtained an injunction requiring Marchetti to submit his manuscript for prepublication review. United States v. Marchetti, 466 F.2d 1309 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 409 U.S. 1063 (1972). Following the Supreme Court's decision in Snepp, the CIA initiated several postpublication suits against former employees who failed to submit intended publications for prior approval. One of these authors, John Stockwell, has settled out of court, promising to pay any future royalties from his book to the government, and to submit future writings to the CIA for prior approval. See Wash. Post, September 15, 1980, at BII. Another writer, Phillip Agee, has avoided postpublication sanctions for his unapproved publication by successfully arguing that the CIA has selectively enforced its prior approval requirement against authors of manuscripts that are critical of the Agency. Agee v. CIA, 500 F. Supp. 506, 508-09 (D.D.C. 1980). However, the court issued an order threatening to cite Agee for contempt if he failed to submit future writings for prior approval. Id. 10. See 595 F.2d at 935; 444 U.S. at 511; id. at 516 n.2 (Stevens, J., dissenting). 11. Plaintiff's Answers to Defendant's First Set of Interrogatories (Interrogatories Nos. 61(a), 82), United States v. Snepp, 456 F. Supp. 176 (E.D. Va. 1978). 12. See 444 U.S. at 509 n.3. Snepp also asserted defenses based upon contract law. See United States v. Snepp, 456 F. Supp. 176, 177-78 (E.D. Va. 1978). 13. See 456 F. Supp. at 180. 14. The court adopted the finding of the Fourth Circuit in an earlier case considering the CIA secrecy agreement, United States v. Marchetti, 466 F.2d 1309 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 409 U.S. 1063 (1972) (because \"confidentiality inheres in ... the relationship of the parties ... the law would probably imply a secrecy agreement had there been no formally expressed agreement\"). 456 F. Supp. at 182 (quoting 466 F.2d at 1316). 15. The court did not discuss whether Decent Interval had disclosed information that the CIA could have suppressed. Rather, it focused merely on Snepp's failure to submit the book for prior approval in determining whether Snepp had violated his obligations. See 456 F. Supp. at 181-82.","publication_date":"1981,,","publication_name":"Columbia Law Review","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":"86508662"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Snepp v. United States: The CIA Secrecy Agreement and the First Amendment","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [54536945]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":86508662,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Snepp v. 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ds2-5-body-xs"> Journal of Law And Politics, 1989</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The various initiatives undertaken by the Reagan Administration in what has come to be known as the Iran-Contra affair have reignited an old struggle for control over foreign policy.' While the circumstances of this particular controversy are somewhat unusual, the strife between Congress and the Executive has endured, within certain boundaries, since the inception of the Republic. The contours of this debate are well known to anyone with a passing knowledge of the Constitution. Indeed, their familiarity risks obscuring the important principles which are at stake. Yet the sight of a rear admiral and a lieutenant colonel claiming exemption from the law and from political accountability in pursuit of national security goals" helped focus attention on the fundamental constitutional values implicit in the recent political furor. These values are nothing less than the political accountability of the military and the intelligence services, democratic control of foreign policy, and the rule of law. The assertion by President Reagan and his associates of remarkable executive prerogatives in the area of national security requires us to reconsider who, under the Constitution, is entitled to participate in the creation and implementation of foreign policy and how the distribution of this power between the branches of government preserves the delicate balance between secrecy and democracy.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Constitution \u0026 National Security: Covert Action In The Age of Intelligence Oversight","attachmentId":95327667,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/5672425/The_Constitution_and_National_Security_Covert_Action_In_The_Age_of_Intelligence_Oversight","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/5672425/The_Constitution_and_National_Security_Covert_Action_In_The_Age_of_Intelligence_Oversight"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="33907833" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/33907833/Musaddiqs_Spectre_On_the_Recent_Declassification_of_US_Documents">Musaddiq's Spectre: On the Recent Declassification of US Documents</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="75233" href="https://york.academia.edu/EskandarSadeghiBoroujerdi">Eskandar Sadeghi-Boroujerdi</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Jadaliyya, 2017</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Musaddiq's Spectre: On the Recent Declassification of US Documents","attachmentId":53879135,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/33907833/Musaddiqs_Spectre_On_the_Recent_Declassification_of_US_Documents","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/33907833/Musaddiqs_Spectre_On_the_Recent_Declassification_of_US_Documents"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="94991883" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/94991883/The_State_Secrets_Privilege_in_the_Post_9_11_Era_30_Pace_L_Rev_778_2010_">The State Secrets Privilege in the Post-9/11 Era, 30 Pace L. 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