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<!doctype html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <title>April 2003 | Scientific American</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/issue/sa/2003/04-01/"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#fff"/> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"/> <link rel="image_src" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2D1312F6-8FB6-4E5E-AE4C6FCF1BBD622B_source.jpg"> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.scientificamerican.com/issue/sa/2003/04-01/"/> <meta property="og:image" content="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2D1312F6-8FB6-4E5E-AE4C6FCF1BBD622B_source.jpg?w=1200"/> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2D1312F6-8FB6-4E5E-AE4C6FCF1BBD622B_source.jpg?w=1200"/> <meta name="description" content=""A Conversation with James D. 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https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2D1312F6-8FB6-4E5E-AE4C6FCF1BBD622B_source.jpg?w=900 900w" sizes="300px" width="300"/></div><div class="issue__detail__info-PytSq"><div class="issue__detail__meta-cIUoE"><h1>Scientific American Magazine</h1></div><div class="issue__heading-gBfnb"><h2><time dateTime="2003-04-01">April 2003</time></h2></div><small><span>Volume 288</span>, <span>Issue 4</span></small><div class="download__access-pNuvp"><p>You are currently logged out. Please sign in to download the issue PDF.</p><button class="button-Nws5y button__primary-WTBGh">Sign In</button></div><div class="issueArchiveArticleList-p9KXT"><div class="issueArchiveArticleList-p9KXT"><h2 class="listHeading-TIGph">Features</h2><article class="article-4xs14"><h4 class="articleTitle-e093r">A Conversation with James D. Watson</h4><section><div class="dek-5E7-A"><p></p></div><p class="authors-G71Hd"></p></section></article><article class="article-4xs14"><h4 class="articleTitle-e093r">Mount Etna's Ferocious Future</h4><section><div class="dek-5E7-A"><p>Europe's biggest and most active volcano is growing more dangerous. Luckily, the transformation is happening slowly</p></div><p class="authors-G71Hd">Tom Pfeiffer</p></section></article><article class="article-4xs14"><h4 class="articleTitle-e093r">Solving the Solar Neutrino Problem</h4><section><div class="dek-5E7-A"><p>The Sudbury Neutrino Observatory has solved a 30-year-old mystery by showing that neutrinos from the sun change species en route to the earth</p></div><p class="authors-G71Hd">Arthur B. McDonald, Joshua R. Klein and David L. Wark</p></section></article><article class="article-4xs14"><h4 class="articleTitle-e093r">The Grid: Computing without Bounds</h4><section><div class="dek-5E7-A"><p>By linking digital processors, storage systems and software on a global scale, grid technology is poised to transform computing from an individual and corporate activity into a general utility</p></div><p class="authors-G71Hd">Ian Foster</p></section></article><article class="article-4xs14"><h4 class="articleTitle-e093r">The Lowdown on Ginkgo Biloba</h4><section><div class="dek-5E7-A"><p>This popular herbal supplement may slightly improve your memory, but you can get the same effect by eating a candy bar</p></div><p class="authors-G71Hd">Paul E. Gold, Larry Cahill and Gary L. Wenk</p></section></article><article class="article-4xs14"><h4 class="articleTitle-e093r">Questioning the Oldest Signs of Life</h4><section><div class="dek-5E7-A"><p>In the past year scientists have been forced to reconsider how they identify life in the most ancient rocks on earth--and elsewhere in the solar system</p></div><p class="authors-G71Hd">Sarah Simpson</p></section></article></div><div class="issueArchiveArticleList-p9KXT"><h2 class="listHeading-TIGph">Departments</h2><article class="article-4xs14"><h2 class="departmentsArticleTitle-4XlrA">Erratum</h2></article><article class="article-4xs14"><h2 class="departmentsArticleTitle-4XlrA">Data Points: April 2003</h2></article><article class="article-4xs14"><h2 class="departmentsArticleTitle-4XlrA">Brief Points: April 2003</h2></article><article class="article-4xs14"><h2 class="departmentsArticleTitle-4XlrA">Ask the Experts: April, 2003</h2></article><article class="article-4xs14"><h2 class="departmentsArticleTitle-4XlrA">Fuzzy Logic</h2></article><article class="article-4xs14"><h2 class="departmentsArticleTitle-4XlrA">Working Weeds</h2></article><article class="article-4xs14"><h2 class="departmentsArticleTitle-4XlrA">The Wily Flu ; Frozen Continent ; Fishy Aviation</h2></article><article class="article-4xs14"><h2 class="departmentsArticleTitle-4XlrA">Was Light Faster in the Past?</h2></article><article class="article-4xs14"><h2 class="departmentsArticleTitle-4XlrA">Get Real</h2></article><article class="article-4xs14"><h2 class="departmentsArticleTitle-4XlrA">Potent Patches</h2></article><article class="article-4xs14"><h2 class="departmentsArticleTitle-4XlrA">Truth in Advertising</h2></article><article class="article-4xs14"><h2 class="departmentsArticleTitle-4XlrA">I, Clone</h2></article><article class="article-4xs14"><h2 class="departmentsArticleTitle-4XlrA">Screen Writing</h2></article><article class="article-4xs14"><h2 class="departmentsArticleTitle-4XlrA">News Briefs</h2></article><article class="article-4xs14"><h2 class="departmentsArticleTitle-4XlrA">Letters</h2></article><article class="article-4xs14"><h2 class="departmentsArticleTitle-4XlrA">The Graph of Life</h2></article><article class="article-4xs14"><h2 class="departmentsArticleTitle-4XlrA">Razing the Tollbooths</h2></article></div></div></div></div></div></div></main><footer class="footer-VfsmT"><div class="footerContainer-pfbjC"><h2 class="footerMainText-wQ3og">Expand Your World with Science</h2></div><div class="footerFlexContainer-XKe5g footerContainer-pfbjC"><div class="footerLinks-m1THn"><p class="footerText-PzHcy">Learn and share the most exciting discoveries, innovations and ideas shaping our world today.</p><a class="footerLink-uRzI4" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/getsciam/">Subscribe</a><a class="footerLink-uRzI4" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/newsletter-signup/">Sign up for our newsletters</a><a class="footerLink-uRzI4" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/">See the latest 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Follow him at <a href=\\"http://www.markalpert.com/\\">www.markalpert.com</a>.</p>","picture_file":null,"contacts":[{"type":"x","value":"@AlpertMark"}]}],"image_url":null,"image_width":null,"image_height":null,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":null,"image_desktop_height":null,"image_block_syndication":false,"media_url":null,"media_type":null,"release_date":"2003-04-01T00:00:00-05:00","date_published":"2003-04-01T00:00:00-05:00","digital_column":null,"digital_column_slug":null,"category":"Space & Physics","subtype":"news","column":"Advances","page_number":null},{"id":1237206,"contentful_id":"7FJcUuyRqUCRh97haaYHSt","article_doi":"10.1038/scientificamerican042003-7FJcUuyRqUCRh97haaYHSt","mura_id":"81B0D38D-91EC-4D05-9FAAD8DFDD70B21E","mura_contentid":"00089B8B-69C2-1E61-A98A809EC5880105","title":"Foiling a Faint Sun","display_title":"<p>Foiling a Faint Sun</p>","slug":"foiling-a-faint-sun","url":"/article/foiling-a-faint-sun/","summary":"<p>Hungry bacteria may have warmed an ancient earth</p>","authors":[{"mura_id":"B7C99B1F-4BD6-4476-8A322F4B876F21CA","url":"/author/sarah-simpson/","contentful_id":"7CYyItJf33vLhDVBC17IrA","name":"Sarah Simpson","slug":"sarah-simpson","biography":null,"picture_file":null,"contacts":[]}],"image_url":null,"image_width":null,"image_height":null,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":null,"image_desktop_height":null,"image_block_syndication":false,"media_url":null,"media_type":null,"release_date":"2003-04-01T00:00:00-05:00","date_published":"2003-04-01T00:00:00-05:00","digital_column":null,"digital_column_slug":null,"category":"The Sciences","subtype":"news","column":"Advances","page_number":null},{"id":1237209,"contentful_id":"2WI2DS9iZ1u14dafdZm6ts","article_doi":"10.1038/scientificamerican042003-2WI2DS9iZ1u14dafdZm6ts","mura_id":"CE437A62-156C-4415-A4167C6F666B0C61","mura_contentid":"000E0BEE-6A94-1E61-A98A809EC5880105","title":"Out of the Woods","display_title":"<p>Out of the Woods</p>","slug":"out-of-the-woods","url":"/article/out-of-the-woods/","summary":"<p>Moving the gray wolf off the endangered list</p>","authors":[{"mura_id":"B831FAFB-A0A0-4F57-B8D3F340F389E6DF","url":"/author/emily-harrison/","contentful_id":"3U5ikE9jMWEFav5aarJyNE","name":"Emily Harrison","slug":"emily-harrison","biography":null,"picture_file":null,"contacts":[]}],"image_url":null,"image_width":null,"image_height":null,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":null,"image_desktop_height":null,"image_block_syndication":false,"media_url":null,"media_type":null,"release_date":"2003-04-01T00:00:00-05:00","date_published":"2003-04-01T00:00:00-05:00","digital_column":null,"digital_column_slug":null,"category":"The Sciences","subtype":"news","column":"Advances","page_number":null},{"id":1237192,"contentful_id":"hHzCqSrsPIgGWzLk8okF3","article_doi":"10.1038/scientificamerican042003-hHzCqSrsPIgGWzLk8okF3","mura_id":"4C750726-A109-4458-8C405EBAFDCF6B9D","mura_contentid":"0005C5D7-6A1F-1E61-A98A809EC5880105","title":"A Tale of Two C's","display_title":"<p>A Tale of Two C's</p>","slug":"a-tale-of-two-cs","url":"/article/a-tale-of-two-cs/","summary":"<p>Gravity speed test raises some relativistic eyebrows</p>","authors":[{"mura_id":"389BF397-03A9-4286-B4471320F07E2910","url":"/author/george-musser/","contentful_id":"6pFB3XLdXiwnUDb2oJcGeE","name":"George Musser","slug":"george-musser","biography":"<p><a href=\\"https://www.scientificamerican.com/author/george-musser/\\"><b>George Musser</b></a> is a contributing editor at <i>Scientific American</i> and author of <i>Putting Ourselves Back in the Equation</i> (2023) and <i>Spooky Action at a Distance</i> (2015), both published by Farrar, Straus and Giroux. Follow him on Mastodon <a href=\\"https://mastodon.social/@gmusser\\">@gmusser@mastodon.social</a>, Bluesky <a href=\\"https://bsky.app/profile/gmusser\\">@gmusser.bsky.social</a> and Threads <a href=\\"https://www.threads.net/@georgemusserjr\\">@georgemusserjr@threads.net</a></p>","picture_file":null,"contacts":[{"type":"site","value":"http://www.buckyspace.com"}]}],"image_url":null,"image_width":null,"image_height":null,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":null,"image_desktop_height":null,"image_block_syndication":false,"media_url":null,"media_type":null,"release_date":"2003-04-01T00:00:00-05:00","date_published":"2003-04-01T00:00:00-05:00","digital_column":null,"digital_column_slug":null,"category":"The 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His new book is <i>Heavens on Earth: The Scientific Search for the Afterlife, Immortality, and Utopia</i> (Henry Holt, 2018).</p>","picture_file":null,"contacts":[{"type":"x","value":"@michaelshermer"}]}],"image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F5B31594-7A88-4496-BBABCA2832E9FF60_source.jpg","image_width":125,"image_height":139,"image_alt_text":"MIchael Shermer","image_caption":null,"image_credits":"<p>BRAD HINES</p>","image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image_block_syndication":true,"media_url":null,"media_type":null,"release_date":"2003-04-01T00:00:00-05:00","date_published":"2003-04-01T00:00:00-05:00","digital_column":null,"digital_column_slug":null,"category":"The Sciences","subtype":"news","column":"Skeptic","page_number":null},{"id":1237234,"contentful_id":"17gff1MTUiIPwWI5hkuJp5","article_doi":"10.1038/scientificamerican042003-17gff1MTUiIPwWI5hkuJp5","mura_id":"0144D1EE-1245-48CA-A538300EC057EB08","mura_contentid":"000D3760-31B2-1E64-A98A809EC5880105","title":"Screen Writing","display_title":"<p>Screen Writing</p>","slug":"screen-writing","url":"/article/screen-writing/","summary":"<p>The Tablet PC is a high-tech tool for scribblers</p>","authors":[{"mura_id":"2B9B7AB3-A819-4ADA-9089707C21B15909","url":"/author/mark-alpert/","contentful_id":"5mMgw25KWIOm57bBGM8MMx","name":"Mark Alpert","slug":"mark-alpert","biography":"<p>Mark Alpert is an internationally bestselling author of science thrillers. 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Stix has edited or written cover stories, feature articles and news on diverse topics, ranging from what happens in the brain when a person is immersed in thought to the impact of brain implant technology that alleviates mood disorders such as depression. Before taking over the neuroscience beat, Stix, as <i>Scientific American</i>'s special projects editor, oversaw the magazine's annual single-topic special issues, conceiving of and producing issues on Albert Einstein, Charles Darwin, climate change and nanotechnology. One special issue he edited on the topic of time in all of its manifestations won a National Magazine Award. With his wife Miriam Lacob, Stix is co-author of a technology primer called <i>Who Gives a Gigabyte? 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