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class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pippin_I_&_Arnulf_of_Metz_(613–645)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pippin_I_&_Arnulf_of_Metz_(613–645)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Pippin I & Arnulf of Metz (613–645)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pippin_I_&_Arnulf_of_Metz_(613–645)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pippin_I_(624–640)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pippin_I_(624–640)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Pippin I (624–640)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pippin_I_(624–640)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grimoald_(640–656)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grimoald_(640–656)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Grimoald (640–656)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grimoald_(640–656)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grimoald_and_Childebert_(656–657)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grimoald_and_Childebert_(656–657)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.4</span> <span>Grimoald and Childebert (656–657)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grimoald_and_Childebert_(656–657)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pippin_II_(676–714)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pippin_II_(676–714)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.5</span> <span>Pippin II (676–714)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pippin_II_(676–714)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rise_to_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise_to_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.5.1</span> <span>Rise to power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rise_to_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consolidation_of_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consolidation_of_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.5.2</span> <span>Consolidation of power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consolidation_of_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.5.3</span> <span>Later years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.5.4</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Charles_Martel_(714–741)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Charles_Martel_(714–741)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.6</span> <span>Charles Martel (714–741)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Charles_Martel_(714–741)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rise_to_power_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise_to_power_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.6.1</span> <span>Rise to power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rise_to_power_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consolidation_of_power_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consolidation_of_power_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.6.2</span> <span>Consolidation of power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consolidation_of_power_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ending_the_Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ending_the_Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.6.2.1</span> <span>Ending the Civil War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ending_the_Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-East_of_the_Rhine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_of_the_Rhine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.6.2.2</span> <span>East of the Rhine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_of_the_Rhine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aquitaine,_Burgundy_and_Provence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aquitaine,_Burgundy_and_Provence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.6.2.3</span> <span>Aquitaine, Burgundy and Provence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aquitaine,_Burgundy_and_Provence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ruling_Francia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ruling_Francia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.6.3</span> <span>Ruling Francia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ruling_Francia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vassalage_and_Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vassalage_and_Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.6.3.1</span> <span>Vassalage and Church</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vassalage_and_Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interregnum,_death_and_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interregnum,_death_and_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.6.4</span> <span>Interregnum, death and divisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interregnum,_death_and_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Charlemagne" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Charlemagne"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.7</span> <span>Charlemagne</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Charlemagne-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Decline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genealogy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genealogy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Genealogy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genealogy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grand_strategy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grand_strategy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Grand strategy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grand_strategy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Carolingian dynasty</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 76 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-76" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">76 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karolingers" title="Karolingers – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Karolingers" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karolinger" title="Karolinger – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Karolinger" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="كارولنجيون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كارولنجيون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinast%C3%ADa_Carolinchia" title="Dinastía Carolinchia – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Dinastía Carolinchia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinast%C3%ADa_carolinxa" title="Dinastía carolinxa – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Dinastía carolinxa" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karolinql%C9%99r_s%C3%BClal%C9%99si" title="Karolinqlər sülaləsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Karolinqlər sülaləsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroling_%C3%B4ng-ti%C3%A2u" title="Caroling ông-tiâu – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Caroling ông-tiâu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%96" title="Каралінгі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Каралінгі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%96" title="Каралінгі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Каралінгі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Каролинги – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Каролинги" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karolinzi" title="Karolinzi – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Karolinzi" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karolingidi" title="Karolingidi – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Karolingidi" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_carol%C3%ADngia" title="Dinastia carolíngia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dinastia carolíngia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Каролингсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Каролингсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlovci" title="Karlovci – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Karlovci" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_Carolingiaid" title="Y Carolingiaid – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Y Carolingiaid" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karolingerne" title="Karolingerne – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Karolingerne" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karolinger" title="Karolinger – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Karolinger" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karolingid" title="Karolingid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Karolingid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%B4%CF%8E%CE%BD" title="Δυναστεία των Καρολιδών – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δυναστεία των Καρολιδών" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinast%C3%ADa_carolingia" title="Dinastía carolingia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dinastía carolingia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karolidoj" title="Karolidoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Karolidoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karolingioak" title="Karolingioak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Karolingioak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86%DA%98%DB%8C" title="دودمان کارولنژی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دودمان کارولنژی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karolingarnir" title="Karolingarnir – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Karolingarnir" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolingiens" title="Carolingiens – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Carolingiens" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karolingen" title="Karolingen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Karolingen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADshlocht_na_gCairil%C3%ADnseach" title="Ríshlocht na gCairilínseach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ríshlocht na gCairilínseach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinast%C3%ADa_carolinxia" title="Dinastía carolinxia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Dinastía carolinxia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EB%A1%A4%EB%A3%A8%EC%8A%A4_%EC%99%95%EC%A1%B0" title="카롤루스 왕조 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="카롤루스 왕조" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Կարոլինգներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կարոլինգներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karolinzi" title="Karolinzi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Karolinzi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karolus-dinastio" title="Karolus-dinastio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Karolus-dinastio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangsa_Karoling" title="Wangsa Karoling – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Wangsa Karoling" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynastia_carolinge" title="Dynastia carolinge – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Dynastia carolinge" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlungar" title="Karlungar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Karlungar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolingi" title="Carolingi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Carolingi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%99%D7%AA" title="השושלת הקרולינגית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="השושלת הקרולינגית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="კაროლინგების დინასტია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კაროლინგების დინასტია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Каролингдер – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Каролингдер" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolingorum_stirps" title="Carolingorum stirps – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Carolingorum stirps" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karolingu_dinastija" title="Karolingu dinastija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Karolingu dinastija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karolenger" title="Karolenger – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Karolenger" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karolingai" title="Karolingai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Karolingai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karolinge" title="Karolinge – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Karolinge" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karoling-h%C3%A1z" title="Karoling-ház – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Karoling-ház" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Каролинзи – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Каролинзи" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86" title="كارولينجيين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كارولينجيين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinasti_Carolus" title="Dinasti Carolus – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Dinasti Carolus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karolingen" title="Karolingen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Karolingen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AD%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E6%9C%9D" title="カロリング朝 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カロリング朝" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karolingerne" title="Karolingerne – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Karolingerne" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karolingarane" title="Karolingarane – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Karolingarane" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karolinglar" title="Karolinglar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Karolinglar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%AB%D9%8A%D9%86_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%8D" title="کارولينګين کورنۍ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کارولينګين کورنۍ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karolingowie" title="Karolingowie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Karolingowie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_carol%C3%ADngia" title="Dinastia carolíngia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Dinastia carolíngia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Carolingian%C4%83" title="Dinastia Carolingiană – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Dinastia Carolingiană" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Каролинги – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Каролинги" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carulinci" title="Carulinci – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Carulinci" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolingian_dynasty" title="Carolingian dynasty – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Carolingian dynasty" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karolovci" title="Karolovci – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Karolovci" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karolingi" title="Karolingi – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Karolingi" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Каролинзи – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Каролинзи" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karolinzi" title="Karolinzi – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Karolinzi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karolingit" title="Karolingit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Karolingit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karolinger" title="Karolinger – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Karolinger" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8C%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87" title="ราชวงศ์การอแล็งเฌียง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ราชวงศ์การอแล็งเฌียง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karolenj_Hanedan%C4%B1" title="Karolenj Hanedanı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Karolenj Hanedanı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Каролінги – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Каролінги" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86" title="خاندان کیرولنجین – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="خاندان کیرولنجین" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_tri%E1%BB%81u_Caroling" title="Vương triều Caroling – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vương triều Caroling" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karoliengers" title="Karoliengers – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Karoliengers" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%B4%9B%E6%9E%97%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="加洛林王朝 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="加洛林王朝" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%B4%9B%E6%9E%97%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="加洛林王朝 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="加洛林王朝" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%B4%9B%E6%9E%97%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="加洛林王朝 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="加洛林王朝" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carolingian&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Carolingian">Carolingian</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Frankish noble family founded by Charles Martel</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Carolingian" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Carolingian (disambiguation)">Carolingian (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org">Carolingian dynasty<br /><div class="nickname" style="display:inline;font-size:78%">Carlovingians</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Charlemagne_autograph.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Charlemagne_autograph.svg/110px-Charlemagne_autograph.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Charlemagne_autograph.svg/165px-Charlemagne_autograph.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Charlemagne_autograph.svg/220px-Charlemagne_autograph.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="586" data-file-height="509" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Autograph of <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent house</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pippinids" title="Pippinids">Pippinids</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data label"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Austrasia" title="Austrasia">Austrasia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Neustria" title="Neustria">Neustria</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Burgundy" title="Duchy of Burgundy">Burgundy</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Alamannia#Carolingian_rule" title="Alamannia">Alamannia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Lombard_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Lombard Kingdom">Italy</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Aquitaine" title="Duchy of Aquitaine">Aquitaine</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bavaria" title="Duchy of Bavaria">Bavaria</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bohemia" title="Duchy of Bohemia">Bohemia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Saxony" title="Duchy of Saxony">Saxony</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Thuringia" title="Duchy of Thuringia">Thuringia</a> </li></ul> </div><b><a href="/wiki/West_Francia" title="West Francia">West Francia</a></b><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Middle_Francia" title="Middle Francia">Middle Francia</a></b><br /><b><a href="/wiki/East_Francia" title="East Francia">East Francia</a></b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">613 (as mayors)<br />751 (as kings)<br />800 (as emperors)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pepin_the_Elder" class="mw-redirect" title="Pepin the Elder">Pepin the Elder</a> (as mayor)<br /><a href="/wiki/Pepin_the_Short" title="Pepin the Short">Pepin the Short</a> (as king)<br /><a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> (emperor)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Final ruler</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arnulf_of_Carinthia" title="Arnulf of Carinthia">Arnulf of Carinthia</a> (emperor)<br /><a href="/wiki/Louis_V_of_France" title="Louis V of France">Louis V of France</a> (king)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Titles</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Franks" class="mw-redirect" title="King of the Franks">King of the Franks</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Lombards" class="mw-redirect" title="King of the Lombards">King of the Lombards</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/King_of_Italy" title="King of Italy">King of Italy</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/King_of_Aquitaine" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Aquitaine">King of Aquitaine</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/King_of_Burgundy" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Burgundy">King of Burgundy</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bohemian_monarchs" title="List of Bohemian monarchs">Duke of Bohemia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Bavaria">Duke of Bavaria</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Counts_and_dukes_of_Maine" title="Counts and dukes of Maine">Duke of Maine</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Count_of_Vermandois" title="Count of Vermandois">Count of Vermandois</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Count_of_Valois" class="mw-redirect" title="Count of Valois">Count of Valois</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/King_of_East_Francia" class="mw-redirect" title="King of East Francia">King of East Francia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/King_of_Middle_Francia" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Middle Francia">King of Middle Francia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/West_Francia" title="West Francia">King of West Francia</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Estate(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">Francia, West Francia, East Francia, Lotharingia, Italy, Holy Roman Empire</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Deposition</th><td class="infobox-data">987 (death of Louis V)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cadet branches</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pepin_of_Italy" title="Pepin of Italy">Lombard branch</a> (extinct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothair_I" title="Lothair I">Lotharingian branch</a> (extinct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepin_I_of_Aquitaine" title="Pepin I of Aquitaine">Aquitainian branch</a> (extinct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_the_German" title="Louis the German">German branch</a> (extinct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Bald" title="Charles the Bald">French branch</a> (extinct)</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Carolingian dynasty</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Charlemagne_autograph.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Charlemagne_autograph.svg/75px-Charlemagne_autograph.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Charlemagne_autograph.svg/113px-Charlemagne_autograph.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Charlemagne_autograph.svg/150px-Charlemagne_autograph.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="586" data-file-height="509" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Pippinids" title="Pippinids">Pippinids</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pippin_the_Elder" class="mw-redirect" title="Pippin the Elder">Pippin the Elder</a> (c. 580–640)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimoald_the_Elder" title="Grimoald the Elder">Grimoald</a> (616–656)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childebert_the_Adopted" title="Childebert the Adopted">Childebert the Adopted</a> (d. 662)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Arnulfings" class="mw-redirect" title="Arnulfings">Arnulfings</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arnulf_of_Metz" title="Arnulf of Metz">Arnulf of Metz</a> (582–640)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansegisel" title="Ansegisel">Ansegisel</a> (d. 662 or 679)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlodulf_of_Metz" title="Chlodulf of Metz">Chlodulf of Metz</a> (d. 696 or 697)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepin_of_Herstal" title="Pepin of Herstal">Pepin of Herstal</a> (635–714)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimoald_the_Younger" title="Grimoald the Younger">Grimoald II</a> (d. 714)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drogo_of_Champagne" title="Drogo of Champagne">Drogo of Champagne</a> (670–708)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theudoald" title="Theudoald">Theudoald</a> (d. 741)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Carolingians</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Martel" title="Charles Martel">Charles Martel</a> (686–741)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carloman_(mayor_of_the_palace)" title="Carloman (mayor of the palace)">Carloman</a> (d. 754)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepin_the_Short" title="Pepin the Short">Pepin the Short</a> (714–768)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carloman_I" title="Carloman I">Carloman I</a> (751–771)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> (742–814)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepin_the_Hunchback" class="mw-redirect" title="Pepin the Hunchback">Pepin the Hunchback</a> (768–811)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Younger" title="Charles the Younger">Charles the Younger</a> (772–811)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepin_of_Italy" title="Pepin of Italy">Pepin of Italy</a> (773–810)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Pious" title="Louis the Pious">Louis the Pious</a> (778–840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepin_I_of_Aquitaine" title="Pepin I of Aquitaine">Pepin I of Aquitaine</a> (797–838)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">After the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Verdun" title="Treaty of Verdun">Treaty of Verdun</a> (843)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lothair_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Lothair I, Holy Roman Emperor">Lothair I, Holy Roman Emperor</a><br />(795–855; <a href="/wiki/Middle_Francia" title="Middle Francia">Middle Francia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Bald" title="Charles the Bald">Charles the Bald</a> (823–877)<br />(<a href="/wiki/West_Francia" title="West Francia">West Francia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_the_German" title="Louis the German">Louis the German</a> (804–876)<br />(<a href="/wiki/East_Francia" title="East Francia">East Francia</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Carolingians" title="Template:Carolingians"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Carolingians" title="Template talk:Carolingians"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Carolingians" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Carolingians"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Carolingian dynasty</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ær/: 'arr' in 'marry'">ær</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/dʒ/: 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">KARR</span>-ə-<span style="font-size:90%">LIN</span>-jee-ən</i></a>;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> known variously as the <b>Carlovingians</b>, <b>Carolingus</b>, <b>Carolings</b>, <b>Karolinger</b> or <b>Karlings</b>) was a <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Frankish</a> noble family named after <a href="/wiki/Charles_Martel" title="Charles Martel">Charles Martel</a> and his grandson <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a>, descendants of the <a href="/wiki/Pippinids" title="Pippinids">Arnulfing and Pippinid</a> clans of the 7th century AD.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dynasty consolidated its power in the 8th century, eventually making the offices of <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_the_palace" title="Mayor of the palace">mayor of the palace</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Dux_et_princeps_Francorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Dux et princeps Francorum">dux et princeps Francorum</a></i> hereditary, and becoming the <i>de facto</i> rulers of the Franks as the real powers behind the Merovingian throne. In 751 the <a href="/wiki/Merovingian_dynasty" title="Merovingian dynasty">Merovingian dynasty</a> which had ruled the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> was overthrown with the consent of the <a href="/wiki/Papacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Papacy">Papacy</a> and the aristocracy, and <a href="/wiki/Pepin_the_Short" title="Pepin the Short">Pepin the Short</a>, son of Martel, was crowned <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Franks" class="mw-redirect" title="King of the Franks">King of the Franks</a>. The Carolingian dynasty reached its peak in 800 with the crowning of <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> as the first <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Emperor of the Romans</a> in the West in over three centuries. Nearly every monarch of France from Charlemagne's son Louis the Pious till the penultimate monarch of France Louis Philippe have been his descendants. His death in 814 began an extended period of fragmentation of the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a> and decline that would eventually lead to the evolution of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">Kingdom of France</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carolingian_dynasty&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Carolingian dynasty takes its name from <i><a href="/wiki/Carolus_(name)" title="Carolus (name)">Carolus</a></i>, the <a href="/wiki/Latinisation_of_names" title="Latinisation of names">Latinised</a> name of multiple Frankish kings including <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Martel" title="Charles Martel">Charles Martel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name originates from a common <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a> word, rendered in <a href="/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German">Old High German</a> as <a href="/wiki/Charles" title="Charles">Karl or Kerl</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> meaning <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">man</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>, <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">husband</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>, or <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">freeman</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carolingian_dynasty&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carolingian_dynasty&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pippin_I_&_Arnulf_of_Metz_(613–645)"><span id="Pippin_I_.26_Arnulf_of_Metz_.28613.E2.80.93645.29"></span>Pippin I & Arnulf of Metz (613–645)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carolingian_dynasty&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pippin I & Arnulf of Metz (613–645)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Carolingian line first began with two important rival Frankish families, the <a href="/wiki/Pippinids" title="Pippinids">Pippinids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arnulfings" class="mw-redirect" title="Arnulfings">Arnulfings</a>, whose destinies became intermingled in the early 7th century. Both men came from noble backgrounds on the western borders of the <a href="/wiki/Austrasia" title="Austrasia">Austrasia</a> territory between the <a href="/wiki/Meuse" title="Meuse">Meuse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moselle" title="Moselle">Moselle</a> rivers, north of <a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge" title="Liège">Liège</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Riché-1993c_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Riché-1993c-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fouracre-2000b_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fouracre-2000b-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first two figures, <a href="/wiki/Pepin_of_Landen" title="Pepin of Landen">Pippin I of Landen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arnulf_of_Metz" title="Arnulf of Metz">Arnulf of Metz</a>, from whom historians have taken the family names,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> both first appeared in the fourth book of the <i><a href="/wiki/Chronicle_of_Fredegar" title="Chronicle of Fredegar">Continuations of Fredegar</a></i> as advisers to <a href="/wiki/Chlothar_II" title="Chlothar II">Chlotar II of Neustria</a>, who 'incited' revolt against King <a href="/wiki/Theuderic_II" title="Theuderic II">Theuderic II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brunhilda_of_Austrasia" title="Brunhilda of Austrasia">Brunhild of Austrasia</a> in 613.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson-1960c_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson-1960c-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through shared interests, Pippin and Arnulf allied their families through the marriage of Pippin's daughter <a href="/wiki/Begga" title="Begga">Begga</a> and Arnulf's son <a href="/wiki/Ansegisel" title="Ansegisel">Ansegisel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Riché-1993c_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Riché-1993c-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As repayment for their help during the Austrasian conquest, Chlotar rewarded both men with important positions of power in Austrasia. However, Arnulf was the first to gain. He was bestowed the bishopric of Metz in 614, entrusting him with the management of the Austrasian capital and the education of Chlotar's young son, the future <a href="/wiki/Dagobert_I" title="Dagobert I">Dagobert I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gerberding-1987_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gerberding-1987-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is a position he would hold until his retirement in 629 after Chlotar's death, when he left for a small ecclesiastical community near Habendum; he was later buried at the monastery of <a href="/wiki/Remiremont_Abbey" title="Remiremont Abbey">Remiremont</a> after his death <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 645</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Riché-1993c_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Riché-1993c-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pippin_I_(624–640)"><span id="Pippin_I_.28624.E2.80.93640.29"></span>Pippin I (624–640)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carolingian_dynasty&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Pippin I (624–640)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pippin was not immediately rewarded, but eventually was given the position of <i>maior palatti</i> or '<a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_the_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayor of the Palace">mayor of the palace</a>' of Austrasia in 624. This reward secured Pippin a position of prime importance with the Merovingian royal court. The mayor of the palace would act as the mediator between the King and the magnates of the region; as Paul Fouracre summarises, they were 'regarded as the most important non-royal person in the kingdom.'<sup id="cite_ref-Fouracre-2000b_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fouracre-2000b-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reason Pippin was not rewarded sooner is not certain, but two mayors, Rado (613 – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 617</span>) and Chucus (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 617</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 624</span>), are believed to have preceded him and were potentially political rivals connected to the fellow Austrasian 'Gundoinings' noble family.<sup id="cite_ref-Gerberding-1987_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gerberding-1987-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fouracre-2000b_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fouracre-2000b-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once elected, Pippin served faithfully under Chlotar until the latter's death in 629, and solidified the Pippinids' position of power within Austrasia by supporting Chlotar's son Dagobert, who became King of Austrasia in 623.<sup id="cite_ref-Fouracre-2000b_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fouracre-2000b-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pippin, with support from Arnulf and other Austrasian magnates, even used the opportunity to support the killing of an important political rival <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chrodoald&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chrodoald (page does not exist)">Chrodoald</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Agilolfings" title="Agilolfings">Agilolfing</a> lord.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson-1960c_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson-1960c-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following King Dagobert I's ascent to the throne in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 629</span>, he returned the Frankish capital back to Paris in <a href="/wiki/Neustria" title="Neustria">Neustria</a>, from whence it had been removed by Chlotar in 613. As a result, Pippin lost his position as mayor and the support of the Austrasian magnates, who were seemingly irritated by his inability to persuade the King to return the political centre to Austrasia.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson-1960c_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson-1960c-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, Dagobert turned to the Pippinids' political rival family, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gundoinings&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gundoinings (page does not exist)">Gundoinings</a>, whose connections in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adalgesil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adalgesil (page does not exist)">Adalgesil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cunibert" title="Cunibert">Cunibert, archbishop of Cologne</a>, Otto and <a href="/wiki/Radulf,_King_of_Thuringia" title="Radulf, King of Thuringia">Radulf</a> (who would later revolt in 642)<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson-1960c_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson-1960c-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> once again removed the Pippinid and Arnulfing influence in the Austrasia assemblies.<sup id="cite_ref-Riché-1993c_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Riché-1993c-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pippin did not reappear in the historical record until Dagobert's death in 638,<sup id="cite_ref-Gerberding-1987_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gerberding-1987-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when he had seemingly been reinstated as mayor of Austrasia and began to support the new young King <a href="/wiki/Sigebert_III" title="Sigebert III">Sigebert III</a>. According to the <i>Continuations</i>, Pippin made arrangements with his rival, Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Cunibert" title="Cunibert">Cunibert</a>, to get Austrasian support for the 10-year-old King Sigibert III, who ruled Austrasia whilst his brother <a href="/wiki/Clovis_II" title="Clovis II">Clovis II</a> ruled over Neustria and <a href="/wiki/Burgundy" title="Burgundy">Burgundy</a>. Soon after securing his position once again, he unexpectedly died in 640.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson-1960c_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson-1960c-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Grimoald_(640–656)"><span id="Grimoald_.28640.E2.80.93656.29"></span>Grimoald (640–656)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carolingian_dynasty&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Grimoald (640–656)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following Pippin's sudden death, the Pippinid family worked swiftly to secure their position. Pippin's daughter <a href="/wiki/Gertrude_of_Nivelles" title="Gertrude of Nivelles">Gertrude</a> and wife <a href="/wiki/Itta_of_Metz" title="Itta of Metz">Itta</a> founded and entered the <a href="/wiki/Nivelles_Abbey" title="Nivelles Abbey">Nivelles Abbey</a>, and his only son <a href="/wiki/Grimoald_the_Elder" title="Grimoald the Elder">Grimoald</a> worked to secure his father's position of <i>maior palatii.</i> The position was not hereditary and therefore passed to another Austrasian noble, Otto, the tutor of Sigebert III.<sup id="cite_ref-Riché-1993c_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Riché-1993c-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <i>Continuations</i>, Grimoald began to work with his father's accomplice Cunibert to remove Otto from office. He finally succeeded in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 641</span>, when <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leuthar,_Duke_of_the_Alamans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leuthar, Duke of the Alamans (page does not exist)">Leuthar, Duke of the Alamans</a> killed Otto under Grimoald's and, we must assume, Cunibert's orders.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson-1960c_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson-1960c-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grimoald then became mayor of Austrasia. His power at this time was extensive, with properties in <a href="/wiki/Utrecht" title="Utrecht">Utrecht</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nijmegen" title="Nijmegen">Nijmegen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tongeren" title="Tongeren">Tongeren</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maastricht" title="Maastricht">Maastricht</a>; he was even called 'ruler of the realm' by <a href="/wiki/Desiderius_of_Cahors" class="mw-redirect" title="Desiderius of Cahors">Desiderius of Cahors</a> in 643.<sup id="cite_ref-Riché-1993c_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Riché-1993c-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This could not have been done if Grimoald had not secured Sigibert III's support. The Pippinids already gained royal patronage from Pippin I's support, but this was further bolstered by Grimoald's role in Duke Radulf of Thuringia's rebellion. Just prior to Otto's assassination, in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 640</span> Radulf revolted against the Merovingians and made himself King of Thuringia. Sigibert, with an Austrasian army including Grimoald and Duke <a href="/wiki/Adalgisel" title="Adalgisel">Adalgisel</a>, went on campaign and after a brief victory against <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fara_(son_of_Chrodoald)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fara (son of Chrodoald) (page does not exist)">Fara</a>, son of the assassinated <a href="/wiki/Agilolfings" title="Agilolfings">Agilofing</a> lord Chrodoald, the Austrasians met Radulf on the <a href="/wiki/Unstrut" title="Unstrut">River Unstrut</a> where he had set up a stronghold. What followed was a disorganized battle spread over several days, in which the Austrasian lords disagreed on tactics. Grimoald and Adalgesil strengthened their position by defending Sigibert's interests, but could not establish a unanimous agreement. During their final assault, the 'men of <a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a>' betrayed the Austrasians and joined with Radulf. This penultimate battle killed many important Austrasian lords, including Duke <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bobo_of_Auvergne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bobo of Auvergne (page does not exist)">Bobo</a> and Count <a href="/w/index.php?title=Innowales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Innowales (page does not exist)">Innowales</a>, and resulted in Sigibert's defeat. The <i>Continuations</i> offers a famous description of Sigibert being 'seized with the wildest grief and sat there on his horse weeping unrestrainedly for those he had lost' as Radulf returned to his camp victorious.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson-1960c_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson-1960c-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon Sigibert's return from Unstruct, Grimoald, now mayor, began to build power for the Pippinid clan. He utilized the existing links between the family and ecclesiastical community to gain control over local holy men and women who, in turn, supported Pippinid assertions of power. Grimoald established links with Aquitanian and Columbianan missionaries <a href="/wiki/Amandus" title="Amandus">Amandus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Remaclus" title="Remaclus">Remaclus</a>, both of whom came to be influential bishops within the Merovingian court. Remaclus, in particular, was important as after becoming bishop of Maastricht, he established two monasteries: <a href="/wiki/Stavelot_Abbey" class="mw-redirect" title="Stavelot Abbey">Stavelot Abbey and Malmedy</a>. Under Grimoald's direction, the Arnulfings were also further established with <a href="/wiki/Chlodulf_of_Metz" title="Chlodulf of Metz">Chlodulf of Metz</a>, son of St. Arnulf, taking the bishopric of Metz in 656.<sup id="cite_ref-Riché-1993c_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Riché-1993c-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Grimoald_and_Childebert_(656–657)"><span id="Grimoald_and_Childebert_.28656.E2.80.93657.29"></span>Grimoald and Childebert (656–657)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carolingian_dynasty&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Grimoald and Childebert (656–657)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The final moment of Grimoald's life is an area that is disputed in both date and event, titled: 'Grimoald's coup'.<sup id="cite_ref-Fouracre-2000b_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fouracre-2000b-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It involves Grimoald and his son <a href="/wiki/Childebert_the_Adopted" title="Childebert the Adopted">Childebert the Adopted</a> taking the Austrasian throne from the true Merovingian King <a href="/wiki/Dagobert_II" title="Dagobert II">Dagobert II</a>, son of the late Sigibert who died young at 26 years old. Historians like <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Rich%C3%A9" title="Pierre Riché">Pierre Riché</a> are certain that Sigibert died in 656, having adopted Childebert due to his lack of an adult male heir. Following this, young Dagobert II was then exiled and tonsured by Grimoald and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dido_of_Poitiers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dido of Poitiers (page does not exist)">Dido of Poitiers</a>, who then installed Childebert as King of Austrasia. Clovis II in Neustria, uncle to Dagobert, then reacted to the revolt and lured Grimoald and Childebert into Neustria, where they were executed.<sup id="cite_ref-Riché-1993c_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Riché-1993c-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This story is only confirmed by the pro-Neustrian source,<sup id="cite_ref-Fouracre-2005_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fouracre-2005-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <i><a href="/wiki/Liber_Historiae_Francorum" title="Liber Historiae Francorum">Liber Historia Francorum</a></i> (<i>LHF</i>) and selected charter evidence. Other contemporary sources like the <i>Continuations</i> fail to mention the event and Carolingian sources like <a href="/wiki/Annales_Mettenses_priores" class="mw-redirect" title="Annales Mettenses priores"><i>Annales Mettenses Priores</i></a> (<i>AMP</i>) ignore the event and even deny Grimoald's existence.<sup id="cite_ref-Gerberding-1987_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gerberding-1987-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, historian <a href="/wiki/Richard_Gerberding" title="Richard Gerberding">Richard Gerberding</a> has suggested a different chronology and reading of the <i>LHF</i>, which places Sigibert's death on 1 February 651. According to a Gerberding narrative, Grimoald and Dido organised Dagobert's exile around 16 January 651 to Ireland at Nivelles and then, when Sigibert died a month later, they acted out the plan and tonsured Dagobert, replacing him with Childebert, who ruled until 657. Clovis II then immediately acted and invaded Austrasia, executing Grimoald and his son.<sup id="cite_ref-Gerberding-1987_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gerberding-1987-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Then, either in 657 or 662, the Neustrians (either Clovis II who died in 657 or his son <a href="/wiki/Chlothar_III" title="Chlothar III">Chlothar III</a>) installed infant King <a href="/wiki/Childeric_II" title="Childeric II">Childeric II</a> to the throne of Austrasia, marrying him to <a href="/wiki/Bilichild_(wife_of_Childeric_II)" title="Bilichild (wife of Childeric II)">Bilichild</a>, the daughter of Sigibert's widow <a href="/wiki/Chimnechild_of_Burgundy" title="Chimnechild of Burgundy">Chimnechild of Burgundy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fouracre-2000b_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fouracre-2000b-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grimoald and Childebert's deaths brought an end to the direct Pippinid line of the family, leaving the Arnulfing descendants from Begga and Ansegisel to continue the faction.<sup id="cite_ref-Collins-2010a_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins-2010a-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pippin_II_(676–714)"><span id="Pippin_II_.28676.E2.80.93714.29"></span>Pippin II (676–714)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carolingian_dynasty&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Pippin II (676–714)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Very little is known about Pippin's early life, but a controversial story from <i>AMP</i> suggests that Pippin reclaimed power in Austrasia by killing a legendary '<a href="/wiki/Gundoin" class="mw-redirect" title="Gundoin">Gundoin</a>' as revenge for the assassination of his father Ansegisel. This story is regarded as slightly fantastical by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Fouracre" title="Paul Fouracre">Paul Fouracre</a>, who argues the <i>AMP,</i> a pro-Carolingian source potentially written by Giselle (Charlemagne's sister) in 805 at Chelles, is that Pippin's role primes him perfectly for his future and demonstrates his family to be 'natural leaders of Austrasia.'<sup id="cite_ref-Fouracre-2005_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fouracre-2005-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Fouracre does also acknowledge his existence in charter evidence and confirms that he was a political link to rival mayor <a href="/wiki/Wulfoald" title="Wulfoald">Wulfoald</a>. These rivalries would make Pippin natural enemies with Gundoin, making the murder plausible as part of Pippin's rise to power.<sup id="cite_ref-Fouracre-2000b_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fouracre-2000b-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Rise_to_power">Rise to power</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carolingian_dynasty&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Rise to power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Arnulfing clan reappear in the contemporary historical record in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 676</span>, when the <i>LHF</i> mentions '<a href="/wiki/Pepin_of_Herstal" title="Pepin of Herstal">Pippin</a> and Martin' rising up against a tyrannical <a href="/wiki/Ebroin" title="Ebroin">Ebroin</a>, mayor of Austrasia.<sup id="cite_ref-Riché-1993c_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Riché-1993c-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fouracre-2000b_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fouracre-2000b-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pippin II, now head of the faction, and Martin, who was either Pippin's brother or relative, rose up against Ebroin and gathered an army (potentially with the aid of Dagobert II who had been brought back to Austrasia by mayor Wulfoald).<sup id="cite_ref-Fouracre-2000b_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fouracre-2000b-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <i>LHF</i>, the Arnulfing army met Ebroin, who had gained the support of <a href="/wiki/Theuderic_III" title="Theuderic III">King Theuderic III</a>, at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bois-du-Fays&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bois-du-Fays (page does not exist)">Bois-du-Fays</a>, and they were easily defeated. Martin fled to <a href="/wiki/Laon" title="Laon">Laon</a>, from where he was lured and murdered by Ebroin at <a href="/wiki/Asfeld" title="Asfeld">Asfeld</a>. Pippin fled to Austrasia and soon received <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ermenfred&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ermenfred (page does not exist)">Ermenfred</a>, an officer of a royal fisc who had assassinated Ebroin.<sup id="cite_ref-Riché-1993c_6-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Riché-1993c-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Paul-1996_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul-1996-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Neustrians, with Ebroin dead, installed <a href="/wiki/Waratto" title="Waratto">Waratto</a> as mayor, and he looked for peace with the Austrasians. Despite an exchange of hostages, Warrato's son <a href="/wiki/Gistemar" title="Gistemar">Gistemar</a> attacked Pippin at <a href="/wiki/Namur" title="Namur">Namur</a> and displaced his father.<sup id="cite_ref-Fouracre-2000b_7-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fouracre-2000b-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He died shortly thereafter and Warrato resumed his position, wherein peace was reached but tense relations remained until Warrato's death in 686. He left behind his wife <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ansfled&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ansfled (page does not exist)">Ansfled</a> and his son <a href="/wiki/Berchar" title="Berchar">Berchar</a>, whom the Neustrians installed as mayor. Against his father's policy, Berchar did not maintain peace and incited Pippin into violence.<sup id="cite_ref-Paul-1996_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul-1996-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 687, Pippin rallied an Austrasian army and led an assault on Neustria, facing Theuderic III and the Neustrian mayor, now Berchar, in combat. They met at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tertry" title="Battle of Tertry">Battle of Tertry</a>, where the <i>AMP</i> records that Pippin, after offering peace which was rejected by Theuderic at Berchar's behest, crossed the river <a href="/w/index.php?title=Omignon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Omignon (page does not exist)">Omignon</a> at the break of dawn and attacked the Neustrians, who believed the battle won when they saw Pippin's camp abandoned. This surprise attack was successful and the Neustrians fled.<sup id="cite_ref-Paul-1996_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul-1996-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following this victory, Berchar was either killed, as the <i>AMP</i> argues, by his own people, but the <i>LHF</i> suggests that it is more likely that he was murdered by his mother-in-law, Ansfled.<sup id="cite_ref-Paul-1996_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul-1996-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This moment was decisive in Arnulfing history as it was the first time that any of the faction had national control. Paul Fouracre even argues it is for this that the <i>AMP</i> starts with Pippin II, as a false dawn upon which Charles Martel would rebuild.<sup id="cite_ref-Fouracre-2005_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fouracre-2005-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, historians have discredited the importance of this victory. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marios_Costambey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marios Costambey (page does not exist)">Marios Costambeys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Innes" title="Matthew Innes">Matthew Innes</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Simon_MacLean&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simon MacLean (page does not exist)">Simon MacLean</a> all show that the Tertry victory did not establish solid authority over Neustria immediately, evidenced by the fact that Pippin immediately installed 'Norbert, one of his followers' (as written in the <i>LHF</i>) and then his son Grimoald in 696 to ensure continued influence.<sup id="cite_ref-Costambeys-2011_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Costambeys-2011-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Paul-1996_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul-1996-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Consolidation_of_power">Consolidation of power</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carolingian_dynasty&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Consolidation of power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pippin II then became overall mayor of the royal palace under Theuderic II, becoming mayor of Austrasia, Neustria and Burgundy.<sup id="cite_ref-Riché-1993c_6-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Riché-1993c-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His son <a href="/wiki/Drogo_of_Champagne" title="Drogo of Champagne">Drogo</a>, from his wife <a href="/wiki/Plectrude" title="Plectrude">Plectrude</a>, was also imbued with power when he married Berchar's widow Adaltrude (potentially maneuvered by Ansfled) and was made Duke of Champagne.<sup id="cite_ref-Wood-1994b_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wood-1994b-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pippin was politically dominating and had the power to elect the next two Merovingian kings after Theuderic II died in 691; he installed <a href="/wiki/Clovis_IV" title="Clovis IV">King Clovis IV</a> (691-695), <a href="/wiki/Childebert_III" title="Childebert III">Childebert III</a> (695-711) and <a href="/wiki/Dagobert_III" title="Dagobert III">Dagobert III</a> (711-715).<sup id="cite_ref-Riché-1993c_6-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Riché-1993c-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pippin moved to secure further power by consolidating his position in Neustria, installing several bishops like <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gripho&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gripho (page does not exist)">Gripho</a>, Bishop of Rouen and <a href="/wiki/Bainus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bainus">Bainus</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_Saint_Wandrille" title="Abbey of Saint Wandrille">Abbey of Saint Wandrille</a> in 701, which was later owned along with <a href="/wiki/Fleury_Abbey" title="Fleury Abbey">Fleury Abbey</a> (founded by Pippin in 703).<sup id="cite_ref-Fouracre-2000b_7-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fouracre-2000b-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Imbued with internal strength, Pippin also began to look outwards from the Frankish Empire to subdue the people, that the <i>AMP</i> records, who once were 'subjected to the Franks ... [such as] the Saxons, Frisians, Alemans, Bavarians, Aquitainians, Gascons and Britons.'<sup id="cite_ref-Paul-1996_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul-1996-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pippin defeated the pagan chieftain <a href="/wiki/Redbad,_King_of_the_Frisians" class="mw-redirect" title="Redbad, King of the Frisians">Radbod</a> in Frisia, an area that had been slowly encroached upon by Austrasian nobles and Anglo-Saxon missionaries like <a href="/wiki/Willibrord" title="Willibrord">Willibrord</a>, whose links would later make him a connection between the Arnulfings and the papacy.<sup id="cite_ref-Riché-1993c_6-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Riché-1993c-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following <a href="/wiki/Gottfried" title="Gottfried">Gotfrid, Duke of Alemannia</a> in 709, Pippin also moved against the Alemans and subjugated them again to royal control. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Later_years">Later years</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carolingian_dynasty&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Later years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As Pippin approached his death in late 714, he was faced with a succession crisis. Drogo, Pippin's oldest son, died in 707 and his second son Grimoald, according to the <i>LHF</i>, was killed whilst praying to <a href="/wiki/Lambert_of_Maastricht" title="Lambert of Maastricht">Saint Lambert</a> in <a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge" title="Liège">Liège</a> in 714 by Rantgar, suspected by Paul Fouracre to be a pagan.<sup id="cite_ref-Wood-1994b_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wood-1994b-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Paul-1996_13-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul-1996-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fouracre-2000b_7-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fouracre-2000b-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pippin, before his death, made his six-year-old grandson <a href="/wiki/Theudoald" title="Theudoald">Theudoald</a> (Grimoald's son) his successor in Neustria, a choice that is believed to have been promoted by his wife Plectrude,<sup id="cite_ref-Riché-1993c_6-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Riché-1993c-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was clearly a political choice from within the direct family line, as Pippin had two adult illegitimate children, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Martel" title="Charles Martel">Charles Martel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Childebrand_I" title="Childebrand I">Childebrand I</a>, from a second wife or concubine named <a href="/wiki/Alpaida" title="Alpaida">Alpaida</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gerberding-1987_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gerberding-1987-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were ousted so Theudoald (with Plectrude's regency) could take the throne, a choice that would result in disaster. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Death">Death</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carolingian_dynasty&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When Pippin II died in December 714, the Arnulfings' dominance over Francia disintegrated. The <i>LHF</i> tells us that 'Plectrude along with her grandchildren and the king directed all the affairs of state under a separate government', a system which created tensions with the Neustrians.<sup id="cite_ref-Paul-1996_13-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul-1996-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Theudoald ruled uncontested for around six months, until June 715, when the Neustrians revolted. Theudoald and the Arnulfings' supporters met at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Compi%C3%A8gne" title="Battle of Compiègne">Battle of Compiègne</a> on 26 September 715,<sup id="cite_ref-Fouracre-2000b_7-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fouracre-2000b-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and after a decisive victory, the Neustrians installed a new mayor <a href="/wiki/Ragenfrid" title="Ragenfrid">Ragenfrid</a> and, following Dagobert's death, their own Merovingian king <a href="/wiki/Chilperic_II" title="Chilperic II">Chilperic II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Paul-1996_13-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul-1996-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Charter evidence suggests that Chilperic was the son of the former King Childeric II, but this would make Daniel in his 40s, which is quite old to take the throne.<sup id="cite_ref-Fouracre-2000b_7-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fouracre-2000b-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Charles_Martel_(714–741)"><span id="Charles_Martel_.28714.E2.80.93741.29"></span>Charles Martel (714–741)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carolingian_dynasty&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Charles Martel (714–741)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Rise_to_power_2">Rise to power</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carolingian_dynasty&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Rise to power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following their victory, the Neustrians joined with <a href="/wiki/Redbad,_King_of_the_Frisians" class="mw-redirect" title="Redbad, King of the Frisians">Radbod, King of the Frisians</a> and invaded Austrasia, aiming towards the Meuse river to take the heartland of the faction's support.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson-1960c_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson-1960c-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is at this moment that Charles Martel is first mentioned in historical records, which note him surviving imprisonment by his step-mother, Plectrude. Charles managed to escape and mustered an Austrasian army to face the encroaching Radbod and the Neustrians. In 716, Charles finally met the Frisians as they approached and, although the <i>AMP</i> attempts equalize the losses, it is confirmed from the descriptions in the <i>LHF</i> and the <i>Continuations</i> that Charles was defeated with heavy losses.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson-1960c_9-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson-1960c-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Paul-1996_13-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul-1996-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chilperic, Raganfred and, according to the <i>Continuations</i>, Radbod, then travelled from Neustria through the forest of the <a href="/wiki/Ardennes" title="Ardennes">Ardennes</a> and raided around the river <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a>, taking treasure from Plectrude and her supporters. As they returned, Charles ambushed the returning party at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ambl%C3%A8ve" title="Battle of Amblève">Battle of Amblève</a> and was victorious, inflicting heavy losses on the Neustrian invaders. </p><p>In 717, Charles mustered his army again and marched on Neustria, taking the city of Verdun during his conquest.<sup id="cite_ref-Riché-1993c_6-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Riché-1993c-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He met Chilperic and Raganfred again at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vincy" title="Battle of Vincy">Battle of Vinchy</a> on 21 March 717 and was once again victorious, forcing them back to <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>. He then swiftly returned to Austrasia and besieged Cologne, defeating Plectrude and reclaiming his father's wealth and treasure. Charles bolstered his position by installing the Merovingian king <a href="/wiki/Chlothar_IV" title="Chlothar IV">Chlothar IV</a> in Austrasia as an opposing Merovingian to Chilperic II.<sup id="cite_ref-Paul-1996_13-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul-1996-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite not having a Merovingian king for around 40 years in Austrasia, Charles' position was clearly weak at this time and he required the support of the established Merovingians to gather military support.<sup id="cite_ref-Fouracre-1995b_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fouracre-1995b-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite his weaknesses, Charles' recent success had made him a greater political entity; as such, Chilperic and Raganfred could not win a decisive victory against him. So, in 718 they too sent embassies and won the support of <a href="/wiki/Odo_the_Great" title="Odo the Great">Duke Eudo of Aquitaine</a> who, at their request, mustered 'a Gascon army' to face Charles. In response, Charles brought an army to the eastern Neustrian borders and faced Duke Eudo in battle at Soissons.<sup id="cite_ref-Fouracre-2000b_7-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fouracre-2000b-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Duke Eudo, realising he was outmatched, retreated to Paris, where he took Chilperic and the royal treasury and left for <a href="/wiki/Aquitaine" title="Aquitaine">Aquitaine</a>. Charles pursued them, according to the <i>Continuations</i>, as far as Orleans, but Eudo and the Neustrians managed to escape.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson-1960c_9-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson-1960c-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 718, King Chlothar IV died and was not replaced; instead, Charles became the primary authority in Francia. He established a peace treaty with Duke Eudo that ensured Chilperic II was returned to Francia; thereafter, until Chilperic's death in 720 at <a href="/wiki/Noyon" title="Noyon">Noyon</a>, the kingship was restored with Carolingian control and Charles became the <i>maior palatii</i> in both Neustria and Austrasia.<sup id="cite_ref-Fouracre-1995b_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fouracre-1995b-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following Chilperic II's death, the Merovingian king <a href="/wiki/Theuderic_IV" title="Theuderic IV">Theuderic IV</a>, son of Dagobert III, was taken from <a href="/wiki/Chelles_Abbey" title="Chelles Abbey">Chelles Abbey</a> and appointed by the Neustrians and Charles as the Frankish king. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Consolidation_of_power_2">Consolidation of power</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carolingian_dynasty&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Consolidation of power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With his ascension to the throne, several significant moments in Frankish history occurred. Firstly, the <i>LHF</i> ended, likely composed several years later in 727 and ended one of the several perspectives we have on Charles' ascension.<sup id="cite_ref-Gerberding-1987_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gerberding-1987-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Secondly, and more importantly, the Arnulfing predominance in the faction ended and the Carolingian (translating to 'sons of Charles') officially began.<sup id="cite_ref-Costambeys-2011_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Costambeys-2011-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Once the immediate dangers were dealt with, Charles then began to consolidate his position as sole mayor of the Frankish kingdom. The civil unrest between 714 and 721 had destroyed the continental political cohesion, and peripheral kingdoms like Aquitaine, <a href="/wiki/Alamannia" title="Alamannia">Alemannia</a>, Burgundy and <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a> had slipped from the Carolingian's grasp. Even though the faction had, by Charles Martel's time, established strong political control over Francia, loyalty to the Merovingian power within these border regions remained.<sup id="cite_ref-Costambeys-2011_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Costambeys-2011-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Ending_the_Civil_War">Ending the Civil War</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carolingian_dynasty&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Ending the Civil War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Charles first set out to reinstate Carolingian dominance internally within Francia: the <i>Continuations</i> lists Charles' continuous maneuvers which solidified the campaigns generating the Carolingian military foundation. In 718, the <i>AMP</i> records that Charles fought against the Saxons, pushing them as far as the river <a href="/wiki/Weser" title="Weser">Weser</a><sup id="cite_ref-Paul-1996_13-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul-1996-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and following up with subsequent campaigns in 720 and 724 which secured the northern borders of Austrasia and Neustria.<sup id="cite_ref-Fouracre-1995b_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fouracre-1995b-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He subdued his former enemy Raganfred at <a href="/wiki/Angers" title="Angers">Angers</a> in 724 and secured his patronage, removing the remaining political resistance that had continued to thrive in western Neustria.<sup id="cite_ref-Collins-2010a_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins-2010a-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="East_of_the_Rhine">East of the Rhine</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carolingian_dynasty&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: East of the Rhine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 725, Charles set out against the peripheral kingdoms, starting with Alemannia. The region had almost gained independence during the reign of Pippin II and under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Lantfrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Lantfrid">Lantfrid</a>, Duke of Alemannia, as (710–730) they acted without Frankish authority, issuing law codes like the <i><a href="/wiki/Lex_Alamannorum" title="Lex Alamannorum">Lex Alamannorum</a></i> without Carolingian consultation. As recorded in the Alemannia source,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breviary_of_Erchanbert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Breviary of Erchanbert (page does not exist)">Breviary of Erchanbert</a></i>, the Alemanni 'refused to obey the duces of the Franks because they were no longer able to serve the Merovingian kings. Therefore, each of them kept to himself.'<sup id="cite_ref-Wood-1994b_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wood-1994b-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This statement was true for more than just Alemannia and, just like in those regions, Charles brutally forced them into submission. Charles was successful in his first campaign, but returned in 730, the same year that Duke Lantfrid died and was succeeded by his brother <a href="/wiki/Theudebald,_Duke_of_Alamannia" title="Theudebald, Duke of Alamannia">Theudebald, Duke of Alamannia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fouracre-2000b_7-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fouracre-2000b-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As successful as campaigning had been, Charles seemingly took inspiration from <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxon</a> <a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">missionary</a> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Boniface" title="Saint Boniface">Saint Boniface</a>, who in 719 was sent by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_II" title="Pope Gregory II">Pope Gregory II</a> to convert Germany, in particular the areas of <a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse">Hesse</a>, where he established the monasteries of <a href="/wiki/Ohrdruf_Priory" title="Ohrdruf Priory">Ohrdruf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tauberbischofsheim" title="Tauberbischofsheim">Tauberbischofsheim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kitzingen" title="Kitzingen">Kitzingen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ochsenfurt" title="Ochsenfurt">Ochsenfurt</a>. Charles, realising the potential of establishing Carolingian-supportive episcopal centres, utilised <a href="/wiki/Saint_Pirmin" title="Saint Pirmin">Saint Pirmin</a>, an itinerant monk, to establish an ecclesiastical foundation on <a href="/wiki/Reichenau_Island" title="Reichenau Island">Reichenau Island</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lake_Constance" title="Lake Constance">Lake Constance</a>. He was expelled in 727 by Lantfrid and he retreated to <a href="/wiki/Alsace" title="Alsace">Alsace</a>, where he established monasteries with the support of the <a href="/wiki/Etichonids" title="Etichonids">Etichonid</a> clan, who were Carolingian supporters. This relationship gave the Carolingians long-term benefit from Pirmin's future achievements, which brought abbeys in the eastern provinces into Carolingian favour.<sup id="cite_ref-Riché-1993c_6-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Riché-1993c-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 725, Charles continued his conquest from Alemannia and invaded Bavaria. Like Alemannia, Bavaria had continued to gain independence under the rule of the Agilolfings clan who, in recent years, had increased links with <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombardy</a> and affirmed their own law codes, like the <a href="/wiki/Lex_Baiuvariorum" title="Lex Baiuvariorum">Lex Baiuvariorum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wood-1994b_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wood-1994b-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Charles moved, the region was experiencing a power struggle between <a href="/wiki/Grimoald_of_Bavaria" title="Grimoald of Bavaria">Grimoald of Bavaria</a> and his nephew <a href="/wiki/Hugbert_of_Bavaria" title="Hugbert of Bavaria">Hugbert</a>, but when Grimoald died in 725, Hugbert gained the position and Charles reaffirmed their support. The <i>Continuations</i> records that when Charles left Bavaria, he took hostages, one of which was <a href="/wiki/Swanachild" title="Swanachild">Swanachild</a>, who later would become Charles' second wife.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson-1960c_9-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson-1960c-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paul Fouracre believes this marriage could have been intentionally forced, based upon the fact that Swanchild's heritage related her both to Alemannia and Bavaria. Not only would their marriage have allowed greater control over both regions, but it also would have cut the existing family ties that the Agilofings had to the Pippinid family branch. Plectrude's sister <a href="/wiki/Regintrud" title="Regintrud">Regintrud</a> was married to <a href="/wiki/Theodo_of_Bavaria" title="Theodo of Bavaria">Theodo of Bavaria</a>, and this relation provided an opportunity for disenfranchised family members to defect.<sup id="cite_ref-Fouracre-2000b_7-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fouracre-2000b-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Aquitaine,_Burgundy_and_Provence"><span id="Aquitaine.2C_Burgundy_and_Provence"></span>Aquitaine, Burgundy and Provence</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carolingian_dynasty&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Aquitaine, Burgundy and Provence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following his conquest east of the Rhine, Charles had the opportunity to assert his dominance over Aquitaine and began committing military resources and performing raids in 731.<sup id="cite_ref-Fouracre-1995a_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fouracre-1995a-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, before he could make any major movements, Aquitaine was invaded by <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a> warlord <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_I" title="Abd al-Rahman I">Abd al-Rahman I</a>. Following Abd al-Rahman's ascension in Spain in 731, another local Berber lord <a href="/wiki/Munuza" title="Munuza">Munuza</a> revolted, set himself up at <a href="/wiki/Cerdanya" title="Cerdanya">Cerdanya</a> and forged defensive alliances with the Franks and Aquitainians through a marriage to Eudo's daughter. Abd ar-Rahman then besieged Cerdanya and forced Munuza into retreat into France, at which point he continued his advance into Aquitaine, moving as far as Tours before he was met by Charles Martel. Carolingian sources attest that Duke Eudo begged Charles for assistance, but <a href="/wiki/Ian_N._Wood" title="Ian N. Wood">Ian N. Wood</a> claims these embassies have been invented by later pro-Carolingian annalists. Eudo was a main protagonist in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Toulouse_(721)" title="Battle of Toulouse (721)">Battle of Toulouse (721)</a>, which famously stopped Muslim lord <a href="/wiki/Al-Samh_ibn_Malik_al-Khawlani" title="Al-Samh ibn Malik al-Khawlani">Al-Samh ibn Malik al-Khawlani</a>'s advances in <a href="/wiki/Narbonne" title="Narbonne">Narbonne</a> and gained Eudo praise in the <i><a href="/wiki/Liber_Pontificalis" title="Liber Pontificalis">Liber Pontificalis</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wood-1994a_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wood-1994a-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Charles met the Muslim force at the famous <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Poitiers_(732)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Poitiers (732)">Battle of Poitiers (732)</a> and came out victorious, killing Abd ar-Rahman. This moment cemented Charles Martel in historical records and gained him international praise. <a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a>, writing at the same time in <a href="/wiki/Jarrow" title="Jarrow">Jarrow</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, recorded the event in his <i><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_History_of_the_English_People" title="Ecclesiastical History of the English People">Ecclesiastical History of the English People</a></i>, and his victory gained Charles Martel the admiration of seminal historian <a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Edward Gibbon</a> who considered him the Christian saviour of Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although his victory was considered famous, in reality his victory was far less impactful, and Charles would not gain much control in Aquitaine until Eudo's death in 735. The victory may have given the Carolingians relative local support that potentially allowed Charles to assert dominance over Eudo's son and successor <a href="/wiki/Hunald_of_Aquitaine" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunald of Aquitaine">Hunald of Aquitaine</a>, but records of continued hostilities in 736 only further cemented that relations were strained.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Costambeys-2011_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Costambeys-2011-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With a stronger establishment in Aquitaine, Charles made moves to assert his dominance into Burgundy.<sup id="cite_ref-Collins-2010b_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins-2010b-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The region, at least in the Northern areas, had remained controlled and allied with Frankish interest. Influential nobility like <a href="/wiki/Savaric_of_Auxerre" title="Savaric of Auxerre">Savaric of Auxerre</a>, who had maintained near-autonomy and led military forces against Burgundian towns like <a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Orléans">Orléans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nevers" title="Nevers">Nevers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Troyes" title="Troyes">Troyes</a>, even dying whilst besieging <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a>, were the key to Charles' support. As such, Charles made multiple attempts to both gain the faction's support and remove their authority. When Savaric died during Charles' early reign, he agreed to support Savaric's nephew <a href="/wiki/Eucherius_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Eucherius of Orléans">Bishop Eucherius of Orléans</a>' claim to the bishopric. However, once Charles had established a powerful basis by 737, he exiled Eucherius, with the help of a man called Chrodobert, to the monastery of <a href="/wiki/St_Trond" class="mw-redirect" title="St Trond">St Trond</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wood-1994a_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wood-1994a-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Charles took further military action in the same year to fully assert his authority, and installed his sons <a href="/wiki/Pepin_the_Short" title="Pepin the Short">Pippin</a> and Remigius as magnates. This was followed by the installation of political supporters from Bavaria and local supporters like <a href="/w/index.php?title=Theuderic_of_Autun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theuderic of Autun (page does not exist)">Theuderic of Autun</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adalhard_of_Chalon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adalhard of Chalon (page does not exist)">Adalhard of Chalon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Riché-1993c_6-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Riché-1993c-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This acquisition of land in southern France was supported by the increased social chaos that seemingly developed during the Civil War years. This was most apparent in <a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provence</a>, where local magnates, like <a href="/wiki/Abbo_of_Provence" title="Abbo of Provence">Abbo of Provence</a>, were incredibly supportive of Charles' attempts to reinstate Frankish power.<sup id="cite_ref-Fouracre-1995c_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fouracre-1995c-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 739, he used his power in Burgundy and Aquitaine to lead an attack with his brother <a href="/wiki/Childebrand_I" title="Childebrand I">Childebrand I</a> against Arab invaders and Duke <a href="/wiki/Maurontus" title="Maurontus">Maurontus</a>, who had been claiming independence and allying himself with Muslim emir Abd ar-Rahman.<sup id="cite_ref-Fouracre-2000a_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fouracre-2000a-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is likely due to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Childebrand%27s&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Childebrand's (page does not exist)">Childebrand's</a> sponsorship of the manuscript that his involvement is so extensively recorded in the <i>Continuations</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson-1960a_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson-1960a-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the manuscript, Childebrand and Charles noticed the Arab army, with Maurontus' welcome, entering <a href="/wiki/Avignon" title="Avignon">Avignon</a> and quickly moved against the alliance. They besieged the city and claimed victory; the Franks then made the decision to invade <a href="/wiki/Septimania" title="Septimania">Septimania</a>, taking <a href="/wiki/Narbonne" title="Narbonne">Narbonne</a> and flanking the Arab army. The Franks then fought off a support army sent from Spain under <a href="/w/index.php?title=Omar-ibn_Chaled&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Omar-ibn Chaled (page does not exist)">Omar-ibn Chaled</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Berre_(Aude)" title="Berre (Aude)">River Berre</a>. From there the Franks then pursued the retreating Arabs and ravaged the cities of <a href="/wiki/N%C3%AEmes" title="Nîmes">Nîmes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agde" title="Agde">Agde</a> and <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9ziers" title="Béziers">Béziers</a> before returning to Francia. Later that year, Charles and Childebrand returned to Provence, likely collecting more forces, and then forcing the rebellious Maurontus into 'impenetrable rocky fastnesses out to sea.'<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson-1960a_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson-1960a-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Deacon" title="Paul the Deacon">Paul the Deacon</a> later records in his <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Lombards" title="History of the Lombards">Historia Langobardorum</a></i> Maurontus received help from the Lombards, and his Arab allies then fled.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this time, Charles then assumed control of the region and, judging from Charter evidence, appointed Abbo of Provence as <i>patricius</i> (Patrician) in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Ruling_Francia">Ruling Francia</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carolingian_dynasty&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Ruling Francia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Charles also ruled the Frankish realm, although the majority of his policies were centred upon his conquests and his military ventures. In 19th century historiography, historians like <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Brunner" title="Heinrich Brunner">Heinrich Brunner</a> even centred their arguments around Charles' necessity for military resources, in particular the development of mounted warrior or cavalry that would peak in the <a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a>. However, in modern historiography, historians like Pierre Riche and Paul Fouracre have discredited his ideas as too simplistic and have aimed to depict more realistic fragments of development that may or not have been interdependent.<sup id="cite_ref-Fouracre-2000c_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fouracre-2000c-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the period in which the Carolingians first began to establish themselves as fully independent from the Merovingian royalty. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Vassalage_and_Church">Vassalage and Church</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carolingian_dynasty&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Vassalage and Church"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Charles Martel has become notorious in historiography for his role in the development of the concept of <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudalism</a>. The debates are rooted in the arguments of historians like <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Louis_Ganshof" class="mw-redirect" title="François-Louis Ganshof">François-Louis Ganshof</a>, who viewed Charles' reign as the birth of the 'feudal' relationship between power and property. This results from the increased use of <i><a href="/wiki/Precarium" title="Precarium">precaria</a></i> or temporary land grants by the Carolingians, who allocated and spread their power to their subordinates. Ganshof's arguments connect these ties to a military-tenure relationship; however, this is never represented in primary material, and instead is only implied, and likely derived from, an understanding of 'feudalism' in the High Middle Ages. Recent historians like Paul Fouracre have criticised Ganshof's review for being too simplistic, and in reality, even though these systems of vassalage did exist between lord and populace, they were not as standardised as older historiography has suggested. For example, Fouracre has drawn particular attention to the incentives that drew lords and warriors into the Carolingian armies, arguing that the primary draw was 'booty' and treasure gained from conquest rather than 'feudal' obligation.<sup id="cite_ref-Fouracre-2000c_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fouracre-2000c-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Charles' reign is no longer considered transitional in its feudal developments, it is seen as a transitional period in the spread of the existing system of vassals and <i>precaria</i> land rights. Due to Charles' continued military and missionary work, the political systems that existed in the heartlands, Austrasia and Neustria, officially began to spread to the periphery.<sup id="cite_ref-Fouracre-2000c_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fouracre-2000c-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those whom Charles appointed as new nobility in these regions, often with lifetime tenures,<sup id="cite_ref-Collins-2010c_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins-2010c-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ensured that Carolingian loyalties and systems was maintained across the kingdoms. The Carolingians were also far more strict with their land rights and tenure than their Merovingian predecessors, carefully distributing their new land to new families temporarily, but maintaining their control. Merovingians kings weakened themselves by allocating too much of their royal domains to supporting factions; the Carolingians themselves seemingly became increasingly powerful due to their generosity. By giving away their land, the Merovingians allowed themselves to become figureheads and the 'do nothing kings' that Einhard prefaced in the <i>Vita Karoli Magni</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Riché-1993c_6-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Riché-1993c-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to his vast military conquests, Charles often reallocated existing land settlements, including Church property, to new tenants. Ecclesiastical property and monasteries in the late Merovingian and Carolingian period were political centres and often closely related to the royal court;<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as such they often became involved in political matters, which often overlapped with Charles' reallocation of land. This 'secularisation' of Church property caused serious tension between the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_church" title="Carolingian church">Carolingian church</a> and state, and often gave Charles a negative depiction in ecclastical sources. The reallocation of church land was not new by Charles' reign; Ian Wood has managed to identify the practice going back to the reigns of Dagobert I (629–639) and Clovis II (639–657).<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of the sources that depict Charles' involvement in Church land rights come from the 9th century, and are therefore less reliable, but two supposedly contemporary sources also identify this issue.<sup id="cite_ref-Fouracre-1995d_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fouracre-1995d-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first, a letter sent by missionary Saint Boniface to Anglo-Saxon king <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelbald_of_Mercia" title="Æthelbald of Mercia">Æthelbald of Mercia</a>, called Charles' a 'destroyer of many monasteries, and embezzler of Church revenues for his own use...', condemning him for his use of Church property. This is supported by the second source, the <i>Contintuations</i>, which related that, in 733 in Burgundy, Charles split the <a href="/wiki/Lyonnais" title="Lyonnais">Lyonnais</a> between his followers, this likely including Church land.<sup id="cite_ref-Wood-1994d_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wood-1994d-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further chronicles like the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gesta_episcoporum_Autissiodorensium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gesta episcoporum Autissiodorensium (page does not exist)">Gesta episcoporum Autissiodorensium</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Gesta_sanctorum_patrum_Fontanellensis_coenobii" class="mw-redirect" title="Gesta sanctorum patrum Fontanellensis coenobii">Gesta Sanctorum Patrum Fontanellensis Coenobii</a></i> recorded monasteries losing substantial land. The monastery at <a href="/wiki/Auxerre" title="Auxerre">Auxerre</a> was reduced to a hundred <i><a href="/wiki/Mansus" title="Mansus">mansus</a></i> by Pippin III's reign, and at the <a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_Saint_Wandrille" title="Abbey of Saint Wandrille">Abbey of Saint Wandrille</a> under Abbot <a href="/wiki/Teutsind" title="Teutsind">Teutsind</a>, who was appointed by Charles in 735/6, the Church's local property was reduced to a third its size.<sup id="cite_ref-Fouracre-2000c_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fouracre-2000c-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wood has also criticised this point and proven that the loss of land by the Church was in reality very small, the remaining land being simply leased as it went beyond the Church's capabilities.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regardless, it is apparent that Charles' expansion of control consumed plenty of reallocated properties, many of which were ecclesiastical domains. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Interregnum,_death_and_divisions"><span id="Interregnum.2C_death_and_divisions"></span>Interregnum, death and divisions</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carolingian_dynasty&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Interregnum, death and divisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When King Theuderic IV died in 737, Charles did not install a Merovingian successor. Unlike his Carolingian predecessors, Charles was clearly strong enough by the end of his reign to not rely on Merovingian loyalties. He had created his own power bloc through the vassals he installed in Frankish heartlands and peripheral states.<sup id="cite_ref-Fouracre-1995c_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fouracre-1995c-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even prior to Theuderic's death, Charles did act with complete sovereignty in Austrasia. It was only in areas like Neustria, where Carolingian opposition historically existed, that Charles knew he would face criticism if he usurped the throne.<sup id="cite_ref-Wood-1994c_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wood-1994c-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Therefore, until his death, Charles ruled as <i>Princeps</i> or First Man/First Citizen, officially gaining the title with his uncontested leadership with the acquisition of Provence in 737.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This meant that the issue of kingship remained ever present for his successors who would have to work further to establish themselves as royal. </p><p>When Charles died in 741, he was buried at <a href="/wiki/St_Denis_Abbey" class="mw-redirect" title="St Denis Abbey">St Denis</a> in Paris. He made secure succession plans, likely learning from his father, that ensured Francia was effectively divided between his sons, <a href="/wiki/Carloman_(mayor_of_the_palace)" title="Carloman (mayor of the palace)">Carloman</a> and Pippin as <i>maior palatii</i>. According to the <i>Continuations</i>, the eldest son, Carloman, was given control of the eastern kingdoms in Austrasia, Alammania and Thuringia, while Pippin was given the western kingdoms in Burgundy, Neustria and Provence.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson-1960b_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson-1960b-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carolingian_dynasty&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Charlemagne"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frankish_Empire_481_to_814-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Frankish_Empire_481_to_814-en.svg/280px-Frankish_Empire_481_to_814-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Frankish_Empire_481_to_814-en.svg/420px-Frankish_Empire_481_to_814-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Frankish_Empire_481_to_814-en.svg/560px-Frankish_Empire_481_to_814-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1591" data-file-height="1205" /></a><figcaption>A map showing Charlemagne's additions (in light green) to the <a href="/wiki/Frankish_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankish Kingdom">Frankish Kingdom</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The greatest Carolingian monarch was <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a>, Pepin's son. Charlemagne was crowned Emperor by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_III" title="Pope Leo III">Pope Leo III</a> at Rome in 800.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His empire, ostensibly a continuation of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a>, is referred to historiographically as the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a>. </p><p>The Carolingian rulers did not give up the traditional <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Frankish</a> (and <a href="/wiki/Merovingian_dynasty" title="Merovingian dynasty">Merovingian</a>) practice of dividing inheritances among heirs, though the concept of the indivisibility of the Empire was also accepted. The Carolingians had the practice of making their sons minor kings in the various regions (<i>regna</i>) of the Empire, which they would inherit on the death of their father, which Charlemagne and his son Louis the Pious both did for their sons. Following the death of the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Pious" title="Louis the Pious">Louis the Pious</a> in 840, his surviving adult sons, <a href="/wiki/Lothair_I" title="Lothair I">Lothair I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louis_the_German" title="Louis the German">Louis the German</a>, along with their adolescent brother <a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Bald" title="Charles the Bald">Charles the Bald</a>, fought a three-year civil war ending only with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Verdun" title="Treaty of Verdun">Treaty of Verdun</a> in 843, which divided the empire into three <i>regna</i> while according imperial status and a nominal lordship to Lothair who, at 48, was the eldest.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Carolingians differed markedly from the Merovingians in that they disallowed inheritance to illegitimate offspring, possibly in an effort to prevent infighting among heirs and assure a limit to the division of the realm. In the late ninth century, however, the lack of suitable adults among the Carolingians necessitated the rise of <a href="/wiki/Arnulf_of_Carinthia" title="Arnulf of Carinthia">Arnulf of Carinthia</a> as the king of <a href="/wiki/East_Francia" title="East Francia">East Francia</a>, a bastard child of a legitimate Carolingian king, <a href="/wiki/Carloman_of_Bavaria" title="Carloman of Bavaria">Carloman of Bavaria</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> himself a son of the First King of the Eastern division of the Frankish kingdom, Louis the German. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline">Decline</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carolingian_dynasty&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Decline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It was after Charlemagne's death that the dynasty began slowly to crumble. His kingdom was split into three parts, each being ruled over by one of his grandsons. Only the kingdoms of the eastern and western portions survived, becoming the predecessors of modern Germany and France.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Carolingians were displaced in most of the <i>regna</i> of the Empire by 888. They ruled in <a href="/wiki/East_Francia" title="East Francia">East Francia</a> until 911 and held the throne of <a href="/wiki/West_Francia" title="West Francia">West Francia</a> intermittently until 987. Carolingian cadet branches continued to rule in <a href="/wiki/Vermandois" title="Vermandois">Vermandois</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lower_Lorraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Lorraine">Lower Lorraine</a> after the last king died in 987, but they never sought the royal or imperial thrones and made peace with the new ruling families. One chronicler of <a href="/wiki/Sens" title="Sens">Sens</a> dates the end of Carolingian rule with the coronation of <a href="/wiki/Robert_II_of_France" title="Robert II of France">Robert II of France</a> as junior co-ruler with his father, <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Capet" title="Hugh Capet">Hugh Capet</a>, thus beginning the <a href="/wiki/Capetian_dynasty" title="Capetian dynasty">Capetian dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genealogy">Genealogy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carolingian_dynasty&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Genealogy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="collapsible expanded" style="margin: 0.3em auto auto; clear:none; min-width:60em; width:auto; font-size:85%; border:1px solid #aaa"> <tbody><tr> <th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none; color: inherit; width:auto">Carolingians and their relatives, with the names of kings bolded<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiché1993368–369_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiché1993368–369-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"> <table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate;"> <tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Arnulf_of_Metz" title="Arnulf of Metz">Arnulf of Metz</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Pepin_the_Elder" class="mw-redirect" title="Pepin the Elder">Pepin the Elder</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Itta_of_Metz" title="Itta of Metz">Itta of Metz</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Chlodulf" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlodulf">Chlodulf</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Ansegisel" title="Ansegisel">Ansegisel</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Begga" title="Begga">Begga</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_of_Nivelles" title="Gertrude of Nivelles">Gertrude of Nivelles</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Grimoald_the_Elder" title="Grimoald the Elder">Grimoald the Elder</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Pepin_the_Middle" class="mw-redirect" title="Pepin the Middle">Pepin the Middle</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Martin_of_Laon" title="Martin of Laon">Martin of Laon</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/wiki/Childebert_the_Adopted" title="Childebert the Adopted">Childebert the Adopted</a></b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Vulfetrude" title="Vulfetrude">Vulfetrude</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Drogo_of_Champagne" title="Drogo of Champagne">Drogo of Champagne</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Grimoald_the_Younger" title="Grimoald the Younger">Grimoald the Younger</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Martel" title="Charles Martel">Charles Martel</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Childebrand_I" title="Childebrand I">Childebrand I</a></span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> 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colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" 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style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Drogo_of_Metz" title="Drogo of Metz">Drogo of Metz</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td 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style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Italy" title="Bernard of Italy">Bernard of Italy</a></b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Nithard" title="Nithard">Nithard</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/wiki/Lothar_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Lothar I">Lothar I</a></b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/wiki/Pepin_I_of_Aquitaine" title="Pepin I of Aquitaine">Pepin I of Aquitaine</a></b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Arnulf_of_Sens" title="Arnulf of Sens">Arnulf of Sens</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/wiki/Louis_the_German" title="Louis the German">Louis the German</a></b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Bald" title="Charles the Bald">Charles the Bald</a></b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Gisela,_daughter_of_Louis_the_Pious" title="Gisela, daughter of Louis the Pious">Gisela</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/wiki/Louis_II_of_Italy" title="Louis II of Italy">Louis II of Italy</a></b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/wiki/Lothar_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Lothar II">Lothar II</a></b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/wiki/Charles_of_Provence" title="Charles of Provence">Charles of Provence</a></b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/wiki/Pepin_II_of_Aquitaine" title="Pepin II of Aquitaine">Pepin II of Aquitaine</a></b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Charles_(archbishop_of_Mainz)" title="Charles (archbishop of Mainz)">Charles</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/wiki/Carloman_of_Bavaria" title="Carloman of Bavaria">Carloman of Bavaria</a></b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Younger" title="Louis the Younger">Louis the Younger</a></b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Fat" title="Charles the Fat">Charles the Fat</a></b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Stammerer" title="Louis the Stammerer">Louis the Stammerer</a></b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Child" title="Charles the Child">Charles the Child</a></b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Judith_of_Flanders" title="Judith of Flanders">Judith of Flanders</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Carloman,_son_of_Charles_the_Bald" title="Carloman, son of Charles the Bald">Carloman</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/wiki/Berengar_I_of_Italy" title="Berengar I of Italy">Berengar I of Italy</a></b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Ermengard_of_Italy" title="Ermengard of Italy">Ermengard of Italy</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_of_Alsace" title="Hugh of Alsace">Hugh of Alsace</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Bertha,_daughter_of_Lothair_II" title="Bertha, daughter of Lothair II">Bertha</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/wiki/Arnulf_of_Carinthia" title="Arnulf of Carinthia">Arnulf of Carinthia</a></b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/wiki/Louis_III_of_France" title="Louis III of France">Louis III of France</a></b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/wiki/Carloman_II_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Carloman II of France">Carloman II of France</a></b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Simple" title="Charles the Simple">Charles the Simple</a></b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Gisela_of_Friuli" title="Gisela of Friuli">Gisela of Friuli</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Blind" title="Louis the Blind">Louis the Blind</a></b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/wiki/Hugh_of_Italy" title="Hugh of Italy">Hugh of Italy</a></b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/wiki/Zwentibold" title="Zwentibold">Zwentibold</a></b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Child" title="Louis the Child">Louis the Child</a></b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/wiki/Louis_IV_of_France" title="Louis IV of France">Louis IV of France</a></b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/wiki/Berengar_II_of_Italy" title="Berengar II of Italy">Berengar II of Italy</a></b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/wiki/Lothar_II_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Lothar II of Italy">Lothar II of Italy</a></b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/wiki/Lothar_II_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Lothar II of France">Lothar II of France</a></b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Charles_of_Lower_Lorraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles of Lower Lorraine">Charles of Lower Lorraine</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" 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rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Arnulf_of_Reims" class="mw-redirect" title="Arnulf of Reims">Arnulf of Reims</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/wiki/Louis_V_of_France" title="Louis V of France">Louis V of France</a></b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Otto_of_Lower_Lorraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto of Lower Lorraine">Otto of Lower Lorraine</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grand_strategy">Grand strategy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carolingian_dynasty&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Grand strategy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stammtafel_der_Karolinger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Stammtafel_der_Karolinger.jpg/220px-Stammtafel_der_Karolinger.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="327" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Stammtafel_der_Karolinger.jpg/330px-Stammtafel_der_Karolinger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Stammtafel_der_Karolinger.jpg/440px-Stammtafel_der_Karolinger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1967" data-file-height="2925" /></a><figcaption>Carolingian family tree, from the <i>Chronicon Universale</i> of <a href="/wiki/Ekkehard_of_Aura" title="Ekkehard of Aura">Ekkehard of Aura</a>, 12th century</figcaption></figure> <p>The historian <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Bachrach" title="Bernard Bachrach">Bernard Bachrach</a> argues that the rise of the Carolingians to power is best understood using the theory of a Carolingian <a href="/wiki/Grand_strategy" title="Grand strategy">grand strategy</a>. A grand strategy is a long term military and political strategy that lasts for longer than a typical campaigning season, and can span long periods of time.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Carolingians followed a set course of action that discounts the idea of a random rise in power and can be considered as a grand strategy. Another major part of the grand strategy of the early Carolingians encompassed their political alliance with the aristocracy. This political relationship gave the Carolingians authority and power in the Frankish kingdom. </p><p>Beginning with Pippin II, the Carolingians set out to put the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">regnum Francorum</i></span> ("kingdom of the Franks") back together, after its fragmentation after the death of <a href="/wiki/Dagobert_I" title="Dagobert I">Dagobert I</a>, a Merovingian king. After an early failed attempt in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 651</span> to usurp the throne from the Merovingians, the early Carolingians began to slowly gain power and influence as they consolidated military power as mayors of the palace. In order to do this, the Carolingians used a combination of Late Roman military organization along with the incremental changes that occurred between the fifth and eighth centuries. Because of the defensive strategy the Romans had implemented during the Late Empire, the population had become militarized and were thus available for military use.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The existence of the remaining Roman infrastructure that could be used for military purposes, such as roads, strongholds and fortified cities meant that the reformed strategies of the Late Romans would still be relevant. Civilian men who lived either in or near a <a href="/wiki/Walled_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Walled city">walled city</a> or strong point were required to learn how to fight and defend the areas in which they lived. These men were rarely used in the course of Carolingian grand strategy because they were used for defensive purposes, and the Carolingians were for the most part on the offensive most of the time. </p><p>Another class of civilians were required to serve in the military which included going on campaigns. Depending on one's wealth, one would be required to render different sorts of service, and "the richer the man was, the greater was his military obligation for service".<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, if rich, one might be required as a knight. Or one might be required to provide a number of fighting men. </p><p>In addition to those who owed military service for the lands they had, there were also professional soldiers who fought for the Carolingians. If the holder of a certain amount of land was ineligible for military service (women, old men, sickly men or cowards) they would still owe military service. Instead of going themselves, they would hire a soldier to fight in their place. Institutions, such as monasteries or churches were also required to send soldiers to fight based on the wealth and the amount of lands they held. In fact, the use of ecclesiastical institutions for their resources for the military was a tradition that the Carolingians continued and greatly benefitted from. </p><p>It was "highly unlikely that armies of many more than a hundred thousand effectives with their support systems could be supplied in the field in a single theatre of operation."<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of this, each landholder would not be required to mobilize all of his men each year for the campaigning season, but instead, the Carolingians would decide which kinds of troops were needed from each landholder, and what they should bring with them. In some cases, sending men to fight could be substituted for different types of war machines. In order to send effective fighting men, many institutions would have well trained soldiers that were skilled in fighting as heavily armored troops. These men would be trained, armored, and given the things they needed in order to fight as heavy troops at the expense of the household or institution for whom they fought. These armed retinues served almost as private armies, "which were supported at the expense of the great magnates, [and] were of considerable importance to early Carolingian military organization and warfare."<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Carolingians themselves supported their own military household and they were the most important "core of the standing army in the" <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">regnum Francorum</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> It was by utilizing the organization of the military in an effective manner that contributed to the success of the Carolingians in their grand strategy. This strategy consisted of strictly adhering to the reconstruction of the regnum Francorum under their authority. Bernard Bachrach gives three principles for Carolingian long-term strategy that spanned generations of Carolingian rulers: </p><blockquote><p>The first principle… was to move cautiously outward from the Carolingian base in Austrasia. Its second principle was to engage in a single region at a time until the conquest had been accomplished. The third principle was to avoid becoming involved beyond the frontiers of the regnum Francorum or to do so when absolutely necessary and then not for the purpose of conquest".<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>This is important to the development of medieval history because without such a military organization and without a grand strategy, the Carolingians would not have successfully become kings of the Franks, as legitimized by the bishop of Rome. Furthermore, it was ultimately because of their efforts and infrastructure that Charlemagne was able to become such a powerful king and be crowned Emperor of the Romans in 800. Without the efforts of his predecessors, he would not have been as successful as he was and the revival of the Roman Empire in the West was likely to have not occurred. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carolingian_dynasty&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table> <tbody><tr> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Francia" title="East Francia">East Francia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Francia" title="West Francia">West Francia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_architecture" title="Carolingian architecture">Carolingian architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Administration_of_Merovingian_and_Carolingian_Dynasties" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Administration of Merovingian and Carolingian Dynasties">Royal Administration of Merovingian and Carolingian Dynasties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_art" title="Carolingian art">Carolingian art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_minuscule" title="Carolingian minuscule">Carolingian minuscule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Renaissance" title="Carolingian Renaissance">Carolingian Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_church" title="Carolingian church">Carolingian church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_counts_of_Vermandois" class="mw-redirect" title="List of counts of Vermandois">List of counts of Vermandois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Italy" title="King of Italy">King of Italy</a></li></ul> </td> <td valign="top"> <ul><li>List of: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Frankish_Kings" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Frankish Kings">Frankish Kings</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_French_monarchs" title="List of French monarchs">French monarchs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_France_family_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of France family tree">Kings of France family tree</a></li></ul></li> <li>List of <a href="/wiki/List_of_Holy_Roman_Emperors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Holy Roman Emperors">Holy Roman Emperors</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_German_monarchs" title="List of German monarchs">German monarchs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_the_German_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Family tree of the German monarchs">German monarchs family tree</a></li></ul></li></ul> </td> <td valign="top"> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_monarchs_family_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="French monarchs family tree">French monarchs family tree</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carolingian_dynasty&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carolingian_dynasty&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1">"Carolingian". <i>Collins English Dictionary</i> (13th ed.). HarperCollins. 2018. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-008-28437-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-008-28437-4"><bdi>978-0-008-28437-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Carolingian&rft.btitle=Collins+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=13th&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-008-28437-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarolingian+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. 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"Entrusting Western Europe to the Church, 400–750". <i>Transactions of the Royal Historical Society</i>. <b>23</b>: 60–61. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0080440113000030">10.1017/S0080440113000030</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23726102">23726102</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163341734">163341734</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Royal+Historical+Society&rft.atitle=Entrusting+Western+Europe+to+the+Church%2C+400%E2%80%93750&rft.volume=23&rft.pages=60-61&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163341734%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23726102%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0080440113000030&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarolingian+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fouracre-1995d-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fouracre-1995d_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFouracre1995" class="citation book cs1">Fouracre, Paul (1995). "Frankish Gaul of 814". In McKitterick, Rosamond (ed.). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newcambridgemedi00allm"><i>The New Cambridge Medieval History</i></a></span>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newcambridgemedi00allm/page/n109">88</a>–90, 91.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Frankish+Gaul+of+814&rft.btitle=The+New+Cambridge+Medieval+History&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=88-90%2C+91&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Fouracre&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewcambridgemedi00allm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarolingian+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wood-1994d-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wood-1994d_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood1994" class="citation book cs1">Wood, Ian (1994). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/merovingiankingd751wood"><i>The Merovingian Kingdoms 450–751</i></a></span>. New York: Longman Publishing. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/merovingiankingd751wood/page/n265">256</a>, 260, 267, 275–276, 280, 285, 287.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Merovingian+Kingdoms+450%E2%80%93751&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=256%2C+260%2C+267%2C+275-276%2C+280%2C+285%2C+287&rft.pub=Longman+Publishing&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmerovingiankingd751wood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarolingian+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood1995" class="citation book cs1">Wood, Ian (1995). "Teutsind, Witlaic and the history of Merovingian precaria". In Fouracre, Paul; Davies, Wendy (eds.). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/propertypowerear00davi"><i>Property and Power in the Early Middle Ages</i></a></span>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/propertypowerear00davi/page/n44">31</a>–52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521434195" title="Special:BookSources/9780521434195"><bdi>9780521434195</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Teutsind%2C+Witlaic+and+the+history+of+Merovingian+precaria&rft.btitle=Property+and+Power+in+the+Early+Middle+Ages&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=31-52&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780521434195&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpropertypowerear00davi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarolingian+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wood-1994c-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wood-1994c_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood1994" class="citation book cs1">Wood, Ian (1994). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/merovingiankingd751wood"><i>The Merovingian Kingdoms 450–751</i></a></span>. New York: Longman Publishing. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/merovingiankingd751wood/page/n265">256</a>, 260, 267, 275–276, 285, 287.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Merovingian+Kingdoms+450%E2%80%93751&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=256%2C+260%2C+267%2C+275-276%2C+285%2C+287&rft.pub=Longman+Publishing&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmerovingiankingd751wood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarolingian+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins1998" class="citation book cs1">Collins, Roger (1998). "The Making of the Carolingian Dynasty". <i>Charlemagne</i>. Basingstoke: MacMillan Press Ltd. p. 30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Making+of+the+Carolingian+Dynasty&rft.btitle=Charlemagne&rft.place=Basingstoke&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=MacMillan+Press+Ltd&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarolingian+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nelson-1960b-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nelson-1960b_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Fourth Book of the Chronicle of Fredegar with its continuations</i>. Translated by Wallace-Hadrill, J. M. London: Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd. 1960. pp. 32, 43, 50–52, 73–75, 87, 96–97, 102–103.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fourth+Book+of+the+Chronicle+of+Fredegar+with+its+continuations&rft.place=London&rft.pages=32%2C+43%2C+50-52%2C+73-75%2C+87%2C+96-97%2C+102-103&rft.pub=Thomas+Nelson+and+Sons+Ltd&rft.date=1960&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarolingian+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charlemagne/Emperor-of-the-Romans">"Charlemagne – Emperor of the Romans | Holy Roman emperor [747?–814]"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Charlemagne+%E2%80%93+Emperor+of+the+Romans+%7C+Holy+Roman+emperor+%5B747%3F%E2%80%93814%5D&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FCharlemagne%2FEmperor-of-the-Romans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarolingian+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Treaty-of-Verdun#ref34135">"Treaty of Verdun | France [843]"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Treaty+of+Verdun+%7C+France+%5B843%5D&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2FTreaty-of-Verdun%23ref34135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarolingian+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Arnulf-Holy-Roman-emperor">"Arnulf | Holy Roman emperor"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Arnulf+%7C+Holy+Roman+emperor&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FArnulf-Holy-Roman-emperor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarolingian+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.penfield.edu/webpages/jgiotto/onlinetextbook.cfm?subpage=1504023">"Charlemagne and the Carolingian Empire"</a>. <i>penfield.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=penfield.edu&rft.atitle=Charlemagne+and+the+Carolingian+Empire&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.penfield.edu%2Fwebpages%2Fjgiotto%2Fonlinetextbook.cfm%3Fsubpage%3D1504023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarolingian+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewis, Andrew W. (1981). <i>Royal Succession in Capetian France: Studies on Familial Order and the State</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, p. 17. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-77985-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-77985-1">0-674-77985-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiché1993368–369-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiché1993368–369_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRiché1993">Riché 1993</a>, pp. 368–369.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bachrach, Bernard S. <i>Early Carolingian Warfare: Prelude to Empire</i>. Philadelphia: University of Philadelphia Press, 2001, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bachrach, 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bachrach, 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bachrach, 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bachrach, 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bachrach, 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bachrach, 49–50.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carolingian_dynasty&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Reuter, Timothy. <i>Germany in the Early Middle Ages 800–1056</i>. New York: Longman, 1991. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>MacLean, Simon. <i>Kingship and Politics in the Late Ninth Century: Charles the Fat and the end of the Carolingian Empire</i>. Cambridge University Press: 2003. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Leyser, Karl. <i>Communications and Power in Medieval Europe: The Carolingian and Ottonian Centuries</i>. London: 1994. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Lot" title="Ferdinand Lot">Lot, Ferdinand</a>. (1891). "Origine et signification du mot «carolingien»." <i>Revue Historique</i>, <b>46</b>(1): 68–73.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Oman" title="Charles Oman">Oman, Charles</a>. <i>The Dark Ages, 476–918</i>. 6th ed. London: Rivingtons, 1914.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Painter" title="Sidney Painter">Painter, Sidney</a>. <i>A History of the Middle Ages, 284–1500</i>. New York: Knopf, 1953.</li> <li>"Astronomus", <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intratext.com/X/LAT0459.HTM">Vita Hludovici imperatoris</a></i>, ed. G. Pertz, ch. 2, in Mon. Gen. Hist. Scriptores, II, 608.</li> <li>Reuter, Timothy (trans.) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100226063634/http://www.medievalsources.co.uk/fulda.htm">The Annals of Fulda</a></i>. (Manchester Medieval series, Ninth-Century Histories, Volume II.) Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1992.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einhard" title="Einhard">Einhard</a>. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/einhard.html">Vita Karoli Magni</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080514190052/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/einhard.html">Archived</a> 14 May 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>. Translated by Samuel Epes Turner. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1880.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carolingian_dynasty&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Carolingian_dynasty" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Carolingian dynasty">Carolingian dynasty</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pippinids,_Arnulfings_and_Carolingians" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Carolingians_footer" title="Template:Carolingians footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Carolingians_footer" title="Template talk:Carolingians footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Carolingians_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Carolingians footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pippinids,_Arnulfings_and_Carolingians" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pippinids" title="Pippinids">Pippinids, Arnulfings</a> and <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Carolingians</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><small>Legend: → ≡ "father of",  <b>·</b>  ≡ "brother of"</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Begga" title="Begga">Begga</a>, the daughter of Pepin I, married Ansegisel, the son of Arnulf of Metz, and was the mother of Pepin II.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pippinids" title="Pippinids">Pippinids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Carloman → <a href="/wiki/Pepin_of_Landen" title="Pepin of Landen">Pepin I</a> → <a href="/wiki/Grimoald_the_Elder" title="Grimoald the Elder">Grimoald I</a> → <a href="/wiki/Childebert_the_Adopted" title="Childebert the Adopted">Childebert the Adopted</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pippinids" title="Pippinids">Arnulfings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div id="*_Arnulf_of_Metz_→_Chlodulf_of_Metz_*_Ansegisel_→_Pepin_II,_his_sons"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Arnulf_of_Metz" title="Arnulf of Metz">Arnulf of Metz</a> → <a href="/wiki/Chlodulf_of_Metz" title="Chlodulf of Metz">Chlodulf of Metz</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ansegisel" title="Ansegisel">Ansegisel</a> → <a href="/wiki/Pepin_of_Herstal" title="Pepin of Herstal">Pepin II</a>, his sons</b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Drogo_of_Champagne" title="Drogo of Champagne">Drogo</a>, sons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Arnulf</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_of_Rouen_(died_730)" title="Hugh of Rouen (died 730)">Hugh of Champagne</a></li> <li>Godfrey</li> <li>Pepin</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Steuben_-_Bataille_de_Poitiers.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Steuben_-_Bataille_de_Poitiers.png/125px-Steuben_-_Bataille_de_Poitiers.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Steuben_-_Bataille_de_Poitiers.png/188px-Steuben_-_Bataille_de_Poitiers.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Steuben_-_Bataille_de_Poitiers.png/250px-Steuben_-_Bataille_de_Poitiers.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1316" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grimoald_the_Elder" title="Grimoald the Elder">Grimoald I</a>, son</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theudoald" title="Theudoald">Theudoald</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Martel" title="Charles Martel">Charles Martel</a>, sons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carloman_(mayor_of_the_palace)" title="Carloman (mayor of the palace)">Carloman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepin_the_Short" title="Pepin the Short">Pepin III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grifo_(noble)" title="Grifo (noble)">Grifo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard,_son_of_Charles_Martel" title="Bernard, son of Charles Martel">Bernard</a></li> <li>Jerome</li> <li>Remigius</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Childebrand_I" title="Childebrand I">Childebrand I</a>, son</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nibelung I → <i><a href="/wiki/Nibelungids" title="Nibelungids">Nibelungids</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early<br /><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Carolingians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div id="Sons_of_Charles_Martel"><b>Sons of Charles Martel</b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Carloman,_Mayor_of_the_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Carloman, Mayor of the Palace">Carloman</a>, son</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drogo,_Mayor_of_the_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Drogo, Mayor of the Palace">Drogo</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Charlemagne_coin.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/45/Charlemagne_coin.JPG/125px-Charlemagne_coin.JPG" decoding="async" width="125" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/45/Charlemagne_coin.JPG/188px-Charlemagne_coin.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/45/Charlemagne_coin.JPG/250px-Charlemagne_coin.JPG 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="518" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pepin_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Pepin III">Pepin III</a>, sons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a>, sons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pepin_the_Hunchback" class="mw-redirect" title="Pepin the Hunchback">Pepin the Hunchback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Younger" title="Charles the Younger">Charles the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepin_of_Italy" title="Pepin of Italy">Pepin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Pious" title="Louis the Pious">Louis the Pious</a></li> <li>Lothair</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drogo_of_Metz" title="Drogo of Metz">Drogo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_(abbot_of_Saint-Quentin)" title="Hugh (abbot of Saint-Quentin)">Hugh</a></li> <li>Theoderic</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Carloman_I" title="Carloman I">Carloman</a>, son</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Pepin</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Pepin</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bernard,_son_of_Charles_Martel" title="Bernard, son of Charles Martel">Bernard</a>, sons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wala_of_Corbie" title="Wala of Corbie">Wala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adalard_of_Corbie" title="Adalard of Corbie">Adalhard</a></li> <li>Bernhar</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian<br />Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div id="Sons_of_Charlemagne"><b>Sons of Charlemagne</b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pepin_of_Italy" title="Pepin of Italy">Pepin</a>, son</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Italy" title="Bernard of Italy">Bernard</a> → <a href="/wiki/Pepin,_Count_of_Vermandois" title="Pepin, Count of Vermandois">Pepin, Count of Vermandois</a> → <i><a href="/wiki/Count_of_Vermandois" title="Count of Vermandois">Counts of Vermandois</a></i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ludwik_I_Pobo%C5%BCny.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Ludwik_I_Pobo%C5%BCny.jpg/125px-Ludwik_I_Pobo%C5%BCny.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Ludwik_I_Pobo%C5%BCny.jpg/188px-Ludwik_I_Pobo%C5%BCny.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Ludwik_I_Pobo%C5%BCny.jpg/250px-Ludwik_I_Pobo%C5%BCny.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="924" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Pious" title="Louis the Pious">Louis the Pious</a>,<br />sons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arnulf_of_Sens" title="Arnulf of Sens">Arnulf of Sens</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lothair_I" title="Lothair I">Lothair I</a>, sons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_II_of_Italy" title="Louis II of Italy">Louis II of Italy</a> → <a href="/wiki/Ermengard_of_Italy" title="Ermengard of Italy">Ermengard</a> → <a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Blind" title="Louis the Blind">Louis the Blind</a> → <i><a href="/wiki/Bosonids" title="Bosonids">Bosonids</a></i><br /><a href="/wiki/Lothair_II" title="Lothair II">Lothair II</a> → <a href="/wiki/Hugh,_Duke_of_Alsace" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh, Duke of Alsace">Hugh</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Charles_of_Provence" title="Charles of Provence">Charles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pepin_I_of_Aquitaine" title="Pepin I of Aquitaine">Pepin I</a>, son</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pepin_II_of_Aquitaine" title="Pepin II of Aquitaine">Pepin II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Louis_the_German" title="Louis the German">Louis the German</a>,<br />sons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carloman_of_Bavaria" title="Carloman of Bavaria">Carloman</a> → <a href="/wiki/Arnulf_of_Carinthia" title="Arnulf of Carinthia">Arnulf</a> → <a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Child" title="Louis the Child">Louis the Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratold_of_Italy" title="Ratold of Italy">Ratold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zwentibold" title="Zwentibold">Zwentibold</a> → Godfrey</li> <li>Otto<br /><a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Younger" title="Louis the Younger">Louis the Younger</a> → Louis</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_of_Saxony" title="Hugh of Saxony">Hugh</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Fat" title="Charles the Fat">Charles the Fat</a> → <a href="/wiki/Bernard_(son_of_Charles_the_Fat)" title="Bernard (son of Charles the Fat)">Bernard</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ratold_of_Italy" title="Ratold of Italy">Ratold</a> → Adalbert</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Bald" title="Charles the Bald">Charles the Bald</a>,<br />sons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Stammerer" title="Louis the Stammerer">Louis the Stammerer</a> → <a href="/wiki/Louis_III_of_France" title="Louis III of France">Louis III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carloman_II" title="Carloman II">Carloman II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Simple" title="Charles the Simple">Charles the Simple</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Child" title="Charles the Child">Charles the Child</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Carloman,_son_of_Charles_the_Bald" title="Carloman, son of Charles the Bald">Carloman</a><br />Lothair the Lame</li> <li>Drogo</li> <li>Pepin</li> <li>Charles</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Francia" title="West Francia">West<br />Francia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div id="West_Francia_was_in_the_hands_of_the_Robertians_from_888_until_898._It_was_the_last_Carolingian_kingdom.">West Francia was in the hands of the <a href="/wiki/Robertians" title="Robertians">Robertians</a> from 888 until 898. It was the last Carolingian kingdom.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Simple" title="Charles the Simple">Charles the Simple</a>, sons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_IV_of_France" title="Louis IV of France">Louis IV</a></li> <li>Arnulf</li> <li>Drogo</li> <li>Rorico</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Denier_Chinon_954,_obverse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e3/Denier_Chinon_954%2C_obverse.jpg/125px-Denier_Chinon_954%2C_obverse.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e3/Denier_Chinon_954%2C_obverse.jpg/188px-Denier_Chinon_954%2C_obverse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e3/Denier_Chinon_954%2C_obverse.jpg/250px-Denier_Chinon_954%2C_obverse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="252" data-file-height="231" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Louis_IV_of_France" title="Louis IV of France">Louis IV</a>, sons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lothair_of_France" title="Lothair of France">Lothair IV</a></li> <li>Charles</li> <li>Louis</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles,_Duke_of_Lower_Lorraine" title="Charles, Duke of Lower Lorraine">Charles of Lorraine</a></li> <li>Henry</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lothair_of_France" title="Lothair of France">Lothair IV</a>, sons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_V_of_France" title="Louis V of France">Louis V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnulf_(archbishop_of_Reims)" title="Arnulf (archbishop of Reims)">Arnulf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Charles,_Duke_of_Lower_Lorraine" title="Charles, Duke of Lower Lorraine">Charles of Lorraine</a>, sons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otto,_Duke_of_Lower_Lorraine" title="Otto, Duke of Lower Lorraine">Otto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_of_Lower_Lorraine" title="Louis of Lower Lorraine">Louis</a></li> <li>Charles</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchs_of_France" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchs_of_France" title="Template:Monarchs of France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monarchs_of_France" title="Template talk:Monarchs of France"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs_of_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs of France"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchs_of_France" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Monarchs of France</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_French_monarchs" title="Family tree of French monarchs">Detailed family tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_French_monarchs_(simple)" class="mw-redirect" title="Family tree of French monarchs (simple)">Simplified family tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Frankish_kings" title="List of Frankish kings">List of Frankish kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_monarchs" title="List of French monarchs">List of French monarchs</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Merovingian_dynasty" title="Merovingian dynasty">Merovingians</a> (509–751)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_I" title="Clovis I">Clovis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childebert_I" title="Childebert I">Childebert I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlothar_I" title="Chlothar I">Chlothar I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charibert_I" title="Charibert I">Charibert I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guntram" title="Guntram">Guntram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilperic_I" title="Chilperic I">Chilperic I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigebert_I" title="Sigebert I">Sigebert I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childebert_II" title="Childebert II">Childebert II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlothar_II" title="Chlothar II">Chlothar II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagobert_I" title="Dagobert I">Dagobert I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigebert_II" title="Sigebert II">Sigebert II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_II" title="Clovis II">Clovis II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlothar_III" title="Chlothar III">Chlothar III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childeric_II" title="Childeric II">Childeric II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theuderic_III" title="Theuderic III">Theuderic III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_IV" title="Clovis IV">Clovis IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childebert_III" title="Childebert III">Childebert III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagobert_III" title="Dagobert III">Dagobert III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilperic_II" title="Chilperic II">Chilperic II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlothar_IV" title="Chlothar IV">Chlothar IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theuderic_IV" title="Theuderic IV">Theuderic IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childeric_III" title="Childeric III">Childeric III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Carolingians</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Robertians" title="Robertians">Robertians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bosonids" title="Bosonids">Bosonids</a> (751–987)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pepin_the_Short" title="Pepin the Short">Pepin the Short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carloman_I" title="Carloman I">Carloman I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> (Charles I)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Pious" title="Louis the Pious">Louis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Bald" title="Charles the Bald">Charles II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Stammerer" title="Louis the Stammerer">Louis II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_III_of_France" title="Louis III of France">Louis III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carloman_II" title="Carloman II">Carloman II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Fat" title="Charles the Fat">Charles the Fat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odo_of_France" title="Odo of France">Odo</a><sup><i>R</i></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Simple" title="Charles the Simple">Charles III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_I_of_France" title="Robert I of France">Robert I</a><sup><i>R</i></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_of_France" title="Rudolph of France">Rudolph</a><sup><i>B</i></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_IV_of_France" title="Louis IV of France">Louis IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothair_of_France" title="Lothair of France">Lothair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_V_of_France" title="Louis V of France">Louis V</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Capet" title="House of Capet">House of Capet</a> (987–1328)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Capet" title="Hugh Capet">Hugh Capet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_II_of_France" title="Robert II of France">Robert II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_France" title="Henry I of France">Henry I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_I_of_France" title="Philip I of France">Philip I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_VI_of_France" title="Louis VI of France">Louis VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_VII_of_France" title="Louis VII of France">Louis VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_France" title="Philip II of France">Philip II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_VIII_of_France" title="Louis VIII of France">Louis VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_IX_of_France" title="Louis IX of France">Louis IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_France" title="Philip III of France">Philip III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_France" title="Philip IV of France">Philip IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_X_of_France" title="Louis X of France">Louis X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_I_of_France" title="John I of France">John I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_France" title="Philip V of France">Philip V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_IV_of_France" title="Charles IV of France">Charles IV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Valois" title="House of Valois">House of Valois</a> (1328–1589)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_VI_of_France" title="Philip VI of France">Philip VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_II_of_France" title="John II of France">John II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V_of_France" title="Charles V of France">Charles V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_VI_of_France" title="Charles VI of France">Charles VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_VII_of_France" title="Charles VII of France">Charles VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XI" title="Louis XI">Louis XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_VIII_of_France" title="Charles VIII of France">Charles VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XII" title="Louis XII">Louis XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">Francis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_France" title="Henry II of France">Henry II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_II_of_France" title="Francis II of France">Francis II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_IX_of_France" title="Charles IX of France">Charles IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_France" title="Henry III of France">Henry III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><i><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lancaster" title="House of Lancaster">House of Lancaster</a></i> <i>(1422–1453)</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI of England</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a> (1589–1792)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henry IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII" title="Louis XIII">Louis XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XV" title="Louis XV">Louis XV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVII" title="Louis XVII">Louis XVII</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bonaparte" title="House of Bonaparte">House of Bonaparte</a> (1804–1814; 1815)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon I</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_II" title="Napoleon II">Napoleon II</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a> (1814–1815; 1815–1830)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII" title="Louis XVIII">Louis XVIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_X_of_France" title="Charles X of France">Charles X</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Louis_Antoine,_Duke_of_Angoul%C3%AAme" title="Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême">Louis XIX</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Henri,_Count_of_Chambord" title="Henri, Count of Chambord">Henry V</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="House of Orléans">House of Orléans</a> (1830–1848)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_I" title="Louis Philippe I">Louis Philippe I</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prince_Philippe,_Count_of_Paris" title="Prince Philippe, Count of Paris">Louis Philippe II</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bonaparte" title="House of Bonaparte">House of Bonaparte</a> (1852–1870)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Debatable or disputed rulers are in <i>italics</i>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Royal_houses_of_Italy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Royal_houses_of_Italy" title="Template:Royal houses of Italy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Royal_houses_of_Italy" title="Template talk:Royal houses of Italy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Royal_houses_of_Italy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Royal houses of Italy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Royal_houses_of_Italy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Royal houses</a> of <a href="/wiki/King_of_Italy" title="King of Italy">Italy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleramici" title="Aleramici">Aleramici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capetian_House_of_Anjou" title="Capetian House of Anjou">Anjou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Antelminelli" title="House of Antelminelli">Antelminelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appiani_family" title="Appiani family">Appiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anscarids" title="Anscarids">Anscarids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Barcelona" title="House of Barcelona">Barcelona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bentivoglio_family" title="Bentivoglio family">Bentivoglio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bonaparte" title="House of Bonaparte">Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Borgia" title="House of Borgia">Borgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon-Parma" title="House of Bourbon-Parma">Bourbon-Parma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon-Two_Sicilies" title="House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies">Bourbon-Two Sicilies</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Carolingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Della_Rovere" title="Della Rovere">Della Rovere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Della_Torre" title="Della Torre">Della Torre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doria_(family)" title="Doria (family)">Doria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Este" title="House of Este">Este</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Farnese" title="House of Farnese">Farnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fieschi_family" title="Fieschi family">Fieschi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fregoso" title="Fregoso">Fregoso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Gonzaga" title="House of Gonzaga">Gonzaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Grimaldi" title="House of Grimaldi">Grimaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">Habsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg-Lorraine" title="House of Habsburg-Lorraine">Habsburg-Lorraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hauteville_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Hauteville family">Hauteville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hohenstaufen" title="Hohenstaufen">Hohenstaufen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperiali_family" title="Imperiali family">Imperiali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Malatesta" title="House of Malatesta">Malatesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaspina_family" title="Malaspina family">Malaspina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Medici" title="House of Medici">Medici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Montefeltro" title="House of Montefeltro">Montefeltro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Murat" title="Prince Murat">Murat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Ordelaffi" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Ordelaffi">Ordelaffi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaiologos#Montferrat_cadet_branch" title="Palaiologos">Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallavicini_family" title="Pallavicini family">Pallavicini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Savoy" title="House of Savoy">Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Sforza" title="House of Sforza">Sforza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Trast%C3%A1mara" title="House of Trastámara">Trastámara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Valois" title="House of Valois">Valois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visconti_of_Milan" title="Visconti of Milan">Visconti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133602#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133602#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133602#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/50020166">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/554145857116622922519">2</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/4452155832966433490006">3</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/268442211">4</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/4380155832945333490009">5</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/305658979">6</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/305498943">7</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/22151776766218011064">8</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118721003">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85020340">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11966135g">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11966135g">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00565056">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=osd2012721741&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX527805">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000357853&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000057090&local_base=nsk10">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810631734705606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007283465005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118721003.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118721003">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027668045">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carolingian_dynasty&oldid=1258917302">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carolingian_dynasty&oldid=1258917302</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Carolingian_dynasty" title="Category:Carolingian dynasty">Carolingian dynasty</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Frankish_noble_families" title="Category:Frankish noble families">Frankish noble families</a></li><li><a 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