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href="#Reign_of_Charles_the_Fat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Reign of Charles the Fat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reign_of_Charles_the_Fat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rise_of_Robertians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise_of_Robertians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Rise of Robertians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rise_of_Robertians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rise_of_dukes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise_of_dukes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Rise of dukes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rise_of_dukes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Charles_the_Simple" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Charles_the_Simple"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Charles the Simple</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Charles_the_Simple-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rudolf" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rudolf"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Rudolf</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rudolf-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Louis_IV" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Louis_IV"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Louis IV</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Louis_IV-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_last_Carolingians:_Lothair_and_Louis_V" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_last_Carolingians:_Lothair_and_Louis_V"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>The last Carolingians: Lothair and Louis V</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_last_Carolingians:_Lothair_and_Louis_V-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_kings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_kings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>List of kings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_kings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">West Francia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 61 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-61" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">61 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wes-Frankiese_Ryk" title="Wes-Frankiese Ryk – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Wes-Frankiese Ryk" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westfrankenreich" title="Westfrankenreich – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Westfrankenreich" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="مملكة الفرنجة الغربية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مملكة الفرنجة الغربية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francia_Occidental" title="Francia Occidental – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Francia Occidental" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%C9%99rbi_Frank_krall%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Qərbi Frank krallığı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qərbi Frank krallığı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%BA%DB%8C" title="باتی فرانک کراللیغی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="باتی فرانک کراللیغی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sai_Frank_%C3%94ng-kok" title="Sai Frank Ông-kok – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sai Frank Ông-kok" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5-%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Заходне-Франкскае каралеўства – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Заходне-Франкскае каралеўства" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Западнофранкско кралство – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Западнофранкско кралство" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankia_ar_C%27horn%C3%B4g" title="Frankia ar C'hornôg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Frankia ar C'hornôg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7a_Occidental" title="França Occidental – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="França Occidental" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A1padofransk%C3%A1_%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%A1e" title="Západofranská říše – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Západofranská říše" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestfranken" title="Vestfranken – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Vestfranken" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westfrankenreich" title="Westfrankenreich – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Westfrankenreich" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4%C3%A4ne-Frangi_riik" title="Lääne-Frangi riik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lääne-Frangi riik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CF%85%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%A6%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Δυτική Φραγκία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δυτική Φραγκία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francia_Occidental" title="Francia Occidental – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Francia Occidental" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okcidentfranka_imperio" title="Okcidentfranka imperio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Okcidentfranka imperio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendebaldeko_Frantzia" title="Mendebaldeko Frantzia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mendebaldeko Frantzia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="فرانک باختری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فرانک باختری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francie_occidentale" title="Francie occidentale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Francie occidentale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/West-Fr%C3%A2nsje" title="West-Frânsje – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="West-Frânsje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Fhranc_Thiar" title="An Fhranc Thiar – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Fhranc Thiar" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francia_occidentalis" title="Francia occidentalis – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Francia occidentalis" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%9C%ED%94%84%EB%9E%91%ED%81%AC_%EC%99%95%EA%B5%AD" title="서프랑크 왕국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="서프랑크 왕국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapadna_Frana%C4%8Dka" title="Zapadna Franačka – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Zapadna Franačka" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francia_Barat" title="Francia Barat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Francia Barat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regno_dei_Franchi_Occidentali" title="Regno dei Franchi Occidentali – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Regno dei Franchi Occidentali" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA" title="פרנקיה המערבית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרנקיה המערבית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%97_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%99%E1%83%97%E1%83%90_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D" title="დასავლეთ ფრანკთა სამეფო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დასავლეთ ფრანკთა სამეფო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regnum_Francorum_occidentalium" title="Regnum Francorum occidentalium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Regnum Francorum occidentalium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rietumfranku_valsts" title="Rietumfranku valsts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Rietumfranku valsts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakar%C5%B3_Frank%C5%B3_karalyst%C4%97" title="Vakarų Frankų karalystė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vakarų Frankų karalystė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyugati_Frank_Kir%C3%A1lys%C3%A1g" title="Nyugati Frank Királyság – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nyugati Frank Királyság" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Западна Франкија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Западна Франкија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="غرب فرانكيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="غرب فرانكيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/West-Franci%C3%AB" title="West-Francië – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="West-Francië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AF%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="西フランク王国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="西フランク王国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestfrankerriket" title="Vestfrankerriket – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vestfrankerriket" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestfrankarriket" title="Vestfrankarriket – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Vestfrankarriket" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%27arbiy_Franklar_qirolligi" title="G'arbiy Franklar qirolligi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="G'arbiy Franklar qirolligi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C5%84stwo_zachodniofrankijskie" title="Państwo zachodniofrankijskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Państwo zachodniofrankijskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A2ncia_Ocidental" title="Frância Ocidental – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Frância Ocidental" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francia_Occidental%C4%83" title="Francia Occidentală – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Francia Occidentală" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Западно-Франкское королевство – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Западно-Франкское королевство" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Francia" title="West Francia – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="West Francia" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A1padofransk%C3%A1_r%C3%AD%C5%A1a" title="Západofranská ríša – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Západofranská ríša" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zahodnofrankovsko_kraljestvo" title="Zahodnofrankovsko kraljestvo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zahodnofrankovsko kraljestvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapadna_Frana%C4%8Dka" title="Zapadna Franačka – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Zapadna Franačka" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapadna_Frana%C4%8Dka" title="Zapadna Franačka – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Zapadna Franačka" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4nsi-Frankia" title="Länsi-Frankia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Länsi-Frankia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4stfrankiska_riket" title="Västfrankiska riket – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Västfrankiska riket" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%81" title="อาณาจักรแฟรงก์ตะวันตก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อาณาจักรแฟรงก์ตะวันตก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat%C4%B1_Frank_Krall%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Batı Frank Krallığı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Batı Frank Krallığı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Західне Франкське королівство – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Західне Франкське королівство" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="مغربی فرانسیا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مغربی فرانسیا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A2y_Francia" title="Tây Francia – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tây Francia" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/West-Franci%C3%AB" title="West-Francië – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="West-Francië" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E5%85%8B%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="西法兰克王国 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="西法兰克王国" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E5%85%8B%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="西法蘭克王國 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="西法蘭克王國" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E5%85%8B%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="西法蘭克王國 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="西法蘭克王國" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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searchaux" style="display:none">State in Western Europe from 843 to 987; predecessor to the Kingdom of France</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Kingdom of the West Franks</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Francia occidentalis</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">843–987</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:West_Francia_843.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="West Francia within Europe after the Treaty of Verdun in 843."><img alt="West Francia within Europe after the Treaty of Verdun in 843." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/West_Francia_843.svg/250px-West_Francia_843.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/West_Francia_843.svg/375px-West_Francia_843.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/West_Francia_843.svg/500px-West_Francia_843.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="380" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">West Francia within Europe after the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Verdun" title="Treaty of Verdun">Treaty of Verdun</a> in 843.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Laon" title="Laon">Laon</a><sup id="cite_ref-books.google.lv_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.lv-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Medieval Latin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Old_Occitan" title="Old Occitan">Old Occitan</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Old_Dutch" title="Old Dutch">Old Dutch</a> (Old Low Franconian)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholicism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">West Frankish • West Frank</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">King</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 843–877 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Bald" title="Charles the Bald">Charles the Bald</a> (first)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 986–987 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Louis_V_of_France" title="Louis V of France">Louis V of France</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data">None (<a href="/wiki/Rule_by_decree" title="Rule by decree">rule by decree</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Verdun" title="Treaty of Verdun">Treaty of Verdun</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">August 843</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Meerssen" title="Treaty of Meerssen">Treaty of Meerssen</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">August 870</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Clair-sur-Epte" title="Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte">Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">August 911</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Capetian_dynasty" title="Capetian dynasty">Capetian dynasty</a> established </div></th><td class="infobox-data">June 987</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <i><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_France" title="Philip II of France">Regnum Francie</a></i> attested </div></th><td class="infobox-data">June 1205</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/French_denier" title="French denier">Denier</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Francia</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/France_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="France in the Middle Ages">Kingdom of France</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_France_%28XII-XIII%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_France_%28XII-XIII%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_France_%28XII-XIII%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_France_%28XII-XIII%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_France_%28XII-XIII%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_France_%28XII-XIII%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a><br /><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">medieval historiography</a>, <b>West Francia</b> (<a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Medieval Latin</a>: <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Francia occidentalis</i></span>) or the <b>Kingdom of the West Franks</b> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">regnum Francorum occidentalium</i>) constitutes the initial stage of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">Kingdom of France</a> and extends from the year 843, from the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Verdun" title="Treaty of Verdun">Treaty of Verdun</a>, to 987, the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Capetian_dynasty" title="Capetian dynasty">Capetian dynasty</a>. It was created from the division of the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a> following the death of <a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Pious" title="Louis the Pious">Louis the Pious</a>, with its neighbor <a href="/wiki/East_Francia" title="East Francia">East Francia</a> eventually evolving into the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Germany" title="Kingdom of Germany">Kingdom of Germany</a>. </p><p>West Francia extended further north and south than modern <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_France" title="Metropolitan France">metropolitan France</a>, but it did not extend as far east. It did not include such future French holdings as <a href="/wiki/Lorraine_(duchy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lorraine (duchy)">Lorraine</a>, the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Burgundy" title="County of Burgundy">County</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lower_Burgundy" title="Lower Burgundy">Kingdom of Burgundy</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Burgundy" title="Duchy of Burgundy">duchy</a> was already a part of West Francia), <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Alsace" title="Duchy of Alsace">Alsace</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Burgundy-Arles" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Burgundy-Arles">Provence</a> in the east and southeast for example. It also did not include the <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a> peninsula in the west. </p><p>West Frankish kings were elected by the secular and ecclesiastic magnates, and for the half-century between 888 and 936 candidates from the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian" class="mw-redirect" title="Carolingian">Carolingian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robertian" class="mw-redirect" title="Robertian">Robertian</a> houses were alternately chosen as monarchs.<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis_1965,_179–80_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis_1965,_179–80-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By this time the power of the king became weaker and more nominal, as the regional dukes and nobles became more powerful in their semi-independent regions. The <a href="/wiki/Robertians" title="Robertians">Robertians</a>, after becoming counts of Paris and dukes of France, became kings themselves and established the <a href="/wiki/Capetian_dynasty" title="Capetian dynasty">Capetian dynasty</a> after 987. Historians generally define this as the gradual transition toward the Kingdom of France.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 13th century, the term <i>Regnum francorum</i> had evolved into <i>Regnum Francia</i> ("kingdom of France"),<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the demonym of "Franks" continued to be attested as late as the 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formation_and_boundaries">Formation and boundaries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Francia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Formation and boundaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FRK-verdun.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/FRK-verdun.png/250px-FRK-verdun.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/FRK-verdun.png/375px-FRK-verdun.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/FRK-verdun.png/500px-FRK-verdun.png 2x" data-file-width="1577" data-file-height="1784" /></a><figcaption>Division of the Carolingian Empire after the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Verdun" title="Treaty of Verdun">Treaty of Verdun</a> in 843</figcaption></figure> <p>In August 843, after three years of civil war following the death of Louis the Pious on 20 June 840, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Verdun" title="Treaty of Verdun">Treaty of Verdun</a> was signed by his three sons and heirs. The youngest, <a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Bald" title="Charles the Bald">Charles the Bald</a>, received western Francia. The contemporary West Frankish <i><a href="/wiki/Annales_Bertiniani" title="Annales Bertiniani">Annales Bertiniani</a></i> describes Charles arriving at Verdun, "where the distribution of portions" took place. After describing the portions of his brothers, <a href="/wiki/Lothair_I" title="Lothair I">Lothair the Emperor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Middle_Francia" title="Middle Francia">Middle Francia</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Louis_the_German" title="Louis the German">Louis the German</a> (<a href="/wiki/East_Francia" title="East Francia">East Francia</a>), he notes that "the rest as far as Spain they ceded to Charles".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Annales_Fuldenses" title="Annales Fuldenses">Annales Fuldenses</a></i> of East Francia describe Charles as holding the western part after the kingdom was "divided in three".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the death of King <a href="/wiki/Pippin_I_of_Aquitaine" class="mw-redirect" title="Pippin I of Aquitaine">Pippin I of Aquitaine</a> in December 838, his son had been recognised by the Aquitainian nobility as King <a href="/wiki/Pippin_II_of_Aquitaine" class="mw-redirect" title="Pippin II of Aquitaine">Pippin II of Aquitaine</a>, although the succession had not been recognised by the emperor. Charles the Bald was at war with Pippin II from the start of his reign in 840, and the Treaty of Verdun ignored the claimant and assigned <a href="/wiki/Aquitaine" title="Aquitaine">Aquitaine</a> to Charles.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accordingly, in June 845, after several military defeats, Charles signed the Treaty of <a href="/wiki/Saint-Beno%C3%AEt-sur-Loire" title="Saint-Benoît-sur-Loire">Benoît-sur-Loire</a> and recognised his nephew's rule. This agreement lasted until 25 March 848, when the Aquitainian barons recognised Charles as their king. Thereafter Charles's armies had the upper hand, and by 849 had secured most of Aquitaine.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May, Charles had himself crowned "King of the Franks and Aquitainians" in <a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Orléans">Orléans</a>. Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Wenilo_of_Sens" class="mw-redirect" title="Wenilo of Sens">Wenilo of Sens</a> officiated at the coronation, which included the first instance of <a href="/wiki/Royal_unction" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal unction">royal unction</a> in West Francia. The idea of anointing Charles may be owed to Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Hincmar_of_Reims" class="mw-redirect" title="Hincmar of Reims">Hincmar of Reims</a>, who composed no less than four <a href="/wiki/Ordo_Recitandi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordo Recitandi"><i>ordines</i></a> describing appropriate liturgies for a royal consecration. By the time of the Synod of Quierzy (858), Hincmar was claiming that Charles was anointed to the entire West Frankish kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Mersen" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Mersen">Treaty of Mersen</a> in 870 the western part of <a href="/wiki/Lotharingia" title="Lotharingia">Lotharingia</a> was added to West Francia. In 875 Charles the Bald was crowned Emperor of Rome. </p><p>The last record in the <i>Annales Bertiniani</i> dates to 882, and so the only contemporary narrative source for the next eighteen years in West Francia is the <i><a href="/wiki/Annales_Vedastini" title="Annales Vedastini">Annales Vedastini</a></i>. The next set of original annals from the West Frankish kingdom are those of <a href="/wiki/Flodoard" title="Flodoard">Flodoard</a>, who began his account with the year 919.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reign_of_Charles_the_Fat">Reign of Charles the Fat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Francia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Reign of Charles the Fat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vertrag_von_Meerssen.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Vertrag_von_Meerssen.svg/250px-Vertrag_von_Meerssen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Vertrag_von_Meerssen.svg/375px-Vertrag_von_Meerssen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Vertrag_von_Meerssen.svg/500px-Vertrag_von_Meerssen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="890" data-file-height="890" /></a><figcaption>Division of the Carolingian Empire after the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Meerssen" title="Treaty of Meerssen">Treaty of Meerssen</a> in 870</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Fat" title="Charles the Fat">Charles the Fat</a></div> <p>After the death of Charles's grandson, <a href="/wiki/Carloman_II_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Carloman II of France">Carloman II</a>, on 12 December 884, the West Frankish nobles elected his uncle, Charles the Fat, already king in <a href="/wiki/East_Francia" title="East Francia">East Francia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a>, as their king. He was probably crowned "King in Gaul" (<i>rex in Gallia</i>) on 20 May 885 at <a href="/wiki/Grand,_Vosges" title="Grand, Vosges">Grand</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His reign was the only time after the death of Louis the Pious that all of Francia would be re-united under one ruler. In his capacity as king of West Francia, he seems to have granted the royal title and perhaps regalia to the semi-independent ruler of Brittany, <a href="/wiki/Alan_I_of_Brittany" class="mw-redirect" title="Alan I of Brittany">Alan I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His handling of the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Paris_(885%E2%80%9386)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Paris (885–86)">Viking siege of Paris</a> in 885–86 greatly reduced his prestige. In November 887 his nephew, <a href="/wiki/Arnulf_of_Carinthia" title="Arnulf of Carinthia">Arnulf of Carinthia</a> revolted and assumed the title as King of the East Franks. Charles retired and soon died on 13 January 888. </p><p>In Aquitaine, Duke <a href="/wiki/Ranulf_II_of_Aquitaine" title="Ranulf II of Aquitaine">Ranulf II</a> may have had himself recognised as king, but he only lived another two years.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Aquitaine did not become a separate kingdom, it was largely outside the control of the West Frankish kings.<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis_1965,_179–80_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis_1965,_179–80-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Odo,_Count_of_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Odo, Count of Paris">Odo, Count of Paris</a> was then elected by nobles as the new king of West Francia, and was crowned the next month. At this point, West Francia was composed of <a href="/wiki/Neustria" title="Neustria">Neustria</a> in the west and in the east by Francia proper, the region between the <a href="/wiki/Meuse" title="Meuse">Meuse</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Seine" title="Seine">Seine</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rise_of_Robertians">Rise of Robertians</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Francia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Rise of Robertians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Robertians" title="Robertians">Robertians</a></div> <p>After the 860s, Lotharingian noble <a href="/wiki/Robert_the_Strong" title="Robert the Strong">Robert the Strong</a> became increasingly powerful as count of Anjou, Touraine and Maine. Robert's brother Hugh, abbot of Saint-Denis, was given control over <a href="/wiki/Austrasia" title="Austrasia">Austrasia</a> by Charles the Bald. Robert's son <a href="/wiki/Odo,_Count_of_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Odo, Count of Paris">Odo</a> was elected king in 888.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Odo's brother <a href="/wiki/Robert_I_of_France" title="Robert I of France">Robert I</a> ruled between 922 and 923 and was followed by <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_of_France" title="Rudolph of France">Rudolph</a> from 923 until 936. <a href="/wiki/Hugh_the_Great" title="Hugh the Great">Hugh the Great</a>, son of Robert I, was elevated to the title "duke of the Franks" by king Louis IV. In 987 his son <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Capet" title="Hugh Capet">Hugh Capet</a> was elected king and the <a href="/wiki/Capetian_dynasty" title="Capetian dynasty">Capetian dynasty</a> began. At this point they controlled very little beyond the <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele-de-France" title="Île-de-France">Île-de-France</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rise_of_dukes">Rise of dukes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Francia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Rise of dukes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_France_au_Xe_si%C3%A8cle2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/La_France_au_Xe_si%C3%A8cle2.svg/250px-La_France_au_Xe_si%C3%A8cle2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/La_France_au_Xe_si%C3%A8cle2.svg/375px-La_France_au_Xe_si%C3%A8cle2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/La_France_au_Xe_si%C3%A8cle2.svg/500px-La_France_au_Xe_si%C3%A8cle2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1796" data-file-height="1796" /></a><figcaption>The control of Carolingian kings had shrunk greatly by the 10th century (in yellow).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:France_%C3%A0_la_fin_du_Xe_si%C3%A8cle.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/France_%C3%A0_la_fin_du_Xe_si%C3%A8cle.jpeg/250px-France_%C3%A0_la_fin_du_Xe_si%C3%A8cle.jpeg" decoding="async" width="250" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/France_%C3%A0_la_fin_du_Xe_si%C3%A8cle.jpeg/375px-France_%C3%A0_la_fin_du_Xe_si%C3%A8cle.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/France_%C3%A0_la_fin_du_Xe_si%C3%A8cle.jpeg/500px-France_%C3%A0_la_fin_du_Xe_si%C3%A8cle.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="534" data-file-height="616" /></a><figcaption>Royal lands (in blue) by the end of the 10th century</figcaption></figure> <p>Outside the old Frankish territories and in the south local nobles were semi-independent after 887 as duchies were created: <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Burgundy" title="Duchy of Burgundy">Burgundy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Aquitaine" title="Duchy of Aquitaine">Aquitaine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brittany" title="Duchy of Brittany">Brittany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Gascony" title="Duchy of Gascony">Gascony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Normandy" title="Duchy of Normandy">Normandy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Champagne" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Champagne">Champagne</a> and the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Flanders" title="County of Flanders">County of Flanders</a>. </p><p>The power of the kings continued to decline, together with their inability to resist the Vikings and to oppose the rise of regional nobles who were no longer appointed by the king but became hereditary local dukes. In 877 <a href="/wiki/Boso_of_Provence" title="Boso of Provence">Boso of Provence</a>, brother-in-law of Charles the Bald, crowned himself as the king of <a href="/wiki/County_of_Burgundy" title="County of Burgundy">Burgundy</a> and Provence. His son <a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Blind" title="Louis the Blind">Louis the Blind</a> was king of Provence from 890 and Emperor between 901 and 905. <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_II_of_Burgundy" title="Rudolph II of Burgundy">Rudolph II of Burgundy</a> established the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Burgundy-Arles" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Burgundy-Arles">Kingdom of Burgundy</a> in 933. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Charles_the_Simple">Charles the Simple</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Francia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Charles the Simple"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Simple" title="Charles the Simple">Charles the Simple</a></div> <p>After the death of East Francia's last Carolingian king <a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Child" title="Louis the Child">Louis the Child</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lotharingia" title="Lotharingia">Lotharingia</a> switched allegiance to the king of West Francia, Charles the Simple. After 911 the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Swabia" title="Duchy of Swabia">Duchy of Swabia</a> extended westwards and added lands of <a href="/wiki/Alsace" title="Alsace">Alsace</a>. <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_II,_Margrave_of_Flanders" title="Baldwin II, Margrave of Flanders">Baldwin II of Flanders</a> became increasingly powerful after the Odo's death in 898, gaining <a href="/wiki/Boulogne" class="mw-redirect" title="Boulogne">Boulogne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ternois" class="mw-redirect" title="Ternois">Ternois</a> from Charles. The territory over which the king exercised actual control shrank considerably, and was reduced to lands between Normandy and river Loire. The royal court usually stayed in <a href="/wiki/Rheims" class="mw-redirect" title="Rheims">Rheims</a> or <a href="/wiki/Laon" title="Laon">Laon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.lv_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.lv-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Norsemen began settling in <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a>, and from 919 <a href="/wiki/Magyars" class="mw-redirect" title="Magyars">Magyars</a> invaded repeatedly. In the absence of strong royal power, invaders were engaged and defeated by local nobles, like <a href="/wiki/Richard,_Duke_of_Burgundy" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard, Duke of Burgundy">Richard of Burgundy</a> and Robert of Neustria, who defeated Viking leader <a href="/wiki/Rollo" title="Rollo">Rollo</a> in 911 at <a href="/wiki/Chartres" title="Chartres">Chartres</a>. The Norman threat was eventually ended, with the last <a href="/wiki/Danegeld" title="Danegeld">Danegeld</a> paid in 924 and 926. Both nobles became increasingly opposed to Charles, and in 922 deposed him and elected <a href="/wiki/Robert_I_of_France" title="Robert I of France">Robert I</a> as the new king. After Robert's death in 923, nobles elected Rudolf as king and kept Charles imprisoned until his death in 929. After the rule of king Charles the Simple, local dukes began issuing their own currency. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rudolf">Rudolf</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Francia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Rudolf"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_of_France" title="Rudolph of France">Rudolph of France</a></div> <p>King Rudolf was supported by his brother <a href="/wiki/Hugh_the_Black" title="Hugh the Black">Hugh the Black</a> and son of Robert I, <a href="/wiki/Hugh_the_Great" title="Hugh the Great">Hugh the Great</a>. Dukes of Normandy refused to recognise Rudolf until 933. The King also had to move with his army against the southern nobles to receive their homage and loyalty, however, the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Barcelona" title="County of Barcelona">count of Barcelona</a> managed to avoid this completely. </p><p>After 925 Rudolf was involved in a war against the rebellious <a href="/wiki/Herbert_II,_Count_of_Vermandois" title="Herbert II, Count of Vermandois">Herbert II, Count of Vermandois</a>, who received support from kings <a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Fowler" title="Henry the Fowler">Henry the Fowler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Otto_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto I">Otto I</a> of East Francia. His rebellion continued until his death in 943. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Louis_IV">Louis IV</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Francia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Louis IV"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Louis_IV_of_France" title="Louis IV of France">Louis IV of France</a></div> <p>King Louis IV and Duke Hugh the Great were married to sisters of East Frankish king <a href="/wiki/Otto_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto I">Otto I</a> who after the deaths of their husbands managed Carolingian and Robertine rule together with their brother <a href="/wiki/Bruno_the_Great" title="Bruno the Great">Bruno the Great</a>, archbishop of Cologne, as regent. </p><p>After further victories by Herbert II, Louis was rescued only with the help of the large nobles and Otto I. In 942 Louis gave up Lotharingia to Otto I. </p><p>Succession conflict in Normandy led to a new war in which Louis was betrayed by Hugh the Great and captured by Danish prince Harald who eventually released him to the custody of Hugh, who freed the king only after receiving town of <a href="/wiki/Laon" title="Laon">Laon</a> as a compensation.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.lv_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.lv-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_last_Carolingians:_Lothair_and_Louis_V">The last Carolingians: Lothair and Louis V</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Francia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The last Carolingians: Lothair and Louis V"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 13-year old <a href="/wiki/Lothair_of_France" title="Lothair of France">Lothair of France</a> inherited all the lands of his father in 954. By this time they were so small that the Carolingian practice of dividing lands among the sons was not followed and his brother Charles received nothing. In 966 Lothair married <a href="/wiki/Emma_of_Italy" title="Emma of Italy">Emma</a>, stepdaughter of his maternal uncle Otto I. Despite this, in August 978 Lothair attacked the old imperial capital <a href="/wiki/Aachen" title="Aachen">Aachen</a>. <a href="/wiki/Otto_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto II">Otto II</a> retaliated by attacking Paris, but was defeated by the combined forces of King Lothair and nobles and peace was signed in 980, ending the brief <a href="/wiki/Franco-German_war_of_978%E2%80%93980" title="Franco-German war of 978–980">Franco-German war</a>. </p><p>Lothair managed to increase his power, but this was reversed with the coming of age of <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Capet" title="Hugh Capet">Hugh Capet</a>, who began forming new alliances of nobles and eventually was elected as king in 987 after Lothair and his son and successor <a href="/wiki/Louis_V_of_France" title="Louis V of France">Louis V of France</a> had both died prematurely, traditionally marking the end of the French branch of Carolingian dynasty as well as the end of West Francia as a kingdom. Hugh Capet would be the first ruler of a new royal house, the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Capet" title="House of Capet">House of Capet</a>, who would rule France through the <a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_kings">List of kings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Francia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: List of kings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Bald" title="Charles the Bald">Charles II the Bald</a> (843–877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Stammerer" title="Louis the Stammerer">Louis II the Stammerer</a> (877–879)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_III_of_France" title="Louis III of France">Louis III of France</a> (879–882)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carloman_II" title="Carloman II">Carloman II</a> (882–884)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Fat" title="Charles the Fat">Charles the Fat</a> (885–888), king of East Francia and Emperor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odo_of_France" title="Odo of France">Odo of France</a> (888–898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Simple" title="Charles the Simple">Charles III the Simple</a> (898–922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_I_of_France" title="Robert I of France">Robert I of France</a> (922–923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_of_France" title="Rudolph of France">Rudolph of France</a> (923–936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_IV_of_France" title="Louis IV of France">Louis IV of France</a> (936–954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothair_of_France" title="Lothair of France">Lothair of France</a> (954–986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_V_of_France" title="Louis V of France">Louis V of France</a> (986–987)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Francia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-books.google.lv-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.lv_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.lv_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.lv_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMcKitterickReuterAbulafia1995" class="citation book cs1">McKitterick, Rosamond; Reuter, Timothy; Abulafia, David (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u-SsbHs5zTAC&q=west+francia&pg=PA372"><i>The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 3, C.900-c.1024</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-36447-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-36447-8"><bdi>978-0-521-36447-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Cambridge+Medieval+History%3A+Volume+3%2C+C.900-c.1024&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-521-36447-8&rft.aulast=McKitterick&rft.aufirst=Rosamond&rft.au=Reuter%2C+Timothy&rft.au=Abulafia%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du-SsbHs5zTAC%26q%3Dwest%2Bfrancia%26pg%3DPA372&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Francia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lewis_1965,_179–80-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis_1965,_179–80_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis_1965,_179–80_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewis 1965, 179–180.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark" class="citation web cs1">Mark, Joshua J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/Kingdom_of_West_Francia/">"Kingdom of West Francia"</a>. <i>World History Encyclopedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Kingdom+of+West+Francia&rft.aulast=Mark&rft.aufirst=Joshua+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2FKingdom_of_West_Francia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Francia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSewell1876" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Missing_Sewell" title="Elizabeth Missing Sewell">Sewell, Elizabeth Missing</a> (1876). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1pZJAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA48"><i>Popular History of France: From the Earliest Period to the Death of Louis XIV</i></a>. Longmans, Green, and Company. p. 21. <q>It is from this treaty of Verdun, A.D. 843, that historians date what may properly be called the kingdom of France.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Popular+History+of+France%3A+From+the+Earliest+Period+to+the+Death+of+Louis+XIV.&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green%2C+and+Company&rft.date=1876&rft.aulast=Sewell&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+Missing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1pZJAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Francia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuenée1981" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Guenée, Bernard (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dusfAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Philippus+rex+Francie%22"><i>Politique et histoire au Moyen Age</i></a> (in French). FeniXX réédition numérique. p. 158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-859-44048-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-859-44048-0"><bdi>978-2-859-44048-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL3068126M">3068126M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politique+et+histoire+au+Moyen+Age&rft.pages=158&rft.pub=FeniXX+r%C3%A9%C3%A9dition+num%C3%A9rique&rft.date=1981&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL3068126M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-2-859-44048-0&rft.aulast=Guen%C3%A9e&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdusfAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522Philippus%2Brex%2BFrancie%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Francia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotter2008" class="citation book cs1">Potter, David (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HbfJX2Y1bBkC&pg=PR8"><i>Renaissance France at War</i></a>. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. p. viii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781843834052" title="Special:BookSources/9781843834052"><bdi>9781843834052</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Renaissance+France+at+War&rft.pages=viii&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer+Ltd&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781843834052&rft.aulast=Potter&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHbfJX2Y1bBkC%26pg%3DPR8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Francia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>AB</i> a. 843: <i>ubi distributis portionibus</i> ... <i>cetera usque ad Hispaniam Carolo cesserunt</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>AF</i> a. 843: <i>in tres partes diviso ... Karolus vero occidentalem tenuit.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>AF</i> a. 843: <i>Karolus Aquitaniam, quasi ad partem regni sui iure pertinentem, affectans ...</i> ("Charles wanted Aquitaine, which belonged by right to a part of his kingdom").</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coupland 1989, 200–202.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nelson 1977, 137–38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Koziol 2006, 357.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MacLean 2003, 127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith 1992, 192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard 1903, 37–38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1999" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Colin (1999-05-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EVNGNIojGgMC&dq=west+francia+kingdom&pg=PA48"><i>The Cambridge Illustrated History of France</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-66992-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-66992-4"><bdi>978-0-521-66992-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Illustrated+History+of+France&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999-05-28&rft.isbn=978-0-521-66992-4&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEVNGNIojGgMC%26dq%3Dwest%2Bfrancia%2Bkingdom%26pg%3DPA48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Francia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Francia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Bradbury" title="Jim Bradbury">Jim Bradbury</a>. <i>The Capetians: Kings of France, 987–1328</i>. London: Hambledon Continuum, 2007.</li> <li>Simon Coupland. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/numi_0484-8942_1989_num_6_31_1945">"The Coinages of Pippin I and II of Aquitaine"</a> <i>Revue numismatique</i>, 6th series, 31 (1989), 194–222.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldberg2006" class="citation book cs1">Goldberg, Eric J. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oyiTg0wgl58C"><i>Struggle for Empire: Kingship and Conflict under Louis the German, 817-876</i></a>. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Struggle+for+Empire%3A+Kingship+and+Conflict+under+Louis+the+German%2C+817-876&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+NY&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Goldberg&rft.aufirst=Eric+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoyiTg0wgl58C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Francia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Geoffrey Koziol. "Charles the Simple, Robert of Neustria, and the <i>vexilla</i> of Saint-Denis". <i>Early Medieval Europe</i> 14:4 (2006), 355–90.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_R._Lewis" class="mw-redirect" title="Archibald R. Lewis">Archibald R. Lewis</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libro.uca.edu/lewis/sfcatsoc.htm"><i>The Development of Southern French and Catalan Society, 718–1050</i></a>. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1965.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKitterick1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rosamond_McKitterick" title="Rosamond McKitterick">McKitterick, Rosamond</a> (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wtNnAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Frankish Kingdoms Under the Carolingians, 751-987</i></a>. Harlow: Longman.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Frankish+Kingdoms+Under+the+Carolingians%2C+751-987&rft.place=Harlow&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=McKitterick&rft.aufirst=Rosamond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwtNnAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Francia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKitterick2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rosamond_McKitterick" title="Rosamond McKitterick">McKitterick, Rosamond</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kxb8kR4hvbQC"><i>Charlemagne: The Formation of a European Identity</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charlemagne%3A+The+Formation+of+a+European+Identity&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=McKitterick&rft.aufirst=Rosamond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dkxb8kR4hvbQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Francia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacLean2003" class="citation book cs1">MacLean, Simon (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0Icl9qL3FnMC"><i>Kingship and Politics in the Late Ninth Century: Charles the Fat and the end of the Carolingian Empire</i></a>. New York: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kingship+and+Politics+in+the+Late+Ninth+Century%3A+Charles+the+Fat+and+the+end+of+the+Carolingian+Empire&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=MacLean&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0Icl9qL3FnMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Francia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_L._Nelson" class="mw-redirect" title="Janet L. Nelson">Janet L. Nelson</a>. "Kingship, Law and Liturgy in the Political Thought of Hincmar of Rheims". <i>English Historical Review</i> 92 (1977), 241–79. Reprinted in <i>Politics and Ritual in Early Medieval Europe</i> (London: Hambledon, 1986), 133–72.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReuter2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Reuter" title="Timothy Reuter">Reuter, Timothy</a> (2013) [1991]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GfvJAwAAQBAJ"><i>Germany in the Early Middle Ages c. 800–1056</i></a>. London and New York: Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Germany+in+the+Early+Middle+Ages+c.+800%E2%80%931056&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Reuter&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGfvJAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Francia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReuter2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Reuter" title="Timothy Reuter">Reuter, Timothy</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oGsN0Xbo-ZoC"><i>Medieval Polities and Modern Mentalities</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Polities+and+Modern+Mentalities&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Reuter&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoGsN0Xbo-ZoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Francia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Alfred Richard. <i>Histoire des Comtes de Poitou</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k760910">vol. 1</a> Paris: Alphonse Picard, 1903.</li> <li>Julia M. H. Smith. <i>Province and Empire: Brittany and the Carolingians</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWest2023" class="citation book cs1">West, Charles (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Sp_UEAAAQBAJ"><i>The Fall of a Carolingian Kingdom: Lotharingia, 855–869</i></a>. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fall+of+a+Carolingian+Kingdom%3A+Lotharingia%2C+855%E2%80%93869&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSp_UEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Francia" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/32px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/42px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:France" title="Portal:France">France</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Metropolitan_M_Stamp.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/The_Metropolitan_M_Stamp.PNG/19px-The_Metropolitan_M_Stamp.PNG" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/The_Metropolitan_M_Stamp.PNG/29px-The_Metropolitan_M_Stamp.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/The_Metropolitan_M_Stamp.PNG/38px-The_Metropolitan_M_Stamp.PNG 2x" data-file-width="267" data-file-height="267" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Middle_Ages" title="Portal:Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header"><b>West Francia</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects" style="white-space:nowrap;">sister projects</span></a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/19px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/29px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/38px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/West_Francia" class="extiw" title="wikt:West Francia">Definitions</a></b> from Wiktionary</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:West_Francia" class="extiw" title="c:Category:West Francia">Media</a></b> from Commons</span></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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