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id="toc-Pain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Pain </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Acute_pain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acute_pain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Acute pain </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acute_pain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chronic_non-cancer_pain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chronic_non-cancer_pain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.2 Chronic non-cancer pain </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chronic_non-cancer_pain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Other </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cough" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cough"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 Cough </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cough-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diarrhea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diarrhea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2 Diarrhea </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diarrhea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shortness_of_breath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shortness_of_breath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.3 Shortness of breath </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shortness_of_breath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Restless_legs_syndrome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Restless_legs_syndrome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.4 Restless legs syndrome </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Restless_legs_syndrome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adverse_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adverse_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Adverse effects </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Adverse_effects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Adverse effects subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Adverse_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reinforcement_disorders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reinforcement_disorders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Reinforcement disorders </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reinforcement_disorders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tolerance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tolerance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Tolerance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tolerance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physical_dependence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_dependence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.2 Physical dependence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical_dependence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Addiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Addiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.3 Addiction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Addiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nausea_and_vomiting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nausea_and_vomiting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Nausea and vomiting </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nausea_and_vomiting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drowsiness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drowsiness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Drowsiness </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drowsiness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Itching" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Itching"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Itching </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Itching-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constipation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constipation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Constipation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constipation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Respiratory_depression" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Respiratory_depression"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Respiratory depression </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Respiratory_depression-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Increased_pain_sensitivity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Increased_pain_sensitivity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Increased pain sensitivity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Increased_pain_sensitivity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_adverse_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_adverse_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 Other adverse effects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_adverse_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Low_sex_hormone_levels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Low_sex_hormone_levels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8.1 Low sex hormone levels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Low_sex_hormone_levels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disruption_of_work" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disruption_of_work"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8.2 Disruption of work </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disruption_of_work-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Increased_accident-proneness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Increased_accident-proneness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8.3 Increased accident-proneness </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Increased_accident-proneness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rare_side_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rare_side_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8.4 Rare side effects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rare_side_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pregnancy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pregnancy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8.5 Pregnancy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pregnancy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Interactions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Interactions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Interactions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Interactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-With_other_depressant_drugs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#With_other_depressant_drugs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 With other depressant drugs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-With_other_depressant_drugs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opioid_antagonist" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opioid_antagonist"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Opioid antagonist </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opioid_antagonist-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pharmacology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pharmacology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Pharmacology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pharmacology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Pharmacology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Pharmacology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Functional_selectivity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Functional_selectivity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Functional selectivity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Functional_selectivity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opioid_comparison" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opioid_comparison"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Opioid comparison </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opioid_comparison-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Binding_profiles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Binding_profiles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Binding profiles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Binding_profiles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Usage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Naturally_occurring_opioids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naturally_occurring_opioids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Naturally occurring opioids </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Naturally_occurring_opioids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Laudanum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laudanum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Laudanum </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Laudanum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_opium_trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_opium_trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 The opium trade </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_opium_trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morphine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morphine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Morphine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Morphine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Codeine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Codeine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Codeine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Codeine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Semi-synthetic_and_synthetic_opioids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Semi-synthetic_and_synthetic_opioids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Semi-synthetic and synthetic opioids </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Semi-synthetic_and_synthetic_opioids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criminalization_and_medical_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criminalization_and_medical_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.7 Criminalization and medical use </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criminalization_and_medical_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Remove_the_Risk"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Remove_the_Risk""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.8 "Remove the Risk" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Remove_the_Risk"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Society and culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Society and culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Definition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Definition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Efforts_to_reduce_recreational_use_in_the_US" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Efforts_to_reduce_recreational_use_in_the_US"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Efforts to reduce recreational use in the US </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Efforts_to_reduce_recreational_use_in_the_US-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Global_shortages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global_shortages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Global shortages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Global_shortages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recreational_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recreational_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Recreational use </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recreational_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Classification </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Classification-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Classification subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Endogenous_opioids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Endogenous_opioids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Endogenous opioids </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Endogenous_opioids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opium_alkaloids_and_derivatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opium_alkaloids_and_derivatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Opium alkaloids and derivatives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opium_alkaloids_and_derivatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Opium_alkaloids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opium_alkaloids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2.1 Opium alkaloids </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opium_alkaloids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Esters_of_morphine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Esters_of_morphine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2.2 Esters of morphine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Esters_of_morphine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethers_of_morphine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethers_of_morphine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2.3 Ethers of morphine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethers_of_morphine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Semi-synthetic_alkaloid_derivatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Semi-synthetic_alkaloid_derivatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2.4 Semi-synthetic alkaloid derivatives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Semi-synthetic_alkaloid_derivatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Synthetic_opioids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synthetic_opioids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Synthetic opioids </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synthetic_opioids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Anilidopiperidines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anilidopiperidines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3.1 Anilidopiperidines </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anilidopiperidines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Benzimidazoles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Benzimidazoles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3.2 Benzimidazoles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Benzimidazoles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phenylpiperidines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phenylpiperidines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3.3 Phenylpiperidines </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phenylpiperidines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diphenylpropylamine_derivatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diphenylpropylamine_derivatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3.4 Diphenylpropylamine derivatives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diphenylpropylamine_derivatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Benzomorphan_derivatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Benzomorphan_derivatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3.5 Benzomorphan derivatives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Benzomorphan_derivatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oripavine_derivatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oripavine_derivatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3.6 Oripavine derivatives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oripavine_derivatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morphinan_derivatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morphinan_derivatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3.7 Morphinan derivatives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Morphinan_derivatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Others" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Others"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3.8 Others </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Allosteric_modulators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allosteric_modulators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Allosteric modulators </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allosteric_modulators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opioid_antagonists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opioid_antagonists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.5 Opioid antagonists </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opioid_antagonists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tables_of_opioids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tables_of_opioids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.6 Tables of opioids </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tables_of_opioids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Table_of_morphinan_opioids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Table_of_morphinan_opioids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.6.1 Table of morphinan opioids </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Table_of_morphinan_opioids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Table_of_non-morphinan_opioids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Table_of_non-morphinan_opioids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.6.2 Table of non-morphinan opioids </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Table_of_non-morphinan_opioids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Opioid</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 50 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-50" aria-hidden="true" > 50 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opio%C3%AFed" title="Opioïed – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Opioïed" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B4%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%87_%D8%A3%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="أشباه أفيونيات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أشباه أفيونيات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opioidl%C9%99r" title="Opioidlər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Opioidlər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B6_%E0%A6%94%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%A7" title="আফিম-সদৃশ ঔষধ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আফিম-সদৃশ ঔষধ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Опиоид – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Опиоид" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opioide" title="Opioide – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Opioide" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opioid" title="Opioid – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Opioid" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opioider" title="Opioider – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Opioider" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opioide" title="Opioide – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Opioide" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opioidid" title="Opioidid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Opioidid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%AD%CF%82" title="Οπιοειδές – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Οπιοειδές" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opioide" title="Opioide – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Opioide" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opioido" title="Opioido – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Opioido" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opioide" title="Opioide – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Opioide" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C" title="مواد افیونی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مواد افیونی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opio%C3%AFde" title="Opioïde – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Opioïde" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93p%C3%B3ideach" title="Ópóideach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ópóideach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%ED%94%BC%EC%98%A4%EC%9D%B4%EB%93%9C" title="오피오이드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="오피오이드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%83%D5%AB%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%BA_%D5%B6%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ափիոնատիպ նյութեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ափիոնատիպ նյութեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opioidi" title="Opioidi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Opioidi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opiumatri" title="Opiumatri – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Opiumatri" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opioid" title="Opioid – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Opioid" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oppioide" title="Oppioide – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Oppioide" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%95%D7%90%D7%99%D7%93" title="אופיואיד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אופיואיד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ოპიოიდები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ოპიოიდები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opioides" title="Opioides – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Opioides" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opio%C4%ABdi" title="Opioīdi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Opioīdi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opioid" title="Opioid – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Opioid" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ოპიოიდეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ოპიოიდეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opioid" title="Opioid – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Opioid" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opio%C3%AFden" title="Opioïden – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Opioïden" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%94%E3%82%AA%E3%82%A4%E3%83%89" title="オピオイド – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オピオイド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opioider" title="Opioider – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Opioider" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opioid" title="Opioid – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Opioid" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opioidy" title="Opioidy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Opioidy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opioide" title="Opioide – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Opioide" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opioid" title="Opioid – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Opioid" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Опиоиды – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Опиоиды" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opioid" title="Opioid – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Opioid" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opioid" title="Opioid – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Opioid" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opioid" title="Opioid – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Opioid" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opioid" title="Opioid – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Opioid" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opioidit" title="Opioidit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Opioidit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opioid" title="Opioid – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Opioid" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C" title="โอปิออยด์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โอปิออยด์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opioid" title="Opioid – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Opioid" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%BE%D1%97%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Опіоїди – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Опіоїди" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thu%E1%BB%91c_gi%E1%BA%A3m_%C4%91au_nh%C3%B3m_opioid" title="Thuốc giảm đau nhóm opioid – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thuốc giảm đau nhóm opioid" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B4%89%E7%89%87%E9%A1%9E%E8%97%A5%E7%89%A9" title="鴉片類藥物 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="鴉片類藥物" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A1%9E%E9%98%BF%E7%89%87" title="類阿片 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="類阿片" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q427523#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Psychoactive chemical</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #ddbbee">Opioid</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><a href="/wiki/Drug_class" title="Drug class">Drug class</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Morphin_-_Morphine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Morphin_-_Morphine.svg/280px-Morphin_-_Morphine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Morphin_-_Morphine.svg/420px-Morphin_-_Morphine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Morphin_-_Morphine.svg/560px-Morphin_-_Morphine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="254" data-file-height="216" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Chemical structure of <a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">morphine</a>, the prototypical opioid.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #e8e8e8;">Class identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Use</th><td class="infobox-data">Pain relief</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System" title="Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System">ATC code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ATC_code_N02A" class="mw-redirect" title="ATC code N02A">N02A</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mode_of_action" title="Mode of action">Mode of action</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Opioid_receptor" title="Opioid receptor">Opioid receptor</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #e8e8e8;">External links</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D000701">D000701</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #e8e8e8;">Legal status</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="background: #e8e8e8; text-align: center"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q427523" class="extiw" title="d:Q427523">In Wikidata</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Opioids are a class of <a href="/wiki/Drug" title="Drug">drugs</a> that derive from, or mimic, natural substances found in the <a href="/wiki/Papaver_somniferum" title="Papaver somniferum">opium poppy</a> plant. Opioids work in the brain to produce a variety of effects, including pain relief. As a class of substances, they act on <a href="/wiki/Opioid_receptor" title="Opioid receptor">opioid receptors</a> to produce <a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">morphine</a>-like effects.<a href="#cite_note-Hemmings-2013-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> The terms 'opioid' and 'opiate' are sometimes used interchangeably, but there are key differences based on the manufacturing processes of these medications.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Medically they are primarily used for <a href="/wiki/Pain_relief" class="mw-redirect" title="Pain relief">pain relief</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Anesthesia" title="Anesthesia">anesthesia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Stromgaard-2009-5">[5]</a> Other medical uses include suppression of <a href="/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">diarrhea</a>, replacement therapy for <a href="/wiki/Opioid_use_disorder" title="Opioid use disorder">opioid use disorder</a>, reversing <a href="/wiki/Opioid_overdose" title="Opioid overdose">opioid overdose</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cold_medicine" title="Cold medicine">suppressing cough</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Stromgaard-2009-5">[5]</a> Extremely potent opioids such as <a href="/wiki/Carfentanil" title="Carfentanil">carfentanil</a> are approved only for <a href="/wiki/Veterinary_medicine" title="Veterinary medicine">veterinary</a> use.<a href="#cite_note-Walzer_2014-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Opioids are also frequently used <a href="/wiki/Recreational_drug_use" title="Recreational drug use">recreationally</a> for their <a href="/wiki/Euphoric" class="mw-redirect" title="Euphoric">euphoric</a> effects or to prevent <a href="/wiki/Drug_withdrawal" title="Drug withdrawal">withdrawal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Opioids can cause death and have been used for <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" title="Capital punishment in the United States">executions in the United States</a>. Side effects of opioids may include <a href="/wiki/Itchiness" class="mw-redirect" title="Itchiness">itchiness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sedation" title="Sedation">sedation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nausea" title="Nausea">nausea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_depression" class="mw-redirect" title="Respiratory depression">respiratory depression</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constipation" title="Constipation">constipation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Euphoria" title="Euphoria">euphoria</a>. Long-term use can cause <a href="/wiki/Drug_tolerance" title="Drug tolerance">tolerance</a>, meaning that increased doses are required to achieve the same effect, and <a href="/wiki/Physical_dependence" title="Physical dependence">physical dependence</a>, meaning that abruptly discontinuing the drug leads to unpleasant withdrawal symptoms.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> The euphoria attracts recreational use, and frequent, escalating recreational use of opioids typically results in addiction. An <a href="/wiki/Drug_overdose" title="Drug overdose">overdose</a> or concurrent use with other <a href="/wiki/Depressant" title="Depressant">depressant drugs</a> like <a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">benzodiazepines</a> commonly results in death from <a href="/wiki/Hypoventilation" title="Hypoventilation">respiratory depression</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Opioids act by binding to opioid receptors, which are found principally in the <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peripheral_nervous_system" title="Peripheral nervous system">peripheral nervous system</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">gastrointestinal tract</a>. These receptors mediate both the <a href="/wiki/Psychoactive_drug" title="Psychoactive drug">psychoactive</a> and the somatic effects of opioids. Opioid drugs include <a href="/wiki/Agonist" title="Agonist">partial agonists</a>, like the anti-diarrhea drug <a href="/wiki/Loperamide" title="Loperamide">loperamide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Receptor_antagonist" title="Receptor antagonist">antagonists</a> like <a href="/wiki/Naloxegol" title="Naloxegol">naloxegol</a> for opioid-induced constipation, which do not cross the <a href="/wiki/Blood%E2%80%93brain_barrier" title="Blood–brain barrier">blood–brain barrier</a>, but can displace other opioids from binding to those receptors in the <a href="/wiki/Myenteric_plexus" title="Myenteric plexus">myenteric plexus</a>. Because opioids are addictive and may result in fatal overdose, most are <a href="/wiki/Controlled_substance" title="Controlled substance">controlled substances</a>. In 2013, between 28 and 38 million people used opioids illicitly (0.6% to 0.8% of the global population between the ages of 15 and 65).<a href="#cite_note-WDR-2015-12">[12]</a> In 2011, an estimated 4 million people in the United States used opioids recreationally or were dependent on them.<a href="#cite_note-ASAM-2021-13">[13]</a> As of 2015, increased rates of recreational use and addiction are attributed to <a href="/wiki/Overmedication" title="Overmedication">over-prescription</a> <a href="/wiki/Opioid_epidemic_in_the_United_States" title="Opioid epidemic in the United States">of opioid medications</a> and inexpensive illicit <a href="/wiki/Heroin" title="Heroin">heroin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Conversely, fears about overprescribing, exaggerated side effects, and addiction from opioids are similarly blamed for under-treatment of pain.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Opioid_dependence.webm/290px--Opioid_dependence.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="290" height="163" data-durationhint="841" data-mwtitle="Opioid_dependence.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Opioid_dependence.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0f/Opioid_dependence.webm/Opioid_dependence.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0f/Opioid_dependence.webm/Opioid_dependence.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="718" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0f/Opioid_dependence.webm/Opioid_dependence.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1078" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Opioid_dependence.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1078" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0f/Opioid_dependence.webm/Opioid_dependence.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0f/Opioid_dependence.webm/Opioid_dependence.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0f/Opioid_dependence.webm/Opioid_dependence.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0f/Opioid_dependence.webm/Opioid_dependence.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AOpioid_dependence.webm&lang=ar&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ar" label="العربية ‪(ar)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AOpioid_dependence.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AOpioid_dependence.webm&lang=fa&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fa" label="فارسی ‪(fa)‬" data-dir="rtl" /></video><figcaption>Educational video on opioid dependence.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Opioid&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Opiates_v_opioids.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Opiates v. opioids with chemical structures indicated. Many classical opiates are also referred to as opioids in modern nomenclature." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Opiates_v_opioids.png/600px-Opiates_v_opioids.png" decoding="async" width="600" height="427" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Opiates_v_opioids.png/900px-Opiates_v_opioids.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Opiates_v_opioids.png/1200px-Opiates_v_opioids.png 2x" data-file-width="1989" data-file-height="1415" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Opiate" title="Opiate">Opiates</a> and opioids with chemical structures indicated. Many classical opiates are also referred to as opioids in modern nomenclature.</figcaption></figure> Opioids include <a href="/wiki/Opiate" title="Opiate">opiates</a>, an older term that refers to such drugs derived from <a href="/wiki/Opium" title="Opium">opium</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">morphine</a> itself.<a href="#cite_note-Offermanns-19">[19]</a> Other opioids are <a href="/wiki/Chemical_synthesis" title="Chemical synthesis">semi-synthetic and synthetic</a> drugs such as <a href="/wiki/Hydrocodone" title="Hydrocodone">hydrocodone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxycodone" title="Oxycodone">oxycodone</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fentanyl" title="Fentanyl">fentanyl</a>; antagonist drugs such as <a href="/wiki/Naloxone" title="Naloxone">naloxone</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Opioid_peptide" title="Opioid peptide">endogenous peptides</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Endorphins" title="Endorphins">endorphins</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Freye-2008-20">[20]</a> The terms opiate and <a href="/wiki/Narcotic" title="Narcotic">narcotic</a> are sometimes encountered as synonyms for opioid. Opiate is properly limited to the natural <a href="/wiki/Alkaloid" title="Alkaloid">alkaloids</a> found in the resin of the <a href="/wiki/Papaver_somniferum" title="Papaver somniferum">opium poppy</a> although some include semi-synthetic derivatives.<a href="#cite_note-Offermanns-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Davies-2012-21">[21]</a> Narcotic, derived from words meaning 'numbness' or 'sleep', as an American legal term, refers to <a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a> and opioids, and their source materials; it is also loosely applied to any illegal or controlled psychoactive drug.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> In some jurisdictions all controlled drugs are legally classified as narcotics. The term can have pejorative connotations and its use is generally discouraged where that is the case.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medical_uses">Medical uses</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Opioid&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Medical uses">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pain">Pain</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Opioid&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pain">edit</a>]</div> The weak opioid <a href="/wiki/Codeine" title="Codeine">codeine</a>, in low doses and combined with one or more other drugs, is commonly available in prescription medicines and <a href="/wiki/Over-the-counter_drug" title="Over-the-counter drug">without a prescription</a> to treat mild pain.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fleisher-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-drugs-28">[28]</a> Other opioids are usually reserved for the relief of moderate to severe pain.<a href="#cite_note-Fleisher-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Acute_pain">Acute pain</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Opioid&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Acute pain">edit</a>]</div> Opioids are effective for the treatment of acute <a href="/wiki/Pain" title="Pain">pain</a> (such as pain following surgery).<a href="#cite_note-pmid23150006-29">[29]</a> For immediate relief of moderate to severe acute pain, opioids are frequently the treatment of choice due to their rapid onset, efficacy and reduced risk of dependence. However, a new report showed a clear risk of prolonged opioid use when opioid analgesics are initiated for an acute pain management following surgery or trauma.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> They have also been found to be important in <a href="/wiki/Palliative_care" title="Palliative care">palliative care</a> to help with the severe, chronic, disabling pain that may occur in some terminal conditions such as cancer, and degenerative conditions such as <a href="/wiki/Rheumatoid_arthritis" title="Rheumatoid arthritis">rheumatoid arthritis</a>. In many cases opioids are a successful long-term care strategy for those with chronic <a href="/wiki/Cancer_pain" title="Cancer pain">cancer pain</a>. Just over half of all states in the US have enacted laws that restrict the prescribing or dispensing of opioids for acute pain.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chronic_non-cancer_pain">Chronic non-cancer pain</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Opioid&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Chronic non-cancer pain">edit</a>]</div> Guidelines have suggested that the risk of opioids is likely greater than their benefits when used for most non-cancer chronic conditions including <a href="/wiki/Headaches" class="mw-redirect" title="Headaches">headaches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Back_pain" title="Back pain">back pain</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fibromyalgia" title="Fibromyalgia">fibromyalgia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Thus they should be used cautiously in chronic non-cancer pain.<a href="#cite_note-Okie_S_(2010)-33">[33]</a> If used the benefits and harms should be reassessed at least every three months.<a href="#cite_note-auto-34">[34]</a> In treating chronic pain, opioids are an option to be tried after other less risky pain relievers have been considered, including <a href="/wiki/Paracetamol" title="Paracetamol">paracetamol</a> or NSAIDs like <a href="/wiki/Ibuprofen" title="Ibuprofen">ibuprofen</a> or <a href="/wiki/Naproxen" title="Naproxen">naproxen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid32110089-35">[35]</a> Some types of chronic pain, including the pain caused by <a href="/wiki/Fibromyalgia" title="Fibromyalgia">fibromyalgia</a> or <a href="/wiki/Migraine" title="Migraine">migraine</a>, are preferentially treated with drugs other than opioids.<a href="#cite_note-AANfive-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> The efficacy of using opioids to lessen chronic <a href="/wiki/Neuropathic_pain" title="Neuropathic pain">neuropathic pain</a> is uncertain.<a href="#cite_note-pmid23986501-38">[38]</a> Opioids are contraindicated as a first-line treatment for headache because they impair alertness, bring risk of dependence, and increase the risk that episodic headaches will become chronic.<a href="#cite_note-AHSfive-39">[39]</a> Opioids can also cause heightened sensitivity to headache pain.<a href="#cite_note-AHSfive-39">[39]</a> When other treatments fail or are unavailable, opioids may be appropriate for treating headache if the patient can be monitored to prevent the development of chronic headache.<a href="#cite_note-AHSfive-39">[39]</a> Opioids are being used more frequently in the management of non-malignant <a href="/wiki/Chronic_pain" title="Chronic pain">chronic pain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> This practice has now led to a new and growing problem with addiction and misuse of opioids.<a href="#cite_note-Okie_S_(2010)-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Because of various negative effects the use of opioids for long-term management of chronic pain is not indicated unless other less risky pain relievers have been found ineffective. Chronic pain which occurs only periodically, such as that from <a href="/wiki/Nerve_pain" class="mw-redirect" title="Nerve pain">nerve pain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Migraines" class="mw-redirect" title="Migraines">migraines</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fibromyalgia" title="Fibromyalgia">fibromyalgia</a>, frequently is better treated with medications other than opioids.<a href="#cite_note-AANfive-36">[36]</a> <a href="/wiki/Paracetamol" title="Paracetamol">Paracetamol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nonsteroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug" title="Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug">nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs</a> including <a href="/wiki/Ibuprofen" title="Ibuprofen">ibuprofen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Naproxen" title="Naproxen">naproxen</a> are considered safer alternatives.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> They are frequently used combined with opioids, such as paracetamol combined with <a href="/wiki/Oxycodone" title="Oxycodone">oxycodone</a> (<a href="/wiki/Oxycodone/paracetamol" title="Oxycodone/paracetamol">Percocet</a>) and ibuprofen combined with <a href="/wiki/Hydrocodone" title="Hydrocodone">hydrocodone</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hydrocodone/ibuprofen" title="Hydrocodone/ibuprofen">Vicoprofen</a>), which <a href="/wiki/Synergy" title="Synergy">boosts the pain relief</a> but is also intended to deter recreational use.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Opioid&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Other">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cough">Cough</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Opioid&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Cough">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Codeine" title="Codeine">Codeine</a> was once viewed as the "gold standard" in <a href="/wiki/Cold_medicine" title="Cold medicine">cough suppressants</a>, but this position is now questioned.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Some recent <a href="/wiki/Placebo" title="Placebo">placebo</a>-controlled <a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">trials</a> have found that it may be no better than a placebo for some causes including acute cough in children.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-CFP10-49">[49]</a> As a consequence, it is not recommended for children.<a href="#cite_note-CFP10-49">[49]</a> Additionally, there is no evidence that <a href="/wiki/Hydrocodone" title="Hydrocodone">hydrocodone</a> is useful in children.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Similarly, a 2012 Dutch guideline regarding the treatment of acute cough does not recommend its use.<a href="#cite_note-Dutch2012-51">[51]</a> (The opioid analogue <a href="/wiki/Dextromethorphan" title="Dextromethorphan">dextromethorphan</a>, long claimed to be as effective a cough suppressant as codeine,<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> has similarly demonstrated little benefit in several recent studies.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a>) Low dose morphine may help chronic cough but its use is limited by side effects.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Diarrhea">Diarrhea</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Opioid&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Diarrhea">edit</a>]</div> In cases of diarrhea-predominate <a href="/wiki/Irritable_bowel_syndrome" title="Irritable bowel syndrome">irritable bowel syndrome</a>, opioids may be used to suppress diarrhea. <a href="/wiki/Loperamide" title="Loperamide">Loperamide</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Peripherally_selective" class="mw-redirect" title="Peripherally selective">peripherally selective</a> opioid available <a href="/wiki/Over-the-counter_drug" title="Over-the-counter drug">without a prescription</a> used to suppress diarrhea. The ability to suppress diarrhea also produces constipation when opioids are used beyond several weeks.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <a href="/wiki/Naloxegol" title="Naloxegol">Naloxegol</a>, a peripherally-selective opioid antagonist is now available to treat opioid induced constipation.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Shortness_of_breath">Shortness of breath</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Opioid&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Shortness of breath">edit</a>]</div> Opioids may help with <a href="/wiki/Dyspnea" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyspnea">shortness of breath</a> particularly in advanced diseases such as cancer and <a href="/wiki/COPD" class="mw-redirect" title="COPD">COPD</a> among others.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> However, findings from two recent systematic reviews of the literature found that opioids were not necessarily more effective in treating shortness of breath in patients who have advanced cancer.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Restless_legs_syndrome">Restless legs syndrome</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Opioid&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Restless legs syndrome">edit</a>]</div> Though not typically a first line of treatment, opioids, such as <a href="/wiki/Oxycodone" title="Oxycodone">oxycodone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Methadone" title="Methadone">methadone</a>, are sometimes used in the treatment of severe and refractory <a href="/wiki/Restless_legs_syndrome" title="Restless legs syndrome">restless legs syndrome</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Hyperalgesia <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Opioid-induced_hyperalgesia" title="Opioid-induced hyperalgesia">Opioid-induced hyperalgesia</a></div> Opioid-induced hyperalgesia (OIH) has been evident in patients after chronic opioid exposure.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adverse_effects">Adverse effects</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Opioid&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Adverse effects">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Opioid_overdose" title="Opioid overdose">Opioid overdose</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style=";"> <div class="quotebox-title" style="">Adverse effects of opioids</div> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> Common and short term <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Itch" title="Itch">Itching</a><a href="#cite_note-Furlan-64">[64]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nausea" title="Nausea">Nausea</a><a href="#cite_note-Furlan-64">[64]</a></li> <li>Vomiting<a href="#cite_note-Furlan-64">[64]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constipation" title="Constipation">Constipation</a><a href="#cite_note-Furlan-64">[64]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somnolence" title="Somnolence">Drowsiness</a><a href="#cite_note-Furlan-64">[64]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerostomia" title="Xerostomia">Dry mouth</a><a href="#cite_note-Furlan-64">[64]</a></li></ul> Other <ul><li>Cognitive effects</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid_dependence" class="mw-redirect" title="Opioid dependence">Opioid dependence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dizziness" title="Dizziness">Dizziness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anorexia_(symptom)" title="Anorexia (symptom)">Loss of appetite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastroparesis" title="Gastroparesis">Delayed gastric emptying</a></li> <li>Decreased sex drive</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_dysfunction" title="Sexual dysfunction">Impaired sexual function</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypogonadism" title="Hypogonadism">Decreased testosterone levels</a></li> <li>Depression</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunodeficiency" title="Immunodeficiency">Immunodeficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid-induced_hyperalgesia" title="Opioid-induced hyperalgesia">Increased pain sensitivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irregular_menstruation" title="Irregular menstruation">Irregular menstruation</a></li> <li>Increased risk of <a href="/wiki/Falling_(accident)" title="Falling (accident)">falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoventilation" title="Hypoventilation">Slowed breathing</a></li> <li>Coma</li></ul> </blockquote> </div> Each year 69,000 people worldwide die of opioid overdose, and 15 million people have an opioid addiction.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> In older adults, opioid use is associated with increased adverse effects such as "sedation, nausea, vomiting, constipation, urinary retention, and falls".<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> As a result, older adults taking opioids are at greater risk for injury.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Opioids do not cause any specific organ toxicity, unlike many other drugs, such as <a href="/wiki/Aspirin" title="Aspirin">aspirin</a> and paracetamol. They are not associated with upper <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_bleeding" title="Gastrointestinal bleeding">gastrointestinal bleeding</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nephrotoxicity" title="Nephrotoxicity">kidney toxicity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-musculoskeletalnetwork.com-68">[68]</a> Prescription of opioids for acute low back pain and management of <a href="/wiki/Osteoarthritis" title="Osteoarthritis">osteoarthritis</a> seem to have long-term adverse effects<a href="#cite_note-pmid30921976-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">USCDC</a>, methadone was involved in 31% of opioid related deaths in the US between 1999–2010 and 40% as the sole drug involved, far higher than other opioids.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Studies of long term opioids have found that many stop them, and that minor side effects were common.<a href="#cite_note-Long-term_opioid_management-72">[72]</a> Addiction occurred in about 0.3%.<a href="#cite_note-Long-term_opioid_management-72">[72]</a> In the United States in 2016 opioid overdose resulted in the death of 1.7 in 10,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reinforcement_disorders">Reinforcement disorders</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Opioid&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Reinforcement disorders">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Opioid_use_disorder" title="Opioid use disorder">Opioid use disorder</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tolerance">Tolerance</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Opioid&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Tolerance">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Drug_tolerance" title="Drug tolerance">Tolerance</a> is a process characterized by <a href="/wiki/Neural_adaptation" title="Neural adaptation">neuroadaptations</a> that result in reduced drug effects. While <a href="/wiki/Downregulation_and_upregulation" title="Downregulation and upregulation">receptor upregulation</a> may often play an important role other mechanisms are also known.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Tolerance is more pronounced for some effects than for others; tolerance occurs slowly to the effects on mood, itching, urinary retention, and respiratory depression, but occurs more quickly to the analgesia and other physical side effects. However, tolerance does not develop to constipation or <a href="/wiki/Miosis" title="Miosis">miosis</a> (the constriction of the pupil of the eye to less than or equal to two millimeters). This idea has been challenged, however, with some authors arguing that tolerance does develop to miosis.<a href="#cite_note-pmid15731628-75">[75]</a> Tolerance to opioids is attenuated by a number of substances, including: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_channel_blocker" title="Calcium channel blocker">calcium channel blockers</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrathecal" class="mw-redirect" title="Intrathecal">intrathecal</a> <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NMDA_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="NMDA antagonist">NMDA antagonists</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Dextromethorphan" title="Dextromethorphan">dextromethorphan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ketamine" title="Ketamine">ketamine</a>,<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Memantine" title="Memantine">memantine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholecystokinin_antagonist" title="Cholecystokinin antagonist">cholecystokinin antagonists</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Proglumide" title="Proglumide">proglumide</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid12792559-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a></li> <li>Newer agents such as the <a href="/wiki/Phosphodiesterase_inhibitor" title="Phosphodiesterase inhibitor">phosphodiesterase inhibitor</a> <a href="/wiki/Ibudilast" title="Ibudilast">ibudilast</a> have also been researched for this application.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a></li></ul> Tolerance is a physiologic process where the body adjusts to a medication that is frequently present, usually requiring higher doses of the same medication over time to achieve the same effect. It is a common occurrence in individuals taking high doses of opioids for extended periods, but does not predict any relationship to misuse or addiction. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Physical_dependence">Physical dependence</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Opioid&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Physical dependence">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Physical_dependence" title="Physical dependence">Physical dependence</a> is the physiological adaptation of the body to the presence of a substance, in this case opioid medication. It is defined by the development of withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued, when the dose is reduced abruptly or, specifically in the case of opioids, when an antagonist (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Naloxone" title="Naloxone">naloxone</a>) or an agonist-antagonist (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Pentazocine" title="Pentazocine">pentazocine</a>) is administered. Physical dependence is a normal and expected aspect of certain medications and does not necessarily imply that the patient is addicted. The withdrawal symptoms for opiates may include severe <a href="/wiki/Dysphoria" title="Dysphoria">dysphoria</a>, craving for another opiate dose, irritability, <a href="/wiki/Sweating" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweating">sweating</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nausea" title="Nausea">nausea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhinorrea" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhinorrea">rhinorrea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tremor" title="Tremor">tremor</a>, vomiting and <a href="/wiki/Myalgia" title="Myalgia">myalgia</a>. Slowly reducing the intake of opioids over days and weeks can reduce or eliminate the withdrawal symptoms.<a href="#cite_note-oxford-88">[88]</a> The speed and severity of withdrawal depends on the <a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> of the opioid; heroin and morphine withdrawal occur more quickly than <a href="/wiki/Methadone" title="Methadone">methadone</a> withdrawal. The acute withdrawal phase is often followed by a protracted phase of depression and insomnia that can last for months. The symptoms of opioid withdrawal can be treated with other medications, such as <a href="/wiki/Clonidine" title="Clonidine">clonidine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> Physical dependence does not predict drug misuse or true addiction, and is closely related to the same mechanism as tolerance. While there is anecdotal claims of benefit with <a href="/wiki/Ibogaine" title="Ibogaine">ibogaine</a>, data to support its use in substance dependence is poor.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Critical patients who received regular doses of opioids experience iatrogenic withdrawal as a frequent syndrome.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Addiction">Addiction</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Opioid&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Addiction">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Drug_addiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug addiction">Drug addiction</a> is a complex set of behaviors typically associated with misuse of certain drugs, developing over time and with higher drug dosages. Addiction includes psychological compulsion, to the extent that the affected person persists in actions leading to dangerous or unhealthy outcomes. Opioid addiction includes <a href="/wiki/Insufflation_(medicine)" title="Insufflation (medicine)">insufflation</a> or injection, rather than taking opioids orally as prescribed for medical reasons.<a href="#cite_note-oxford-88">[88]</a> In European nations such as Austria, Bulgaria, and Slovakia, <a href="/wiki/Modified-release_dosage" title="Modified-release dosage">slow-release</a> <a href="/wiki/Extended-release_morphine" title="Extended-release morphine">oral morphine formulations</a> are used in <a href="/wiki/Opiate_substitution_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Opiate substitution therapy">opiate substitution therapy</a> (OST) for patients who do not well tolerate the side effects of buprenorphine or <a href="/wiki/Methadone" title="Methadone">methadone</a>. <a href="/wiki/Buprenorphine" title="Buprenorphine">Buprenorphine</a> can also be used together with <a href="/wiki/Naloxone" title="Naloxone">naloxone</a> for a longer treatment of addiction. In other European countries including the UK, this is also legally used for OST although on a varying scale of acceptance. Slow-release formulations of medications are intended to curb misuse and lower addiction rates while trying to still provide legitimate pain relief and ease of use to pain patients. Questions remain, however, about the efficacy and safety of these types of preparations. Further tamper resistant medications are currently under consideration with trials for market approval by the FDA.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> The amount of evidence available only permits making a weak conclusion, but it suggests that a physician properly managing opioid use in patients with no history of <a href="/wiki/Substance_use_disorder" title="Substance use disorder">substance use disorder</a> can give long-term pain relief with little risk of developing addiction, or other serious side effects.<a href="#cite_note-Long-term_opioid_management-72">[72]</a> Problems with opioids include the following: <ol><li>Some people find that opioids do not relieve all of their pain.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a></li> <li>Some people find that opioids side effects cause problems which outweigh the therapy's benefit.<a href="#cite_note-Long-term_opioid_management-72">[72]</a></li> <li>Some people build tolerance to opioids over time. This requires them to increase their drug dosage to maintain the benefit, and that in turn also increases the unwanted side effects.<a href="#cite_note-Long-term_opioid_management-72">[72]</a></li> <li>Long-term opioid use can cause <a href="/wiki/Opioid-induced_hyperalgesia" title="Opioid-induced hyperalgesia">opioid-induced hyperalgesia</a>, which is a condition in which the patient has increased sensitivity to pain.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a></li></ol> All of the opioids can cause side effects.<a href="#cite_note-Furlan-64">[64]</a> Common adverse reactions in patients taking opioids for pain relief include <a href="/wiki/Nausea" title="Nausea">nausea</a> and vomiting, <a href="/wiki/Drowsiness" class="mw-redirect" title="Drowsiness">drowsiness</a>, itching, dry mouth, <a href="/wiki/Dizziness" title="Dizziness">dizziness</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Constipation" title="Constipation">constipation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Furlan-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-oxford-88">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nausea_and_vomiting">Nausea and vomiting</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Opioid&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Nausea and vomiting">edit</a>]</div> Tolerance to <a href="/wiki/Nausea" title="Nausea">nausea</a> occurs within 7–10 days, during which antiemetics (e.g. low dose <a href="/wiki/Haloperidol" title="Haloperidol">haloperidol</a> once at night) are very effective.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Due to severe side effects such as tardive dyskinesia, haloperidol is now rarely used. A related drug, <a href="/wiki/Prochlorperazine" title="Prochlorperazine">prochlorperazine</a> is more often used, although it has similar risks. Stronger antiemetics such as <a href="/wiki/Ondansetron" title="Ondansetron">ondansetron</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tropisetron" title="Tropisetron">tropisetron</a> are sometimes used when nausea is severe or continuous and disturbing, despite their greater cost. A less expensive alternative is dopamine antagonists such as domperidone and metoclopramide. <a href="/wiki/Domperidone" title="Domperidone">Domperidone</a> does not cross the <a href="/wiki/Blood%E2%80%93brain_barrier" title="Blood–brain barrier">blood–brain barrier</a> and produce adverse central antidopaminergic effects, but blocks opioid emetic action in the <a href="/wiki/Chemoreceptor_trigger_zone" title="Chemoreceptor trigger zone">chemoreceptor trigger zone</a>. This drug is not available in the U.S. Some antihistamines with <a href="/wiki/Anticholinergic" title="Anticholinergic">anticholinergic</a> properties (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Orphenadrine" title="Orphenadrine">orphenadrine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diphenhydramine" title="Diphenhydramine">diphenhydramine</a>) may also be effective. The first-generation antihistamine <a href="/wiki/Hydroxyzine" title="Hydroxyzine">hydroxyzine</a> is very commonly used, with the added advantages of not causing movement disorders, and also possessing analgesic-sparing properties. Δ9-<a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabinol" title="Tetrahydrocannabinol">tetrahydrocannabinol</a> relieves nausea and vomiting;<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> it also produces analgesia that may allow lower doses of opioids with reduced nausea and vomiting.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> <ul><li>5-HT3 antagonists (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Ondansetron" title="Ondansetron">ondansetron</a>)</li> <li>Dopamine antagonists (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Domperidone" title="Domperidone">domperidone</a>)</li> <li>Anti-cholinergic antihistamines (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Diphenhydramine" title="Diphenhydramine">diphenhydramine</a>)</li> <li>Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabinol" title="Tetrahydrocannabinol">dronabinol</a>)</li></ul> Vomiting is due to <a href="/wiki/Gastroparesis" title="Gastroparesis">gastric stasis</a> (large volume vomiting, brief nausea relieved by vomiting, oesophageal reflux, epigastric fullness, early satiation), besides direct action on the <a href="/wiki/Chemoreceptor_trigger_zone" title="Chemoreceptor trigger zone">chemoreceptor trigger zone</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Area_postrema" title="Area postrema">area postrema</a>, the vomiting centre of the brain. Vomiting can thus be prevented by prokinetic agents (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Domperidone" title="Domperidone">domperidone</a> or <a href="/wiki/Metoclopramide" title="Metoclopramide">metoclopramide</a>). If vomiting has already started, these drugs need to be administered by a non-oral route (e.g. subcutaneous for metoclopramide, rectally for domperidone). <ul><li>Prokinetic agents (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Domperidone" title="Domperidone">domperidone</a>)</li> <li>Anti-cholinergic agents (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Orphenadrine" title="Orphenadrine">orphenadrine</a>)</li></ul> Evidence suggests that opioid-inclusive anaesthesia is associated with postoperative nausea and vomiting.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Patients with chronic pain using opioids had small improvements in pain and physically functioning and increased risk of vomiting.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drowsiness">Drowsiness</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Opioid&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Drowsiness">edit</a>]</div> Tolerance to <a href="/wiki/Drowsiness" class="mw-redirect" title="Drowsiness">drowsiness</a> usually develops over 5–7 days, but if troublesome, switching to an alternative opioid often helps. Certain opioids such as <a href="/wiki/Fentanyl" title="Fentanyl">fentanyl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">morphine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diamorphine" class="mw-redirect" title="Diamorphine">diamorphine</a> (heroin) tend to be particularly sedating, while others such as <a href="/wiki/Oxycodone" title="Oxycodone">oxycodone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tilidine" title="Tilidine">tilidine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meperidine" class="mw-redirect" title="Meperidine">meperidine</a> (pethidine) tend to produce comparatively less sedation, but individual patients responses can vary markedly and some degree of trial and error may be needed to find the most suitable drug for a particular patient. Otherwise, treatment with <a href="/wiki/Central_Nervous_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Nervous System">CNS</a> <a href="/wiki/Stimulants" class="mw-redirect" title="Stimulants">stimulants</a> is generally effective.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> <ul><li>Stimulants (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">caffeine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modafinil" title="Modafinil">modafinil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">amphetamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methylphenidate" title="Methylphenidate">methylphenidate</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Itching">Itching</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Opioid&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Itching">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Itching" class="mw-redirect" title="Itching">Itching</a> tends not to be a severe problem when opioids are used for pain relief, but <a href="/wiki/Antihistamines" class="mw-redirect" title="Antihistamines">antihistamines</a> are useful for counteracting itching when it occurs. Non-sedating antihistamines such as fexofenadine are often preferred as they avoid increasing opioid induced drowsiness. However, some sedating antihistamines such as <a href="/wiki/Orphenadrine" title="Orphenadrine">orphenadrine</a> can produce a synergistic pain relieving effect permitting smaller doses of opioids be used. Consequently, several opioid/antihistamine combination products have been marketed, such as Meprozine (<a href="/wiki/Meperidine" class="mw-redirect" title="Meperidine">meperidine</a>/<a href="/wiki/Promethazine" title="Promethazine">promethazine</a>) and Diconal (<a href="/wiki/Dipipanone" title="Dipipanone">dipipanone</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cyclizine" title="Cyclizine">cyclizine</a>), and these may also reduce opioid induced nausea. <ul><li>Antihistamines (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Fexofenadine" title="Fexofenadine">fexofenadine</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constipation">Constipation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Opioid&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Constipation">edit</a>]</div> Opioid-induced <a href="/wiki/Constipation" title="Constipation">constipation</a> (OIC) develops in 90 to 95% of people taking opioids long-term.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> Since tolerance to this problem does not generally develop, most people on long-term opioids need to take a <a href="/wiki/Laxative" title="Laxative">laxative</a> or <a href="/wiki/Enema" title="Enema">enemas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> Treatment of OIC is successional and dependent on severity.<a href="#cite_note-KumarBarker2014-106">[106]</a> The first mode of treatment is non-pharmacological, and includes lifestyle modifications like increasing <a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">dietary fiber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fluid_intake" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluid intake">fluid intake</a> (around 1.5 L (51 US fl oz) per day), and <a href="/wiki/Physical_activity" title="Physical activity">physical activity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-KumarBarker2014-106">[106]</a> If non-pharmacological measures are ineffective, <a href="/wiki/Laxative" title="Laxative">laxatives</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Stool_softener" class="mw-redirect" title="Stool softener">stool softeners</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Polyethylene_glycol" title="Polyethylene glycol">polyethylene glycol</a>), <a href="/wiki/Laxative#Bulk-forming_agents" title="Laxative">bulk-forming laxatives</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Fiber_supplement" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiber supplement">fiber supplements</a>), <a href="/wiki/Stimulant_laxative" class="mw-redirect" title="Stimulant laxative">stimulant laxatives</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Bisacodyl" title="Bisacodyl">bisacodyl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Senna_glycoside" title="Senna glycoside">senna</a>), and/or <a href="/wiki/Enema" title="Enema">enemas</a>, may be used.<a href="#cite_note-KumarBarker2014-106">[106]</a> A common laxative regimen for OIC is the combination of docusate and bisacodyl.<a href="#cite_note-KumarBarker2014-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-AlguirePhysicians2009-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-ElliottSmith2016-108">[108]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>] <a href="/wiki/Osmotic_laxative" class="mw-redirect" title="Osmotic laxative">Osmotic laxatives</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Lactulose" title="Lactulose">lactulose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polyethylene_glycol" title="Polyethylene glycol">polyethylene glycol</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Milk_of_magnesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Milk of magnesia">milk of magnesia</a> (magnesium hydroxide), as well as <a href="/wiki/Mineral_oil" title="Mineral oil">mineral oil</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Laxative#Lubricant_agents" title="Laxative">lubricant laxative</a>), are also commonly used for OIC.<a href="#cite_note-AlguirePhysicians2009-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-ElliottSmith2016-108">[108]</a> If laxatives are insufficiently effective (which is often the case),<a href="#cite_note-PoulsenBrock2015-109">[109]</a> opioid formulations or regimens that include a peripherally-selective <a href="/wiki/Opioid_antagonist" title="Opioid antagonist">opioid antagonist</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Methylnaltrexone_bromide" class="mw-redirect" title="Methylnaltrexone bromide">methylnaltrexone bromide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naloxegol" title="Naloxegol">naloxegol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alvimopan" title="Alvimopan">alvimopan</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Naloxone" title="Naloxone">naloxone</a> (as in <a href="/wiki/Oxycodone/naloxone" title="Oxycodone/naloxone">oxycodone/naloxone</a>), may be tried.<a href="#cite_note-KumarBarker2014-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-ElliottSmith2016-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-Davis,_MD,_FCCP,_FAAHPMGoforth,_MD2016-110">[110]</a> A 2018 (updated in 2022) Cochrane review found that the evidence was moderate for alvimopan, naloxone, or methylnaltrexone bromide but with increased risk of adverse events.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> Naloxone by mouth appears to be the most effective.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> A daily 0.2 mg dose of naldemedine has been shown to significantly improve symptoms in patients with OIC.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> <a href="/wiki/Opioid_rotation" title="Opioid rotation">Opioid rotation</a> is one method suggested to minimise the impact of constipation in long-term users.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> While all opioids cause constipation, there are some differences between drugs, with studies suggesting <a href="/wiki/Tramadol" title="Tramadol">tramadol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tapentadol" title="Tapentadol">tapentadol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methadone" title="Methadone">methadone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fentanyl" title="Fentanyl">fentanyl</a> may cause relatively less constipation, while with <a href="/wiki/Codeine" title="Codeine">codeine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">morphine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxycodone" title="Oxycodone">oxycodone</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hydromorphone" title="Hydromorphone">hydromorphone</a> constipation may be comparatively more severe. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Respiratory_depression">Respiratory depression</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Opioid&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Respiratory depression">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_depression" class="mw-redirect" title="Respiratory depression">Respiratory depression</a> is the most serious adverse reaction associated with opioid use, but it usually is seen with the use of a single, intravenous dose in an opioid-naïve patient. In patients taking opioids regularly for pain relief, tolerance to respiratory depression occurs rapidly, so that it is not a clinical problem. Several drugs have been developed which can partially block respiratory depression, although the only respiratory stimulant currently approved for this purpose is <a href="/wiki/Doxapram" title="Doxapram">doxapram</a>, which has only limited efficacy in this application.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> Newer drugs such as <a href="/wiki/BIMU-8" class="mw-redirect" title="BIMU-8">BIMU-8</a> and <a href="/wiki/CX-546" title="CX-546">CX-546</a> may be much more effective.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">non-primary source needed</a>] <ul><li>Respiratory stimulants: <a href="/wiki/Carotid_chemoreceptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Carotid chemoreceptor">carotid chemoreceptor</a> agonists (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Doxapram" title="Doxapram">doxapram</a>), <a href="/wiki/5-HT4_agonist" class="mw-redirect" title="5-HT4 agonist">5-HT4 agonists</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/BIMU8" title="BIMU8">BIMU8</a>), δ-opioid agonists (e.g. <a href="/wiki/BW373U86" title="BW373U86">BW373U86</a>) and AMPAkines (e.g. <a href="/wiki/CX717" title="CX717">CX717</a>) can all reduce respiratory depression caused by opioids without affecting analgesia, but most of these drugs are only moderately effective or have side effects which preclude use in humans. 5-HT1A agonists such as <a href="/wiki/8-OH-DPAT" title="8-OH-DPAT">8-OH-DPAT</a> and <a href="/wiki/Repinotan" title="Repinotan">repinotan</a> also counteract opioid-induced respiratory depression, but at the same time reduce analgesia, which limits their usefulness for this application.</li> <li>Opioid antagonists (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Naloxone" title="Naloxone">naloxone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nalmefene" title="Nalmefene">nalmefene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diprenorphine" title="Diprenorphine">diprenorphine</a>)</li></ul> The initial 24 hours after opioid administration appear to be the most critical with regard to life-threatening OIRD, but may be preventable with a more cautious approach to opioid use.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> Patients with cardiac, respiratory disease and/or obstructive sleep apnoea are at increased risk for OIRD.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Increased_pain_sensitivity">Increased pain sensitivity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Opioid&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Increased pain sensitivity">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Opioid-induced_hyperalgesia" title="Opioid-induced hyperalgesia">Opioid-induced hyperalgesia</a></div> Opioid-induced hyperalgesia – where individuals using opioids to relieve pain <a href="/wiki/Paradoxically" class="mw-redirect" title="Paradoxically">paradoxically</a> experience more pain as a result of that medication – has been observed in some people. This phenomenon, although uncommon, is seen in some people receiving <a href="/wiki/Palliative_care" title="Palliative care">palliative care</a>, most often when dose is increased rapidly.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> If encountered, rotation between several different opioid pain medications may decrease the development of <a href="/wiki/Hyperalgesia" title="Hyperalgesia">increased pain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> Opioid induced hyperalgesia more commonly occurs with chronic use or brief high doses but some research suggests that it may also occur with very low doses.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> Side effects such as hyperalgesia and <a href="/wiki/Allodynia" title="Allodynia">allodynia</a>, sometimes accompanied by a worsening of <a href="/wiki/Neuropathic_pain" title="Neuropathic pain">neuropathic pain</a>, may be consequences of long-term treatment with opioid analgesics, especially when increasing tolerance has resulted in loss of efficacy and consequent progressive dose escalation over time. This appears to largely be a result of actions of opioid drugs at targets other than the three classic opioid receptors, including the <a href="/wiki/Nociceptin_receptor" title="Nociceptin receptor">nociceptin receptor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sigma_receptor" title="Sigma receptor">sigma receptor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toll-like_receptor_4" title="Toll-like receptor 4">Toll-like receptor 4</a>, and can be counteracted in animal models by antagonists at these targets such as <a href="/wiki/J-113,397" title="J-113,397">J-113,397</a>, <a href="/wiki/BD-1047" title="BD-1047">BD-1047</a> or <a href="/wiki/(%2B)-Naloxone" title="(+)-Naloxone">(+)-naloxone</a> respectively.<a href="#cite_note-pmid20021351-128">[128]</a> No drugs are currently approved specifically for counteracting opioid-induced hyperalgesia in humans and in severe cases the only solution may be to discontinue use of opioid analgesics and replace them with non-opioid analgesic drugs. However, since individual sensitivity to the development of this side effect is highly dose dependent and may vary depending which opioid analgesic is used, many patients can avoid this side effect simply through dose reduction of the opioid drug (usually accompanied by the addition of a supplemental non-opioid analgesic), <a href="/wiki/Opioid_rotation" title="Opioid rotation">rotating between different opioid drugs</a>, or by switching to a milder opioid with a mixed mode of action that also counteracts neuropathic pain, particularly <a href="/wiki/Tramadol" title="Tramadol">tramadol</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tapentadol" title="Tapentadol">tapentadol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid18717507-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid19655103-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid20465361-131">[131]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NMDA_receptor_antagonist" title="NMDA receptor antagonist">NMDA receptor antagonists</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Ketamine" title="Ketamine">ketamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serotonin%E2%80%93norepinephrine_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor">SNRIs</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Milnacipran" title="Milnacipran">milnacipran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anticonvulsant" title="Anticonvulsant">Anticonvulsants</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Gabapentin" title="Gabapentin">gabapentin</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pregabalin" title="Pregabalin">pregabalin</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_adverse_effects">Other adverse effects</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Opioid&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Other adverse effects">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Low_sex_hormone_levels">Low sex hormone levels</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Opioid&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Low sex hormone levels">edit</a>]</div> Clinical studies have consistently associated medical and recreational opioid use with <a href="/wiki/Hypogonadism" title="Hypogonadism">hypogonadism</a> (low <a href="/wiki/Sex_hormone" title="Sex hormone">sex hormone</a> levels) in different sexes. The effect is <a href="/wiki/Dose%E2%80%93response_relationship" title="Dose–response relationship">dose-dependent</a>. Most studies suggest that the majority (perhaps as much as 90%) of chronic opioid users develop hypogonadism. A 2015 <a href="/wiki/Systematic_review" title="Systematic review">systematic review</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meta-analysis" title="Meta-analysis">meta-analysis</a> found that opioid therapy suppressed testosterone levels in men by about 165 ng/dL (5.7 nmol/L) on average, which was a reduction in testosterone level of almost 50%.<a href="#cite_note-pmid25702934-132">[132]</a> Conversely, opioid therapy did not significantly affect testosterone levels in women.<a href="#cite_note-pmid25702934-132">[132]</a> However, opioids can also interfere with <a href="/wiki/Menstruation" title="Menstruation">menstruation</a> in women by limiting the production of <a href="/wiki/Luteinizing_hormone" title="Luteinizing hormone">luteinizing hormone</a> (LH). Opioid-induced hypogonadism likely causes the strong association of opioid use with <a href="/wiki/Osteoporosis" title="Osteoporosis">osteoporosis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bone_fracture" title="Bone fracture">bone fracture</a>, due to deficiency in <a href="/wiki/Estradiol" title="Estradiol">estradiol</a>. It also may increase pain and thereby interfere with the intended clinical effect of opioid treatment. Opioid-induced hypogonadism is likely caused by their agonism of opioid receptors in the <a href="/wiki/Hypothalamus" title="Hypothalamus">hypothalamus</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pituitary_gland" title="Pituitary gland">pituitary gland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid30343356-133">[133]</a> One study found that the depressed <a href="/wiki/Testosterone" title="Testosterone">testosterone</a> levels of heroin addicts returned to normal within one month of abstinence, suggesting that the effect is readily reversible and is not permanent.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] As of 2013<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Opioid&action=edit">[update]</a>, the effect of low-dose or acute opioid use on the <a href="/wiki/Endocrine_system" title="Endocrine system">endocrine system</a> is <a href="/wiki/Opioid_induced_endocrinopathy" class="mw-redirect" title="Opioid induced endocrinopathy">unclear</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fountas_R183–R196-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> Long-term use of opioids can affect the other <a href="/wiki/Opioid_induced_endocrinopathy" class="mw-redirect" title="Opioid induced endocrinopathy">hormonal systems</a> as well.<a href="#cite_note-Fountas_R183–R196-134">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Disruption_of_work">Disruption of work</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Opioid&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Disruption of work">edit</a>]</div> Use of opioids may be a risk factor for failing to return to work.<a href="#cite_note-pmid22289236-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid19181448-139">[139]</a> Persons performing any safety-sensitive task should not use opioids.<a href="#cite_note-ACOEMfive-140">[140]</a> Health care providers should not recommend that workers who <a href="/wiki/Driving" title="Driving">drive</a> or use <a href="/wiki/Heavy_equipment" title="Heavy equipment">heavy equipment</a> including <a href="/wiki/Crane_(machine)" title="Crane (machine)">cranes</a> or <a href="/wiki/Forklifts" class="mw-redirect" title="Forklifts">forklifts</a> treat chronic or acute pain with opioids.<a href="#cite_note-ACOEMfive-140">[140]</a> Workplaces which manage workers who perform safety-sensitive operations should assign workers to less sensitive duties for so long as those workers are treated by their physician with opioids.<a href="#cite_note-ACOEMfive-140">[140]</a> People who take opioids long term have increased likelihood of being unemployed.<a href="#cite_note-pmid23389874-141">[141]</a> Taking opioids may further disrupt the patient's life and the adverse effects of opioids themselves can become a significant barrier to patients having an active life, gaining employment, and sustaining a career. In addition, lack of employment may be a predictor of aberrant use of prescription opioids.<a href="#cite_note-pmid19789432-142">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Increased_accident-proneness">Increased accident-proneness</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Opioid&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Increased accident-proneness">edit</a>]</div> Opioid use may increase <a href="/wiki/Accident-proneness" title="Accident-proneness">accident-proneness</a>. Opioids may increase risk of traffic accidents<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid21125020-144">[144]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Accidental_fall" class="mw-redirect" title="Accidental fall">accidental falls</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid21391934-145">[145]</a> Reduced Attention Opioids have been shown to reduce attention, more so when used with antidepressants and/or anticonvulsants.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rare_side_effects">Rare side effects</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Opioid&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Rare side effects">edit</a>]</div> Infrequent adverse reactions in patients taking opioids for pain relief include: dose-related respiratory depression (especially with more <a href="/wiki/Potency_(pharmacology)" title="Potency (pharmacology)">potent</a> opioids), confusion, <a href="/wiki/Hallucinations" class="mw-redirect" title="Hallucinations">hallucinations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delirium" title="Delirium">delirium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urticaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Urticaria">urticaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypothermia" title="Hypothermia">hypothermia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bradycardia" title="Bradycardia">bradycardia</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tachycardia" title="Tachycardia">tachycardia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orthostatic_hypotension" title="Orthostatic hypotension">orthostatic hypotension</a>, dizziness, headache, urinary retention, ureteric or biliary spasm, muscle rigidity, myoclonus (with high doses), and flushing (due to histamine release, except fentanyl and remifentanil).<a href="#cite_note-oxford-88">[88]</a> Both therapeutic and chronic use of opioids can compromise the function of the <a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune system</a>. Opioids decrease the proliferation of <a href="/wiki/Macrophage" title="Macrophage">macrophage</a> progenitor cells and <a href="/wiki/Lymphocyte" title="Lymphocyte">lymphocytes</a>, and affect cell differentiation (Roy & Loh, 1996). Opioids may also inhibit <a href="/wiki/Leukocyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Leukocyte">leukocyte</a> migration. However the relevance of this in the context of pain relief is not known. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pregnancy">Pregnancy</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Opioid&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Pregnancy">edit</a>]</div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Opioids_and_pregnancy" title="Opioids and pregnancy">Opioids and pregnancy</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Opioids_and_pregnancy&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <a href="/wiki/Opioids_and_pregnancy" title="Opioids and pregnancy">Opioid use during pregnancy</a> can have significant implications for both the mother and the developing fetus. <a href="/wiki/Opioids" class="mw-redirect" title="Opioids">Opioids</a> are a class of drugs that include prescription painkillers (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Oxycodone" title="Oxycodone">oxycodone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrocodone" title="Hydrocodone">hydrocodone</a>) and illicit substances like <a href="/wiki/Heroin" title="Heroin">heroin</a>. <a href="/wiki/Opioid_use_disorder" title="Opioid use disorder">Opioid use</a> during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of complications, including an elevated risk of <a href="/wiki/Preterm_birth" title="Preterm birth">preterm birth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Low_birth_weight" title="Low birth weight">low birth weight</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intrauterine_growth_restriction" title="Intrauterine growth restriction">intrauterine growth restriction</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stillbirth" title="Stillbirth">stillbirth</a>. Opioids are substances that can cross the placenta, exposing the developing fetus to the drugs. This exposure can potentially lead to various adverse effects on fetal development, including an increased risk of <a href="/wiki/Birth_defect" title="Birth defect">birth defects</a>. One of the most well-known consequences of maternal opioid use during pregnancy is the risk of <a href="/wiki/Neonatal_abstinence_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Neonatal abstinence syndrome">neonatal abstinence syndrome</a> (NAS). NAS occurs when the newborn experiences <a href="/wiki/Drug_withdrawal" title="Drug withdrawal">withdrawal symptoms</a> after birth due to exposure to opioids in the womb. Maternal opioid use during pregnancy can also have long-term effects on the child's development. These effects may include cognitive and behavioral problems, as well as an increased risk of <a href="/wiki/Substance_use_disorder" title="Substance use disorder">substance use disorders</a> later in life.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interactions">Interactions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Opioid&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Interactions">edit</a>]</div> Physicians treating patients using opioids in combination with other drugs keep continual documentation that further treatment is indicated and remain aware of opportunities to adjust treatment if the patient's condition changes to merit less risky therapy.<a href="#cite_note-Gudin-147">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="With_other_depressant_drugs">With other depressant drugs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Opioid&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: With other depressant drugs">edit</a>]</div> The concurrent use of opioids with other depressant drugs such as <a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepines" class="mw-redirect" title="Benzodiazepines">benzodiazepines</a> or ethanol increases the rates of adverse events and overdose.<a href="#cite_note-Gudin-147">[147]</a> Despite this, opioids and benzodiazepines are concurrently dispensed in many settings.<a href="#cite_note-pmid31425552-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> As with an overdose of opioid alone, the combination of an opioid and another depressant may precipitate respiratory depression often leading to death.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> These risks are lessened with close monitoring by a physician, who may conduct ongoing screening for changes in patient behavior and treatment compliance.<a href="#cite_note-Gudin-147">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opioid_antagonist">Opioid antagonist</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Opioid&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Opioid antagonist">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Opioid_antagonist" title="Opioid antagonist">Opioid antagonist</a></div> Opioid effects (adverse or otherwise) can be reversed with an opioid antagonist such as <a href="/wiki/Naloxone" title="Naloxone">naloxone</a> or <a href="/wiki/Naltrexone" title="Naltrexone">naltrexone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> These <a href="/wiki/Competitive_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Competitive antagonist">competitive antagonists</a> bind to the opioid receptors with higher affinity than agonists but do not activate the receptors. This displaces the agonist, attenuating or reversing the agonist effects. However, the <a href="/wiki/Elimination_half-life" class="mw-redirect" title="Elimination half-life">elimination half-life</a> of naloxone can be shorter than that of the opioid itself, so repeat dosing or continuous infusion may be required, or a longer acting antagonist such as <a href="/wiki/Nalmefene" title="Nalmefene">nalmefene</a> may be used. In patients taking opioids regularly it is essential that the opioid is only partially reversed to avoid a severe and distressing reaction of waking in excruciating pain. This is achieved by not giving a full dose but giving this in small doses until the respiratory rate has improved. An infusion is then started to keep the reversal at that level, while maintaining pain relief. Opioid antagonists remain the standard treatment for respiratory depression following opioid overdose, with naloxone being by far the most commonly used, although the longer acting antagonist nalmefene may be used for treating overdoses of long-acting opioids such as methadone, and diprenorphine is used for reversing the effects of extremely potent opioids used in veterinary medicine such as etorphine and carfentanil. However, since opioid antagonists also block the beneficial effects of opioid analgesics, they are generally useful only for treating overdose, with use of opioid antagonists alongside opioid analgesics to reduce side effects, requiring careful dose titration and often being poorly effective at doses low enough to allow analgesia to be maintained. Naltrexone does not appear to increase risk of serious adverse events, which confirms the safety of oral naltrexone.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> Mortality or serious adverse events due to rebound toxicity in patients with naloxone were rare.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pharmacology">Pharmacology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Opioid&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Pharmacology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Opioid_receptor" title="Opioid receptor">Opioid receptor</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin-left:15px; text-align:center"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Opioid_comparison" class="mw-redirect" title="Opioid comparison">Opioid comparison</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Drug </th> <th>Relative Potency <a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> </th> <th>Nonionized Fraction </th> <th>Protein Binding </th> <th>Lipid Solubility <a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-MusazziMatera2015-157">[157]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">Morphine</a> </td> <td>1 </td> <td>++ </td> <td>++ </td> <td>++ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pethidine" title="Pethidine">Pethidine</a> (meperidine) </td> <td>0.1 </td> <td>+ </td> <td>+++ </td> <td>+++ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydromorphone" title="Hydromorphone">Hydromorphone</a> </td> <td>10 </td> <td> </td> <td>+ </td> <td>+++ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alfentanil" title="Alfentanil">Alfentanil</a> </td> <td>10–25 </td> <td>++++ </td> <td>++++ </td> <td>+++ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fentanyl" title="Fentanyl">Fentanyl</a> </td> <td>50–100<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> </td> <td>+ </td> <td>+++ </td> <td>++++ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Remifentanil" title="Remifentanil">Remifentanil</a> </td> <td>250[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </td> <td>+++ </td> <td>+++ </td> <td>++ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sufentanil" title="Sufentanil">Sufentanil</a> </td> <td>500–1000 </td> <td>++ </td> <td>++++ </td> <td>++++ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Etorphine" title="Etorphine">Etorphine</a> </td> <td>1000–3000 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Carfentanil" title="Carfentanil">Carfentanil</a> </td> <td>10000 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> Opioids bind to specific <a href="/wiki/Opioid_receptor" title="Opioid receptor">opioid receptors</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">nervous system</a> and other tissues. There are three principal classes of opioid receptors, <a href="/wiki/Mu_opioid_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu opioid receptor">μ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kappa_opioid_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Kappa opioid receptor">κ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delta_opioid_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Delta opioid receptor">δ</a> (mu, kappa, and delta), although up to seventeen have been reported, and include the ε, ι, λ, and ζ (Epsilon, Iota, Lambda and Zeta) receptors. Conversely, σ (<a href="/wiki/Sigma_receptor" title="Sigma receptor">Sigma</a>) receptors are no longer considered to be opioid receptors because their activation is not reversed by the opioid inverse-agonist <a href="/wiki/Naloxone" title="Naloxone">naloxone</a>, they do not exhibit high-affinity binding for classical opioids, and they are stereoselective for <a href="/wiki/Dextrorotation" class="mw-redirect" title="Dextrorotation">dextro-rotatory</a> <a href="/wiki/Isomers" class="mw-redirect" title="Isomers">isomers</a> while the other opioid receptors are stereo-selective for <a href="/wiki/Dextrorotation_and_levorotation" class="mw-redirect" title="Dextrorotation and levorotation">levo-rotatory</a> isomers. In addition, there are three subtypes of <a href="/wiki/Mu_opioid_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu opioid receptor">μ</a>-receptor: μ1 and μ2, and the newly discovered μ3. Another receptor of clinical importance is the opioid-receptor-like receptor 1 (ORL1), which is involved in pain responses as well as having a major role in the development of tolerance to μ-opioid agonists used as analgesics. These are all <a href="/wiki/G-protein_coupled_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="G-protein coupled receptor">G-protein coupled receptors</a> acting on <a href="/wiki/GABA" title="GABA">GABAergic</a> <a href="/wiki/Neurotransmission" title="Neurotransmission">neurotransmission</a>. <figure class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Morphine_structure.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Morphine_structure.svg/220px-Morphine_structure.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Morphine_structure.svg/330px-Morphine_structure.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Morphine_structure.svg/440px-Morphine_structure.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Locant" title="Locant">Locants</a> of the morphine molecule</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Pharmacodynamic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmacodynamic">pharmacodynamic</a> response to an opioid depends upon the receptor to which it binds, its affinity for that receptor, and whether the opioid is an <a href="/wiki/Agonist" title="Agonist">agonist</a> or an <a href="/wiki/Receptor_antagonist" title="Receptor antagonist">antagonist</a>. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Supraspinal_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Supraspinal (disambiguation)">supraspinal</a> analgesic properties of the opioid agonist <a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">morphine</a> are mediated by activation of the μ1 receptor; respiratory depression and <a href="/wiki/Substance_dependence" title="Substance dependence">physical dependence</a> by the μ2 receptor; and sedation and spinal analgesia by the κ receptor[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]. Each group of opioid receptors elicits a distinct set of neurological responses, with the receptor subtypes (such as μ1 and μ2 for example) providing even more [measurably] specific responses. Unique to each opioid is its distinct binding affinity to the various classes of opioid receptors (e.g. the μ, κ, and δ opioid receptors are activated at different magnitudes according to the specific receptor binding affinities of the opioid). For example, the opiate alkaloid <a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">morphine</a> exhibits high-affinity binding to the μ-opioid receptor, while <a href="/wiki/Ketazocine" title="Ketazocine">ketazocine</a> exhibits high affinity to ĸ receptors. It is this combinatorial mechanism that allows for such a wide class of opioids and molecular designs to exist, each with its own unique effect profile. Their individual molecular structure is also responsible for their different duration of action, whereby metabolic breakdown (such as N-dealkylation) is responsible for opioid metabolism. <figure class="mw-halign-left skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:INTA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/INTA.svg/220px-INTA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/INTA.svg/330px-INTA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/INTA.svg/440px-INTA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="326" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/N-2%E2%80%B2-Indolylnaltrexamine" title="N-2′-Indolylnaltrexamine">INTA</a>: selective agonist of KOR-DOR and KOR-MOR heteromers. Does not recruit β-arrestin II. Antinociceptive devoid of aversion, tolerance, and dependence in mice.<a href="#cite_note-pmid24978316-161">[161]</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Functional_selectivity">Functional selectivity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Opioid&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Functional selectivity">edit</a>]</div> A new strategy of drug development takes receptor <a href="/wiki/Signal_transduction" title="Signal transduction">signal transduction</a> into consideration. This strategy strives to increase the activation of desirable signalling pathways while reducing the impact on undesirable pathways. This differential strategy has been given several names, including <a href="/wiki/Functional_selectivity" title="Functional selectivity">functional selectivity</a> and biased agonism. The first opioid that was intentionally designed as a biased agonist and placed into <a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">clinical evaluation</a> is the drug <a href="/wiki/Oliceridine" title="Oliceridine">oliceridine</a>. It displays analgesic activity and reduced adverse effects.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opioid_comparison">Opioid comparison</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Opioid&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Opioid comparison">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Equianalgesic" title="Equianalgesic">Equianalgesic</a></div> Extensive research has been conducted to determine equivalence ratios comparing the relative potency of opioids. Given a dose of an opioid, an <a href="/wiki/Equianalgesic" title="Equianalgesic">equianalgesic</a> table is used to find the equivalent dosage of another. Such tables are used in opioid rotation practices, and to describe an opioid by comparison to morphine, the reference opioid. Equianalgesic tables typically list drug half-lives, and sometimes equianalgesic doses of the same drug by means of administration, such as morphine: oral and intravenous. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Binding_profiles">Binding profiles</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Opioid&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Binding profiles">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed"> <caption>Binding profiles of opioids at opioid receptors (Ki, nM) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Compound</th> <th data-sort-type="number"><a href="/wiki/Mu-Opioid_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu-Opioid receptor"><abbr title="mu-Opioid receptor">MOR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip mu-Opioid receptor</th> <th data-sort-type="number"><a href="/wiki/Delta-Opioid_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Delta-Opioid receptor"><abbr title="delta-Opioid receptor">DOR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip delta-Opioid receptor</th> <th data-sort-type="number"><a href="/wiki/Kappa-Opioid_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Kappa-Opioid receptor"><abbr title="kappa-Opioid receptor">KOR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip kappa-Opioid receptor</th> <th class="unsortable">Ref </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/3-HO-PCP" title="3-HO-PCP">3-HO-PCP</a></td> <td>60</td> <td>2,300</td> <td>140</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-pmid6088255-163">[163]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/7-Hydroxymitragynine" title="7-Hydroxymitragynine">7-Hydroxymitragynine</a></td> <td>13.5</td> <td>155</td> <td>123</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-pmid11960505-164">[164]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%CE%92-Chlornaltrexamine" title="Β-Chlornaltrexamine">β-Chlornaltrexamine</a></td> <td>0.90</td> <td>115</td> <td>0.083</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-pmid8114680-165">[165]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%CE%92-Endorphin" title="Β-Endorphin">β-Endorphin</a></td> <td>1.0</td> <td>1.0</td> <td>52</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-pmid8114680-165">[165]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%CE%92-Funaltrexamine" title="Β-Funaltrexamine">β-Funaltrexamine</a></td> <td>0.33</td> <td>48</td> <td>2.8</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-pmid8114680-165">[165]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/3-Methylfentanyl" title="3-Methylfentanyl">(+)-cis-3-methylfentanyl</a></td> <td>0.24</td> <td><abbr title="No data">ND</abbr></td> <td><abbr title="No data">ND</abbr></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alazocine" title="Alazocine">Alazocine</a></td> <td>2.7</td> <td>4.1</td> <td>3.2</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-pmid11197347-167">[167]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/(%E2%88%92)-Alazocine" class="mw-redirect" title="(−)-Alazocine">(−)-Alazocine</a></td> <td>3.0</td> <td>15</td> <td>4.7</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-pmid2986989-168">[168]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/(%2B)-Alazocine" class="mw-redirect" title="(+)-Alazocine">(+)-Alazocine</a></td> <td>1,900</td> <td>19,000</td> <td>1,600</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-pmid2986989-168">[168]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alfentanil" title="Alfentanil">Alfentanil</a></td> <td>39</td> <td>21,200</td> <td><abbr title="No data">ND</abbr></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-CorbettPaterson1993-169">[169]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Binaltorphimine" title="Binaltorphimine">Binaltorphimine</a></td> <td>1.3</td> <td>5.8</td> <td>0.79</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-CorbettPaterson1993-169">[169]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=7-Benzylidenenaltrexone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="7-Benzylidenenaltrexone (page does not exist)"><abbr title="7-Benzylidenenaltrexone">BNTX</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip 7-Benzylidenenaltrexone</td> <td>18</td> <td>0.66</td> <td>55</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-pmid8114680-165">[165]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bremazocine" title="Bremazocine">Bremazocine</a></td> <td>0.75</td> <td>2.3</td> <td>0.089</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-pmid8114680-165">[165]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bremazocine" title="Bremazocine">(−)-Bremazocine</a></td> <td>0.62</td> <td>0.78</td> <td>0.075</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-CorbettPaterson1993-169">[169]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Buprenorphine" title="Buprenorphine">Buprenorphine</a></td> <td>4.18</td> <td>25.8</td> <td>12.9</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-pmid7562497-170">[170]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Butorphanol" title="Butorphanol">Butorphanol</a></td> <td>1.7</td> <td>13</td> <td>7.4</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-pmid2986989-168">[168]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=BW-3734&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BW-3734 (page does not exist)">BW-3734</a></td> <td>26</td> <td>0.013</td> <td>17</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-pmid8114680-165">[165]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Carfentanil" title="Carfentanil">Carfentanil</a></td> <td>0.024</td> <td>3.3</td> <td>43</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-pmid11197347-167">[167]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cebranopadol" title="Cebranopadol">Cebranopadol</a></td> <td>0.7</td> <td>18</td> <td>2.6</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-pmid24713140-171">[171]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Codeine" title="Codeine">Codeine</a></td> <td>79</td> <td>>1,000</td> <td>>1,000</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-pmid8114680-165">[165]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=CTOP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CTOP (page does not exist)">CTOP</a></td> <td>0.18</td> <td>>1,000</td> <td>>1,000</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-pmid8114680-165">[165]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cyclazocine" title="Cyclazocine">Cyclazocine</a></td> <td>0.45</td> <td>6.3</td> <td>5.9</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-pmid2986989-168">[168]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cyprodime" title="Cyprodime">Cyprodime</a></td> <td>9.4</td> <td>356</td> <td>176</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-CorbettPaterson1993-169">[169]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/DADLE" title="DADLE">DADLE</a></td> <td>16</td> <td>0.74</td> <td>>1,000</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-pmid8114680-165">[165]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/DAMGO" title="DAMGO">DAMGO</a></td> <td>2.0</td> <td>>1,000</td> <td>>1,000</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-pmid8114680-165">[165]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=(D-Ala2)Deltorphin_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="(D-Ala2)Deltorphin II (page does not exist)">[D-Ala2]Deltorphin II</a></td> <td>>1,000</td> <td>3.3</td> <td>>1,000</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-pmid8114680-165">[165]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dermorphin" title="Dermorphin">Dermorphin</a></td> <td>0.33</td> <td>>1,000</td> <td>>1,000</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-pmid8114680-165">[165]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Desmetramadol" title="Desmetramadol">(+)-Desmetramadol (O-DSMT)</a></td> <td>17</td> <td>690</td> <td>1,800</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-pmid8955860-172">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid10991912-173">[173]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dextropropoxyphene" title="Dextropropoxyphene">Dextropropoxyphene</a></td> <td>34.5</td> <td>380</td> <td>1,220</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-pmid7562497-170">[170]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dezocine" title="Dezocine">Dezocine</a></td> <td>3.6</td> <td>290</td> <td>460</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-pmid11197347-167">[167]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dihydroetorphine" title="Dihydroetorphine">Dihydroetorphine</a></td> <td>0.45</td> <td>1.82</td> <td>0.57</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-pmid8719422-174">[174]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dihydromorphine" title="Dihydromorphine">Dihydromorphine</a></td> <td>2.5</td> <td>137</td> <td>223</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Diprenorphine" title="Diprenorphine">Diprenorphine</a></td> <td>0.072</td> <td>0.23</td> <td>0.017</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-pmid8114680-165">[165]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/DPDPE" title="DPDPE">DPDPE</a></td> <td>>1,000</td> <td>14</td> <td>>1,000</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-pmid8114680-165">[165]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=DSLET&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DSLET (page does not exist)">DSLET</a></td> <td>39</td> <td>4.8</td> <td>>1,000</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-pmid8114680-165">[165]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dynorphin_A" title="Dynorphin A">Dynorphin A</a></td> <td>32</td> <td>>1,000</td> <td>0.5</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-pmid8114680-165">[165]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ethylketazocine" title="Ethylketazocine">Ethylketazocine</a></td> <td>3.1</td> <td>101</td> <td>0.40</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-pmid8114680-165">[165]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ethylketazocine" title="Ethylketazocine">(−)-Ethylketazocine</a></td> <td>2.3</td> <td>5.2</td> <td>2.2</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-pmid2986989-168">[168]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ethylketazocine" title="Ethylketazocine">(+)-Ethylketazocine</a></td> <td>2,500</td> <td>>10,000</td> <td>1,600</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-pmid2986989-168">[168]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Etorphine" title="Etorphine">Etorphine</a></td> <td>0.23</td> <td>1.4</td> <td>0.13</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-pmid8114680-165">[165]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fentanyl" title="Fentanyl">Fentanyl</a></td> <td>0.39</td> <td>>1,000</td> <td>255</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-pmid8114680-165">[165]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydrocodone" title="Hydrocodone">Hydrocodone</a></td> <td>11.1</td> <td>962</td> <td>501</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-pmid7562497-170">[170]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydromorphone" title="Hydromorphone">Hydromorphone</a></td> <td>0.47</td> <td>18.5</td> <td>24.9</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-pmid11197347-167">[167]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=ICI-204488&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ICI-204488 (page does not exist)">ICI-204488</a></td> <td>>1,000</td> <td>>1,000</td> <td>0.71</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-pmid8114680-165">[165]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Leu-enkephalin" title="Leu-enkephalin">Leu-enkephalin</a></td> <td>3.4</td> <td>4.0</td> <td>>1,000</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-pmid8114680-165">[165]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Levacetylmethadol" title="Levacetylmethadol">Levacetylmethadol</a></td> <td>9.86</td> <td>169</td> <td>1,020</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-pmid7562497-170">[170]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lofentanil" title="Lofentanil">Lofentanil</a></td> <td>0.68</td> <td>5.5</td> <td>5.9</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-pmid8114680-165">[165]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Met-enkephalin" title="Met-enkephalin">Met-enkephalin</a></td> <td>0.65</td> <td>1.7</td> <td>>1,000</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-pmid8114680-165">[165]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Metazocine" title="Metazocine">Metazocine</a></td> <td>3.8</td> <td>44.3</td> <td>13.3</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-pmid11197347-167">[167]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Methadone" title="Methadone">Methadone</a></td> <td>1.7</td> <td>435</td> <td>405</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-pmid7562497-170">[170]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dextromethadone" class="mw-redirect" title="Dextromethadone">Dextromethadone</a></td> <td>19.7</td> <td>960</td> <td>1,370</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-pmid7562497-170">[170]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Levomethadone" title="Levomethadone">Levomethadone</a></td> <td>0.945</td> <td>371</td> <td>1,860</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-pmid7562497-170">[170]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Methallorphan" title="Methallorphan">Methallorphan</a></td> <td><abbr title="No data">ND</abbr></td> <td><abbr title="No data">ND</abbr></td> <td><abbr title="No data">ND</abbr></td> <td><abbr title="No data">ND</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dextrallorphan" title="Dextrallorphan">Dextrallorphan</a></td> <td>1,140</td> <td>2,660</td> <td>34.6</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-pmid7562497-170">[170]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Levallorphan" title="Levallorphan">Levallorphan</a></td> <td>0.213</td> <td>2.18</td> <td>1,100</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-pmid7562497-170">[170]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Methorphan" title="Methorphan">Methorphan</a></td> <td><abbr title="No data">ND</abbr></td> <td><abbr title="No data">ND</abbr></td> <td><abbr title="No data">ND</abbr></td> <td><abbr title="No data">ND</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dextromethorphan" title="Dextromethorphan">Dextromethorphan</a></td> <td>1,280</td> <td>11,500</td> <td>7,000</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-pmid7562497-170">[170]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Levomethorphan" title="Levomethorphan">Levomethorphan</a></td> <td>11.2</td> <td>249</td> <td>225</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-pmid7562497-170">[170]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mitragynine" title="Mitragynine">Mitragynine</a></td> <td>7.24</td> <td>60.3</td> <td>1,100</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-pmid11960505-164">[164]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mitragynine_pseudoindoxyl" title="Mitragynine pseudoindoxyl">Mitragynine pseudoindoxyl</a></td> <td>0.087</td> <td>3.02</td> <td>79.4</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-pmid11960505-164">[164]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Morphanol" class="mw-redirect" title="Morphanol">Morphanol</a></td> <td><abbr title="No data">ND</abbr></td> <td><abbr title="No data">ND</abbr></td> <td><abbr title="No data">ND</abbr></td> <td><abbr title="No data">ND</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dextrorphan" title="Dextrorphan">Dextrorphan</a></td> <td>420</td> <td>34,700</td> <td>5,950</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-pmid7562497-170">[170]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Levorphanol" title="Levorphanol">Levorphanol</a></td> <td>0.42</td> <td>3.61</td> <td>4.2</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-pmid7562497-170">[170]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Morphiceptin" title="Morphiceptin">Morphiceptin</a></td> <td>56</td> <td>>1,000</td> <td>>1,000</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-pmid8114680-165">[165]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">Morphine</a></td> <td>1.8</td> <td>90</td> <td>317</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-CorbettPaterson1993-169">[169]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">Morphine, (−)-</a></td> <td>1.24</td> <td>145</td> <td>23.4</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-pmid7562497-170">[170]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">Morphine, (+)-</a></td> <td>>10,000</td> <td>>100,000</td> <td>>300,000</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-pmid7562497-170">[170]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=MR-2266&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MR-2266 (page does not exist)">MR-2266</a></td> <td>1.0</td> <td>3.0</td> <td>0.16</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-pmid11197347-167">[167]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nalbuphine" title="Nalbuphine">Nalbuphine</a></td> <td>11</td> <td>>1,000</td> <td>3.9</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-pmid8114680-165">[165]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nalmefene" title="Nalmefene">Nalmefene</a></td> <td>0.24</td> <td>16</td> <td>0.083</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-pmid15988468-176">[176]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nalorphine" title="Nalorphine">Nalorphine</a></td> <td>0.97</td> <td>148</td> <td>1.1</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-pmid8114680-165">[165]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Naloxonazine" title="Naloxonazine">Naloxonazine</a></td> <td>0.054</td> <td>8.6</td> <td>11</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-pmid8114680-165">[165]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Naloxone" title="Naloxone">Naloxone</a></td> <td>1.1</td> <td>16</td> <td>12</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-pmid2986989-168">[168]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Naloxone" title="Naloxone">(−)-Naloxone</a></td> <td>0.93</td> <td>17</td> <td>2.3</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-pmid8114680-165">[165]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Naloxone" title="Naloxone">(+)-Naloxone</a></td> <td>>1,000</td> <td>>1,000</td> <td>>1,000</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-pmid8114680-165">[165]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Naltrexone" title="Naltrexone">Naltrexone</a></td> <td>1.0</td> <td>149</td> <td>3.9</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-pmid8114680-165">[165]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Naltriben" title="Naltriben">Naltriben</a></td> <td>12</td> <td>0.013</td> <td>13</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-pmid8114680-165">[165]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Naltrindole" title="Naltrindole">Naltrindole</a></td> <td>64</td> <td>0.02</td> <td>66</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-pmid8114680-165">[165]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Norbinaltorphimine" title="Norbinaltorphimine">Norbinaltorphimine</a></td> <td>2.2</td> <td>65</td> <td>0.027</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-pmid8114680-165">[165]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Normorphine" title="Normorphine">Normorphine</a></td> <td>4.0</td> <td>310</td> <td>149</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-CorbettPaterson1993-169">[169]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ohmefentanyl" title="Ohmefentanyl">Ohmefentanyl</a></td> <td>0.0079</td> <td>10</td> <td>32</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-CorbettPaterson1993-169">[169]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oxycodone" title="Oxycodone">Oxycodone</a></td> <td>8.69</td> <td>901</td> <td>1,350</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-pmid7562497-170">[170]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxymorphindole&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oxymorphindole (page does not exist)">Oxymorphindole</a></td> <td>111</td> <td>0.7</td> <td>228</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-pmid11197347-167">[167]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oxymorphone" title="Oxymorphone">Oxymorphone</a></td> <td>0.78</td> <td>50</td> <td>137</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-CorbettPaterson1993-169">[169]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pentazocine" title="Pentazocine">Pentazocine</a></td> <td>5.7</td> <td>31</td> <td>7.2</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-pmid8114680-165">[165]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pethidine" title="Pethidine">Pethidine (meperidine)</a></td> <td>385</td> <td>4,350</td> <td>5,140</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-CorbettPaterson1993-169">[169]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Phenazocine" title="Phenazocine">Phenazocine</a></td> <td>0.20</td> <td>5.0</td> <td>2.0</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-pmid19027293-177">[177]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/PLO17" class="mw-redirect" title="PLO17">PLO17</a></td> <td>30</td> <td>>1,000</td> <td>>1,000</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-pmid8114680-165">[165]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Quadazocine" title="Quadazocine">Quadazocine</a></td> <td>0.99</td> <td>2.6</td> <td>0.5</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Gharagozlou-178">[178]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Salvinorin_A" title="Salvinorin A">Salvinorin A</a></td> <td>>10,000</td> <td>>10,000</td> <td>16</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-pmid12192085-179">[179]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Samidorphan" title="Samidorphan">Samidorphan</a></td> <td>0.052</td> <td>2.6</td> <td>0.23</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-pmid19282177-180">[180]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=7-Spiroindinooxymorphone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="7-Spiroindinooxymorphone (page does not exist)"><abbr title="7-Spiroindinooxymorphone">SIOM</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip 7-Spiroindinooxymorphone</td> <td>33</td> <td>1.7</td> <td>>1,000</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-pmid8114680-165">[165]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Spiradoline" title="Spiradoline">Spiradoline</a></td> <td>21</td> <td>>1,000</td> <td>0.036</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-pmid8114680-165">[165]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sufentanil" title="Sufentanil">Sufentanil</a></td> <td>0.15</td> <td>50</td> <td>75</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-pmid8114680-165">[165]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tianeptine" title="Tianeptine">Tianeptine</a></td> <td>383</td> <td>>10,000</td> <td>>10,000</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-pmid25026323-181">[181]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tifluadom" title="Tifluadom">Tifluadom</a></td> <td>32</td> <td>189</td> <td>2.1</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-pmid2986989-168">[168]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tramadol" title="Tramadol">Tramadol</a></td> <td>2,120</td> <td>57,700</td> <td>42,700</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-pmid7562497-170">[170]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tramadol" title="Tramadol">(+)-Tramadol</a></td> <td>1,330</td> <td>62,400</td> <td>54,000</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-pmid7562497-170">[170]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tramadol" title="Tramadol">(−)-Tramadol</a></td> <td>24,800</td> <td>213,000</td> <td>53,500</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-pmid7562497-170">[170]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/U-47700" title="U-47700">U-47700</a></td> <td>11.1</td> <td>1,220</td> <td>287</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/U-50488" title="U-50488">U-50488</a></td> <td>>1,000</td> <td>>1,000</td> <td>0.12</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-pmid8114680-165">[165]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/U-69593" class="mw-redirect" title="U-69593">U-69593</a></td> <td>>1,000</td> <td>>1,000</td> <td>0.59</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-pmid8114680-165">[165]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/U-77891" title="U-77891">U-77891</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>105</td> <td>2,300</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Fujimoto-183">[183]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Xorphanol" title="Xorphanol">Xorphanol</a></td> <td>0.25</td> <td>1.0</td> <td>0.4</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Gharagozlou-178">[178]</a> </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td colspan="6" style="width: 1px;">Values are Ki (nM), unless otherwise noted. The smaller the value, the more strongly the drug binds to the site. Assays were done mostly with cloned or cultured rodent receptors. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Opioid&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Usage">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable sortable floatright" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Global estimates of drug users in 2016 (in millions of users)<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Substance</th> <th>Best estimate</th> <th>Low estimate</th> <th>High estimate </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amphetamine-type_stimulants#Schedules_of_Controlled_Substances" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphetamine-type stimulants">Amphetamine- type stimulants</a></td> <td>34.16</td> <td>13.42</td> <td>55.24 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">Cannabis</a></td> <td>192.15</td> <td>165.76</td> <td>234.06 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">Cocaine</a></td> <td>18.20</td> <td>13.87</td> <td>22.85 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA">Ecstasy</a></td> <td>20.57</td> <td>8.99</td> <td>32.34 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Opiate" title="Opiate">Opiates</a></td> <td>19.38</td> <td>13.80</td> <td>26.15 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Opioids</a></td> <td>34.26</td> <td>27.01</td> <td>44.54 </td></tr> </tbody></table> Opioid prescriptions in the US increased from 76 million in 1991 to 207 million in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> In the 1990s, opioid prescribing increased significantly. Once used almost exclusively for the treatment of acute pain or pain due to cancer, opioids are now prescribed liberally for people experiencing chronic pain. This has been accompanied by rising rates of accidental addiction and accidental overdoses leading to death. According to the <a href="/wiki/International_Narcotics_Control_Board" title="International Narcotics Control Board">International Narcotics Control Board</a>, the United States and Canada lead the per capita consumption of prescription opioids.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> The number of opioid prescriptions per capita in the United States and Canada is double the consumption in the European Union, Australia, and New Zealand.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> Certain populations have been affected by the opioid addiction crisis more than others, including <a href="/wiki/First_World" title="First World">First World</a> communities<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> and low-income populations.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> Public health specialists say that this may result from the unavailability or high cost of alternative methods for addressing chronic pain.<a href="#cite_note-cpso.on.ca-190">[190]</a> Opioids have been described as a cost-effective treatment for chronic pain, but the impact of the <a href="/wiki/Opioid_epidemic" title="Opioid epidemic">opioid epidemic</a> and deaths caused by opioid overdoses should be considered in assessing their cost-effectiveness.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> Data from 2017 suggest that in the U.S. about 3.4 percent of the U.S. population are prescribed opioids for daily pain management.<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> Calls for opioid deprescribing have led to broad scale <a href="/wiki/Opioid_tapering" title="Opioid tapering">opioid tapering</a> practices with little scientific evidence to support the safety or benefit for patients with chronic pain. <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Opioid&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Naturally_occurring_opioids">Naturally occurring opioids</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Opioid&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Naturally occurring opioids">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raw_opium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Raw_opium.jpg/220px-Raw_opium.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Raw_opium.jpg/330px-Raw_opium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Raw_opium.jpg/440px-Raw_opium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="777" data-file-height="663" /></a><figcaption>A sample of raw opium</figcaption></figure> Opioids are among the world's oldest known drugs.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> The earliest known evidence of <a href="/wiki/Papaver_somniferum" title="Papaver somniferum">Papaver somniferum</a> in a human archaeological site dates to the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> period around 5,700–5,500 BCE. Its seeds have been found at <a href="/wiki/Cueva_de_los_Murci%C3%A9lagos" title="Cueva de los Murciélagos">Cueva de los Murciélagos</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Bracciano#La_Marmotta_Neolithic_settlement" title="Lake Bracciano">La Marmotta</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Italian Peninsula</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Colledge-194">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kunzig-195">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chevalier-196">[196]</a> Use of the opium poppy for medical, recreational, and religious purposes can be traced to the fourth century BC, when ideograms on <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerians</a> clay tablets mention the use of "Hul Gil", a "plant of joy".<a href="#cite_note-Kritikos-197">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sonnedecker-198">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-:Brownstyein-199">[199]</a> Opium was known to the Egyptians, and is mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Ebers_Papyrus" title="Ebers Papyrus">Ebers Papyrus</a> as an ingredient in a mixture for the soothing of children,<a href="#cite_note-Duarte-200">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-:Brownstyein-199">[199]</a> and for the treatment of breast abscesses.<a href="#cite_note-Rosso-201">[201]</a> Opium was also known to the Greeks.<a href="#cite_note-Duarte-200">[200]</a> It was valued by <a href="/wiki/Hippocrates" title="Hippocrates">Hippocrates</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 460 – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 370 BC) and his students for its sleep-inducing properties, and used for the treatment of pain.<a href="#cite_note-Astyrakaki-202">[202]</a> The Latin saying "Sedare dolorem opus divinum est", trans. "Alleviating pain is the work of the divine", has been variously ascribed to Hippocrates and to <a href="/wiki/Galen_of_Pergamum" class="mw-redirect" title="Galen of Pergamum">Galen of Pergamum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Türe-203">[203]</a> The medical use of opium is later discussed by <a href="/wiki/Pedanius_Dioscorides" title="Pedanius Dioscorides">Pedanius Dioscorides</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 40 – 90 AD), a Greek physician serving in the Roman army, in his five-volume work, <a href="/wiki/De_Materia_Medica" class="mw-redirect" title="De Materia Medica">De Materia Medica</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Osbaldeston-204">[204]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Islamic Golden Age</a>, the use of opium was discussed in detail by <a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 980 – June 1037 AD) in <a href="/wiki/The_Canon_of_Medicine" title="The Canon of Medicine">The Canon of Medicine</a>. The book's five volumes include information on opium's preparation, an array of physical effects, its use to treat a variety of illness, contraindications for its use, its potential danger as a poison and its potential for addiction. Avicenna discouraged opium's use except as a last resort, preferring to address the causes of pain rather than trying to minimize it with <a href="/wiki/Analgesics" class="mw-redirect" title="Analgesics">analgesics</a>. Many of Avicenna's observations have been supported by modern medical research.<a href="#cite_note-Heydari-205">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-Duarte-200">[200]</a> Exactly when the world became aware of opium in India and China is uncertain, but opium was mentioned in the Chinese medical work K'ai-pao-pen-tsdo (973 AD)<a href="#cite_note-:Brownstyein-199">[199]</a> By 1590 AD, opium poppies were a staple spring crop in the <a href="/wiki/Subah" title="Subah">Subahs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Agra" title="Agra">Agra</a> region.<a href="#cite_note-Asthana-206">[206]</a> The physician <a href="/wiki/Paracelsus" title="Paracelsus">Paracelsus</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1493–1541) is often credited with reintroducing opium into medical use in <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>, during the <a href="/wiki/German_Renaissance" title="German Renaissance">German Renaissance</a>. He extolled opium's benefits for medical use. He also claimed to have an "arcanum", a pill which he called <a href="/wiki/Laudanum" title="Laudanum">laudanum</a>, that was superior to all others, particularly when death was to be cheated. ("Ich hab' ein Arcanum – heiss' ich Laudanum, ist über das Alles, wo es zum Tode reichen will.")<a href="#cite_note-Sigerist-207">[207]</a> Later writers have asserted that Paracelsus' recipe for laudanum contained opium, but its composition remains unknown.<a href="#cite_note-Sigerist-207">[207]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Laudanum">Laudanum</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Opioid&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Laudanum">edit</a>]</div> The term laudanum was used generically for a useful medicine until the 17th century. After <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sydenham" title="Thomas Sydenham">Thomas Sydenham</a> introduced the first liquid tincture of opium, "laudanum" came to mean a mixture of both opium and <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">alcohol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sigerist-207">[207]</a> Sydenham's 1669 recipe for laudanum mixed opium with wine, saffron, clove and cinnamon.<a href="#cite_note-Hamilton-208">[208]</a> Sydenham's laudanum was used widely in both Europe and the Americas until the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-Duarte-200">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hamilton-208">[208]</a> Other popular medicines, based on opium, included <a href="/wiki/Paregoric" title="Paregoric">Paregoric</a>, a much milder liquid preparation for children; <a href="/wiki/Kendal_Black_Drop" title="Kendal Black Drop">Black-drop</a>, a stronger preparation; and <a href="/wiki/Dover%27s_powder" title="Dover's powder">Dover's powder</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hamilton-208">[208]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_opium_trade">The opium trade</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Opioid&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: The opium trade">edit</a>]</div> Opium became a major colonial commodity, moving legally and illegally through trade networks involving India, the Portuguese, the Dutch, the British and China, among others.<a href="#cite_note-Farooqui-209">[209]</a> The British <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> saw the opium trade as an investment opportunity in 1683 AD.<a href="#cite_note-Asthana-206">[206]</a> In 1773 the Governor of Bengal established a monopoly on the production of Bengal opium, on behalf of the East India Company. The cultivation and manufacture of Indian opium was further centralized and controlled through a series of acts, between 1797 and 1949.<a href="#cite_note-Asthana-206">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-Deming-210">[210]</a> The British balanced an economic deficit from the importation of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_tea" title="Chinese tea">Chinese tea</a> by selling Indian opium which was smuggled into China in defiance of <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Chinese government</a> bans. This led to the <a href="/wiki/First_Opium_War" title="First Opium War">First</a> (1839–1842) and <a href="/wiki/Second_Opium_War" title="Second Opium War">Second Opium Wars</a> (1856–1860) between China and Britain.<a href="#cite_note-Distillations-211">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-Deming-210">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-Farooqui-209">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mills-212">[212]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Morphine">Morphine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Opioid&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Morphine">edit</a>]</div> In the 19th century, two major scientific advances were made that had far-reaching effects. Around 1804, German pharmacist <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Sert%C3%BCrner" title="Friedrich Sertürner">Friedrich Sertürner</a> isolated <a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">morphine</a> from opium. He described its crystallization, structure, and pharmacological properties in a well-received paper in 1817.<a href="#cite_note-Distillations-211">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-Krishnamurti-213">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hamilton-208">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-Court2009-214">[214]</a> Morphine was the first <a href="/wiki/Alkaloid" title="Alkaloid">alkaloid</a> to be isolated from any medicinal plant, the beginning of modern scientific drug discovery.<a href="#cite_note-Distillations-211">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-Atanasov-215">[215]</a> The second advance, nearly fifty years later, was the refinement of the <a href="/wiki/Hypodermic_needle" title="Hypodermic needle">hypodermic needle</a> by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Wood_(physician)" title="Alexander Wood (physician)">Alexander Wood</a> and others. Development of a glass syringe with a subcutaneous needle made it possible to easily administer controlled measurable doses of a primary active compound.<a href="#cite_note-Kotwal-216">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hamilton-208">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-:Brownstyein-199">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-Clay2013-217">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> Morphine was initially hailed as a wonder drug for its ability to ease pain.<a href="#cite_note-Trickey-219">[219]</a> It could help people sleep,<a href="#cite_note-Distillations-211">[211]</a> and had other useful side effects, including control of <a href="/wiki/Coughing" class="mw-redirect" title="Coughing">coughing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">diarrhea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Schechter-220">[220]</a> It was widely prescribed by doctors, and dispensed without restriction by pharmacists. During the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, opium and laudanum were used extensively to treat soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-Hicks-221">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-Trickey-219">[219]</a> It was also prescribed frequently for women, for <a href="/wiki/Menstrual_pain" class="mw-redirect" title="Menstrual pain">menstrual pain</a> and diseases of a "nervous character".<a href="#cite_note-Booth-222">[222]</a>: 85  At first it was assumed (wrongly) that this new method of application would not be addictive.<a href="#cite_note-Distillations-211">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-Booth-222">[222]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Codeine">Codeine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Opioid&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Codeine">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Codeine" title="Codeine">Codeine</a> was discovered in 1832 by <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Jean_Robiquet" title="Pierre Jean Robiquet">Pierre Jean Robiquet</a>. Robiquet was reviewing a method for morphine extraction, described by Scottish chemist <a href="/wiki/William_Gregory_(chemist)" title="William Gregory (chemist)">William Gregory</a> (1803–1858). Processing the residue left from Gregory's procedure, Robiquet isolated a crystalline substance from the other active components of opium. He wrote of his discovery: "Here is a new substance found in opium ... We know that morphine, which so far has been thought to be the only active principle of opium, does not account for all the effects and for a long time the physiologists are claiming that there is a gap that has to be filled."<a href="#cite_note-Wisniak-223">[223]</a> His discovery of the alkaloid led to the development of a generation of antitussive and antidiarrheal medicines based on codeine.<a href="#cite_note-Filan-224">[224]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Semi-synthetic_and_synthetic_opioids">Semi-synthetic and synthetic opioids</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Opioid&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Semi-synthetic and synthetic opioids">edit</a>]</div> Synthetic opioids were invented, and biological mechanisms for their actions discovered, in the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-:Brownstyein-199">[199]</a> Scientists have searched for non-addictive forms of opioids, but have created stronger ones instead. In England <a href="/wiki/Charles_Romley_Alder_Wright" title="Charles Romley Alder Wright">Charles Romley Alder Wright</a> developed hundreds of opiate compounds in his search for a nonaddictive opium derivative. In 1874 he became the first person to synthesize <a href="/wiki/Diamorphine" class="mw-redirect" title="Diamorphine">diamorphine</a> (heroin), using a process called <a href="/wiki/Acetylation" title="Acetylation">acetylation</a> which involved boiling morphine with <a href="/wiki/Acetic_anhydride" title="Acetic anhydride">acetic anhydride</a> for several hours.<a href="#cite_note-Distillations-211">[211]</a> Heroin received little attention until it was independently synthesized by <a href="/wiki/Felix_Hoffmann" title="Felix Hoffmann">Felix Hoffmann</a> (1868–1946), working for <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Dreser" title="Heinrich Dreser">Heinrich Dreser</a> (1860–1924) at <a href="/wiki/Bayer" title="Bayer">Bayer</a> Laboratories.<a href="#cite_note-HoffmanBio-225">[225]</a> Dreser brought the new drug to market as an <a href="/wiki/Analgesic" title="Analgesic">analgesic</a> and a cough treatment for <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bronchitis" title="Bronchitis">bronchitis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a> in 1898. Bayer ceased production in 1913, after heroin's addictive potential was recognized.<a href="#cite_note-Distillations-211">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cooper-226">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sneader-227">[227]</a> Several semi-synthetic opioids were developed in Germany in the 1910s. The first, <a href="/wiki/Oxymorphone" title="Oxymorphone">oxymorphone</a>, was synthesized from <a href="/wiki/Thebaine" title="Thebaine">thebaine</a>, an opioid alkaloid in opium poppies, in 1914.<a href="#cite_note-Newton-228">[228]</a> Next, Martin Freund and Edmund Speyer developed <a href="/wiki/Oxycodone" title="Oxycodone">oxycodone</a>, also from thebaine, at the University of Frankfurt in 1916.<a href="#cite_note-Crow-229">[229]</a> In 1920, <a href="/wiki/Hydrocodone" title="Hydrocodone">hydrocodone</a> was prepared by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Mannich" title="Carl Mannich">Carl Mannich</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Helene_L%C3%B6wenheim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Helene Löwenheim (page does not exist)">Helene Löwenheim</a>, deriving it from codeine. In 1924, <a href="/wiki/Hydromorphone" title="Hydromorphone">hydromorphone</a> was synthesized by adding hydrogen to morphine. <a href="/wiki/Etorphine" title="Etorphine">Etorphine</a> was synthesized in 1960, from the <a href="/wiki/Oripavine" title="Oripavine">oripavine</a> in opium poppy straw. <a href="/wiki/Buprenorphine" title="Buprenorphine">Buprenorphine</a> was discovered in 1972.<a href="#cite_note-Newton-228">[228]</a> The first fully synthetic opioid was <a href="/wiki/Meperidine" class="mw-redirect" title="Meperidine">meperidine</a> (Demerol), found serendipitously by German chemist Otto Eisleb (or Eislib) at <a href="/wiki/IG_Farben" title="IG Farben">IG Farben</a> in 1932.<a href="#cite_note-Newton-228">[228]</a> Meperidine was the first opioid to have a structure unrelated to morphine, but with opioid-like properties.<a href="#cite_note-:Brownstyein-199">[199]</a> Its analgesic effects were discovered by Otto Schaumann in 1939.<a href="#cite_note-Newton-228">[228]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Ehrhart" title="Gustav Ehrhart">Gustav Ehrhart</a> and <a href="/wiki/Max_Bockm%C3%BChl" title="Max Bockmühl">Max Bockmühl</a>, also at IG Farben, built on the work of Eisleb and Schaumann. They developed "Hoechst 10820" (later <a href="/wiki/Methadone" title="Methadone">methadone</a>) around 1937.<a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a> In 1959 the Belgian physician <a href="/wiki/Paul_Janssen" title="Paul Janssen">Paul Janssen</a> developed <a href="/wiki/Fentanyl" title="Fentanyl">fentanyl</a>, a synthetic opioid with 30 to 50 times the potency of heroin.<a href="#cite_note-Distillations-211">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-DPA-231">[231]</a> Nearly 150 synthetic opioids are now known.<a href="#cite_note-Newton-228">[228]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criminalization_and_medical_use">Criminalization and medical use</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Opioid&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Criminalization and medical use">edit</a>]</div> Non-clinical use of opium was criminalized in the United States by the <a href="/wiki/Harrison_Narcotics_Tax_Act" title="Harrison Narcotics Tax Act">Harrison Narcotics Tax Act</a> of 1914, and by many other laws.<a href="#cite_note-LAWS-232">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-White-233">[233]</a> The use of opioids was stigmatized, and it was seen as a dangerous substance, to be prescribed only as a last resort for dying patients.<a href="#cite_note-Distillations-211">[211]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Controlled_Substances_Act" title="Controlled Substances Act">Controlled Substances Act</a> of 1970 eventually relaxed the harshness of the Harrison Act.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In the United Kingdom the 1926 report of the Departmental Committee on <a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">Morphine</a> and Heroin <a href="/wiki/Substance_use_disorder" title="Substance use disorder">Addiction</a> under the Chairmanship of the President of the Royal College of Physicians reasserted medical control and established the "British system" of control—which lasted until the 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-Mars-234">[234]</a> In the 1980s the World Health Organization published guidelines for prescribing drugs, including opioids, for different levels of pain. In the U.S., Kathleen Foley and Russell Portenoy became leading advocates for the liberal use of opioids as painkillers for cases of "intractable non-malignant pain".<a href="#cite_note-Jacobs-235">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-Portenoy-236">[236]</a> With little or no scientific evidence to support their claims, industry scientists and advocates suggested that people with chronic pain would be resistant to addiction.<a href="#cite_note-Distillations-211">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-Meldrum-237">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jacobs-235">[235]</a> The release of <a href="/wiki/OxyContin" class="mw-redirect" title="OxyContin">OxyContin</a> in 1996 was accompanied by an aggressive marketing campaign promoting the use of opioids for pain relief. Increasing prescription of opioids fueled a growing black market for heroin. Between 2000 and 2014 there was an "alarming increase in heroin use across the country and an epidemic of drug overdose deaths".<a href="#cite_note-Meldrum-237">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-Distillations-211">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-Quinones-238">[238]</a> As a result, health care organizations and public health groups, such as Physicians for Responsible Opioid Prescribing, have called for decreases in the prescription of opioids.<a href="#cite_note-Meldrum-237">[237]</a> In 2016, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) issued a new set of guidelines for the prescription of opioids "for chronic pain outside of active cancer treatment, palliative care, and end-of-life care" and the increase of <a href="/wiki/Opioid_tapering" title="Opioid tapering">opioid tapering</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dowell-239">[239]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Remove_the_Risk"">"Remove the Risk"</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Opioid&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: "Remove the Risk"">edit</a>]</div> In April 2019 the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> announced the launch of a new education campaign to help Americans understand the important role they play in removing and properly disposing of unused prescription opioids from their homes. This new initiative is part of the FDA's continued efforts to address the nationwide <a href="/wiki/Opioid_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Opioid crisis">opioid crisis</a> (see below) and aims to help decrease unnecessary exposure to opioids and prevent new addiction. The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fda.gov/drugs/ensuring-safe-use-medicine/safe-opioid-disposal-remove-risk-outreach-toolkit">"Remove the Risk" campaign</a> is targeting women ages 35–64, who are most likely to oversee household health care decisions and often serve as the gatekeepers to opioids and other prescription medications in the home.<a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Opioid&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Society and culture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Opioid_epidemic" title="Opioid epidemic">Opioid epidemic</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Definition">Definition</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Opioid&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Definition">edit</a>]</div> The term "opioid" originated in the 1950s.<a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a> It combines "opium" + "-oid" meaning "opiate-like" ("opiates" being morphine and similar drugs derived from <a href="/wiki/Opium" title="Opium">opium</a>). The first scientific publication to use it, in 1963, included a footnote stating, "In this paper, the term, 'opioid', is used in the sense originally proposed by George H. Acheson (personal communication) to refer to any chemical compound with morphine-like activities".<a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a> By the late 1960s, research found that opiate effects are mediated by activation of specific molecular receptors in the nervous system, which were termed "opioid receptors".<a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a> The definition of "opioid" was later refined to refer to substances that have morphine-like activities that are mediated by the activation of opioid receptors. One modern pharmacology textbook states: "the term opioid applies to all agonists and antagonists with morphine-like activity, and also the naturally occurring and synthetic opioid peptides".<a href="#cite_note-Mehdi-244">[244]</a> Another pharmacology reference eliminates the morphine-like requirement: "Opioid, a more modern term, is used to designate all substances, both natural and synthetic, that bind to opioid receptors (including antagonists)".<a href="#cite_note-Hemmings-2013-2">[2]</a> Some sources define the term opioid to exclude opiates, and others use opiate comprehensively instead of opioid, but opioid used inclusively is considered modern, preferred and is in wide use.<a href="#cite_note-Offermanns-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Efforts_to_reduce_recreational_use_in_the_US">Efforts to reduce recreational use in the US</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Opioid&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Efforts to reduce recreational use in the US">edit</a>]</div> In 2011, the Obama administration released a white paper describing the administration's plan to deal with the <a href="/wiki/Opioid_epidemic_in_the_United_States" title="Opioid epidemic in the United States">opioid crisis</a>. The administration's concerns about addiction and accidental overdosing have been echoed by numerous other medical and government advisory groups around the world.<a href="#cite_note-cpso.on.ca-190">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a> As of 2015, prescription drug monitoring programs exist in every state, except for Missouri.<a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a> These programs allow pharmacists and prescribers to access patients' prescription histories in order to identify suspicious use. However, a survey of US physicians published in 2015 found that only 53% of doctors used these programs, while 22% were not aware that the programs were available to them.<a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a> was tasked with establishing and publishing a new guideline, and was heavily lobbied.<a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a> In 2016, the United States <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a> published its Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Chronic Pain, recommending that opioids only be used when benefits for pain and function are expected to outweigh risks, and then used at the lowest effective dosage, with avoidance of concurrent opioid and benzodiazepine use whenever possible.<a href="#cite_note-auto-34">[34]</a> Research suggests that the prescription of high doses of opioids related to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chronic_opioid_therapy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chronic opioid therapy (page does not exist)">chronic opioid therapy</a> (COT) can at times be prevented through state legislative guidelines and efforts by health plans that devote resources and establish shared expectations for reducing higher doses.<a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a> On 10 August 2017, <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> declared the opioid crisis a (non-FEMA) national public health emergency.<a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Global_shortages">Global shortages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Opioid&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Global shortages">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">Morphine</a> and other poppy-based medicines have been identified by <a href="/wiki/The_World_Health_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="The World Health Organization">the World Health Organization</a> as essential in the treatment of severe pain. As of 2002, seven countries (USA, UK, Italy, Australia, France, Spain and Japan) use 77% of the world's <a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">morphine</a> supplies, leaving many emerging countries lacking in pain relief medication.<a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a> The current system of supply of raw poppy materials to make poppy-based medicines is regulated by the <a href="/wiki/International_Narcotics_Control_Board" title="International Narcotics Control Board">International Narcotics Control Board</a> under the provision of the 1961 <a href="/wiki/Single_Convention_on_Narcotic_Drugs" title="Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs">Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs</a>. The amount of raw poppy materials that each country can demand annually based on these provisions must correspond to an estimate of the country's needs taken from the national consumption within the preceding two years. In many countries, underprescription of morphine is rampant because of the high prices and the lack of training in the prescription of poppy-based drugs. The <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> is now working with administrations from various countries to train healthworkers and to develop national regulations regarding drug prescription to facilitate a greater prescription of poppy-based medicines.<a href="#cite_note-254">[254]</a> Another idea to increase morphine availability is proposed by the <a href="/wiki/Senlis_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Senlis Council">Senlis Council</a>, who suggest, through their proposal for <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Morphine" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghan Morphine">Afghan Morphine</a>, that <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> could provide cheap pain relief solutions to emerging countries as part of a second-tier system of supply that would complement the current <a href="/wiki/INCB" class="mw-redirect" title="INCB">INCB</a> regulated system by maintaining the balance and closed system that it establishes while providing finished product morphine to those in severe pain and unable to access poppy-based drugs under the current system. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recreational_use">Recreational use</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Opioid&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Recreational use">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Opioid_use_disorder" title="Opioid use disorder">Opioid use disorder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Recreational_drug_use" title="Recreational drug use">Recreational drug use</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_timeline._Prescription_opioid_pain_reliever_deaths.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/US_timeline._Prescription_opioid_pain_reliever_deaths.jpg/220px-US_timeline._Prescription_opioid_pain_reliever_deaths.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/US_timeline._Prescription_opioid_pain_reliever_deaths.jpg/330px-US_timeline._Prescription_opioid_pain_reliever_deaths.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/US_timeline._Prescription_opioid_pain_reliever_deaths.jpg/440px-US_timeline._Prescription_opioid_pain_reliever_deaths.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Prescription opioid pain reliever overdose deaths in the United States over years</figcaption></figure> Opioids can produce strong feelings of <a href="/wiki/Euphoria" title="Euphoria">euphoria</a><a href="#cite_note-255">[255]</a> and are frequently used recreationally. Traditionally associated with illicit opioids such as heroin, prescription opioids are misused recreationally. <a href="/wiki/Drug_misuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug misuse">Drug misuse</a> and non-medical use include the use of drugs for reasons or at doses other than prescribed. Opioid misuse can also include providing medications to persons for whom it was not prescribed. Such diversion may be treated as crimes, punishable by imprisonment in many countries.<a href="#cite_note-misuse-256">[256]</a><a href="#cite_note-257">[257]</a> In 2014, almost 2 million Americans abused or were dependent on prescription opioids.<a href="#cite_note-258">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-259">[259]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Opioid&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Classification">edit</a>]</div> There are a number of broad classes of opioids:<a href="#cite_note-260">[260]</a> <ul><li>Natural <a href="/wiki/Opiates" class="mw-redirect" title="Opiates">opiates</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alkaloids" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkaloids">alkaloids</a> contained in the resin of the <a href="/wiki/Opium_poppy" class="mw-redirect" title="Opium poppy">opium poppy</a>, primarily <a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">morphine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Codeine" title="Codeine">codeine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thebaine" title="Thebaine">thebaine</a>, but not <a href="/wiki/Papaverine" title="Papaverine">papaverine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Noscapine" title="Noscapine">noscapine</a> which have a different mechanism of action</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opiate#Esters_of_morphine" title="Opiate">Esters of morphine</a> opiates: slightly chemically altered but more natural than the semi-synthetics, as most are morphine prodrugs, <a href="/wiki/Diacetylmorphine" class="mw-redirect" title="Diacetylmorphine">diacetylmorphine</a> (morphine diacetate; heroin), <a href="/wiki/Nicomorphine" title="Nicomorphine">nicomorphine</a> (morphine dinicotinate), <a href="/wiki/Dipropanoylmorphine" title="Dipropanoylmorphine">dipropanoylmorphine</a> (morphine dipropionate), <a href="/wiki/Desomorphine" title="Desomorphine">desomorphine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acetylpropionylmorphine" title="Acetylpropionylmorphine">acetylpropionylmorphine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dibenzoylmorphine" title="Dibenzoylmorphine">dibenzoylmorphine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diacetyldihydromorphine" title="Diacetyldihydromorphine">diacetyldihydromorphine</a>;<a href="#cite_note-unodc-261">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-262">[262]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Semisynthetic_opioids" title="Category:Semisynthetic opioids">Semi-synthetic opioids</a>: created from either the natural opiates or morphine esters, such as <a href="/wiki/Hydromorphone" title="Hydromorphone">hydromorphone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrocodone" title="Hydrocodone">hydrocodone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxycodone" title="Oxycodone">oxycodone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxymorphone" title="Oxymorphone">oxymorphone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethylmorphine" title="Ethylmorphine">ethylmorphine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buprenorphine" title="Buprenorphine">buprenorphine</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Synthetic_opioids" title="Category:Synthetic opioids">Fully synthetic opioids</a>: such as <a href="/wiki/Fentanyl" title="Fentanyl">fentanyl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pethidine" title="Pethidine">pethidine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Levorphanol" title="Levorphanol">levorphanol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methadone" title="Methadone">methadone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tramadol" title="Tramadol">tramadol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tapentadol" title="Tapentadol">tapentadol</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dextropropoxyphene" title="Dextropropoxyphene">dextropropoxyphene</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endogenous" class="mw-redirect" title="Endogenous">Endogenous</a> opioid <a href="/wiki/Peptide" title="Peptide">peptides</a>, produced naturally in the body, such as <a href="/wiki/Endorphin" class="mw-redirect" title="Endorphin">endorphins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enkephalin" title="Enkephalin">enkephalins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dynorphin" title="Dynorphin">dynorphins</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Endomorphin" title="Endomorphin">endomorphins</a>.</li> <li>Endogenous opioids, non-peptide: Morphine, and some other opioids, which are produced in small amounts in the body, are included in this category.</li> <li>Natural opioids, non-animal, non-opiate: the leaves from <a href="/wiki/Mitragyna_speciosa" title="Mitragyna speciosa">Mitragyna speciosa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kratom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kratom">kratom</a>) contain a few naturally-occurring opioids, active via Mu- and Delta receptors. <a href="/wiki/Salvinorin_A" title="Salvinorin A">Salvinorin A</a>, found naturally in the <a href="/wiki/Salvia_divinorum" title="Salvia divinorum">Salvia divinorum</a> plant, is a kappa-opioid receptor agonist.<a href="#cite_note-263">[263]</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Tramadol" title="Tramadol">Tramadol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tapentadol" title="Tapentadol">tapentadol</a>, which act as monoamine uptake inhibitors also act as mild and potent <a href="/wiki/Agonist" title="Agonist">agonists</a> (respectively) of the <a href="/wiki/%CE%9C-opioid_receptor" title="Μ-opioid receptor">μ-opioid receptor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-264">[264]</a> Both drugs produce <a href="/wiki/Analgesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Analgesia">analgesia</a> even when <a href="/wiki/Naloxone" title="Naloxone">naloxone</a>, an opioid antagonist, is administered.<a href="#cite_note-265">[265]</a> Some minor opium <a href="/wiki/Alkaloids" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkaloids">alkaloids</a> and various substances with opioid action are also found elsewhere, including molecules present in <a href="/wiki/Kratom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kratom">kratom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corydalis" title="Corydalis">Corydalis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Salvia_divinorum" title="Salvia divinorum">Salvia divinorum</a> plants and some species of poppy aside from Papaver somniferum. There are also strains which produce copious amounts of thebaine, an important raw material for making many semi-synthetic and synthetic opioids. Of all of the more than 120 poppy species, only two produce morphine. Amongst analgesics there are a small number of agents which act on the central nervous system but not on the opioid receptor system and therefore have none of the other (narcotic) qualities of opioids although they may produce euphoria by relieving pain—a euphoria that, because of the way it is produced, does not form the basis of habituation, physical dependence, or addiction. Foremost amongst these are <a href="/wiki/Nefopam" title="Nefopam">nefopam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orphenadrine" title="Orphenadrine">orphenadrine</a>, and perhaps <a href="/wiki/Phenyltoloxamine" title="Phenyltoloxamine">phenyltoloxamine</a> or some other <a href="/wiki/Antihistamines" class="mw-redirect" title="Antihistamines">antihistamines</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant" title="Tricyclic antidepressant">Tricyclic antidepressants</a> have painkilling effect as well, but they're thought to do so by indirectly activating the endogenous opioid system. Paracetamol is predominantly a centrally acting analgesic (non-narcotic) which mediates its effect by action on descending serotoninergic (5-hydroxy triptaminergic) pathways, to increase 5-HT release (which inhibits release of pain mediators). It also decreases cyclo-oxygenase activity. It has recently been discovered that most or all of the therapeutic efficacy of paracetamol is due to a metabolite, <a href="/wiki/AM404" title="AM404">AM404</a>, which enhances the release of <a href="/wiki/Serotonin" title="Serotonin">serotonin</a> and inhibits the uptake of <a href="/wiki/Anandamide" title="Anandamide">anandamide</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Other analgesics work peripherally (i.e., not on the brain or spinal cord). Research is starting to show that morphine and related drugs may indeed have peripheral effects as well, such as morphine gel working on burns. Recent investigations discovered opioid receptors on peripheral sensory neurons.<a href="#cite_note-Stein_C,_Schäfer_M,_Machelska_H_(2003)-266">[266]</a> A significant fraction (up to 60%) of opioid analgesia can be mediated by such peripheral opioid receptors, particularly in inflammatory conditions such as arthritis, traumatic or surgical pain.<a href="#cite_note-Stein_C,_Lang_LJ_(2009)-267">[267]</a> Inflammatory pain is also blunted by endogenous opioid peptides activating peripheral opioid receptors.<a href="#cite_note-Busch-Dienstfertig_M,_Stein_C_(2010)-268">[268]</a> It was discovered in 1953,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] that humans and some animals naturally produce minute amounts of morphine, codeine, and possibly some of their simpler derivatives like heroin and <a href="/wiki/Dihydromorphine" title="Dihydromorphine">dihydromorphine</a>, in addition to endogenous opioid peptides. Some bacteria are capable of producing some semi-synthetic opioids such as <a href="/wiki/Hydromorphone" title="Hydromorphone">hydromorphone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydrocodone" title="Hydrocodone">hydrocodone</a> when living in a solution containing morphine or codeine respectively. Many of the <a href="/wiki/Alkaloids" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkaloids">alkaloids</a> and other derivatives of the opium poppy are not opioids or narcotics; the best example is the smooth-muscle relaxant <a href="/wiki/Papaverine" title="Papaverine">papaverine</a>. Noscapine is a marginal case as it does have CNS effects but not necessarily similar to morphine, and it is probably in a category all its own. <a href="/wiki/Dextromethorphan" title="Dextromethorphan">Dextromethorphan</a> (the stereoisomer of <a href="/wiki/Levomethorphan" title="Levomethorphan">levomethorphan</a>, a semi-synthetic opioid agonist) and its metabolite <a href="/wiki/Dextrorphan" title="Dextrorphan">dextrorphan</a> have no opioid analgesic effect at all despite their structural similarity to other opioids; instead they are potent <a href="/wiki/NMDA" class="mw-redirect" title="NMDA">NMDA antagonists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sigma_receptor" title="Sigma receptor">sigma 1 and 2</a>-receptor agonists and are used in many <a href="/wiki/Over-the-counter_drug" title="Over-the-counter drug">over-the-counter</a> cough suppressants. <a href="/wiki/Salvinorin_A" title="Salvinorin A">Salvinorin A</a> is a unique selective, powerful ĸ-opioid receptor agonist. It is not properly considered an opioid nevertheless, because: <ol><li>chemically, it is not an alkaloid; and</li> <li>it has no typical opioid properties: absolutely no anxiolytic or cough-suppressant effects. It is instead a powerful <a href="/wiki/Hallucinogen" title="Hallucinogen">hallucinogen</a>.</li></ol> <div class="skin-invert-image"> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin:0 0 0.5em 1em; text-align:center; font-size: smaller"> <tbody><tr> <th>Opioid peptides </th> <th>Skeletal molecular images </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Adrenorphin" title="Adrenorphin">Adrenorphin</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Adrenorphin_slim.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Adrenorphin"><img alt="Chemical structure of Adrenorphin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Adrenorphin_slim.svg/125px-Adrenorphin_slim.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Adrenorphin_slim.svg/188px-Adrenorphin_slim.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Adrenorphin_slim.svg/250px-Adrenorphin_slim.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="289" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amidorphin" title="Amidorphin">Amidorphin</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Amidorphin.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Amidorphin."><img alt="Chemical structure of Amidorphin." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Amidorphin.svg/125px-Amidorphin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Amidorphin.svg/188px-Amidorphin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Amidorphin.svg/250px-Amidorphin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="813" data-file-height="1209" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Casomorphin" title="Casomorphin">Casomorphin</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Bovine_%CE%B2-casomorphin_7.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Bovine β-casomorphin."><img alt="Chemical structure of Bovine β-casomorphin." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Bovine_%CE%B2-casomorphin_7.svg/125px-Bovine_%CE%B2-casomorphin_7.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Bovine_%CE%B2-casomorphin_7.svg/188px-Bovine_%CE%B2-casomorphin_7.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Bovine_%CE%B2-casomorphin_7.svg/250px-Bovine_%CE%B2-casomorphin_7.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="198" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/DADLE" title="DADLE">DADLE</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:2-D-Alanine-5-D-leucine-enkephalin.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of DADLE."><img alt="Chemical structure of DADLE." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/2-D-Alanine-5-D-leucine-enkephalin.png/125px-2-D-Alanine-5-D-leucine-enkephalin.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/2-D-Alanine-5-D-leucine-enkephalin.png/188px-2-D-Alanine-5-D-leucine-enkephalin.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/2-D-Alanine-5-D-leucine-enkephalin.png/250px-2-D-Alanine-5-D-leucine-enkephalin.png 2x" data-file-width="2170" data-file-height="783" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/DAMGO" title="DAMGO">DAMGO</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:DAMGO.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of DAMGO."><img alt="Chemical structure of DAMGO." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/DAMGO.svg/125px-DAMGO.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/DAMGO.svg/188px-DAMGO.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/DAMGO.svg/250px-DAMGO.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1115" data-file-height="525" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dermorphin" title="Dermorphin">Dermorphin</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Dermorphin.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Dermorphin."><img alt="Chemical structure of Dermorphin." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Dermorphin.svg/125px-Dermorphin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Dermorphin.svg/188px-Dermorphin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Dermorphin.svg/250px-Dermorphin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="167" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Endomorphin" title="Endomorphin">Endomorphin</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Endomorphin_1.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Endomorphin 1."><img alt="Chemical structure of Endomorphin 1." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Endomorphin_1.svg/125px-Endomorphin_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Endomorphin_1.svg/188px-Endomorphin_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Endomorphin_1.svg/250px-Endomorphin_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="275" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Morphiceptin" title="Morphiceptin">Morphiceptin</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Morphiceptin.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Morphiceptin."><img alt="Chemical structure of Morphiceptin." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Morphiceptin.svg/125px-Morphiceptin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Morphiceptin.svg/188px-Morphiceptin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Morphiceptin.svg/250px-Morphiceptin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="453" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nociceptin" title="Nociceptin">Nociceptin</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Nociceptin.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Nociceptin."><img alt="Chemical structure of Nociceptin." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Nociceptin.png/125px-Nociceptin.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Nociceptin.png/188px-Nociceptin.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Nociceptin.png/250px-Nociceptin.png 2x" data-file-width="1340" data-file-height="1422" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Octreotide" title="Octreotide">Octreotide</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Octreotide.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Octreotide."><img alt="Chemical structure of Octreotide." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Octreotide.svg/125px-Octreotide.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Octreotide.svg/188px-Octreotide.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Octreotide.svg/250px-Octreotide.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2652" data-file-height="2622" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Opiorphin" title="Opiorphin">Opiorphin</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Opiorphin.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Opiorphin."><img alt="Chemical structure of Opiorphin." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Opiorphin.png/125px-Opiorphin.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Opiorphin.png/188px-Opiorphin.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Opiorphin.png/250px-Opiorphin.png 2x" data-file-width="2029" data-file-height="1232" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/TRIMU_5" title="TRIMU 5">TRIMU 5</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:TRIMU_5.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of TRIMU 5."><img alt="Chemical structure of TRIMU 5." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/TRIMU_5.png/125px-TRIMU_5.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/TRIMU_5.png/188px-TRIMU_5.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/TRIMU_5.png/250px-TRIMU_5.png 2x" data-file-width="817" data-file-height="540" /></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Endogenous_opioids">Endogenous opioids</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Opioid&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Endogenous opioids">edit</a>]</div> Opioid-<a href="/wiki/Peptide" title="Peptide">peptides</a> that are produced in the body include: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endorphin" class="mw-redirect" title="Endorphin">Endorphins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enkephalin" title="Enkephalin">Enkephalins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynorphin" title="Dynorphin">Dynorphins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endomorphin" title="Endomorphin">Endomorphins</a></li></ul> </div> <a href="/wiki/%CE%92-endorphin" class="mw-redirect" title="Β-endorphin">β-endorphin</a> is expressed in <a href="/wiki/Pro-opiomelanocortin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pro-opiomelanocortin">Pro-opiomelanocortin</a> (POMC) cells in the <a href="/wiki/Arcuate_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Arcuate nucleus">arcuate nucleus</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Brainstem" title="Brainstem">brainstem</a> and in immune cells, and acts through <a href="/wiki/%CE%9C-opioid_receptor" title="Μ-opioid receptor">μ-opioid receptors</a>. β-endorphin has many effects, including on <a href="/wiki/Human_sexual_activity" title="Human sexual activity">sexual behavior</a> and <a href="/wiki/Appetite" title="Appetite">appetite</a>. β-endorphin is also secreted into the circulation from pituitary <a href="/wiki/Corticotropes" class="mw-redirect" title="Corticotropes">corticotropes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melanotrope" class="mw-redirect" title="Melanotrope">melanotropes</a>. <a href="/wiki/%CE%91-neoendorphin" class="mw-redirect" title="Α-neoendorphin">α-neoendorphin</a> is also expressed in POMC cells in the arcuate nucleus. <a href="/wiki/Met-enkephalin" title="Met-enkephalin">Met-enkephalin</a> is widely distributed in the CNS and in immune cells; [met]-enkephalin is a product of the <a href="/wiki/Proenkephalin" title="Proenkephalin">proenkephalin</a> gene, and acts through μ and <a href="/wiki/%CE%94-opioid_receptor" title="Δ-opioid receptor">δ-opioid receptors</a>. <a href="/wiki/Leu-enkephalin" title="Leu-enkephalin">leu-enkephalin</a>, also a product of the proenkephalin gene, acts through δ-opioid receptors. <a href="/wiki/Dynorphin" title="Dynorphin">Dynorphin</a> acts through <a href="/wiki/%CE%9A-opioid_receptor" title="Κ-opioid receptor">κ-opioid receptors</a>, and is widely distributed in the CNS, including in the <a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord" title="Spinal cord">spinal cord</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hypothalamus" title="Hypothalamus">hypothalamus</a>, including in particular the <a href="/wiki/Arcuate_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Arcuate nucleus">arcuate nucleus</a> and in both <a href="/wiki/Oxytocin" title="Oxytocin">oxytocin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vasopressin" title="Vasopressin">vasopressin</a> neurons in the <a href="/wiki/Supraoptic_nucleus" title="Supraoptic nucleus">supraoptic nucleus</a>. <a href="/wiki/Endomorphin" title="Endomorphin">Endomorphin</a> acts through μ-opioid receptors, and is more potent than other endogenous opioids at these receptors. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opium_alkaloids_and_derivatives">Opium alkaloids and derivatives</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Opioid&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Opium alkaloids and derivatives">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Opium_alkaloids">Opium alkaloids</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Opioid&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Opium alkaloids">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Phenanthrene" title="Phenanthrene">Phenanthrenes</a> naturally occurring in (<a href="/wiki/Opium" title="Opium">opium</a>): <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Codeine" title="Codeine">Codeine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">Morphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thebaine" title="Thebaine">Thebaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oripavine" title="Oripavine">Oripavine</a><a href="#cite_note-Odell_2007-269">[269]</a></li></ul> </div> Preparations of mixed opium <a href="/wiki/Alkaloids" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkaloids">alkaloids</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Papaveretum" title="Papaveretum">papaveretum</a>, are still occasionally used. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Esters_of_morphine">Esters of morphine</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Opioid&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Esters of morphine">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diacetylmorphine" class="mw-redirect" title="Diacetylmorphine">Diacetylmorphine</a> (morphine diacetate; heroin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicomorphine" title="Nicomorphine">Nicomorphine</a> (morphine dinicotinate)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipropanoylmorphine" title="Dipropanoylmorphine">Dipropanoylmorphine</a> (morphine dipropionate)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diacetyldihydromorphine" title="Diacetyldihydromorphine">Diacetyldihydromorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acetylpropionylmorphine" title="Acetylpropionylmorphine">Acetylpropionylmorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desomorphine" title="Desomorphine">Desomorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyldesorphine" title="Methyldesorphine">Methyldesorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dibenzoylmorphine" title="Dibenzoylmorphine">Dibenzoylmorphine</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ethers_of_morphine">Ethers of morphine</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Opioid&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Ethers of morphine">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dihydrocodeine" title="Dihydrocodeine">Dihydrocodeine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylmorphine" title="Ethylmorphine">Ethylmorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterocodeine" title="Heterocodeine">Heterocodeine</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Semi-synthetic_alkaloid_derivatives">Semi-synthetic alkaloid derivatives</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Opioid&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Semi-synthetic alkaloid derivatives">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buprenorphine" title="Buprenorphine">Buprenorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etorphine" title="Etorphine">Etorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrocodone" title="Hydrocodone">Hydrocodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydromorphone" title="Hydromorphone">Hydromorphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxycodone" title="Oxycodone">Oxycodone</a> (sold as OxyContin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxymorphone" title="Oxymorphone">Oxymorphone</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Synthetic_opioids">Synthetic opioids</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Opioid&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Synthetic opioids">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Anilidopiperidines">Anilidopiperidines</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Opioid&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Anilidopiperidines">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fentanyl" title="Fentanyl">Fentanyl</a> (see also <a href="/wiki/List_of_fentanyl_analogues" title="List of fentanyl analogues">list of fentanyl analogues</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphamethylfentanyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Alphamethylfentanyl">Alphamethylfentanyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfentanil" title="Alfentanil">Alfentanil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufentanil" title="Sufentanil">Sufentanil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remifentanil" title="Remifentanil">Remifentanil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carfentanyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Carfentanyl">Carfentanyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohmefentanyl" title="Ohmefentanyl">Ohmefentanyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohmecarfentanil" title="Ohmecarfentanil">Ohmecarfentanil</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Benzimidazoles">Benzimidazoles</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Opioid&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Benzimidazoles">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_benzimidazole_opioids" title="List of benzimidazole opioids">List of benzimidazole opioids</a></div> Benzimidazoles opioids are also known as nitazenes. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metodesnitazene" title="Metodesnitazene">Metodesnitazene</a> (Metazene)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etodesnitazene" title="Etodesnitazene">Etodesnitazene</a> (Etazene)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metonitazene" title="Metonitazene">Metonitazene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etonitazene" title="Etonitazene">Etonitazene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etonitazepyne" title="Etonitazepyne">Etonitazepyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etonitazepipne" title="Etonitazepipne">Etonitazepipne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isotonitazene" title="Isotonitazene">Isotonitazene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clonitazene" title="Clonitazene">Clonitazene</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Phenylpiperidines">Phenylpiperidines</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Opioid&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Phenylpiperidines">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pethidine" title="Pethidine">Pethidine</a> (meperidine)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketobemidone" title="Ketobemidone">Ketobemidone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPPP" class="mw-redirect" title="MPPP">MPPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allylprodine" title="Allylprodine">Allylprodine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prodine" title="Prodine">Prodine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PEPAP" title="PEPAP">PEPAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimeperidine" title="Trimeperidine">Promedol</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Diphenylpropylamine_derivatives">Diphenylpropylamine derivatives</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Opioid&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Diphenylpropylamine derivatives">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Propoxyphene" class="mw-redirect" title="Propoxyphene">Propoxyphene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dextropropoxyphene" title="Dextropropoxyphene">Dextropropoxyphene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dextromoramide" title="Dextromoramide">Dextromoramide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bezitramide" title="Bezitramide">Bezitramide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piritramide" title="Piritramide">Piritramide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methadone" title="Methadone">Methadone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipipanone" title="Dipipanone">Dipipanone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levomethadyl_acetate" class="mw-redirect" title="Levomethadyl acetate">Levomethadyl acetate</a> (LAAM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Difenoxin" title="Difenoxin">Difenoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphenoxylate" title="Diphenoxylate">Diphenoxylate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loperamide" title="Loperamide">Loperamide</a> (does cross the blood–brain barrier but is quickly pumped into the non-central nervous system by P-Glycoprotein. Mild opiate withdrawal in animal models exhibits this action after sustained and prolonged use including rhesus monkeys, mice, and rats.)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Benzomorphan_derivatives">Benzomorphan derivatives</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Opioid&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: Benzomorphan derivatives">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dezocine" title="Dezocine">Dezocine</a>—agonist/antagonist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentazocine" title="Pentazocine">Pentazocine</a>—agonist/antagonist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenazocine" title="Phenazocine">Phenazocine</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Oripavine_derivatives">Oripavine derivatives</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Opioid&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Oripavine derivatives">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buprenorphine" title="Buprenorphine">Buprenorphine</a>—partial agonist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydroetorphine" title="Dihydroetorphine">Dihydroetorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etorphine" title="Etorphine">Etorphine</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Morphinan_derivatives">Morphinan derivatives</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Opioid&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: Morphinan derivatives">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butorphanol" title="Butorphanol">Butorphanol</a>—agonist/antagonist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalbuphine" title="Nalbuphine">Nalbuphine</a>—agonist/antagonist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levorphanol" title="Levorphanol">Levorphanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levomethorphan" title="Levomethorphan">Levomethorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racemethorphan" class="mw-redirect" title="Racemethorphan">Racemethorphan</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Others">Others</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Opioid&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: Others">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lefetamine" title="Lefetamine">Lefetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meptazinol" title="Meptazinol">Meptazinol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitragynine" title="Mitragynine">Mitragynine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilidine" title="Tilidine">Tilidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tramadol" title="Tramadol">Tramadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapentadol" title="Tapentadol">Tapentadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eluxadoline" title="Eluxadoline">Eluxadoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucinnazine" title="Bucinnazine">Bucinnazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7-Hydroxymitragynine" title="7-Hydroxymitragynine">7-Hydroxymitragynine</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allosteric_modulators">Allosteric modulators</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Opioid&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: Allosteric modulators">edit</a>]</div> Plain <a href="/wiki/Allosteric_modulator" title="Allosteric modulator">allosteric modulators</a> do not belong to the opioids, instead they are classified as <a href="/wiki/Opioidergic" title="Opioidergic">opioidergics</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opioid_antagonists"><a href="/wiki/Opioid_antagonist" title="Opioid antagonist">Opioid antagonists</a></h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Opioid&action=edit&section=67" title="Edit section: Opioid antagonists">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nalmefene" title="Nalmefene">Nalmefene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naloxone" title="Naloxone">Naloxone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naltrexone" title="Naltrexone">Naltrexone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylnaltrexone" title="Methylnaltrexone">Methylnaltrexone</a> (Methylnaltrexone is only peripherally active as it does not cross the blood–brain barrier in sufficient quantities to be centrally active. As such, it can be considered the antithesis of <a href="/wiki/Loperamide" title="Loperamide">loperamide</a>.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naloxegol" title="Naloxegol">Naloxegol</a> (Naloxegol is only peripherally active as it does not cross the blood–brain barrier in sufficient quantities to be centrally active. As such, it can be considered the antitheses of <a href="/wiki/Loperamide" title="Loperamide">loperamide</a>.)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tables_of_opioids">Tables of opioids</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Opioid&action=edit&section=68" title="Edit section: Tables of opioids">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Table_of_morphinan_opioids">Table of morphinan opioids</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Opioid&action=edit&section=69" title="Edit section: Table of morphinan opioids">edit</a>]</div> <div class="skin-invert-image"> <table class="talk collapsed collapsible"> <tbody><tr> <th>Table of morphinan opioids: click to </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: left;"> <td> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:smaller; text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Morphin_-_Morphine.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Morphine."><img alt="Chemical structure of Morphine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Morphin_-_Morphine.svg/137px-Morphin_-_Morphine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="137" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Morphin_-_Morphine.svg/206px-Morphin_-_Morphine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Morphin_-_Morphine.svg/274px-Morphin_-_Morphine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="254" data-file-height="216" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">Morphine</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Dinitrophenylmorphine.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of 2,4-Dinitrophenylmorphine."><img alt="Chemical structure of 2,4-Dinitrophenylmorphine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Dinitrophenylmorphine.png/137px-Dinitrophenylmorphine.png" decoding="async" width="137" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Dinitrophenylmorphine.png/206px-Dinitrophenylmorphine.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Dinitrophenylmorphine.png/274px-Dinitrophenylmorphine.png 2x" data-file-width="956" data-file-height="1100" /></a> <a href="/wiki/2,4-Dinitrophenylmorphine" title="2,4-Dinitrophenylmorphine">2,4-Dinitrophenylmorphine</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:6-Methylenedihydrodesoxymorphine.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of 6-Methylenedihydrodesoxymorphine."><img alt="Chemical structure of 6-Methylenedihydrodesoxymorphine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/6-Methylenedihydrodesoxymorphine.svg/137px-6-Methylenedihydrodesoxymorphine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="137" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/6-Methylenedihydrodesoxymorphine.svg/206px-6-Methylenedihydrodesoxymorphine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/6-Methylenedihydrodesoxymorphine.svg/274px-6-Methylenedihydrodesoxymorphine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="506" /></a> <a href="/wiki/6-Methylenedihydrodesoxymorphine" title="6-Methylenedihydrodesoxymorphine">6-MDDM</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Chlornaltrexamine.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Chlornaltrexamine."><img alt="Chemical structure of Chlornaltrexamine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Chlornaltrexamine.svg/160px-Chlornaltrexamine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Chlornaltrexamine.svg/240px-Chlornaltrexamine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Chlornaltrexamine.svg/320px-Chlornaltrexamine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="501" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Chlornaltrexamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlornaltrexamine">Chlornaltrexamine</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Permonid.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Desomorphine."><img alt="Chemical structure of Desomorphine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Permonid.svg/113px-Permonid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="113" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Permonid.svg/170px-Permonid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Permonid.svg/226px-Permonid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="491" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Desomorphine" title="Desomorphine">Desomorphine</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Dihydromorphine_2D_structure.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Dihydromorphine 2D structure."><img alt="Chemical structure of Dihydromorphine 2D structure." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Dihydromorphine_2D_structure.svg/137px-Dihydromorphine_2D_structure.svg.png" decoding="async" width="137" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Dihydromorphine_2D_structure.svg/206px-Dihydromorphine_2D_structure.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Dihydromorphine_2D_structure.svg/274px-Dihydromorphine_2D_structure.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="332" data-file-height="221" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Dihydromorphine" title="Dihydromorphine">Dihydromorphine</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Hydromorphinol.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Hydromorphinol."><img alt="Chemical structure of Hydromorphinol." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Hydromorphinol.svg/137px-Hydromorphinol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="137" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Hydromorphinol.svg/206px-Hydromorphinol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Hydromorphinol.svg/274px-Hydromorphinol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="513" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hydromorphinol" title="Hydromorphinol">Hydromorphinol</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Methyldesorphine.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Methyldesorphine."><img alt="Chemical structure of Methyldesorphine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Methyldesorphine.svg/113px-Methyldesorphine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="113" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Methyldesorphine.svg/170px-Methyldesorphine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Methyldesorphine.svg/226px-Methyldesorphine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="506" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Methyldesorphine" title="Methyldesorphine">Methyldesorphine</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:N-Phenethylnormorphine.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of N-phenethylnormorphine."><img alt="Chemical structure of N-phenethylnormorphine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/N-Phenethylnormorphine.svg/113px-N-Phenethylnormorphine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="113" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/N-Phenethylnormorphine.svg/170px-N-Phenethylnormorphine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/N-Phenethylnormorphine.svg/226px-N-Phenethylnormorphine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="368" /></a> <a href="/wiki/N-Phenethylnormorphine" title="N-Phenethylnormorphine">N-Phenethylnormorphine</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:RAM-378.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of RAM-378"><img alt="Chemical structure of RAM-378" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/RAM-378.svg/113px-RAM-378.svg.png" decoding="async" width="113" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/RAM-378.svg/170px-RAM-378.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/RAM-378.svg/226px-RAM-378.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="409" /></a> <a href="/wiki/RAM-378" title="RAM-378">RAM-378</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5">3,6-diesters of morphine </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Acetylpropionylmorphine.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of acetylpropionylmorphine."><img alt="Chemical structure of acetylpropionylmorphine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Acetylpropionylmorphine.svg/149px-Acetylpropionylmorphine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="149" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Acetylpropionylmorphine.svg/224px-Acetylpropionylmorphine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Acetylpropionylmorphine.svg/298px-Acetylpropionylmorphine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="176" data-file-height="119" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Acetylpropionylmorphine" title="Acetylpropionylmorphine">Acetylpropionylmorphine</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Dihydroheroin.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of dihydroheroin."><img alt="Chemical structure of dihydroheroin." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Dihydroheroin.svg/149px-Dihydroheroin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="149" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Dihydroheroin.svg/224px-Dihydroheroin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Dihydroheroin.svg/298px-Dihydroheroin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="408" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Dihydroheroin" class="mw-redirect" title="Dihydroheroin">Dihydroheroin</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Dibenzoylmorphine.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of dibenzoylmorphine."><img alt="Chemical structure of dibenzoylmorphine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Dibenzoylmorphine.png/125px-Dibenzoylmorphine.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Dibenzoylmorphine.png/188px-Dibenzoylmorphine.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Dibenzoylmorphine.png/250px-Dibenzoylmorphine.png 2x" data-file-width="632" data-file-height="450" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Dibenzoylmorphine" title="Dibenzoylmorphine">Dibenzoylmorphine</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Dipropanoylmorphine.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of dipropanoylmorphine."><img alt="Chemical structure of dipropanoylmorphine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Dipropanoylmorphine.svg/125px-Dipropanoylmorphine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Dipropanoylmorphine.svg/188px-Dipropanoylmorphine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Dipropanoylmorphine.svg/250px-Dipropanoylmorphine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="183" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Dipropanoylmorphine" title="Dipropanoylmorphine">Dipropanoylmorphine</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Heroin_-_Heroine.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of diacetylmorphine."><img alt="Chemical structure of diacetylmorphine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Heroin_-_Heroine.svg/125px-Heroin_-_Heroine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Heroin_-_Heroine.svg/188px-Heroin_-_Heroine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Heroin_-_Heroine.svg/250px-Heroin_-_Heroine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="332" data-file-height="221" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Heroin" title="Heroin">Heroin</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Nicomorphine.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Nicomorphine."><img alt="Chemical structure of Nicomorphine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Nicomorphine.svg/125px-Nicomorphine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Nicomorphine.svg/188px-Nicomorphine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Nicomorphine.svg/250px-Nicomorphine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="237" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Nicomorphine" title="Nicomorphine">Nicomorphine</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5">Codeine-dionine family </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Codein_-_Codeine.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Codeine."><img alt="Chemical structure of Codeine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Codein_-_Codeine.svg/135px-Codein_-_Codeine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Codein_-_Codeine.svg/203px-Codein_-_Codeine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Codein_-_Codeine.svg/270px-Codein_-_Codeine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="298" data-file-height="216" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Codeine" title="Codeine">Codeine</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:6-MAC.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of 6-MAC."><img alt="Chemical structure of 6-MAC." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/6-MAC.svg/135px-6-MAC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/6-MAC.svg/203px-6-MAC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/6-MAC.svg/270px-6-MAC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="332" data-file-height="221" /></a> <a href="/wiki/6-MAC" class="mw-redirect" title="6-MAC">6-MAC</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Benzylmorphine.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Benzylmorphine."><img alt="Chemical structure of Benzylmorphine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Benzylmorphine.svg/124px-Benzylmorphine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="124" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Benzylmorphine.svg/186px-Benzylmorphine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Benzylmorphine.svg/248px-Benzylmorphine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="595" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Benzylmorphine" title="Benzylmorphine">Benzylmorphine</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Codeine_methylbromide.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Codeine methylbromide."><img alt="Chemical structure of Codeine methylbromide." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Codeine_methylbromide.png/112px-Codeine_methylbromide.png" decoding="async" width="112" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Codeine_methylbromide.png/168px-Codeine_methylbromide.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Codeine_methylbromide.png/224px-Codeine_methylbromide.png 2x" data-file-width="465" data-file-height="402" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Codeine_methylbromide" title="Codeine methylbromide">Codeine methylbromide</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Dihydroheterocodeine.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Dihydroheterocodeine."><img alt="Chemical structure of Dihydroheterocodeine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Dihydroheterocodeine.png/88px-Dihydroheterocodeine.png" decoding="async" width="88" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Dihydroheterocodeine.png/132px-Dihydroheterocodeine.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Dihydroheterocodeine.png/176px-Dihydroheterocodeine.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="334" /></a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dihydroheterocodeine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dihydroheterocodeine (page does not exist)">Dihydroheterocodeine</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Ethylmorphine.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of ethylmorphine."><img alt="Chemical structure of ethylmorphine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Ethylmorphine.svg/135px-Ethylmorphine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Ethylmorphine.svg/203px-Ethylmorphine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Ethylmorphine.svg/270px-Ethylmorphine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="527" data-file-height="437" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ethylmorphine" title="Ethylmorphine">Ethylmorphine</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Heterocodeine.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of heterocodeine."><img alt="Chemical structure of heterocodeine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Heterocodeine.svg/112px-Heterocodeine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="112" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Heterocodeine.svg/168px-Heterocodeine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Heterocodeine.svg/224px-Heterocodeine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="477" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Heterocodeine" title="Heterocodeine">Heterocodeine</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Pholcodine.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of pholcodine."><img alt="Chemical structure of pholcodine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Pholcodine.svg/135px-Pholcodine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Pholcodine.svg/203px-Pholcodine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Pholcodine.svg/270px-Pholcodine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1656" data-file-height="979" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Pholcodine" title="Pholcodine">Pholcodine</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Myrophine.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of myrophine."><img alt="Chemical structure of myrophine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Myrophine.svg/135px-Myrophine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Myrophine.svg/203px-Myrophine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Myrophine.svg/270px-Myrophine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="483" data-file-height="297" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Myrophine" title="Myrophine">Myrophine</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Methyldihydromorphine.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Methyldihydromorphine."><img alt="Chemical structure of Methyldihydromorphine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Methyldihydromorphine.svg/135px-Methyldihydromorphine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Methyldihydromorphine.svg/203px-Methyldihydromorphine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Methyldihydromorphine.svg/270px-Methyldihydromorphine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="890" data-file-height="940" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Methyldihydromorphine" title="Methyldihydromorphine">Methyldihydromorphine</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5">Morphinones and morphols </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:14-Cinnamoyloxycodeinone.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of 14-Cinnamoyloxycodeinone."><img alt="Chemical structure of 14-Cinnamoyloxycodeinone." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/14-Cinnamoyloxycodeinone.png/125px-14-Cinnamoyloxycodeinone.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/14-Cinnamoyloxycodeinone.png/188px-14-Cinnamoyloxycodeinone.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/14-Cinnamoyloxycodeinone.png/250px-14-Cinnamoyloxycodeinone.png 2x" data-file-width="552" data-file-height="438" /></a> <a href="/wiki/14-Cinnamoyloxycodeinone" title="14-Cinnamoyloxycodeinone">14-Cinnamoyloxycodeinone</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:14-ethoxymetopon.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of 14-ethoxymetopon."><img alt="Chemical structure of 14-ethoxymetopon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/14-ethoxymetopon.svg/102px-14-ethoxymetopon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="102" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/14-ethoxymetopon.svg/153px-14-ethoxymetopon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/14-ethoxymetopon.svg/204px-14-ethoxymetopon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="169" data-file-height="154" /></a> <a href="/wiki/14-Ethoxymetopon" title="14-Ethoxymetopon">14-Ethoxymetopon</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:14-Methoxymetopon.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of 14-methoxymetopon."><img alt="Chemical structure of 14-methoxymetopon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/14-Methoxymetopon.svg/102px-14-Methoxymetopon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="102" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/14-Methoxymetopon.svg/153px-14-Methoxymetopon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/14-Methoxymetopon.svg/204px-14-Methoxymetopon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="935" data-file-height="910" /></a> <a href="/wiki/14-Methoxymetopon" title="14-Methoxymetopon">14-Methoxymetopon</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:14-phenylpropoxymetopon.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of 14-phenylpropoxymetopon."><img alt="Chemical structure of 14-phenylpropoxymetopon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/14-phenylpropoxymetopon.svg/102px-14-phenylpropoxymetopon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="102" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/14-phenylpropoxymetopon.svg/153px-14-phenylpropoxymetopon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/14-phenylpropoxymetopon.svg/204px-14-phenylpropoxymetopon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="232" data-file-height="219" /></a> <a href="/wiki/14-Phenylpropoxymetopon" title="14-Phenylpropoxymetopon">PPOM</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:7-Spiroindanyloxymorphone.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of 7-Spiroindanyloxymorphone."><img alt="Chemical structure of 7-Spiroindanyloxymorphone." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/7-Spiroindanyloxymorphone.svg/102px-7-Spiroindanyloxymorphone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="102" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/7-Spiroindanyloxymorphone.svg/153px-7-Spiroindanyloxymorphone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/7-Spiroindanyloxymorphone.svg/204px-7-Spiroindanyloxymorphone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="789" /></a> <a href="/wiki/7-Spiroindanyloxymorphone" title="7-Spiroindanyloxymorphone">7-Spiroindanyloxymorphone</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Acetylmorphone.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Acetylmorphone."><img alt="Chemical structure of Acetylmorphone." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Acetylmorphone.svg/125px-Acetylmorphone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Acetylmorphone.svg/188px-Acetylmorphone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Acetylmorphone.svg/250px-Acetylmorphone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="558" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Acetylmorphone" title="Acetylmorphone">Acetylmorphone</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Codeinone.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Codeinone."><img alt="Chemical structure of Codeinone." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Codeinone.svg/102px-Codeinone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="102" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Codeinone.svg/153px-Codeinone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Codeinone.svg/204px-Codeinone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="465" data-file-height="437" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Codeinone" title="Codeinone">Codeinone</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Conorfone2DCSD.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Conorphone."><img alt="Chemical structure of Conorphone." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Conorfone2DCSD.svg/102px-Conorfone2DCSD.svg.png" decoding="async" width="102" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Conorfone2DCSD.svg/153px-Conorfone2DCSD.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Conorfone2DCSD.svg/204px-Conorfone2DCSD.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="595" data-file-height="475" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Conorphone" class="mw-redirect" title="Conorphone">Conorphone</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Codoxime.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Codoxime."><img alt="Chemical structure of Codoxime." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Codoxime.svg/102px-Codoxime.svg.png" decoding="async" width="102" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Codoxime.svg/153px-Codoxime.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Codoxime.svg/204px-Codoxime.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="262" data-file-height="196" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Codoxime" title="Codoxime">Codoxime</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Thebacon_structure.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Thebacon."><img alt="Chemical structure of Thebacon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Thebacon_structure.svg/102px-Thebacon_structure.svg.png" decoding="async" width="102" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Thebacon_structure.svg/153px-Thebacon_structure.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Thebacon_structure.svg/204px-Thebacon_structure.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="157" data-file-height="200" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Thebacon" title="Thebacon">Thebacon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Hydrocodone.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Hydrocodone."><img alt="Chemical structure of Hydrocodone." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Hydrocodone.svg/125px-Hydrocodone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Hydrocodone.svg/188px-Hydrocodone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Hydrocodone.svg/250px-Hydrocodone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="467" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hydrocodone" title="Hydrocodone">Hydrocodone</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Hydromorphone_-_Hydromorphon.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Hydromorphone."><img alt="Chemical structure of Hydromorphone." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Hydromorphone_-_Hydromorphon.svg/102px-Hydromorphone_-_Hydromorphon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="102" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Hydromorphone_-_Hydromorphon.svg/153px-Hydromorphone_-_Hydromorphon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Hydromorphone_-_Hydromorphon.svg/204px-Hydromorphone_-_Hydromorphon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="332" data-file-height="276" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hydromorphone" title="Hydromorphone">Hydromorphone</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Metopon.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Metopon."><img alt="Chemical structure of Metopon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Metopon.png/102px-Metopon.png" decoding="async" width="102" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Metopon.png/153px-Metopon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Metopon.png 2x" data-file-width="169" data-file-height="174" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Metopon" title="Metopon">Metopon</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Morphinone.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Morphinone."><img alt="Chemical structure of Morphinone." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Morphinone.svg/102px-Morphinone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="102" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Morphinone.svg/153px-Morphinone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Morphinone.svg/204px-Morphinone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="447" data-file-height="437" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Morphinone" title="Morphinone">Morphinone</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:N-Phenethyl-14-ethoxymetopon.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of N-Phenethyl-14-ethoxymetopon."><img alt="Chemical structure of N-Phenethyl-14-ethoxymetopon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/N-Phenethyl-14-ethoxymetopon.svg/102px-N-Phenethyl-14-ethoxymetopon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="102" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/N-Phenethyl-14-ethoxymetopon.svg/153px-N-Phenethyl-14-ethoxymetopon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/N-Phenethyl-14-ethoxymetopon.svg/204px-N-Phenethyl-14-ethoxymetopon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="430" /></a> <a href="/wiki/N-Phenethyl-14-ethoxymetopon" title="N-Phenethyl-14-ethoxymetopon">N-Phenethyl-14-Ethoxymetopon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Oxycodone.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Oxycodone."><img alt="Chemical structure of Oxycodone." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Oxycodone.svg/125px-Oxycodone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Oxycodone.svg/188px-Oxycodone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Oxycodone.svg/250px-Oxycodone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="420" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Oxycodone" title="Oxycodone">Oxycodone</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Oxymorphone_2D_structure.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Oxymorphone."><img alt="Chemical structure of Oxymorphone." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Oxymorphone_2D_structure.svg/102px-Oxymorphone_2D_structure.svg.png" decoding="async" width="102" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Oxymorphone_2D_structure.svg/153px-Oxymorphone_2D_structure.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Oxymorphone_2D_structure.svg/204px-Oxymorphone_2D_structure.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="332" data-file-height="221" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Oxymorphone" title="Oxymorphone">Oxymorphone</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Pentamorphone.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Pentamorphone."><img alt="Chemical structure of Pentamorphone." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Pentamorphone.png/102px-Pentamorphone.png" decoding="async" width="102" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Pentamorphone.png/153px-Pentamorphone.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Pentamorphone.png/204px-Pentamorphone.png 2x" data-file-width="542" data-file-height="334" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Pentamorphone" title="Pentamorphone">Pentamorphone</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Semorphone.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Semorphone."><img alt="Chemical structure of Semorphone." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Semorphone.svg/102px-Semorphone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="102" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Semorphone.svg/153px-Semorphone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Semorphone.svg/204px-Semorphone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="393" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Semorphone" title="Semorphone">Semorphone</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5">Various semi-synthetics </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Chloromorphide.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Chloromorphide."><img alt="Chemical structure of Chloromorphide." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Chloromorphide.svg/128px-Chloromorphide.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Chloromorphide.svg/192px-Chloromorphide.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Chloromorphide.svg/256px-Chloromorphide.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="420" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Chloromorphide" title="Chloromorphide">Chloromorphide</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:14-Hydroxydihydrocodeine.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of 14-Hydroxydihydrocodeine."><img alt="Chemical structure of 14-Hydroxydihydrocodeine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/14-Hydroxydihydrocodeine.svg/116px-14-Hydroxydihydrocodeine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="116" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/14-Hydroxydihydrocodeine.svg/174px-14-Hydroxydihydrocodeine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/14-Hydroxydihydrocodeine.svg/232px-14-Hydroxydihydrocodeine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="467" /></a> <a href="/wiki/14-Hydroxydihydrocodeine" title="14-Hydroxydihydrocodeine">14-Hydroxydihydrocodeine</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Acetyldihydrocodeine.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Acetyldihydrocodeine."><img alt="Chemical structure of Acetyldihydrocodeine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Acetyldihydrocodeine.svg/104px-Acetyldihydrocodeine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="104" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Acetyldihydrocodeine.svg/156px-Acetyldihydrocodeine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Acetyldihydrocodeine.svg/208px-Acetyldihydrocodeine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="389" data-file-height="295" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Acetyldihydrocodeine" title="Acetyldihydrocodeine">Acetyldihydrocodeine</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Dihydrocodeine_skeletal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Dihydrocodeine."><img alt="Chemical structure of Dihydrocodeine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Dihydrocodeine_skeletal.svg/88px-Dihydrocodeine_skeletal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="88" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Dihydrocodeine_skeletal.svg/132px-Dihydrocodeine_skeletal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Dihydrocodeine_skeletal.svg/176px-Dihydrocodeine_skeletal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="420" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Dihydrocodeine" title="Dihydrocodeine">Dihydrocodeine</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Nalbuphine.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Nalbuphine."><img alt="Chemical structure of Nalbuphine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Nalbuphine.svg/116px-Nalbuphine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="116" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Nalbuphine.svg/174px-Nalbuphine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Nalbuphine.svg/232px-Nalbuphine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="527" data-file-height="528" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Nalbuphine" title="Nalbuphine">Nalbuphine</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Nicocodeine.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Nicocodeine."><img alt="Chemical structure of Nicocodeine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Nicocodeine.svg/104px-Nicocodeine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="104" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Nicocodeine.svg/156px-Nicocodeine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Nicocodeine.svg/208px-Nicocodeine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="230" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Nicocodeine" title="Nicocodeine">Nicocodeine</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Nicodicodeine.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Nicodicodeine."><img alt="Chemical structure of Nicodicodeine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Nicodicodeine.svg/104px-Nicodicodeine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="104" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Nicodicodeine.svg/156px-Nicodicodeine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Nicodicodeine.svg/208px-Nicodicodeine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="230" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Nicodicodeine" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicodicodeine">Nicodicodeine</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Oxymorphazone.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Oxymorphazone."><img alt="Chemical structure of Oxymorphazone." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Oxymorphazone.svg/128px-Oxymorphazone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Oxymorphazone.svg/192px-Oxymorphazone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Oxymorphazone.svg/256px-Oxymorphazone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="369" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Oxymorphazone" title="Oxymorphazone">Oxymorphazone</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:1-Iodomorphine.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of 1-Iodomorphine."><img alt="Chemical structure of 1-Iodomorphine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/1-Iodomorphine.svg/116px-1-Iodomorphine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="116" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/1-Iodomorphine.svg/174px-1-Iodomorphine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/1-Iodomorphine.svg/232px-1-Iodomorphine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="516" /></a> <a href="/wiki/1-Iodomorphine" title="1-Iodomorphine">1-Iodomorphine</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5">Active opiate metabolites </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Morphine_6-glucuronide.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Morphine 6-glucuronide."><img alt="Chemical structure of Morphine 6-glucuronide." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Morphine_6-glucuronide.png/127px-Morphine_6-glucuronide.png" decoding="async" width="127" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Morphine_6-glucuronide.png/191px-Morphine_6-glucuronide.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Morphine_6-glucuronide.png/254px-Morphine_6-glucuronide.png 2x" data-file-width="932" data-file-height="1032" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Morphine-6-glucuronide" title="Morphine-6-glucuronide">M6G</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:6-MAM.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of 6-MAM."><img alt="Chemical structure of 6-MAM." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/6-MAM.svg/115px-6-MAM.svg.png" decoding="async" width="115" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/6-MAM.svg/173px-6-MAM.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/6-MAM.svg/230px-6-MAM.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="336" data-file-height="230" /></a> <a href="/wiki/6-MAM" class="mw-redirect" title="6-MAM">6-MAM</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Norcodeine.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Norcodeine."><img alt="Chemical structure of Norcodeine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Norcodeine.svg/103px-Norcodeine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="103" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Norcodeine.svg/155px-Norcodeine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Norcodeine.svg/206px-Norcodeine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="558" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Norcodeine" title="Norcodeine">Norcodeine</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Normorphine.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Normorphine."><img alt="Chemical structure of Normorphine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Normorphine.svg/92px-Normorphine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="92" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Normorphine.svg/138px-Normorphine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Normorphine.svg/184px-Normorphine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="422" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Normorphine" title="Normorphine">Normorphine</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Morphine_N-oxide.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Morphine N-oxide."><img alt="Chemical structure of Morphine N-oxide." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Morphine_N-oxide.svg/105px-Morphine_N-oxide.svg.png" decoding="async" width="105" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Morphine_N-oxide.svg/158px-Morphine_N-oxide.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Morphine_N-oxide.svg/210px-Morphine_N-oxide.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="439" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Morphine-N-oxide" title="Morphine-N-oxide">Morphine-N-oxide</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5">Synthetic morphinans </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Cyclorphan_structure.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Cyclorphan."><img alt="Chemical structure of Cyclorphan." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Cyclorphan_structure.svg/127px-Cyclorphan_structure.svg.png" decoding="async" width="127" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Cyclorphan_structure.svg/191px-Cyclorphan_structure.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Cyclorphan_structure.svg/254px-Cyclorphan_structure.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="295" data-file-height="380" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Cyclorphan" title="Cyclorphan">Cyclorphan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Dextrallorphan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Dextrallorphan."><img alt="Chemical structure of Dextrallorphan." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Dextrallorphan.svg/127px-Dextrallorphan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="127" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Dextrallorphan.svg/191px-Dextrallorphan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Dextrallorphan.svg/254px-Dextrallorphan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="398" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Dextrallorphan" title="Dextrallorphan">DXA</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Levorphanol.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Levorphanol."><img alt="Chemical structure of Levorphanol." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Levorphanol.svg/127px-Levorphanol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="127" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Levorphanol.svg/191px-Levorphanol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Levorphanol.svg/254px-Levorphanol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="164" data-file-height="129" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Levorphanol" title="Levorphanol">Levorphanol</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Levophenacylmorphan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Levophenacylmorphan."><img alt="Chemical structure of Levophenacylmorphan." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Levophenacylmorphan.svg/127px-Levophenacylmorphan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="127" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Levophenacylmorphan.svg/191px-Levophenacylmorphan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Levophenacylmorphan.svg/254px-Levophenacylmorphan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="162" data-file-height="239" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Levophenacylmorphan" title="Levophenacylmorphan">Levophenacylmorphan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Levomethorphan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Levomethorphan."><img alt="Chemical structure of Levomethorphan." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Levomethorphan.svg/103px-Levomethorphan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="103" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Levomethorphan.svg/155px-Levomethorphan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Levomethorphan.svg/206px-Levomethorphan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="465" data-file-height="421" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Levomethorphan" title="Levomethorphan">Levomethorphan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Norlevorphanol-ifa.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Norlevorphanol."><img alt="Chemical structure of Norlevorphanol." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Norlevorphanol-ifa.png/146px-Norlevorphanol-ifa.png" decoding="async" width="146" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Norlevorphanol-ifa.png/219px-Norlevorphanol-ifa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Norlevorphanol-ifa.png/292px-Norlevorphanol-ifa.png 2x" data-file-width="562" data-file-height="474" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Norlevorphanol" title="Norlevorphanol">Norlevorphanol</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Oxilorphan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Oxilorphan."><img alt="Chemical structure of Oxilorphan." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Oxilorphan.svg/150px-Oxilorphan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Oxilorphan.svg/225px-Oxilorphan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Oxilorphan.svg/300px-Oxilorphan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="444" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Oxilorphan" title="Oxilorphan">Oxilorphan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Phenomorphan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Phenomorphan."><img alt="Chemical structure of Phenomorphan." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Phenomorphan.svg/128px-Phenomorphan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Phenomorphan.svg/192px-Phenomorphan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Phenomorphan.svg/256px-Phenomorphan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="409" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Phenomorphan" title="Phenomorphan">Phenomorphan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Furethylnorlevorphanol.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Furethylnorlevorphanol."><img alt="Chemical structure of Furethylnorlevorphanol." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Furethylnorlevorphanol.svg/146px-Furethylnorlevorphanol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="146" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Furethylnorlevorphanol.svg/219px-Furethylnorlevorphanol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Furethylnorlevorphanol.svg/292px-Furethylnorlevorphanol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="366" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Furethylnorlevorphanol" class="mw-redirect" title="Furethylnorlevorphanol">Furethylnorlevorphanol</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Xorphanol.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Xorphanol."><img alt="Chemical structure of Xorphanol." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Xorphanol.svg/127px-Xorphanol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="127" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Xorphanol.svg/191px-Xorphanol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Xorphanol.svg/254px-Xorphanol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="453" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Xorphanol" title="Xorphanol">Xorphanol</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Butorphanol_structure.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Butorphanol."><img alt="Chemical structure of Butorphanol." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Butorphanol_structure.svg/127px-Butorphanol_structure.svg.png" decoding="async" width="127" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Butorphanol_structure.svg/191px-Butorphanol_structure.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Butorphanol_structure.svg/254px-Butorphanol_structure.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="708" data-file-height="480" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Butorphanol" title="Butorphanol">Butorphanol</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Cyprodime.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Cyprodime."><img alt="Chemical structure of Cyprodime." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Cyprodime.svg/127px-Cyprodime.svg.png" decoding="async" width="127" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Cyprodime.svg/191px-Cyprodime.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Cyprodime.svg/254px-Cyprodime.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="346" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Cyprodime" title="Cyprodime">Cyprodime</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Drotebanol.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Drotebanol."><img alt="Chemical structure of Drotebanol." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Drotebanol.svg/127px-Drotebanol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="127" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Drotebanol.svg/191px-Drotebanol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Drotebanol.svg/254px-Drotebanol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="188" data-file-height="154" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Drotebanol" title="Drotebanol">Drotebanol</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5">Orvinols & Oripavine derivatives </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Endoethenotetrahydrooripavine.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of 6,14-Endoethenotetrahydrooripavine."><img alt="Chemical structure of 6,14-Endoethenotetrahydrooripavine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Endoethenotetrahydrooripavine.svg/132px-Endoethenotetrahydrooripavine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="132" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Endoethenotetrahydrooripavine.svg/198px-Endoethenotetrahydrooripavine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Endoethenotetrahydrooripavine.svg/264px-Endoethenotetrahydrooripavine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="920" data-file-height="890" /></a> <a href="/wiki/6,14-Endoethenotetrahydrooripavine" title="6,14-Endoethenotetrahydrooripavine">6,14-Endoethenotetrahydrooripavine</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:7-PET.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of 7-PET."><img alt="Chemical structure of 7-PET." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/7-PET.svg/132px-7-PET.svg.png" decoding="async" width="132" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/7-PET.svg/198px-7-PET.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/7-PET.svg/264px-7-PET.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="515" data-file-height="615" /></a> <a href="/wiki/7-PET" title="7-PET">7-PET</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Acetorphine_structure.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Acetorphine."><img alt="Chemical structure of Acetorphine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Acetorphine_structure.svg/109px-Acetorphine_structure.svg.png" decoding="async" width="109" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Acetorphine_structure.svg/164px-Acetorphine_structure.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Acetorphine_structure.svg/218px-Acetorphine_structure.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="560" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Acetorphine" title="Acetorphine">Acetorphine</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:BU-48.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of BU-48."><img alt="Chemical structure of BU-48." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/BU-48.svg/132px-BU-48.svg.png" decoding="async" width="132" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/BU-48.svg/198px-BU-48.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/BU-48.svg/264px-BU-48.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="520" /></a> <a href="/wiki/BU-48" title="BU-48">BU-48</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Buprenorphin.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Buprenorphine."><img alt="Chemical structure of Buprenorphine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Buprenorphin.svg/132px-Buprenorphin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="132" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Buprenorphin.svg/198px-Buprenorphin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Buprenorphin.svg/264px-Buprenorphin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="333" data-file-height="299" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Buprenorphine" title="Buprenorphine">Buprenorphine</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Cyprenorphine_Structure.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Cyprenorphine."><img alt="Chemical structure of Cyprenorphine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Cyprenorphine_Structure.svg/109px-Cyprenorphine_Structure.svg.png" decoding="async" width="109" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Cyprenorphine_Structure.svg/164px-Cyprenorphine_Structure.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Cyprenorphine_Structure.svg/218px-Cyprenorphine_Structure.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="599" data-file-height="548" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Cyprenorphine" title="Cyprenorphine">Cyprenorphine</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Dihydroetorphine.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Dihydroetorphine."><img alt="Chemical structure of Dihydroetorphine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Dihydroetorphine.svg/110px-Dihydroetorphine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Dihydroetorphine.svg/165px-Dihydroetorphine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Dihydroetorphine.svg/220px-Dihydroetorphine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="468" data-file-height="564" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Dihydroetorphine" title="Dihydroetorphine">Dihydroetorphine</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Etorphine.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Etorphine."><img alt="Chemical structure of Etorphine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Etorphine.svg/122px-Etorphine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="122" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Etorphine.svg/183px-Etorphine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Etorphine.svg/244px-Etorphine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="468" data-file-height="564" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Etorphine" title="Etorphine">Etorphine</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Norbuprenorphine.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Norbuprenorphine."><img alt="Chemical structure of Norbuprenorphine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Norbuprenorphine.png/122px-Norbuprenorphine.png" decoding="async" width="122" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Norbuprenorphine.png/183px-Norbuprenorphine.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Norbuprenorphine.png/244px-Norbuprenorphine.png 2x" data-file-width="538" data-file-height="720" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Norbuprenorphine" title="Norbuprenorphine">Norbuprenorphine</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Thienorphine.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Thienorphine"><img alt="Chemical structure of Thienorphine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Thienorphine.svg/130px-Thienorphine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Thienorphine.svg/195px-Thienorphine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Thienorphine.svg/260px-Thienorphine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1155" data-file-height="1430" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Thienorphine" title="Thienorphine">Thienorphine</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5">Opioid antagonists & inverse agonists </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:5%27-Guanidinonaltrindole.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of 5'-Guanidinonaltrindole."><img alt="Chemical structure of 5'-Guanidinonaltrindole." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/5%27-Guanidinonaltrindole.svg/138px-5%27-Guanidinonaltrindole.svg.png" decoding="async" width="138" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/5%27-Guanidinonaltrindole.svg/207px-5%27-Guanidinonaltrindole.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/5%27-Guanidinonaltrindole.svg/276px-5%27-Guanidinonaltrindole.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="177" data-file-height="118" /></a> <a href="/wiki/5%27-Guanidinonaltrindole" title="5'-Guanidinonaltrindole">5'-Guanidinonaltrindole</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Diprenorphine.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Diprenorphine."><img alt="Chemical structure of Diprenorphine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Diprenorphine.svg/115px-Diprenorphine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="115" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Diprenorphine.svg/173px-Diprenorphine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Diprenorphine.svg/230px-Diprenorphine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="257" data-file-height="240" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Diprenorphine" title="Diprenorphine">Diprenorphine</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Levallorphan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Levallorphan."><img alt="Chemical structure of Levallorphan." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Levallorphan.svg/115px-Levallorphan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="115" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Levallorphan.svg/173px-Levallorphan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Levallorphan.svg/230px-Levallorphan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="398" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Levallorphan" title="Levallorphan">Levallorphan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Methylnaltrexone.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Methylnaltrexone."><img alt="Chemical structure of Methylnaltrexone." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Methylnaltrexone.svg/115px-Methylnaltrexone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="115" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Methylnaltrexone.svg/173px-Methylnaltrexone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Methylnaltrexone.svg/230px-Methylnaltrexone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="382" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Methylnaltrexone" title="Methylnaltrexone">MNTX</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Nalfurafine.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Nalfurafine."><img alt="Chemical structure of Nalfurafine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Nalfurafine.svg/115px-Nalfurafine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="115" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Nalfurafine.svg/173px-Nalfurafine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Nalfurafine.svg/230px-Nalfurafine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="838" data-file-height="522" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Nalfurafine" title="Nalfurafine">Nalfurafine</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Nalmefene.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Nalmefene."><img alt="Chemical structure of Nalmefene." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Nalmefene.svg/115px-Nalmefene.svg.png" decoding="async" width="115" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Nalmefene.svg/173px-Nalmefene.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Nalmefene.svg/230px-Nalmefene.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="516" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Nalmefene" title="Nalmefene">Nalmefene</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Naloxazone.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Naloxazone."><img alt="Chemical structure of Naloxazone." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Naloxazone.svg/115px-Naloxazone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="115" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Naloxazone.svg/173px-Naloxazone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Naloxazone.svg/230px-Naloxazone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="334" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Naloxazone" title="Naloxazone">Naloxazone</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Naloxone.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Naloxone."><img alt="Chemical structure of Naloxone." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Naloxone.svg/115px-Naloxone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="115" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Naloxone.svg/173px-Naloxone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Naloxone.svg/230px-Naloxone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="538" data-file-height="446" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Naloxone" title="Naloxone">Naloxone</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Nalorphine.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Nalorphine."><img alt="Chemical structure of Nalorphine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Nalorphine.svg/115px-Nalorphine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="115" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Nalorphine.svg/173px-Nalorphine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Nalorphine.svg/230px-Nalorphine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1211" data-file-height="1008" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Nalorphine" title="Nalorphine">Nalorphine</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Naltrexone_skeletal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Naltrexone."><img alt="Chemical structure of Naltrexone." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Naltrexone_skeletal.svg/115px-Naltrexone_skeletal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="115" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Naltrexone_skeletal.svg/173px-Naltrexone_skeletal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Naltrexone_skeletal.svg/230px-Naltrexone_skeletal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Naltrexone" title="Naltrexone">Naltrexone</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Naltriben.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Naltriben."><img alt="Chemical structure of Naltriben." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Naltriben.svg/115px-Naltriben.svg.png" decoding="async" width="115" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Naltriben.svg/173px-Naltriben.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Naltriben.svg/230px-Naltriben.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="665" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Naltriben" title="Naltriben">Naltriben</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Naltrindole.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Naltrindole."><img alt="Chemical structure of Naltrindole." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Naltrindole.png/115px-Naltrindole.png" decoding="async" width="115" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Naltrindole.png/173px-Naltrindole.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Naltrindole.png/230px-Naltrindole.png 2x" data-file-width="1904" data-file-height="1954" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Naltrindole" title="Naltrindole">Naltrindole</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:6%CE%B2-Naltrexol-d4.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of 6β-Naltrexol-d4"><img alt="Chemical structure of 6β-Naltrexol-d4" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/6%CE%B2-Naltrexol-d4.png/115px-6%CE%B2-Naltrexol-d4.png" decoding="async" width="115" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/6%CE%B2-Naltrexol-d4.png/173px-6%CE%B2-Naltrexol-d4.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/6%CE%B2-Naltrexol-d4.png/230px-6%CE%B2-Naltrexol-d4.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="282" /></a> <a href="/wiki/6%CE%B2-Naltrexol-d4" title="6β-Naltrexol-d4">6β-Naltrexol-d4</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:IBNtxA_structure.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of IBNtxA"><img alt="Chemical structure of IBNtxA" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/IBNtxA_structure.png/135px-IBNtxA_structure.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/IBNtxA_structure.png/203px-IBNtxA_structure.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/IBNtxA_structure.png/270px-IBNtxA_structure.png 2x" data-file-width="562" data-file-height="560" /></a> <a href="/wiki/IBNtxA" title="IBNtxA">3-Iodobenzoyl Naltrexamine</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5">Morphinan dimers </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Pseudomorphine_skeletal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Pseudomorphine"><img alt="Chemical structure of Pseudomorphine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Pseudomorphine_skeletal.svg/135px-Pseudomorphine_skeletal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Pseudomorphine_skeletal.svg/203px-Pseudomorphine_skeletal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Pseudomorphine_skeletal.svg/270px-Pseudomorphine_skeletal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="173" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Pseudomorphine" title="Pseudomorphine">Pseudomorphine</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Naloxonazine.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Naloxonazine"><img alt="Chemical structure of Naloxonazine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Naloxonazine.png/140px-Naloxonazine.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Naloxonazine.png/210px-Naloxonazine.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Naloxonazine.png/280px-Naloxonazine.png 2x" data-file-width="865" data-file-height="707" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Naloxonazine" title="Naloxonazine">Naloxonazine</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Nor-BNI.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Norbinaltorphimine"><img alt="Chemical structure of Norbinaltorphimine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Nor-BNI.png/130px-Nor-BNI.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Nor-BNI.png/195px-Nor-BNI.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Nor-BNI.png/260px-Nor-BNI.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="536" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Norbinaltorphimine" title="Norbinaltorphimine">Norbinaltorphimine</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Somniferine.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Somniferine"><img alt="Chemical structure of Somniferine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Somniferine.svg/115px-Somniferine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="115" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Somniferine.svg/173px-Somniferine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Somniferine.svg/230px-Somniferine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1240" data-file-height="1685" /></a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Somniferine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Somniferine (page does not exist)">Somniferine</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Table_of_non-morphinan_opioids">Table of non-morphinan opioids</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Opioid&action=edit&section=70" title="Edit section: Table of non-morphinan opioids">edit</a>]</div> <div class="skin-invert-image"> <table class="talk collapsed collapsible"> <tbody><tr> <th>Table of non-morphinan opioids: click to </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: left;"> <td> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:smaller; text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="5">Benzomorphans </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:8-Carboxamidocyclazocine.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of 8-Carboxamidocyclazocine."><img alt="Chemical structure of 8-Carboxamidocyclazocine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/8-Carboxamidocyclazocine.svg/135px-8-Carboxamidocyclazocine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/8-Carboxamidocyclazocine.svg/203px-8-Carboxamidocyclazocine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/8-Carboxamidocyclazocine.svg/270px-8-Carboxamidocyclazocine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="975" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/8-Carboxamidocyclazocine" title="8-Carboxamidocyclazocine">8-CAC</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Allylnormetazocine.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Allylnormetazocine."><img alt="Chemical structure of Allylnormetazocine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Allylnormetazocine.svg/135px-Allylnormetazocine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Allylnormetazocine.svg/203px-Allylnormetazocine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Allylnormetazocine.svg/270px-Allylnormetazocine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="383" data-file-height="368" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Alazocine" title="Alazocine">Alazocine</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Bremazocine.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Bremazocine."><img alt="Chemical structure of Bremazocine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Bremazocine.svg/135px-Bremazocine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Bremazocine.svg/203px-Bremazocine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Bremazocine.svg/270px-Bremazocine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="169" data-file-height="100" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Bremazocine" title="Bremazocine">Bremazocine</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Dezocine_structure.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Dezocine."><img alt="Chemical structure of Dezocine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Dezocine_structure.svg/135px-Dezocine_structure.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Dezocine_structure.svg/203px-Dezocine_structure.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Dezocine_structure.svg/270px-Dezocine_structure.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="362" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Dezocine" title="Dezocine">Dezocine</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Ketazocine.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Ketazocine."><img alt="Chemical structure of Ketazocine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Ketazocine.svg/135px-Ketazocine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Ketazocine.svg/203px-Ketazocine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Ketazocine.svg/270px-Ketazocine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1249" data-file-height="860" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ketazocine" title="Ketazocine">Ketazocine</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Metazocine.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Metazocine."><img alt="Chemical structure of Metazocine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Metazocine.svg/135px-Metazocine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Metazocine.svg/203px-Metazocine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Metazocine.svg/270px-Metazocine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="513" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Metazocine" title="Metazocine">Metazocine</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Pentazocine_formula.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Pentazocine."><img alt="Chemical structure of Pentazocine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Pentazocine_formula.svg/135px-Pentazocine_formula.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Pentazocine_formula.svg/203px-Pentazocine_formula.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Pentazocine_formula.svg/270px-Pentazocine_formula.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="337" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Pentazocine" title="Pentazocine">Pentazocine</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Phenazocine.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Phenazocine."><img alt="Chemical structure of Phenazocine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Phenazocine.png/135px-Phenazocine.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Phenazocine.png/203px-Phenazocine.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Phenazocine.png/270px-Phenazocine.png 2x" data-file-width="382" data-file-height="492" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Phenazocine" title="Phenazocine">Phenazocine</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Cyclazocine.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Cyclazocine."><img alt="Chemical structure of Cyclazocine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Cyclazocine.png/135px-Cyclazocine.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Cyclazocine.png/203px-Cyclazocine.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Cyclazocine.png/270px-Cyclazocine.png 2x" data-file-width="1547" data-file-height="2563" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Cyclazocine" title="Cyclazocine">Cyclazocine</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5">4-Phenylpiperidines </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:4-Fluoromeperidine.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of 4-Fluoromeperidine."><img alt="Chemical structure of 4-Fluoromeperidine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/4-Fluoromeperidine.png/135px-4-Fluoromeperidine.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/4-Fluoromeperidine.png/203px-4-Fluoromeperidine.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/4-Fluoromeperidine.png/270px-4-Fluoromeperidine.png 2x" data-file-width="302" data-file-height="406" /></a> <a href="/wiki/4-Fluoromeperidine" class="mw-redirect" title="4-Fluoromeperidine">4-Fluoromeperidine</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:WIN-7681.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of WIN-7681."><img alt="Chemical structure of WIN-7681." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/WIN-7681.svg/135px-WIN-7681.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/WIN-7681.svg/203px-WIN-7681.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/WIN-7681.svg/270px-WIN-7681.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="174" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Allylnorpethidine" title="Allylnorpethidine">Allylnorpethidine</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Anileridine.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Anileridine."><img alt="Chemical structure of Anileridine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Anileridine.svg/135px-Anileridine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Anileridine.svg/203px-Anileridine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Anileridine.svg/270px-Anileridine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="923" data-file-height="483" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Anileridine" title="Anileridine">Anileridine</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Benzethidine.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Benzethidine."><img alt="Chemical structure of Benzethidine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Benzethidine.svg/135px-Benzethidine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Benzethidine.svg/203px-Benzethidine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Benzethidine.svg/270px-Benzethidine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="174" data-file-height="271" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Benzethidine" title="Benzethidine">Benzethidine</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Carperidine.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Carperidine."><img alt="Chemical structure of Carperidine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Carperidine.svg/135px-Carperidine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Carperidine.svg/203px-Carperidine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Carperidine.svg/270px-Carperidine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="699" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Carperidine" title="Carperidine">Carperidine</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Difenoxin.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Difenoxin."><img alt="Chemical structure of Difenoxin." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Difenoxin.svg/135px-Difenoxin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Difenoxin.svg/203px-Difenoxin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Difenoxin.svg/270px-Difenoxin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="363" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Difenoxin" title="Difenoxin">Difenoxin</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Diphenoxylat.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Diphenoxylate."><img alt="Chemical structure of Diphenoxylate." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Diphenoxylat.svg/135px-Diphenoxylat.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Diphenoxylat.svg/203px-Diphenoxylat.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Diphenoxylat.svg/270px-Diphenoxylat.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="321" data-file-height="363" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Diphenoxylate" title="Diphenoxylate">Diphenoxylate</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Etoxeridine.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Etoxeridine."><img alt="Chemical structure of Etoxeridine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Etoxeridine.svg/135px-Etoxeridine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Etoxeridine.svg/203px-Etoxeridine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Etoxeridine.svg/270px-Etoxeridine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="430" data-file-height="675" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Etoxeridine" title="Etoxeridine">Etoxeridine</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Furethidine.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Furethidine."><img alt="Chemical structure of Furethidine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Furethidine.svg/135px-Furethidine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Furethidine.svg/203px-Furethidine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Furethidine.svg/270px-Furethidine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="174" data-file-height="260" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Furethidine" title="Furethidine">Furethidine</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Hydroxypethidine.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Hydroxypethidine."><img alt="Chemical structure of Hydroxypethidine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Hydroxypethidine.svg/135px-Hydroxypethidine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Hydroxypethidine.svg/203px-Hydroxypethidine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Hydroxypethidine.svg/270px-Hydroxypethidine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="151" data-file-height="131" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hydroxypethidine" title="Hydroxypethidine">Hydroxypethidine</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Morpheridine.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Morpheridine."><img alt="Chemical structure of Morpheridine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Morpheridine.svg/135px-Morpheridine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Morpheridine.svg/203px-Morpheridine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Morpheridine.svg/270px-Morpheridine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="174" data-file-height="242" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Morpheridine" title="Morpheridine">Morpheridine</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Oxpheneridine.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Oxpheneridine."><img alt="Chemical structure of Oxpheneridine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Oxpheneridine.svg/135px-Oxpheneridine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Oxpheneridine.svg/203px-Oxpheneridine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Oxpheneridine.svg/270px-Oxpheneridine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Oxpheneridine" title="Oxpheneridine">Oxpheneridine</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Pethidine.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Pethidine."><img alt="Chemical structure of Pethidine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Pethidine.svg/135px-Pethidine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Pethidine.svg/203px-Pethidine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Pethidine.svg/270px-Pethidine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="390" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Pethidine" title="Pethidine">Pethidine</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Pheneridine.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Pheneridine."><img alt="Chemical structure of Pheneridine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Pheneridine.svg/135px-Pheneridine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Pheneridine.svg/203px-Pheneridine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Pheneridine.svg/270px-Pheneridine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="390" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Pheneridine" title="Pheneridine">Pheneridine</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Phenoperidine.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Phenoperidine."><img alt="Chemical structure of Phenoperidine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Phenoperidine.svg/135px-Phenoperidine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Phenoperidine.svg/203px-Phenoperidine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Phenoperidine.svg/270px-Phenoperidine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="307" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Phenoperidine" title="Phenoperidine">Phenoperidine</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Piminodine.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Piminodine."><img alt="Chemical structure of Piminodine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Piminodine.svg/135px-Piminodine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Piminodine.svg/203px-Piminodine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Piminodine.svg/270px-Piminodine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="860" data-file-height="1645" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Piminodine" title="Piminodine">Piminodine</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Properidine.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Properidine."><img alt="Chemical structure of Properidine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Properidine.svg/135px-Properidine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Properidine.svg/203px-Properidine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Properidine.svg/270px-Properidine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="272" data-file-height="295" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Properidine" title="Properidine">Properidine</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Sameridine.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Sameridine."><img alt="Chemical structure of Sameridine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Sameridine.svg/135px-Sameridine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Sameridine.svg/203px-Sameridine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Sameridine.svg/270px-Sameridine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="174" data-file-height="235" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Sameridine" title="Sameridine">Sameridine</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Allylprodine.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Allylprodine."><img alt="Chemical structure of Allylprodine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Allylprodine.svg/135px-Allylprodine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Allylprodine.svg/203px-Allylprodine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Allylprodine.svg/270px-Allylprodine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="581" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Allylprodine" title="Allylprodine">Allylprodine</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Alphameprodine.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of α-meprodine."><img alt="Chemical structure of α-meprodine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Alphameprodine.svg/135px-Alphameprodine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Alphameprodine.svg/203px-Alphameprodine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Alphameprodine.svg/270px-Alphameprodine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="405" data-file-height="420" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Alphameprodine" class="mw-redirect" title="Alphameprodine">α-Meprodine</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Desmethylprodine.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Desmethylprodine."><img alt="Chemical structure of Desmethylprodine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Desmethylprodine.svg/135px-Desmethylprodine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Desmethylprodine.svg/203px-Desmethylprodine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Desmethylprodine.svg/270px-Desmethylprodine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="412" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/MPPP" class="mw-redirect" title="MPPP">MPPP</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:PEPAP.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of PEPAP."><img alt="Chemical structure of PEPAP." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/PEPAP.svg/135px-PEPAP.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/PEPAP.svg/203px-PEPAP.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/PEPAP.svg/270px-PEPAP.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="241" /></a> <a href="/wiki/PEPAP" title="PEPAP">PEPAP</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Alphaprodine.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of α-prodine."><img alt="Chemical structure of α-prodine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Alphaprodine.svg/135px-Alphaprodine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Alphaprodine.svg/203px-Alphaprodine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Alphaprodine.svg/270px-Alphaprodine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="159" data-file-height="161" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Alphaprodine" class="mw-redirect" title="Alphaprodine">α-Prodine</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Prosidol.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Prosidol."><img alt="Chemical structure of Prosidol." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Prosidol.svg/135px-Prosidol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Prosidol.svg/203px-Prosidol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Prosidol.svg/270px-Prosidol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="159" data-file-height="236" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Prosidol" title="Prosidol">Prosidol</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Trimeperidine.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Trimeperidine."><img alt="Chemical structure of Trimeperidine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Trimeperidine.svg/135px-Trimeperidine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Trimeperidine.svg/203px-Trimeperidine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Trimeperidine.svg/270px-Trimeperidine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="775" data-file-height="975" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Trimeperidine" title="Trimeperidine">Trimeperidine</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Acetoxyketobemidone.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Acetoxyketobemidone."><img alt="Chemical structure of Acetoxyketobemidone." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Acetoxyketobemidone.svg/135px-Acetoxyketobemidone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Acetoxyketobemidone.svg/203px-Acetoxyketobemidone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Acetoxyketobemidone.svg/270px-Acetoxyketobemidone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="195" data-file-height="147" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Acetoxyketobemidone" title="Acetoxyketobemidone">Acetoxyketobemidone</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Droxypropine.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Droxypropine."><img alt="Chemical structure of Droxypropine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Droxypropine.png/135px-Droxypropine.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Droxypropine.png/203px-Droxypropine.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Droxypropine.png/270px-Droxypropine.png 2x" data-file-width="663" data-file-height="368" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Droxypropine" title="Droxypropine">Droxypropine</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Ketobemidon.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Ketobemidone."><img alt="Chemical structure of Ketobemidone." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ketobemidon.svg/135px-Ketobemidon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ketobemidon.svg/203px-Ketobemidon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ketobemidon.svg/270px-Ketobemidon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="380" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ketobemidone" title="Ketobemidone">Ketobemidone</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Methylketobemidone.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Methylketobemidone."><img alt="Chemical structure of Methylketobemidone." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Methylketobemidone.svg/135px-Methylketobemidone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Methylketobemidone.svg/203px-Methylketobemidone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Methylketobemidone.svg/270px-Methylketobemidone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="167" data-file-height="147" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Methylketobemidone" title="Methylketobemidone">Methylketobemidone</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Propylketobemidone.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Propylketobemidone."><img alt="Chemical structure of Propylketobemidone." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Propylketobemidone.svg/135px-Propylketobemidone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Propylketobemidone.svg/203px-Propylketobemidone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Propylketobemidone.svg/270px-Propylketobemidone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="211" data-file-height="147" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Propylketobemidone" title="Propylketobemidone">Propylketobemidone</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Alvimopan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Alvimopan."><img alt="Chemical structure of Alvimopan." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Alvimopan.svg/135px-Alvimopan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Alvimopan.svg/203px-Alvimopan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Alvimopan.svg/270px-Alvimopan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="175" data-file-height="267" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Alvimopan" title="Alvimopan">Alvimopan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Loperamide.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Loperamide."><img alt="Chemical structure of Loperamide." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Loperamide.svg/135px-Loperamide.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Loperamide.svg/203px-Loperamide.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Loperamide.svg/270px-Loperamide.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="262" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Loperamide" title="Loperamide">Loperamide</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Picenadol.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Picenadol."><img alt="Chemical structure of Picenadol." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Picenadol.svg/135px-Picenadol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Picenadol.svg/203px-Picenadol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Picenadol.svg/270px-Picenadol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="175" data-file-height="147" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Picenadol" title="Picenadol">Picenadol</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5">Open chain opioids </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Dipipanone.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Dipipanone."><img alt="Chemical structure of Dipipanone." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Dipipanone.svg/135px-Dipipanone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Dipipanone.svg/203px-Dipipanone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Dipipanone.svg/270px-Dipipanone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="432" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Dipipanone" title="Dipipanone">Dipipanone</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Methadone.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Methadone."><img alt="Chemical structure of Methadone." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Methadone.svg/135px-Methadone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Methadone.svg/203px-Methadone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Methadone.svg/270px-Methadone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="851" data-file-height="879" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Methadone" title="Methadone">Methadone</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Normethadone.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Normethadone."><img alt="Chemical structure of Normethadone." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Normethadone.png/135px-Normethadone.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Normethadone.png/203px-Normethadone.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Normethadone.png/270px-Normethadone.png 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="411" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Normethadone" title="Normethadone">Normethadone</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Phenadoxone.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Phenadoxone."><img alt="Chemical structure of Phenadoxone." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Phenadoxone.svg/135px-Phenadoxone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Phenadoxone.svg/203px-Phenadoxone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Phenadoxone.svg/270px-Phenadoxone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Phenadoxone" title="Phenadoxone">Phenadoxone</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Dimepheptanol.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Dimepheptanol."><img alt="Chemical structure of Dimepheptanol." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Dimepheptanol.svg/135px-Dimepheptanol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Dimepheptanol.svg/203px-Dimepheptanol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Dimepheptanol.svg/270px-Dimepheptanol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="164" data-file-height="153" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Dimepheptanol" title="Dimepheptanol">Dimepheptanol</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Levacetylmethadol.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Levacetylmethadol."><img alt="Chemical structure of Levacetylmethadol." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Levacetylmethadol.svg/135px-Levacetylmethadol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Levacetylmethadol.svg/203px-Levacetylmethadol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Levacetylmethadol.svg/270px-Levacetylmethadol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1093" data-file-height="1014" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Levacetylmethadol" title="Levacetylmethadol">Levacetylmethadol</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Dextromoramide-2D-skeletal.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Dextromoramide."><img alt="Chemical structure of Dextromoramide." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Dextromoramide-2D-skeletal.png/135px-Dextromoramide-2D-skeletal.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Dextromoramide-2D-skeletal.png/203px-Dextromoramide-2D-skeletal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Dextromoramide-2D-skeletal.png/270px-Dextromoramide-2D-skeletal.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="887" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Dextromoramide" title="Dextromoramide">Dextromoramide</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Levomoramide.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Levomoramide."><img alt="Chemical structure of Levomoramide." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Levomoramide.svg/135px-Levomoramide.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Levomoramide.svg/203px-Levomoramide.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Levomoramide.svg/270px-Levomoramide.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="172" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Levomoramide" title="Levomoramide">Levomoramide</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Racemoramide.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Racemoramide."><img alt="Chemical structure of Racemoramide." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Racemoramide.svg/135px-Racemoramide.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Racemoramide.svg/203px-Racemoramide.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Racemoramide.svg/270px-Racemoramide.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="172" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Racemoramide" title="Racemoramide">Racemoramide</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Diethylthiambutene_structure.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Diethylthiambutene"><img alt="Chemical structure of Diethylthiambutene" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Diethylthiambutene_structure.svg/135px-Diethylthiambutene_structure.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Diethylthiambutene_structure.svg/203px-Diethylthiambutene_structure.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Diethylthiambutene_structure.svg/270px-Diethylthiambutene_structure.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="703" data-file-height="705" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Diethylthiambutene" title="Diethylthiambutene">Diethylthiambutene</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Dimethylthiambutene_structure.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Dimethylthiambutene."><img alt="Chemical structure of Dimethylthiambutene." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Dimethylthiambutene_structure.svg/135px-Dimethylthiambutene_structure.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Dimethylthiambutene_structure.svg/203px-Dimethylthiambutene_structure.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Dimethylthiambutene_structure.svg/270px-Dimethylthiambutene_structure.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="578" data-file-height="628" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Dimethylthiambutene" title="Dimethylthiambutene">Dimethylthiambutene</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Ethylmethylthiambutene_structure.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Ethylmethylthiambutene."><img alt="Chemical structure of Ethylmethylthiambutene." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Ethylmethylthiambutene_structure.svg/135px-Ethylmethylthiambutene_structure.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Ethylmethylthiambutene_structure.svg/203px-Ethylmethylthiambutene_structure.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Ethylmethylthiambutene_structure.svg/270px-Ethylmethylthiambutene_structure.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="704" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ethylmethylthiambutene" title="Ethylmethylthiambutene">Ethylmethylthiambutene</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Piperidylthiambutene.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Piperidylthiambutene"><img alt="Chemical structure of Piperidylthiambutene" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Piperidylthiambutene.png/135px-Piperidylthiambutene.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Piperidylthiambutene.png/203px-Piperidylthiambutene.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Piperidylthiambutene.png/270px-Piperidylthiambutene.png 2x" data-file-width="406" data-file-height="288" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Piperidylthiambutene" title="Piperidylthiambutene">Piperidylthiambutene</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Pyrrolidinylthiambutene.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Pyrrolidinylthiambutene."><img alt="Chemical structure of Pyrrolidinylthiambutene." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Pyrrolidinylthiambutene.png/135px-Pyrrolidinylthiambutene.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Pyrrolidinylthiambutene.png/203px-Pyrrolidinylthiambutene.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Pyrrolidinylthiambutene.png/270px-Pyrrolidinylthiambutene.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="278" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Pyrrolidinylthiambutene" title="Pyrrolidinylthiambutene">Pyrrolidinylthiambutene</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Thiambutene_Structure.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Thiambutene."><img alt="Chemical structure of Thiambutene." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Thiambutene_Structure.svg/135px-Thiambutene_Structure.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Thiambutene_Structure.svg/203px-Thiambutene_Structure.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Thiambutene_Structure.svg/270px-Thiambutene_Structure.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="366" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Thiambutene" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiambutene">Thiambutene</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Tipepidine.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Tipepidine."><img alt="Chemical structure of Tipepidine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Tipepidine.svg/135px-Tipepidine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Tipepidine.svg/203px-Tipepidine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Tipepidine.svg/270px-Tipepidine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="898" data-file-height="865" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Tipepidine" title="Tipepidine">Tipepidine</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Dextropropoxyphene_structure.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Dextropropoxyphene."><img alt="Chemical structure of Dextropropoxyphene." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Dextropropoxyphene_structure.svg/135px-Dextropropoxyphene_structure.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Dextropropoxyphene_structure.svg/203px-Dextropropoxyphene_structure.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Dextropropoxyphene_structure.svg/270px-Dextropropoxyphene_structure.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="401" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Dextropropoxyphene" title="Dextropropoxyphene">Dextropropoxyphene</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Dimenoxadol.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Dimenoxadol."><img alt="Chemical structure of Dimenoxadol." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Dimenoxadol.svg/135px-Dimenoxadol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Dimenoxadol.svg/203px-Dimenoxadol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Dimenoxadol.svg/270px-Dimenoxadol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="162" data-file-height="226" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Dimenoxadol" title="Dimenoxadol">Dimenoxadol</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Spasmoxal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Dioxaphetyl butyrate."><img alt="Chemical structure of Dioxaphetyl butyrate." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Spasmoxal.svg/135px-Spasmoxal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Spasmoxal.svg/203px-Spasmoxal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Spasmoxal.svg/270px-Spasmoxal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="210" data-file-height="183" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Dioxaphetyl_butyrate" title="Dioxaphetyl butyrate">Dioxaphetyl butyrate</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Levopropoxyphene.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Levopropoxyphene."><img alt="Chemical structure of Levopropoxyphene." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Levopropoxyphene.png/135px-Levopropoxyphene.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Levopropoxyphene.png/203px-Levopropoxyphene.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Levopropoxyphene.png/270px-Levopropoxyphene.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="358" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Levopropoxyphene" title="Levopropoxyphene">Levopropoxyphene</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Norpropoxyphene.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Norpropoxyphene."><img alt="Chemical structure of Norpropoxyphene." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Norpropoxyphene.png/135px-Norpropoxyphene.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Norpropoxyphene.png/203px-Norpropoxyphene.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Norpropoxyphene.png/270px-Norpropoxyphene.png 2x" data-file-width="414" data-file-height="366" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Norpropoxyphene" title="Norpropoxyphene">Norpropoxyphene</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Diampromide.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Diampromide."><img alt="Chemical structure of Diampromide." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Diampromide.svg/135px-Diampromide.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Diampromide.svg/203px-Diampromide.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Diampromide.svg/270px-Diampromide.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="259" data-file-height="135" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Diampromide" title="Diampromide">Diampromide</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Phenampromide.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Phenampromide."><img alt="Chemical structure of Phenampromide." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Phenampromide.svg/135px-Phenampromide.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Phenampromide.svg/203px-Phenampromide.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Phenampromide.svg/270px-Phenampromide.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="194" data-file-height="135" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Phenampromide" title="Phenampromide">Phenampromide</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Propiram.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Propiram."><img alt="Chemical structure of Propiram." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Propiram.svg/135px-Propiram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Propiram.svg/203px-Propiram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Propiram.svg/270px-Propiram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="194" data-file-height="135" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Propiram" title="Propiram">Propiram</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:IC-26_structure.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of IC-26 structure."><img alt="Chemical structure of IC-26 structure." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/IC-26_structure.svg/135px-IC-26_structure.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/IC-26_structure.svg/203px-IC-26_structure.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/IC-26_structure.svg/270px-IC-26_structure.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="743" data-file-height="869" /></a> <a href="/wiki/IC-26" title="IC-26">Methiodone</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Isoaminile.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Isoaminile."><img alt="Chemical structure of Isoaminile." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Isoaminile.png/135px-Isoaminile.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Isoaminile.png/203px-Isoaminile.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Isoaminile.png/270px-Isoaminile.png 2x" data-file-width="452" data-file-height="296" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Isoaminile" title="Isoaminile">Isoaminile</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Lefetamine.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Lefetamine."><img alt="Chemical structure of Lefetamine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Lefetamine.svg/135px-Lefetamine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Lefetamine.svg/203px-Lefetamine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Lefetamine.svg/270px-Lefetamine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="84" data-file-height="74" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Lefetamine" title="Lefetamine">Lefetamine</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:R-4066.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of R-4066."><img alt="Chemical structure of R-4066." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/R-4066.png/135px-R-4066.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/R-4066.png/203px-R-4066.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/R-4066.png/270px-R-4066.png 2x" data-file-width="476" data-file-height="424" /></a> <a href="/wiki/R-4066" title="R-4066">R-4066</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5">Anilidopiperidines </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:3-allylfentanyl.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of 3-allylfentanyl."><img alt="Chemical structure of 3-allylfentanyl." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/3-allylfentanyl.svg/125px-3-allylfentanyl.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/3-allylfentanyl.svg/188px-3-allylfentanyl.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/3-allylfentanyl.svg/250px-3-allylfentanyl.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="174" data-file-height="259" /></a> <a href="/wiki/3-Allylfentanyl" title="3-Allylfentanyl">3-Allylfentanyl</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:3-Methylfentanyl.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of 3-Methylfentanyl."><img alt="Chemical structure of 3-Methylfentanyl." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/3-Methylfentanyl.svg/125px-3-Methylfentanyl.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/3-Methylfentanyl.svg/188px-3-Methylfentanyl.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/3-Methylfentanyl.svg/250px-3-Methylfentanyl.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="599" data-file-height="290" /></a> <a href="/wiki/3-Methylfentanyl" title="3-Methylfentanyl">3-Methylfentanyl</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:3-Methylthiofentanyl.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of 3-Methylthiofentanyl."><img alt="Chemical structure of 3-Methylthiofentanyl." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/3-Methylthiofentanyl.svg/125px-3-Methylthiofentanyl.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/3-Methylthiofentanyl.svg/188px-3-Methylthiofentanyl.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/3-Methylthiofentanyl.svg/250px-3-Methylthiofentanyl.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1340" data-file-height="730" /></a> <a href="/wiki/3-Methylthiofentanyl" title="3-Methylthiofentanyl">3-Methylthiofentanyl</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:4-Phenylfentanyl.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of 4-Phenylfentanyl."><img alt="Chemical structure of 4-Phenylfentanyl." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/4-Phenylfentanyl.png/125px-4-Phenylfentanyl.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/4-Phenylfentanyl.png/188px-4-Phenylfentanyl.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/4-Phenylfentanyl.png/250px-4-Phenylfentanyl.png 2x" data-file-width="546" data-file-height="376" /></a> <a href="/wiki/4-Phenylfentanyl" title="4-Phenylfentanyl">4-Phenylfentanyl</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Alfentanil-2D-skeletal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Alfentanil."><img alt="Chemical structure of Alfentanil." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Alfentanil-2D-skeletal.svg/125px-Alfentanil-2D-skeletal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Alfentanil-2D-skeletal.svg/188px-Alfentanil-2D-skeletal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Alfentanil-2D-skeletal.svg/250px-Alfentanil-2D-skeletal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="575" data-file-height="269" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Alfentanil" title="Alfentanil">Alfentanil</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Alphamethylacetylfentanyl.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of α-methylacetylfentanyl."><img alt="Chemical structure of α-methylacetylfentanyl." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Alphamethylacetylfentanyl.svg/125px-Alphamethylacetylfentanyl.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Alphamethylacetylfentanyl.svg/188px-Alphamethylacetylfentanyl.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Alphamethylacetylfentanyl.svg/250px-Alphamethylacetylfentanyl.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="599" data-file-height="290" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Alphamethylacetylfentanyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Alphamethylacetylfentanyl">α-Methylacetylfentanyl</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Alphamethylfentanyl.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of α-methylfentanyl."><img alt="Chemical structure of α-methylfentanyl." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Alphamethylfentanyl.svg/125px-Alphamethylfentanyl.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Alphamethylfentanyl.svg/188px-Alphamethylfentanyl.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Alphamethylfentanyl.svg/250px-Alphamethylfentanyl.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="599" data-file-height="290" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Alphamethylfentanyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Alphamethylfentanyl">α-Methylfentanyl</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Alphamethylthiofentanyl.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of α-methylthiofentanyl."><img alt="Chemical structure of α-methylthiofentanyl." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Alphamethylthiofentanyl.svg/125px-Alphamethylthiofentanyl.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Alphamethylthiofentanyl.svg/188px-Alphamethylthiofentanyl.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Alphamethylthiofentanyl.svg/250px-Alphamethylthiofentanyl.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="704" data-file-height="386" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Alphamethylthiofentanyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Alphamethylthiofentanyl">α-Methylthiofentanyl</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Betahydroxyfentanyl.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of β-hydroxyfentanyl."><img alt="Chemical structure of β-hydroxyfentanyl." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Betahydroxyfentanyl.svg/125px-Betahydroxyfentanyl.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Betahydroxyfentanyl.svg/188px-Betahydroxyfentanyl.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Betahydroxyfentanyl.svg/250px-Betahydroxyfentanyl.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="599" data-file-height="290" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Betahydroxyfentanyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Betahydroxyfentanyl">β-Hydroxyfentanyl</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Betahydroxythiofentanyl.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of β-hydroxythiofentanyl."><img alt="Chemical structure of β-hydroxythiofentanyl." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Betahydroxythiofentanyl.svg/125px-Betahydroxythiofentanyl.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Betahydroxythiofentanyl.svg/188px-Betahydroxythiofentanyl.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Betahydroxythiofentanyl.svg/250px-Betahydroxythiofentanyl.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="570" data-file-height="290" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Betahydroxythiofentanyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Betahydroxythiofentanyl">β-Hydroxythiofentanyl</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Betamethylfentanyl.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of β-methylfentanyl."><img alt="Chemical structure of β-methylfentanyl." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Betamethylfentanyl.svg/125px-Betamethylfentanyl.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Betamethylfentanyl.svg/188px-Betamethylfentanyl.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Betamethylfentanyl.svg/250px-Betamethylfentanyl.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="152" data-file-height="259" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Betamethylfentanyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Betamethylfentanyl">β-Methylfentanyl</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Brifentanil_Structural_Formulae.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Brifentanil."><img alt="Chemical structure of Brifentanil." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Brifentanil_Structural_Formulae.png/125px-Brifentanil_Structural_Formulae.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Brifentanil_Structural_Formulae.png/188px-Brifentanil_Structural_Formulae.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Brifentanil_Structural_Formulae.png/250px-Brifentanil_Structural_Formulae.png 2x" data-file-width="1709" data-file-height="2823" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Brifentanil" title="Brifentanil">Brifentanil</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Carfentanil.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Carfentanil."><img alt="Chemical structure of Carfentanil." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Carfentanil.svg/125px-Carfentanil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Carfentanil.svg/188px-Carfentanil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Carfentanil.svg/250px-Carfentanil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="555" data-file-height="306" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Carfentanil" title="Carfentanil">Carfentanil</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Fentanyl.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Fentanyl."><img alt="Chemical structure of Fentanyl." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Fentanyl.svg/125px-Fentanyl.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Fentanyl.svg/188px-Fentanyl.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Fentanyl.svg/250px-Fentanyl.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="599" data-file-height="290" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Fentanyl" title="Fentanyl">Fentanyl</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Lofentanil.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Lofentanil."><img alt="Chemical structure of Lofentanil." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Lofentanil.svg/125px-Lofentanil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Lofentanil.svg/188px-Lofentanil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Lofentanil.svg/250px-Lofentanil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="850" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Lofentanil" title="Lofentanil">Lofentanil</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Mirfentanil.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Mirfentanil."><img alt="Chemical structure of Mirfentanil." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Mirfentanil.png/125px-Mirfentanil.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Mirfentanil.png/188px-Mirfentanil.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Mirfentanil.png/250px-Mirfentanil.png 2x" data-file-width="1610" data-file-height="737" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Mirfentanil" title="Mirfentanil">Mirfentanil</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Ocfentanil.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Ocfentanil."><img alt="Chemical structure of Ocfentanil." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Ocfentanil.png/125px-Ocfentanil.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Ocfentanil.png/188px-Ocfentanil.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Ocfentanil.png/250px-Ocfentanil.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="552" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ocfentanil" title="Ocfentanil">Ocfentanil</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Ohmefentanyl.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Ohmefentanyl."><img alt="Chemical structure of Ohmefentanyl." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Ohmefentanyl.svg/125px-Ohmefentanyl.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Ohmefentanyl.svg/188px-Ohmefentanyl.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Ohmefentanyl.svg/250px-Ohmefentanyl.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="599" data-file-height="290" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ohmefentanyl" title="Ohmefentanyl">Ohmefentanyl</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Parafluorofentanyl.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Parafluorofentanyl."><img alt="Chemical structure of Parafluorofentanyl." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Parafluorofentanyl.svg/125px-Parafluorofentanyl.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Parafluorofentanyl.svg/188px-Parafluorofentanyl.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Parafluorofentanyl.svg/250px-Parafluorofentanyl.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Parafluorofentanyl" title="Parafluorofentanyl">Parafluorofentanyl</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Phenaridine.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Phenaridine."><img alt="Chemical structure of Phenaridine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Phenaridine.svg/125px-Phenaridine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Phenaridine.svg/188px-Phenaridine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Phenaridine.svg/250px-Phenaridine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="152" data-file-height="259" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Phenaridine" title="Phenaridine">Phenaridine</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Remifentanil-2D-skeletal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Remifentanil."><img alt="Chemical structure of Remifentanil." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Remifentanil-2D-skeletal.svg/125px-Remifentanil-2D-skeletal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Remifentanil-2D-skeletal.svg/188px-Remifentanil-2D-skeletal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Remifentanil-2D-skeletal.svg/250px-Remifentanil-2D-skeletal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="528" data-file-height="306" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Remifentanil" title="Remifentanil">Remifentanil</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Sufentanil.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Sufentanil."><img alt="Chemical structure of Sufentanil." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Sufentanil.svg/125px-Sufentanil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Sufentanil.svg/188px-Sufentanil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Sufentanil.svg/250px-Sufentanil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="531" data-file-height="259" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Sufentanil" title="Sufentanil">Sufentanil</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Thiofentanyl.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Thiofentanyl."><img alt="Chemical structure of Thiofentanyl." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Thiofentanyl.svg/125px-Thiofentanyl.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Thiofentanyl.svg/188px-Thiofentanyl.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Thiofentanyl.svg/250px-Thiofentanyl.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="225" data-file-height="114" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Thiofentanyl" title="Thiofentanyl">Thiofentanyl</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Trefentanil_Structure.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Trefentanil."><img alt="Chemical structure of Trefentanil." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Trefentanil_Structure.svg/125px-Trefentanil_Structure.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Trefentanil_Structure.svg/188px-Trefentanil_Structure.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Trefentanil_Structure.svg/250px-Trefentanil_Structure.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="317" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Trefentanil" title="Trefentanil">Trefentanil</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5">Various others </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Ethoheptazine.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Ethoheptazine."><img alt="Chemical structure of Ethoheptazine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Ethoheptazine.png/135px-Ethoheptazine.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Ethoheptazine.png/203px-Ethoheptazine.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Ethoheptazine.png/270px-Ethoheptazine.png 2x" data-file-width="469" data-file-height="402" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ethoheptazine" title="Ethoheptazine">Ethoheptazine</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Metheptazine_structure.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Metheptazine."><img alt="Chemical structure of Metheptazine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Metheptazine_structure.png/135px-Metheptazine_structure.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Metheptazine_structure.png/203px-Metheptazine_structure.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Metheptazine_structure.png/270px-Metheptazine_structure.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="763" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Metheptazine" title="Metheptazine">Metheptazine</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Metethoheptazine_structure.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Metethoheptazine."><img alt="Chemical structure of Metethoheptazine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Metethoheptazine_structure.png/135px-Metethoheptazine_structure.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Metethoheptazine_structure.png/203px-Metethoheptazine_structure.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Metethoheptazine_structure.png/270px-Metethoheptazine_structure.png 2x" data-file-width="536" data-file-height="778" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Metethoheptazine" title="Metethoheptazine">Metethoheptazine</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Proheptazine.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Proheptazine."><img alt="Chemical structure of Proheptazine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Proheptazine.svg/135px-Proheptazine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Proheptazine.svg/203px-Proheptazine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Proheptazine.svg/270px-Proheptazine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="405" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Proheptazine" title="Proheptazine">Proheptazine</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Bezitramide.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Bezitramide."><img alt="Chemical structure of Bezitramide." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Bezitramide.svg/135px-Bezitramide.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Bezitramide.svg/203px-Bezitramide.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Bezitramide.svg/270px-Bezitramide.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="454" data-file-height="625" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Bezitramide" title="Bezitramide">Bezitramide</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Piritramide_Structural_Formulae_V.1.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Piritramide."><img alt="Chemical structure of Piritramide." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Piritramide_Structural_Formulae_V.1.svg/135px-Piritramide_Structural_Formulae_V.1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Piritramide_Structural_Formulae_V.1.svg/203px-Piritramide_Structural_Formulae_V.1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Piritramide_Structural_Formulae_V.1.svg/270px-Piritramide_Structural_Formulae_V.1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="369" data-file-height="555" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Piritramide" title="Piritramide">Piritramide</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Clonitazene.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Clonitazene."><img alt="Chemical structure of Clonitazene." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Clonitazene.svg/135px-Clonitazene.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Clonitazene.svg/203px-Clonitazene.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Clonitazene.svg/270px-Clonitazene.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="615" data-file-height="620" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Clonitazene" title="Clonitazene">Clonitazene</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Etonitazene.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Etonitazene."><img alt="Chemical structure of Etonitazene." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Etonitazene.svg/135px-Etonitazene.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Etonitazene.svg/203px-Etonitazene.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Etonitazene.svg/270px-Etonitazene.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="653" data-file-height="756" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Etonitazene" title="Etonitazene">Etonitazene</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:18-Methoxycoronaridine.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of 18-Methoxycoronaridine."><img alt="Chemical structure of 18-Methoxycoronaridine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/18-Methoxycoronaridine.svg/135px-18-Methoxycoronaridine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/18-Methoxycoronaridine.svg/203px-18-Methoxycoronaridine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/18-Methoxycoronaridine.svg/270px-18-Methoxycoronaridine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="539" data-file-height="240" /></a> <a href="/wiki/18-MC" class="mw-redirect" title="18-MC">18-MC</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:7-Hydroxymitragynine.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of 7-Hydroxymitragynine."><img alt="Chemical structure of 7-Hydroxymitragynine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/7-Hydroxymitragynine.svg/135px-7-Hydroxymitragynine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/7-Hydroxymitragynine.svg/203px-7-Hydroxymitragynine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/7-Hydroxymitragynine.svg/270px-7-Hydroxymitragynine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="549" data-file-height="445" /></a> <a href="/wiki/7-Hydroxymitragynine" title="7-Hydroxymitragynine">7-Hydroxymitragynine</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Akuammine.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Akuammine."><img alt="Chemical structure of Akuammine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Akuammine.svg/135px-Akuammine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Akuammine.svg/203px-Akuammine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Akuammine.svg/270px-Akuammine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="241" data-file-height="154" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Akuammine" title="Akuammine">Akuammine</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Eseroline.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Eseroline."><img alt="Chemical structure of Eseroline." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Eseroline.png/135px-Eseroline.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Eseroline.png/203px-Eseroline.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Eseroline.png/270px-Eseroline.png 2x" data-file-width="394" data-file-height="228" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Eseroline" title="Eseroline">Eseroline</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Hodgkinsine.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Hodgkinsine."><img alt="Chemical structure of Hodgkinsine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Hodgkinsine.svg/135px-Hodgkinsine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Hodgkinsine.svg/203px-Hodgkinsine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Hodgkinsine.svg/270px-Hodgkinsine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="537" data-file-height="682" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hodgkinsine" title="Hodgkinsine">Hodgkinsine</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Mitragynine.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Mitragynine."><img alt="Chemical structure of Mitragynine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Mitragynine.png/135px-Mitragynine.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Mitragynine.png/203px-Mitragynine.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Mitragynine.png/270px-Mitragynine.png 2x" data-file-width="539" data-file-height="435" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Mitragynine" title="Mitragynine">Mitragynine</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Pericine.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Pericine."><img alt="Chemical structure of Pericine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Pericine.svg/135px-Pericine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Pericine.svg/203px-Pericine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Pericine.svg/270px-Pericine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="113" data-file-height="65" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Pericine" title="Pericine">Pericine</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:BW373U86.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of BW373U86."><img alt="Chemical structure of BW373U86." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/BW373U86.svg/135px-BW373U86.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/BW373U86.svg/203px-BW373U86.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/BW373U86.svg/270px-BW373U86.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1416" data-file-height="1868" /></a> <a href="/wiki/BW373U86" title="BW373U86">BW373U86</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:DPI-221.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of DPI-221."><img alt="Chemical structure of DPI-221." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/DPI-221.svg/135px-DPI-221.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/DPI-221.svg/203px-DPI-221.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/DPI-221.svg/270px-DPI-221.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1056" /></a> <a href="/wiki/DPI-221" title="DPI-221">DPI-221</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:DPI-287.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of DPI-287."><img alt="Chemical structure of DPI-287." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/DPI-287.svg/135px-DPI-287.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/DPI-287.svg/203px-DPI-287.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/DPI-287.svg/270px-DPI-287.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="276" data-file-height="253" /></a> <a href="/wiki/DPI-287" title="DPI-287">DPI-287</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:DPI-3290.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of DPI-3290."><img alt="Chemical structure of DPI-3290." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/DPI-3290.svg/135px-DPI-3290.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/DPI-3290.svg/203px-DPI-3290.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/DPI-3290.svg/270px-DPI-3290.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1429" data-file-height="2373" /></a> <a href="/wiki/DPI-3290" title="DPI-3290">DPI-3290</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:SNC-80.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of SNC-80."><img alt="Chemical structure of SNC-80." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/SNC-80.svg/135px-SNC-80.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/SNC-80.svg/203px-SNC-80.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/SNC-80.svg/270px-SNC-80.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1024" /></a> <a href="/wiki/SNC-80" title="SNC-80">SNC-80</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:AD-1211_structure.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of AD-1211."><img alt="Chemical structure of AD-1211." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/AD-1211_structure.png/135px-AD-1211_structure.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/AD-1211_structure.png/203px-AD-1211_structure.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/AD-1211_structure.png/270px-AD-1211_structure.png 2x" data-file-width="586" data-file-height="446" /></a> <a href="/wiki/AD-1211" title="AD-1211">AD-1211</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:AH-7921_structure.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of AH-7921."><img alt="Chemical structure of AH-7921." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/AH-7921_structure.png/135px-AH-7921_structure.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/AH-7921_structure.png/203px-AH-7921_structure.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/AH-7921_structure.png/270px-AH-7921_structure.png 2x" data-file-width="462" data-file-height="240" /></a> <a href="/wiki/AH-7921" title="AH-7921">AH-7921</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Azaprocin.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Azaprocin."><img alt="Chemical structure of Azaprocin." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Azaprocin.png/135px-Azaprocin.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Azaprocin.png/203px-Azaprocin.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Azaprocin.png/270px-Azaprocin.png 2x" data-file-width="502" data-file-height="312" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Azaprocin" title="Azaprocin">Azaprocin</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Bromadol.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Bromadol."><img alt="Chemical structure of Bromadol." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Bromadol.png/135px-Bromadol.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Bromadol.png/203px-Bromadol.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Bromadol.png/270px-Bromadol.png 2x" data-file-width="1325" data-file-height="476" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Bromadol" class="mw-redirect" title="Bromadol">Bromadol</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:BRL-52537_structure.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of BRL-52537."><img alt="Chemical structure of BRL-52537." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/BRL-52537_structure.png/135px-BRL-52537_structure.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/BRL-52537_structure.png/203px-BRL-52537_structure.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/BRL-52537_structure.png/270px-BRL-52537_structure.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="298" /></a> <a href="/wiki/BRL-52537" title="BRL-52537">BRL-52537</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:(R,R)-Bromadoline.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Bromadoline."><img alt="Chemical structure of Bromadoline." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/%28R%2CR%29-Bromadoline.svg/135px-%28R%2CR%29-Bromadoline.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/%28R%2CR%29-Bromadoline.svg/203px-%28R%2CR%29-Bromadoline.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/%28R%2CR%29-Bromadoline.svg/270px-%28R%2CR%29-Bromadoline.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1416" data-file-height="682" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Bromadoline" title="Bromadoline">Bromadoline</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:C-8813.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of C-8813."><img alt="Chemical structure of C-8813." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/C-8813.svg/135px-C-8813.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/C-8813.svg/203px-C-8813.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/C-8813.svg/270px-C-8813.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="825" data-file-height="1265" /></a> <a href="/wiki/C-8813" title="C-8813">C-8813</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Ciramadol.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Ciramadol."><img alt="Chemical structure of Ciramadol." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Ciramadol.svg/135px-Ciramadol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Ciramadol.svg/203px-Ciramadol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Ciramadol.svg/270px-Ciramadol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="265" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ciramadol" title="Ciramadol">Ciramadol</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Doxpicomine.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Doxpicomine."><img alt="Chemical structure of Doxpicomine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Doxpicomine.png/135px-Doxpicomine.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Doxpicomine.png/203px-Doxpicomine.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Doxpicomine.png 2x" data-file-width="246" data-file-height="356" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Doxpicomine" title="Doxpicomine">Doxpicomine</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Enadoline2d.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Enadoline."><img alt="Chemical structure of Enadoline." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Enadoline2d.png/135px-Enadoline2d.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Enadoline2d.png/203px-Enadoline2d.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Enadoline2d.png/270px-Enadoline2d.png 2x" data-file-width="474" data-file-height="454" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Enadoline" title="Enadoline">Enadoline</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Faxeladol_Structural_Formulae_(1R,2R).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Faxeladol."><img alt="Chemical structure of Faxeladol." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Faxeladol_Structural_Formulae_%281R%2C2R%29.png/135px-Faxeladol_Structural_Formulae_%281R%2C2R%29.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Faxeladol_Structural_Formulae_%281R%2C2R%29.png/203px-Faxeladol_Structural_Formulae_%281R%2C2R%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Faxeladol_Structural_Formulae_%281R%2C2R%29.png/270px-Faxeladol_Structural_Formulae_%281R%2C2R%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1419" data-file-height="1435" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Faxeladol" title="Faxeladol">Faxeladol</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:GR-89696_structure.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of GR-89696."><img alt="Chemical structure of GR-89696." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/GR-89696_structure.png/135px-GR-89696_structure.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/GR-89696_structure.png/203px-GR-89696_structure.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/GR-89696_structure.png/270px-GR-89696_structure.png 2x" data-file-width="566" data-file-height="366" /></a> <a href="/wiki/GR-89696" title="GR-89696">GR-89696</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Herkinorin_color.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Herkinorin."><img alt="Chemical structure of Herkinorin." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Herkinorin_color.svg/135px-Herkinorin_color.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Herkinorin_color.svg/203px-Herkinorin_color.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Herkinorin_color.svg/270px-Herkinorin_color.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="994" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Herkinorin" title="Herkinorin">Herkinorin</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:ICI-199441_structure.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of ICI-199441."><img alt="Chemical structure of ICI-199441." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/ICI-199441_structure.png/135px-ICI-199441_structure.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/ICI-199441_structure.png/203px-ICI-199441_structure.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/ICI-199441_structure.png/270px-ICI-199441_structure.png 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="300" /></a> <a href="/wiki/ICI-199,441" title="ICI-199,441">ICI-199441</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:ICI-204448_structure.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of ICI-204448."><img alt="Chemical structure of ICI-204448." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/ICI-204448_structure.png/135px-ICI-204448_structure.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/ICI-204448_structure.png/203px-ICI-204448_structure.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/ICI-204448_structure.png/270px-ICI-204448_structure.png 2x" data-file-width="736" data-file-height="298" /></a> <a href="/wiki/ICI-204,448" title="ICI-204,448">ICI-204448</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:J-113,397_structure.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of J-113397."><img alt="Chemical structure of J-113397." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/J-113%2C397_structure.png/135px-J-113%2C397_structure.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/J-113%2C397_structure.png/203px-J-113%2C397_structure.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/J-113%2C397_structure.png/270px-J-113%2C397_structure.png 2x" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="560" /></a> <a href="/wiki/J-113,397" title="J-113,397">J-113397</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:JTC-801.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of JTC-801."><img alt="Chemical structure of JTC-801." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/JTC-801.png/135px-JTC-801.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/JTC-801.png/203px-JTC-801.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/JTC-801.png/270px-JTC-801.png 2x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="268" /></a> <a href="/wiki/JTC-801" title="JTC-801">JTC-801</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:LPK-26_structure.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of LPK-26."><img alt="Chemical structure of LPK-26." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/LPK-26_structure.png/135px-LPK-26_structure.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/LPK-26_structure.png/203px-LPK-26_structure.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/LPK-26_structure.png/270px-LPK-26_structure.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="272" /></a> <a href="/wiki/LPK-26" title="LPK-26">LPK-26</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Methopholine.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Methopholine."><img alt="Chemical structure of Methopholine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Methopholine.svg/135px-Methopholine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Methopholine.svg/203px-Methopholine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Methopholine.svg/270px-Methopholine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="241" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Methopholine" class="mw-redirect" title="Methopholine">Methopholine</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:MT-45_svg.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of MT-45."><img alt="Chemical structure of MT-45." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/MT-45_svg.svg/135px-MT-45_svg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/MT-45_svg.svg/203px-MT-45_svg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/MT-45_svg.svg/270px-MT-45_svg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="445" data-file-height="337" /></a> <a href="/wiki/MT-45" title="MT-45">MT-45</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:N-Desmethylclozapine.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of N-Desmethylclozapine."><img alt="Chemical structure of N-Desmethylclozapine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/N-Desmethylclozapine.png/135px-N-Desmethylclozapine.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/N-Desmethylclozapine.png/203px-N-Desmethylclozapine.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/N-Desmethylclozapine.png/270px-N-Desmethylclozapine.png 2x" data-file-width="1789" data-file-height="1474" /></a> <a href="/wiki/N-Desmethylclozapine" class="mw-redirect" title="N-Desmethylclozapine">NDMC</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:NNC630532.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of NNC 63-0532."><img alt="Chemical structure of NNC 63-0532." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/NNC630532.png/135px-NNC630532.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/NNC630532.png/203px-NNC630532.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/NNC630532.png/270px-NNC630532.png 2x" data-file-width="508" data-file-height="492" /></a> <a href="/wiki/NNC_63-0532" title="NNC 63-0532">NNC 63-0532</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Nortilidine.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Nortilidine."><img alt="Chemical structure of Nortilidine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Nortilidine.svg/135px-Nortilidine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Nortilidine.svg/203px-Nortilidine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Nortilidine.svg/270px-Nortilidine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1088" data-file-height="944" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Nortilidine" title="Nortilidine">Nortilidine</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Desmethyltramadol.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of O-Desmethyltramadol."><img alt="Chemical structure of O-Desmethyltramadol." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Desmethyltramadol.svg/135px-Desmethyltramadol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Desmethyltramadol.svg/203px-Desmethyltramadol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Desmethyltramadol.svg/270px-Desmethyltramadol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="537" /></a> <a href="/wiki/O-Desmethyltramadol" class="mw-redirect" title="O-Desmethyltramadol">O-Desmethyltramadol</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Prodilidine.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Prodilidine."><img alt="Chemical structure of Prodilidine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Prodilidine.png/135px-Prodilidine.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Prodilidine.png/203px-Prodilidine.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Prodilidine.png/270px-Prodilidine.png 2x" data-file-width="290" data-file-height="342" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Prodilidine" title="Prodilidine">Prodilidine</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Profadol_skeletal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Profadol."><img alt="Chemical structure of Profadol." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Profadol_skeletal.svg/135px-Profadol_skeletal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Profadol_skeletal.svg/203px-Profadol_skeletal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Profadol_skeletal.svg/270px-Profadol_skeletal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="164" data-file-height="126" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Profadol" title="Profadol">Profadol</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Ro64-6198_structure.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Ro64-6198."><img alt="Chemical structure of Ro64-6198." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Ro64-6198_structure.png/135px-Ro64-6198_structure.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Ro64-6198_structure.png/203px-Ro64-6198_structure.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Ro64-6198_structure.png/270px-Ro64-6198_structure.png 2x" data-file-width="344" data-file-height="506" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ro64-6198" title="Ro64-6198">Ro64-6198</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:SB-612,111_structure.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of SB-612111."><img alt="Chemical structure of SB-612111." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/SB-612%2C111_structure.png/135px-SB-612%2C111_structure.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/SB-612%2C111_structure.png/203px-SB-612%2C111_structure.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/SB-612%2C111_structure.png/270px-SB-612%2C111_structure.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="430" /></a> <a href="/wiki/SB-612,111" title="SB-612,111">SB-612111</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:SC-17599.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of SC-17599."><img alt="Chemical structure of SC-17599." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/SC-17599.svg/135px-SC-17599.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/SC-17599.svg/203px-SC-17599.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/SC-17599.svg/270px-SC-17599.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="535" data-file-height="445" /></a> <a href="/wiki/SC-17599" title="SC-17599">SC-17599</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:RWJ-394,674.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of RWJ-394,674."><img alt="Chemical structure of RWJ-394,674." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/RWJ-394%2C674.png/135px-RWJ-394%2C674.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/RWJ-394%2C674.png/203px-RWJ-394%2C674.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/RWJ-394%2C674.png/270px-RWJ-394%2C674.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="478" /></a> <a href="/wiki/RWJ-394674" title="RWJ-394674">RWJ-394674</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:TAN-67.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of TAN-67."><img alt="Chemical structure of TAN-67." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/TAN-67.png/135px-TAN-67.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/TAN-67.png/203px-TAN-67.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/TAN-67.png/270px-TAN-67.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="446" /></a> <a href="/wiki/TAN-67" title="TAN-67">TAN-67</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Tapentadol.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Tapentadol."><img alt="Chemical structure of Tapentadol." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Tapentadol.svg/135px-Tapentadol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Tapentadol.svg/203px-Tapentadol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Tapentadol.svg/270px-Tapentadol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="255" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Tapentadol" title="Tapentadol">Tapentadol</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Tifluadom.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Tifluadom."><img alt="Chemical structure of Tifluadom." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Tifluadom.png/135px-Tifluadom.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Tifluadom.png/203px-Tifluadom.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Tifluadom.png/270px-Tifluadom.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="368" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Tifluadom" title="Tifluadom">Tifluadom</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:(1R,2R)-Tramadol.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Tramadol."><img alt="Chemical structure of Tramadol." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/%281R%2C2R%29-Tramadol.svg/135px-%281R%2C2R%29-Tramadol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/%281R%2C2R%29-Tramadol.svg/203px-%281R%2C2R%29-Tramadol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/%281R%2C2R%29-Tramadol.svg/270px-%281R%2C2R%29-Tramadol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="231" data-file-height="207" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Tramadol" title="Tramadol">Tramadol</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Trimebutine.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Trimebutine."><img alt="Chemical structure of Trimebutine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Trimebutine.png/135px-Trimebutine.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Trimebutine.png/203px-Trimebutine.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Trimebutine.png/270px-Trimebutine.png 2x" data-file-width="1271" data-file-height="772" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Trimebutine" title="Trimebutine">Trimebutine</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:U-50488.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of U-50488."><img alt="Chemical structure of U-50488." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/U-50488.png/135px-U-50488.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/U-50488.png/203px-U-50488.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/U-50488.png/270px-U-50488.png 2x" data-file-width="472" data-file-height="306" /></a> <a href="/wiki/U-50488" title="U-50488">U-50488</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:U-69593_structure.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of U-69593."><img alt="Chemical structure of U-69593." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/U-69593_structure.png/135px-U-69593_structure.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/U-69593_structure.png/203px-U-69593_structure.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/U-69593_structure.png/270px-U-69593_structure.png 2x" data-file-width="424" data-file-height="372" /></a> <a href="/wiki/U-69593" class="mw-redirect" title="U-69593">U-69593</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Viminol.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Viminol."><img alt="Chemical structure of Viminol." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Viminol.png/135px-Viminol.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Viminol.png/203px-Viminol.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/Viminol.png 2x" data-file-width="234" data-file-height="161" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Viminol" title="Viminol">Viminol</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:1-(4-Nitrophenylethyl)piperidylidene-2-(4-chlorophenyl)sulfonamide.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of W-18."><img alt="Chemical structure of W-18." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/1-%284-Nitrophenylethyl%29piperidylidene-2-%284-chlorophenyl%29sulfonamide.png/135px-1-%284-Nitrophenylethyl%29piperidylidene-2-%284-chlorophenyl%29sulfonamide.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/1-%284-Nitrophenylethyl%29piperidylidene-2-%284-chlorophenyl%29sulfonamide.png/203px-1-%284-Nitrophenylethyl%29piperidylidene-2-%284-chlorophenyl%29sulfonamide.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/1-%284-Nitrophenylethyl%29piperidylidene-2-%284-chlorophenyl%29sulfonamide.png/270px-1-%284-Nitrophenylethyl%29piperidylidene-2-%284-chlorophenyl%29sulfonamide.png 2x" data-file-width="271" data-file-height="290" /></a> <a href="/wiki/1-(4-Nitrophenylethyl)piperidylidene-2-(4-chlorophenyl)sulfonamide" class="mw-redirect" title="1-(4-Nitrophenylethyl)piperidylidene-2-(4-chlorophenyl)sulfonamide">W-18</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Alvimopan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Alvimopan."><img alt="Chemical structure of Alvimopan." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Alvimopan.svg/135px-Alvimopan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Alvimopan.svg/203px-Alvimopan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Alvimopan.svg/270px-Alvimopan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="175" data-file-height="267" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Alvimopan" title="Alvimopan">Alvimopan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:JDTic_cas_361444-66-8.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of JDTic."><img alt="Chemical structure of JDTic." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/JDTic_cas_361444-66-8.svg/135px-JDTic_cas_361444-66-8.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/JDTic_cas_361444-66-8.svg/203px-JDTic_cas_361444-66-8.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/JDTic_cas_361444-66-8.svg/270px-JDTic_cas_361444-66-8.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="485" data-file-height="173" /></a> <a href="/wiki/JDTic" title="JDTic">JDTic</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:MCOPPB_structure.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of MCOPPB."><img alt="Chemical structure of MCOPPB." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/MCOPPB_structure.png/135px-MCOPPB_structure.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/MCOPPB_structure.png/203px-MCOPPB_structure.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/MCOPPB_structure.png/270px-MCOPPB_structure.png 2x" data-file-width="386" data-file-height="478" /></a> <a href="/wiki/MCOPPB" title="MCOPPB">MCOPPB</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:3-(dimethylamino)-2,2-dimethyl-1-phenylpropan-1-one.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of Beta-amine ketone 'compound 29'"><img alt="Chemical structure of Beta-amine ketone 'compound 29'" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/3-%28dimethylamino%29-2%2C2-dimethyl-1-phenylpropan-1-one.svg/135px-3-%28dimethylamino%29-2%2C2-dimethyl-1-phenylpropan-1-one.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/3-%28dimethylamino%29-2%2C2-dimethyl-1-phenylpropan-1-one.svg/203px-3-%28dimethylamino%29-2%2C2-dimethyl-1-phenylpropan-1-one.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/3-%28dimethylamino%29-2%2C2-dimethyl-1-phenylpropan-1-one.svg/270px-3-%28dimethylamino%29-2%2C2-dimethyl-1-phenylpropan-1-one.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="455" data-file-height="260" /></a> <a href="/wiki/3-(dimethylamino)-2,2-dimethyl-1-phenylpropan-1-one" class="mw-redirect" title="3-(dimethylamino)-2,2-dimethyl-1-phenylpropan-1-one">Beta-amine ketone 'compound 29'</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Opioid&action=edit&section=71" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Froehde_reagent" title="Froehde reagent">Froehde reagent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equianalgesic" title="Equianalgesic">Opiate comparison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid_epidemic" title="Opioid epidemic">Opioid epidemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid_tapering" title="Opioid tapering">Opioid tapering</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Opioid&action=edit&section=72" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFOguraEgan2013" class="citation book cs1">Ogura T, Egan TD (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9781437716795000156">"Chapter 15 – Opioid Agonists and Antagonists"</a>. Pharmacology and physiology for anesthesia : foundations and clinical application. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Saunders. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4377-1679-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4377-1679-5"><bdi>978-1-4377-1679-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190326164240/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9781437716795000156">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2019. Retrieved 19 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+15+%E2%80%93+Opioid+Agonists+and+Antagonists&rft.btitle=Pharmacology+and+physiology+for+anesthesia+%3A+foundations+and+clinical+application&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+PA&rft.pub=Elsevier%2FSaunders&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4377-1679-5&rft.aulast=Ogura&rft.aufirst=Takahiro&rft.au=Egan%2C+Talmage+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FB9781437716795000156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpioid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hemmings-2013-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hemmings-2013_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hemmings-2013_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHemmingsEgan2013" class="citation book cs1">Hemmings HC, Egan TD (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s8CXrbimviMC&pg=PA268">Pharmacology and Physiology for Anesthesia: Foundations and Clinical Application: Expert Consult – Online and Print</a>. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 253. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4377-1679-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4377-1679-5"><bdi>978-1-4377-1679-5</bdi></a>. <q>Opiate is the older term classically used in pharmacology to mean a drug derived from opium. Opioid, a more modern term, is used to designate all substances, both natural and synthetic, that bind to opioid receptors (including antagonists).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pharmacology+and+Physiology+for+Anesthesia%3A+Foundations+and+Clinical+Application%3A+Expert+Consult+%E2%80%93+Online+and+Print&rft.pages=253&rft.pub=Elsevier+Health+Sciences&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4377-1679-5&rft.aulast=Hemmings&rft.aufirst=Hugh+C.&rft.au=Egan%2C+Talmage+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds8CXrbimviMC%26pg%3DPA268&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpioid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/treatment-tests-and-therapies/opioids">"Opioids"</a>. www.hopkinsmedicine.org. 11 May 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231102152441/https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/treatment-tests-and-therapies/opioids">Archived</a> from the original on 2 November 2023. Retrieved 2 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.hopkinsmedicine.org&rft.atitle=Opioids&rft.date=2023-05-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hopkinsmedicine.org%2Fhealth%2Ftreatment-tests-and-therapies%2Fopioids&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpioid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oregon.gov/adpc/pages/opiate-opioid.aspx">"Alcohol and Drug Policy Commission : Opiates or Opioids — What's the difference? : State of Oregon"</a>. www.oregon.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231102153548/https://www.oregon.gov/adpc/pages/opiate-opioid.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 2 November 2023. 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CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4398-8240-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4398-8240-5"><bdi>978-1-4398-8240-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Textbook+of+Drug+Design+and+Discovery%2C+Fourth+Edition&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4398-8240-5&rft.aulast=Stromgaard&rft.aufirst=Kristian&rft.au=Krogsgaard-Larsen%2C+Povl&rft.au=Madsen%2C+Ulf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYLPMBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpioid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walzer_2014-6"><a href="#cite_ref-Walzer_2014_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalzer2014" class="citation book cs1">Walzer C (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h0XxBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA723">"52 Nondomestic Equids"</a>. 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The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine. 88 (3): 227–33. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4553642">4553642</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26339205">26339205</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Yale+Journal+of+Biology+and+Medicine&rft.atitle=Non-Medical+Prescription+Opioid+Use+and+Prescription+Opioid+Use+Disorder%3A+A+Review&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=227-33&rft.date=2015-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4553642%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26339205&rft.aulast=Tetrault&rft.aufirst=JM&rft.au=Butner%2C+JL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4553642&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpioid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTarabarNelson2003" class="citation journal cs1">Tarabar AF, Nelson LS (April 2003). 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Retrieved 12 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Heroin+Gains+Popularity+as+Cheap+Doses+Flood+the+U.S&rft.date=2014-02-04&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=Eliza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F4505%2Fheroin-gains-popularity-as-cheap-doses-flood-the-u-s%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpioid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaltoni2008" class="citation journal cs1">Maltoni M (January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/content/19/1/5">"Opioids, pain, and fear"</a>. Annals of Oncology. 19 (1): 5–7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fannonc%2Fmdm555">10.1093/annonc/mdm555</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18073220">18073220</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150910065525/http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/content/19/1/5">Archived</a> from the original on 10 September 2015. Retrieved 14 February 2016. <q>[A] number of studies, however, have also reported inadequate pain control in 40%–70% of patients, resulting in the emergence of a new type of epidemiology, that of 'failed pain control', caused by a series of obstacles preventing adequate cancer pain management.... The cancer patient runs the risk of becoming an innocent victim of a war waged against opioid abuse and addiction if the norms regarding the two kinds of use (therapeutic or nontherapeutic) are not clearly distinct. Furthermore, health professionals may be worried about regulatory scrutiny and may opt not to use opioid therapy for this reason.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Oncology&rft.atitle=Opioids%2C+pain%2C+and+fear&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5-7&rft.date=2008-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fannonc%2Fmdm555&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18073220&rft.aulast=Maltoni&rft.aufirst=M&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fannonc.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcontent%2F19%2F1%2F5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpioid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCarberg2011" class="citation journal cs1">McCarberg BH (March 2011). "Pain management in primary care: strategies to mitigate opioid misuse, abuse, and diversion". Postgraduate Medicine. 123 (2): 119–30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3810%2Fpgm.2011.03.2270">10.3810/pgm.2011.03.2270</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21474900">21474900</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25935364">25935364</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Postgraduate+Medicine&rft.atitle=Pain+management+in+primary+care%3A+strategies+to+mitigate+opioid+misuse%2C+abuse%2C+and+diversion&rft.volume=123&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=119-30&rft.date=2011-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A25935364%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21474900&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3810%2Fpgm.2011.03.2270&rft.aulast=McCarberg&rft.aufirst=BH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpioid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Offermanns-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Offermanns_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Offermanns_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Offermanns_19-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOffermanns2008" class="citation book cs1">Offermanns S (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iwwo5gx8aX8C&q=903">Encyclopedia of Molecular Pharmacology</a>. Vol. 1 (2 ed.). Springer Science & Business Media. p. 903. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-38916-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-38916-3"><bdi>978-3-540-38916-3</bdi></a>. <q>In the strict sense, opiates are drugs derived from opium and include the natural products morphine, codeine, thebaine and many semi-synthetic congeners derived from them. In the wider sense, opiates are morphine-like drugs with non-peptidic structures. The older term opiates is now more and more replaced by the term opioids which applies to any substance, whether endogenous or synthetic, peptidic or non-peptidic, that produces morphine-like effects through action on opioid receptors.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Molecular+Pharmacology&rft.pages=903&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3-540-38916-3&rft.aulast=Offermanns&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Diwwo5gx8aX8C%26q%3D903&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpioid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Freye-2008-20"><a href="#cite_ref-Freye-2008_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreye2008" class="citation book cs1">Freye E (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ybtX0GZGhk8C&pg=PA85">"Part II. Mechanism of action of opioids and clinical effects"</a>. Opioids in Medicine: A Comprehensive Review on the Mode of Action and the Use of Analgesics in Different Clinical Pain States. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-5947-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-5947-6"><bdi>978-1-4020-5947-6</bdi></a>. <q>Opiate is a specific term that is used to describe drugs (natural and semi-synthetic) derived from the juice of the opium poppy. For example morphine is an opiate but methadone (a completely synthetic drug) is not. Opioid is a general term that includes naturally occurring, semi-synthetic, and synthetic drugs, which produce their effects by combining with opioid receptors and are competitively antagonized by nalaxone. In this context the term opioid refers to opioid agonists, opioid antagonists, opioid peptides, and opioid receptors.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Part+II.+Mechanism+of+action+of+opioids+and+clinical+effects&rft.btitle=Opioids+in+Medicine%3A+A+Comprehensive+Review+on+the+Mode+of+Action+and+the+Use+of+Analgesics+in+Different+Clinical+Pain+States&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-5947-6&rft.aulast=Freye&rft.aufirst=Enno&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DybtX0GZGhk8C%26pg%3DPA85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpioid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davies-2012-21"><a href="#cite_ref-Davies-2012_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaviesD'Arcy2012" class="citation book cs1">Davies PS, D'Arcy YM (26 September 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7ob0jFPNhOMC">Compact Clinical Guide to Cancer Pain Management: An Evidence-Based Approach for Nurses</a>. 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LII / Legal Information Institute. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210125183014/https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/21/802">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2021. Retrieved 12 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LII+%2F+Legal+Information+Institute&rft.atitle=21+U.S.+Code+%C2%A7+802+%E2%80%93+Definitions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.cornell.edu%2Fuscode%2Ftext%2F21%2F802&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpioid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/narcotic">"Definition of NARCOTIC"</a>. www.merriam-webster.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201114184715/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/narcotic">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2020. Retrieved 12 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.merriam-webster.com&rft.atitle=Definition+of+NARCOTIC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fnarcotic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpioid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSatoskarRegeBhandarkar2015" class="citation book cs1">Satoskar RS, Rege N, Bhandarkar SD (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h2drCgAAQBAJ">Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics</a>. 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Indian Journal of Anaesthesia. 60 (11): 861–862. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4103%2F0019-5049.193696">10.4103/0019-5049.193696</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5125194">5125194</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27942064">27942064</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indian+Journal+of+Anaesthesia&rft.atitle=The+isolation+of+morphine+by+Serturner&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=861-862&rft.date=2016-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5125194%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27942064&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4103%2F0019-5049.193696&rft.aulast=Krishnamurti&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Rao%2C+SC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5125194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpioid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Court2009-214"><a href="#cite_ref-Court2009_214-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCourtwright2009" class="citation book cs1">Courtwright DT (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GHqV3elHYvMC&pg=PA36">Forces of habit drugs and the making of the modern world</a> (1 ed.). Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. pp. 36–37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02990-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02990-3"><bdi>978-0-674-02990-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forces+of+habit+drugs+and+the+making+of+the+modern+world&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass.&rft.pages=36-37&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-674-02990-3&rft.aulast=Courtwright&rft.aufirst=David+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGHqV3elHYvMC%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpioid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Atanasov-215"><a href="#cite_ref-Atanasov_215-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtanasovWaltenbergerPferschy-WenzigLinder2015" class="citation journal cs1">Atanasov AG, Waltenberger B, Pferschy-Wenzig EM, Linder T, Wawrosch C, Uhrin P, et al. 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SAGE Publications. p. 123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4833-2188-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4833-2188-2"><bdi>978-1-4833-2188-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Drugs+and+Drug+Policy%3A+The+Control+of+Consciousness+Alteration&rft.pages=123&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4833-2188-2&rft.aulast=Mosher&rft.aufirst=Clayton+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2UQXBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpioid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher2009" class="citation book cs1">Fisher GL (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DFR2AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT598">Encyclopedia of substance abuse prevention, treatment, & recovery</a>. 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CRC Press. p. 137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4987-0428-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4987-0428-1"><bdi>978-1-4987-0428-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231215100915/https://books.google.com/books?id=aXGmCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA137#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 15 December 2023. 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Retrieved 15 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FDA&rft.atitle=FDA+launches+public+education+campaign+to+encourage+safe+removal+of+unused+opioid+pain+medicines+from+homes&rft.date=2020-03-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fda.gov%2Fnews-events%2Fpress-announcements%2Ffda-launches-public-education-campaign-encourage-safe-removal-unused-opioid-pain-medicines-homes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpioid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140627150404/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/opioid">"opioid: definition of opioid in Oxford dictionary (American English) (US)"</a>. www.oxforddictionaries.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/opioid">the original</a> on 27 June 2014. Retrieved 14 February 2016. <q>Opioid: 1950s: from opium + -oid.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.oxforddictionaries.com&rft.atitle=opioid%3A+definition+of+opioid+in+Oxford+dictionary+%28American+English%29+%28US%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fus%2Fdefinition%2Famerican_english%2Fopioid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpioid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiklerMartinPescorEades1963" class="citation journal cs1">Wikler A, Martin WR, Pescor FT, Eades CG (October 1963). "Factors regulating oral consumption of an opioid (Etonitazene) by morphine-addicted rats". 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Nature Medicine. 9 (8): 1003–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnm908">10.1038/nm908</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12894165">12894165</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25453057">25453057</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Medicine&rft.atitle=Attacking+pain+at+its+source%3A+new+perspectives+on+opioids&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1003-8&rft.date=2003-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A25453057%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12894165&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnm908&rft.aulast=Stein&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Sch%C3%A4fer%2C+M&rft.au=Machelska%2C+H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpioid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stein_C,_Lang_LJ_(2009)-267"><a href="#cite_ref-Stein_C,_Lang_LJ_(2009)_267-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinLang2009" class="citation journal cs1">Stein C, Lang LJ (February 2009). "Peripheral mechanisms of opioid analgesia". Current Opinion in Pharmacology. 9 (1): 3–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.coph.2008.12.009">10.1016/j.coph.2008.12.009</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19157985">19157985</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Opinion+in+Pharmacology&rft.atitle=Peripheral+mechanisms+of+opioid+analgesia&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3-8&rft.date=2009-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.coph.2008.12.009&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19157985&rft.aulast=Stein&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Lang%2C+LJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpioid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Busch-Dienstfertig_M,_Stein_C_(2010)-268"><a href="#cite_ref-Busch-Dienstfertig_M,_Stein_C_(2010)_268-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBusch-DienstfertigStein2010" class="citation journal cs1">Busch-Dienstfertig M, Stein C (July 2010). "Opioid receptors and opioid peptide-producing leukocytes in inflammatory pain--basic and therapeutic aspects". Brain, Behavior, and Immunity. 24 (5): 683–94. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bbi.2009.10.013">10.1016/j.bbi.2009.10.013</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19879349">19879349</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:40205179">40205179</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brain%2C+Behavior%2C+and+Immunity&rft.atitle=Opioid+receptors+and+opioid+peptide-producing+leukocytes+in+inflammatory+pain--basic+and+therapeutic+aspects&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=683-94&rft.date=2010-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A40205179%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19879349&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.bbi.2009.10.013&rft.aulast=Busch-Dienstfertig&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Stein%2C+C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpioid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Odell_2007-269"><a href="#cite_ref-Odell_2007_269-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOdellSkopecMcCluskey2008" class="citation journal cs1">Odell LR, Skopec J, McCluskey A (March 2008). "Isolation and identification of unique marker compounds from the Tasmanian poppy Papaver somniferum N. Implications for the identification of illicit heroin of Tasmanian origin". Forensic Science International. 175 (2–3): 202–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.forsciint.2007.07.002">10.1016/j.forsciint.2007.07.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17765420">17765420</a>.</cite><span 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180810141013/http://www.painpillabuse.com/">Archived</a> 10 August 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>—Information about Opioid and opiate withdrawal issues</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110428180333/http://www.who.int/medicines/areas/quality_safety/GLs_Ens_Balance_NOCP_Col_EN_sanend.pdf">World Health Organization guidelines for the availability and accessibility of controlled substances</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/rr/rr6501e1er.htm">CDC Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Chronic Pain — United States, 2016</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2011/WHO_EMP_MAR_2011.4_eng.pdf">Reference list to the previous publication</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110521204911/http://www.who.int/medicines/areas/quality_safety/guide_nocp_sanend/en/index.html">Links to all language versions of the previous publication</a></li> <li>Video: Opioid side effects <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vimeo.com/46549874">(Vimeo)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1IrJk4780gc">(YouTube)</a>—A short educational film about the practical management of opioid side effects.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output 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id="Treatment_of_drug_dependence_(N07B)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Treatment of <a href="/wiki/Substance_dependence" title="Substance dependence">drug dependence</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_N07#N07B" title="ATC code N07">N07B</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nicotine_dependence" title="Nicotine dependence">Nicotine dependence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bupropion" title="Bupropion">Bupropion</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytisine" title="Cytisine">Cytisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobeline" title="Lobeline">Lobeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecamylamine" title="Mecamylamine">Mecamylamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varenicline" title="Varenicline">Varenicline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrenergic_agonist" title="Adrenergic agonist"><abbr title="Adrenergic agonist">AA</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Adrenergic agonist (<a href="/wiki/Clonidine" title="Clonidine">Clonidine</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_dependence" title="Alcohol dependence">Alcohol dependence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetaldehyde_dehydrogenase_inhibitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor"><abbr title="Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase">AD</abbr> inhibitor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disulfiram" title="Disulfiram">Disulfiram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acamprosate" title="Acamprosate">Acamprosate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_carbimide" title="Calcium carbimide">Calcium carbimide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_cyanamide" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogen cyanamide">Hydrogen cyanamide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_anesthetic" class="mw-redirect" title="General anesthetic">General anesthetics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide_(medication)" title="Nitrous oxide (medication)">Nitrous oxide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid_antagonist" title="Opioid antagonist">Opioid antagonists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naltrexone" title="Naltrexone">Naltrexone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalmefene" title="Nalmefene">Nalmefene</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topiramate" title="Topiramate">Topiramate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrenergic_agonist" title="Adrenergic agonist"><abbr title="Adrenergic agonist">AA</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Adrenergic agonist (<a href="/wiki/Clonidine" title="Clonidine">Clonidine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baclofen" title="Baclofen">Baclofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenibut" title="Phenibut">Phenibut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Opioid_dependence" class="mw-redirect" title="Opioid dependence">Opioid dependence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adrenergic_agonist" title="Adrenergic agonist"><abbr title="Adrenergic agonist">AA</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Adrenergic agonist (<a href="/wiki/Clonidine" title="Clonidine">Clonidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lofexidine" title="Lofexidine">Lofexidine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibogaine" title="Ibogaine">Ibogaine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Opioids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buprenorphine" title="Buprenorphine">Buprenorphine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Buprenorphine/naloxone" title="Buprenorphine/naloxone">+naloxone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levacetylmethadol" title="Levacetylmethadol">Levacetylmethadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methadone" title="Methadone">Methadone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydrocodeine" title="Dihydrocodeine">Dihydrocodeine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydroetorphine" title="Dihydroetorphine">Dihydroetorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydromorphone" title="Hydromorphone">Hydromorphone (extended-release)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">Morphine (extended-release)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid_antagonist" title="Opioid antagonist">Opioid antagonists</a> (<a href="/wiki/Naltrexone" title="Naltrexone">Naltrexone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalmefene" title="Nalmefene">Nalmefene</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine_dependence" title="Benzodiazepine dependence">Benzodiazepine dependence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adrenergic_agonist" title="Adrenergic agonist"><abbr title="Adrenergic agonist">AA</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Adrenergic agonist (<a href="/wiki/Clonidine" title="Clonidine">Clonidine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">Benzodiazepines</a> (<a href="/wiki/Diazepam" title="Diazepam">Diazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorazepam" title="Lorazepam">Lorazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlordiazepoxide" title="Chlordiazepoxide">Chlordiazepoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxazepam" title="Oxazepam">Oxazepam</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbiturate" title="Barbiturate">Barbiturates</a> (<a href="/wiki/Phenobarbital" title="Phenobarbital">Phenobarbital</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Analgesics_(N02A,_N02B)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Analgesics" title="Template:Analgesics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Analgesics" title="Template talk:Analgesics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Analgesics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Analgesics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Analgesics_(N02A,_N02B)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Analgesic" title="Analgesic">Analgesics</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_N02#N02A" title="ATC code N02">N02A</a>, <a href="/wiki/ATC_code_N02#N02B" title="ATC code N02">N02B</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Opioids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Opiate" title="Opiate">Opiates</a>/<a href="/wiki/Opium" title="Opium">opium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Codeine" title="Codeine">Codeine</a># <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Codeine/aspirin" class="mw-redirect" title="Codeine/aspirin">+aspirin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codeine/paracetamol" title="Codeine/paracetamol">+paracetamol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">Morphine</a># (<a href="/wiki/Morphine/naltrexone" title="Morphine/naltrexone">+naltrexone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opium" title="Opium">Opium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laudanum" title="Laudanum">Laudanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paregoric" title="Paregoric">Paregoric</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Semisynthetic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetyldihydrocodeine" title="Acetyldihydrocodeine">Acetyldihydrocodeine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzylmorphine" title="Benzylmorphine">Benzylmorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buprenorphine" title="Buprenorphine">Buprenorphine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Buprenorphine/naloxone" title="Buprenorphine/naloxone">+naloxone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butorphanol" title="Butorphanol">Butorphanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desomorphine" title="Desomorphine">Desomorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroin" title="Heroin">Diamorphine (heroin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydrocodeine" title="Dihydrocodeine">Dihydrocodeine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Co-dydramol" title="Co-dydramol">+paracetamol</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydromorphine" title="Dihydromorphine">Dihydromorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etorphine" title="Etorphine">Etorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylmorphine" title="Ethylmorphine">Ethylmorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrocodone" title="Hydrocodone">Hydrocodone</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hydrocodone/paracetamol" title="Hydrocodone/paracetamol">+paracetamol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrocodone/ibuprofen" title="Hydrocodone/ibuprofen">+ibuprofen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrocodone/aspirin" title="Hydrocodone/aspirin">+aspirin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydromorphinol" title="Hydromorphinol">Hydromorphinol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydromorphone" title="Hydromorphone">Hydromorphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levorphanol" title="Levorphanol">Levorphanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metopon" title="Metopon">Metopon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalbuphine" title="Nalbuphine">Nalbuphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicocodeine" title="Nicocodeine">Nicocodeine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicodicodine" title="Nicodicodine">Nicodicodine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicomorphine" title="Nicomorphine">Nicomorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxycodone" title="Oxycodone">Oxycodone</a> (<a href="/wiki/Oxycodone/paracetamol" title="Oxycodone/paracetamol">+paracetamol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxycodone/aspirin" title="Oxycodone/aspirin">+aspirin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxycodone/ibuprofen" title="Oxycodone/ibuprofen">+ibuprofen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxycodone/naloxone" title="Oxycodone/naloxone">+naloxone</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxycodone/naltrexone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oxycodone/naltrexone (page does not exist)">+naltrexone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxymorphone" title="Oxymorphone">Oxymorphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papaveretum" title="Papaveretum">Papaveretum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thebacon" title="Thebacon">Thebacon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Synthetic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfentanil" title="Alfentanil">Alfentanil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prodine" title="Prodine">Alphaprodine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anileridine" title="Anileridine">Anileridine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bezitramide" title="Bezitramide">Bezitramide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carfentanil" title="Carfentanil">Carfentanil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dextromoramide" title="Dextromoramide">Dextromoramide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dextropropoxyphene" title="Dextropropoxyphene">Dextropropoxyphene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dezocine" title="Dezocine">Dezocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimenoxadol" title="Dimenoxadol">Dimenoxadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipipanone" title="Dipipanone">Dipipanone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethoheptazine" title="Ethoheptazine">Ethoheptazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fentanyl" title="Fentanyl">Fentanyl</a># (<a href="/wiki/Fentanyl/fluanisone" title="Fentanyl/fluanisone">+fluanisone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketobemidone" title="Ketobemidone">Ketobemidone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lofentanil" title="Lofentanil">Lofentanil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meptazinol" title="Meptazinol">Meptazinol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methadone" title="Methadone">Methadone</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NFEPP" title="NFEPP">NFEPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norpipanone" title="Norpipanone">Norpipanone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliceridine" title="Oliceridine">Oliceridine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentazocine" title="Pentazocine">Pentazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pethidine" title="Pethidine">Pethidine (meperidine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenadoxone" title="Phenadoxone">Phenadoxone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenazocine" title="Phenazocine">Phenazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenoperidine" title="Phenoperidine">Phenoperidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piminodine" title="Piminodine">Piminodine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piritramide" title="Piritramide">Piritramide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proheptazine" title="Proheptazine">Proheptazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propiram" title="Propiram">Propiram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remifentanil" title="Remifentanil">Remifentanil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufentanil" title="Sufentanil">Sufentanil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapentadol" title="Tapentadol">Tapentadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilidine" title="Tilidine">Tilidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tramadol" title="Tramadol">Tramadol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Celecoxib/tramadol" title="Celecoxib/tramadol">+celecoxib</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tramadol/paracetamol" title="Tramadol/paracetamol">+paracetamol</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viminol" title="Viminol">Viminol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paracetamol" title="Paracetamol">Paracetamol</a>-type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetanilide" title="Acetanilide">Acetanilide</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucetin" title="Bucetin">Bucetin</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Butacetin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Butacetin (page does not exist)">Butacetin</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paracetamol" title="Paracetamol">Paracetamol (acetaminophen)</a># <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspirin/paracetamol/caffeine" title="Aspirin/paracetamol/caffeine">+aspirin/caffeine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codeine/paracetamol" title="Codeine/paracetamol">+codeine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrocodone/paracetamol" title="Hydrocodone/paracetamol">+hydrocodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibuprofen/paracetamol" title="Ibuprofen/paracetamol">+ibuprofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paracetamol/metoclopramide" title="Paracetamol/metoclopramide">+metoclopramide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxycodone/paracetamol" title="Oxycodone/paracetamol">+oxycodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propyphenazone/paracetamol/caffeine" title="Propyphenazone/paracetamol/caffeine">+propyphenazone/caffeine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tramadol/paracetamol" title="Tramadol/paracetamol">+tramadol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parapropamol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parapropamol (page does not exist)">Parapropamol</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenacetin" title="Phenacetin">Phenacetin</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propacetamol" title="Propacetamol">Propacetamol</a>‡</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nonsteroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug" title="Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug">NSAIDs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Propionates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benoxaprofen" title="Benoxaprofen">Benoxaprofen</a> ‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenoprofen" title="Fenoprofen">Fenoprofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flurbiprofen" title="Flurbiprofen">Flurbiprofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibuprofen" title="Ibuprofen">Ibuprofen</a># (<a href="/wiki/Dexibuprofen" title="Dexibuprofen">Dexibuprofen</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Ibuprofen/paracetamol" title="Ibuprofen/paracetamol">+paracetamol</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketoprofen" title="Ketoprofen">Ketoprofen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dexketoprofen" title="Dexketoprofen">Dexketoprofen</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loxoprofen" title="Loxoprofen">Loxoprofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naproxen" title="Naproxen">Naproxen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxaprozin" title="Oxaprozin">Oxaprozin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suprofen" title="Suprofen">Suprofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiaprofenic_acid" title="Tiaprofenic acid">Tiaprofenic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaltoprofen" title="Zaltoprofen">Zaltoprofen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oxicams</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isoxicam" title="Isoxicam">Isoxicam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lornoxicam" title="Lornoxicam">Lornoxicam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meloxicam" title="Meloxicam">Meloxicam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piroxicam" title="Piroxicam">Piroxicam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenoxicam" title="Tenoxicam">Tenoxicam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Acetates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acemetacin" title="Acemetacin">Acemetacin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromfenac" title="Bromfenac">Bromfenac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diclofenac" title="Diclofenac">Diclofenac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etodolac" title="Etodolac">Etodolac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indometacin" title="Indometacin">Indometacin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indometacin_farnesil" title="Indometacin farnesil">Indometacin farnesil</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketorolac" title="Ketorolac">Ketorolac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulindac" title="Sulindac">Sulindac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolmetin" title="Tolmetin">Tolmetin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zomepirac" title="Zomepirac">Zomepirac</a> ‡</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/COX-2_inhibitor" class="mw-redirect" title="COX-2 inhibitor">COX-2 inhibitors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celecoxib" title="Celecoxib">Celecoxib</a> (<a href="/wiki/Celecoxib/tramadol" title="Celecoxib/tramadol">+tramadol</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etoricoxib" title="Etoricoxib">Etoricoxib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumiracoxib" title="Lumiracoxib">Lumiracoxib</a> ‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parecoxib" title="Parecoxib">Parecoxib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rofecoxib" title="Rofecoxib">Rofecoxib</a> ‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valdecoxib" title="Valdecoxib">Valdecoxib</a> ‡</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fenamic_acid" title="Fenamic acid">Fenamates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flufenamic_acid" title="Flufenamic acid">Flufenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meclofenamic_acid" title="Meclofenamic acid">Meclofenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mefenamic_acid" title="Mefenamic acid">Mefenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolfenamic_acid" title="Tolfenamic acid">Tolfenamic acid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Salicylic_acid" title="Salicylic acid">Salicylates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspirin" title="Aspirin">Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid)</a># (<a href="/wiki/Aspirin/paracetamol/caffeine" title="Aspirin/paracetamol/caffeine">+paracetamol/caffeine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aloxiprin" title="Aloxiprin">Aloxiprin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benorilate" title="Benorilate">Benorylate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbasalate_calcium" title="Carbasalate calcium">Carbasalate calcium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choline_salicylate" class="mw-redirect" title="Choline salicylate">Choline salicylate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diflunisal" title="Diflunisal">Diflunisal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipyrocetyl" title="Dipyrocetyl">Dipyrocetyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethenzamide" title="Ethenzamide">Ethenzamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guacetisal" title="Guacetisal">Guacetisal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imidazole_salicylate" title="Imidazole salicylate">Imidazole salicylate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_salicylate" title="Magnesium salicylate">Magnesium salicylate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morpholine_salicylate" title="Morpholine salicylate">Morpholine salicylate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_salicylate" title="Potassium salicylate">Potassium salicylate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salicin" title="Salicin">Salicin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salicylamide" title="Salicylamide">Salicylamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salsalate" title="Salsalate">Salsalate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_salicylate" title="Sodium salicylate">Sodium salicylate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wintergreen" title="Wintergreen">Wintergreen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Methyl_salicylate" title="Methyl salicylate">methyl salicylate</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pyrazolone" title="Pyrazolone">Pyrazolones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aminophenazone" title="Aminophenazone">Aminophenazone</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ampyrone" title="Ampyrone">Ampyrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metamizole" title="Metamizole">Metamizole (dipyrone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nifenazone" title="Nifenazone">Nifenazone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenazone" title="Phenazone">Phenazone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propyphenazone" title="Propyphenazone">Propyphenazone</a> (<a href="/wiki/Propyphenazone/paracetamol/caffeine" title="Propyphenazone/paracetamol/caffeine">+paracetamol/caffeine</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benzydamine" title="Benzydamine">Benzydamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floctafenine" title="Floctafenine">Floctafenine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glafenine" title="Glafenine">Glafenine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabumetone" title="Nabumetone">Nabumetone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimesulide" title="Nimesulide">Nimesulide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proquazone" title="Proquazone">Proquazone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cannabinoid" title="Cannabinoid">Cannabinoids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabidiol" title="Cannabidiol">Cannabidiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabilone" title="Nabilone">Nabilone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabiximols" title="Nabiximols">Nabiximols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabinol" title="Tetrahydrocannabinol">Tetrahydrocannabinol (dronabinol)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Channel_modulator" title="Channel modulator">Ion channel modulators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calcium_channel_blocker" title="Calcium channel blocker">Calcium blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">Alcohol (ethanol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabapentin" title="Gabapentin">Gabapentin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabapentin_enacarbil" title="Gabapentin enacarbil">Gabapentin enacarbil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leconotide" title="Leconotide">Leconotide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirogabalin" title="Mirogabalin">Mirogabalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregabalin" title="Pregabalin">Pregabalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziconotide" title="Ziconotide">Ziconotide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sodium_channel_blocker" title="Sodium channel blocker">Sodium blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbamazepine" title="Carbamazepine">Carbamazepine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacosamide" title="Lacosamide">Lacosamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_anesthetic" title="Local anesthetic">Local anesthetics</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lidocaine" title="Lidocaine">lidocaine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexiletine" title="Mexiletine">Mexiletine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefopam" title="Nefopam">Nefopam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant" title="Tricyclic antidepressant">Tricyclic antidepressants</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Amitriptyline" title="Amitriptyline">amitriptyline</a>#)</li></ul> <ul><li>Nav1.7/1.8-selective: <a href="/wiki/DSP-2230" title="DSP-2230">DSP-2230</a>§</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funapide" title="Funapide">Funapide</a>§</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PF-05089771" title="PF-05089771">PF-05089771</a>§</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_channel_opener" title="Potassium channel opener">Potassium openers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flupirtine" title="Flupirtine">Flupirtine</a>‡</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Muscle_relaxant" title="Muscle relaxant">Myorelaxants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carisoprodol" title="Carisoprodol">Carisoprodol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorzoxazone" title="Chlorzoxazone">Chlorzoxazone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclobenzaprine" title="Cyclobenzaprine">Cyclobenzaprine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mephenoxalone" title="Mephenoxalone">Mephenoxalone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methocarbamol" title="Methocarbamol">Methocarbamol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphenadrine" title="Orphenadrine">Orphenadrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analgecine" title="Analgecine">Analgecine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analgesic_adjuvant" title="Analgesic adjuvant">Analgesic adjuvant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedinvetmab" title="Bedinvetmab">Bedinvetmab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camphor" title="Camphor">Camphor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capsaicin" title="Capsaicin">Capsaicin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clonidine" title="Clonidine">Clonidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frunevetmab" title="Frunevetmab">Frunevetmab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketamine" title="Ketamine">Ketamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menthol" title="Menthol">Menthol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxyflurane" title="Methoxyflurane">Methoxyflurane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenazopyridine" title="Phenazopyridine">Phenazopyridine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proglumide" title="Proglumide">Proglumide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimazolium" title="Rimazolium">Rimazolium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanezumab" title="Tanezumab">Tanezumab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>#<a href="/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines" title="WHO Model List of Essential Medicines">WHO-EM</a></li> <li>‡<a href="/wiki/List_of_withdrawn_drugs" title="List of withdrawn drugs">Withdrawn</a> from market</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">Clinical trials</a>: <ul><li>†<a href="/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_III" title="Phases of clinical research">Phase III</a></li> <li>§Never to phase III</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Recreational_drug_use" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Drug_use" title="Template:Drug use"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Drug_use" title="Template talk:Drug use"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Drug_use" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Drug use"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Recreational_drug_use" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Recreational_drug_use" title="Recreational drug use">Recreational drug use</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div id="Major_recreational_drugs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Major recreational drugs</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Depressant" title="Depressant">Depressants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbiturate" title="Barbiturate">Barbiturates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">Benzodiazepines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbamate" title="Carbamate">Carbamates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">Ethanol (alcohol)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage" title="Alcoholic beverage">Alcoholic beverage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabapentinoid" title="Gabapentinoid">Gabapentinoids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-Hydroxybutyric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid">GHB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inhalant" title="Inhalant">Inhalants</a> <ul><li>Medical <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">Nitrous oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Recreational_use_of_nitrous_oxide" title="Recreational use of nitrous oxide">recreational use</a>)</li></ul></li> <li>Hazardous <a href="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">solvents</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adhesive#Contact" title="Adhesive">contact adhesives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">Gasoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nail_polish#Nail_polish_remover" title="Nail polish">nail polish remover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paint_thinner" title="Paint thinner">Paint thinner</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freon" title="Freon">Freon</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kava" title="Kava">Kava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonbenzodiazepine" title="Nonbenzodiazepine">Nonbenzodiazepines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinazolinone" title="Quinazolinone">Quinazolinones</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Opioids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buprenorphine" title="Buprenorphine">Buprenorphine</a> <ul><li>Suboxone</li> <li>Subutex</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codeine" title="Codeine">Codeine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lean_(drug)" title="Lean (drug)">Lean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desomorphine" title="Desomorphine">Desomorphine</a> <ul><li>Krokodil</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dextropropoxyphene" title="Dextropropoxyphene">Dextropropoxyphene</a> <ul><li>Darvocet</li> <li>Darvon</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fentanyl" title="Fentanyl">Fentanyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroin" title="Heroin">Diamorphine</a> <ul><li>Heroin</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrocodone" title="Hydrocodone">Hydrocodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydromorphone" title="Hydromorphone">Hydromorphone</a> <ul><li>Dilaudid</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methadone" title="Methadone">Methadone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitragyna_speciosa" title="Mitragyna speciosa">Mitragyna speciosa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kratom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kratom">Kratom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">Morphine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Opium" title="Opium">Opium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxycodone" title="Oxycodone">Oxycodone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oxycodone/paracetamol" title="Oxycodone/paracetamol">/paracetamol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tramadol" title="Tramadol">Tramadol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stimulant" title="Stimulant">Stimulants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">Amphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arecoline" title="Arecoline">Arecoline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Areca" title="Areca">Areca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paan" class="mw-redirect" title="Paan">Betel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">Caffeine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">Coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_drink" title="Energy drink">Energy drinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">Tea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathinone" title="Cathinone">Cathinone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khat" title="Khat">Khat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">Cocaine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coca" title="Coca">Coca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crack_cocaine" title="Crack cocaine">Crack</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephedrine" title="Ephedrine">Ephedrine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ephedra_(medicine)" title="Ephedra (medicine)">Ephedra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylenedioxypyrovalerone" title="Methylenedioxypyrovalerone">MDPV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mephedrone" title="Mephedrone">Mephedrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine" title="Methamphetamine">Methamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylone" title="Methylone">Methylone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylphenidate" title="Methylphenidate">Methylphenidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modafinil" title="Modafinil">Modafinil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">Nicotine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine_polacrilex" title="Nicotine polacrilex">Polacrilex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine_salt" title="Nicotine salt">Salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">Tobacco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theobromine" title="Theobromine">Theobromine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">Cocoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chocolate" title="Chocolate">Chocolate</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Empathogen%E2%80%93entactogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Empathogen–entactogen">Entactogens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2C_(psychedelics)" title="2C (psychedelics)">2C series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6-APB" title="6-APB">6-APB</a> <ul><li>Benzofury</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-Methyltryptamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Methyltryptamine">AMT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine" title="3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine">MDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA">MDMA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MDMA#Forms" title="MDMA">Ecstasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDMA#Forms" title="MDMA">Molly</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hallucinogen" title="Hallucinogen">Hallucinogens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_drug" title="Psychedelic drug">Psychedelics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bufotenin" title="Bufotenin">Bufotenin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_River_toad" title="Colorado River toad">Psychoactive toads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anadenanthera_colubrina" title="Anadenanthera colubrina">Vilca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anadenanthera_peregrina" title="Anadenanthera peregrina">Yopo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N,N-Dimethyltryptamine" title="N,N-Dimethyltryptamine">DMT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayahuasca" title="Ayahuasca">Ayahuasca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergine" title="Ergine">LSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LSD" title="LSD">LSD-25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mescaline" title="Mescaline">Mescaline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Echinopsis_peruviana" class="mw-redirect" title="Echinopsis peruviana">Peruvian torch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peyote" title="Peyote">Peyote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echinopsis_pachanoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Echinopsis pachanoi">San Pedro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psilocybin" title="Psilocybin">Psilocybin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Psilocin" title="Psilocin">Psilocin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psilocybin_mushroom" title="Psilocybin mushroom">Psilocybin mushrooms</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Dissociative" title="Dissociative">Dissociatives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dextromethorphan" title="Dextromethorphan">DXM</a> (<a href="/wiki/Recreational_use_of_dextromethorphan" title="Recreational use of dextromethorphan">recreational use</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glaucine" title="Glaucine">Glaucine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inhalant" title="Inhalant">Inhalants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">Nitrous oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Recreational_use_of_nitrous_oxide" title="Recreational use of nitrous oxide">recreational use</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkyl_nitrites" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkyl nitrites">alkyl nitrites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poppers" title="Poppers">poppers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amyl_nitrite" title="Amyl nitrite">amyl nitrite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketamine" title="Ketamine">Ketamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxetamine" title="Methoxetamine">MXE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscimol" title="Muscimol">Muscimol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_muscaria" title="Amanita muscaria">Amanita muscaria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phencyclidine" title="Phencyclidine">PCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvinorin_A" title="Salvinorin A">Salvinorin A</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvia_divinorum" title="Salvia divinorum">Salvia divinorum</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Deliriant" title="Deliriant">Deliriants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atropine" title="Atropine">Atropine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scopolamine" title="Scopolamine">Scopolamine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atropa_belladonna" title="Atropa belladonna">Atropa belladonna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Datura" title="Datura">Datura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyoscyamus_niger" title="Hyoscyamus niger">Hyoscyamus niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandragora_officinarum" title="Mandragora officinarum">Mandragora officinarum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimenhydrinate" title="Dimenhydrinate">Dimenhydrinate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphenhydramine" title="Diphenhydramine">Diphenhydramine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Cannabinoid" title="Cannabinoid">Cannabinoids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabinol" title="Tetrahydrocannabinol">THC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">Cannabis (Marijuana)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashish" title="Hashish">Hashish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hash_oil" title="Hash oil">Hash oil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocannabinoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Neocannabinoid">Neocannabinoid / synthetic cannabinoids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JWH-018" title="JWH-018">JWH-018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APICA_(synthetic_cannabinoid_drug)" title="APICA (synthetic cannabinoid drug)">APICA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APINACA" title="APINACA">APINACA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spice_(drug)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spice (drug)">Spice</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Oneirogen" title="Oneirogen">Oneirogens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calea_ternifolia" title="Calea ternifolia">Calea zacatechichi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silene_undulata" title="Silene undulata">Silene capensis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Club_drug" title="Club drug">Club drugs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">Cocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methaqualone" title="Methaqualone">Quaaludes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA">MDMA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MDMA#Forms" title="MDMA">Ecstasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDMA#Forms" title="MDMA">Molly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">Nitrous oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Recreational_use_of_nitrous_oxide" title="Recreational use of nitrous oxide">recreational use</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poppers" title="Poppers">Poppers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div id="Drug_culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Drug_culture" title="Drug culture">Drug culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_culture" title="Cannabis culture">Cannabis culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/420_(cannabis_culture)" title="420 (cannabis culture)">420</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_consumption" title="Cannabis consumption">Cannabis consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_cultivation" title="Cannabis cultivation">Cannabis cultivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_edible" title="Cannabis edible">Cannabis edible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_rights" title="Cannabis rights">Cannabis rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cannabis_rights_leaders" title="List of cannabis rights leaders">Cannabis rights leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cannabis_rights_organizations" title="List of cannabis rights organizations">List of cannabis rights organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_smoking" title="Cannabis smoking">Cannabis smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_Social_Club" title="Cannabis Social Club">Cannabis Social Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_tea" title="Cannabis tea">Cannabis tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaporizer_(inhalation_device)#Cannabis_vaporizers" title="Vaporizer (inhalation device)">Cannabis vaping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_shop" title="Head shop">Head shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_history_of_cannabis_in_the_United_States" title="Legal history of cannabis in the United States">Legal history of cannabis in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_cannabis" title="Legality of cannabis">Legality of cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marijuana_Policy_Project" title="Marijuana Policy Project">Marijuana Policy Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_cannabis" title="Medical cannabis">Medical cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Organization_for_the_Reform_of_Marijuana_Laws" title="National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws">NORML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_and_religion" title="Cannabis and religion">Cannabis and religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoner_film" title="Stoner film">Stoner film</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coffee_culture" title="Coffee culture">Coffee culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Break_(work)#Coffee_break" title="Break (work)">Coffee break</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffeehouse" title="Coffeehouse">Coffeehouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latte_art" title="Latte art">Latte art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teahouse" title="Teahouse">Teahouse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Drinking_culture" title="Drinking culture">Drinking culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bartender" title="Bartender">Bartending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer#Beer_and_society" title="Beer">Beer culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_festival" title="Beer festival">Beer festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binge_drinking" title="Binge drinking">Binge drinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diethyl_ether#Recreational_use" title="Diethyl ether">Diethyl ether</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_game" title="Drinking game">Drinking games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_song" title="Drinking song">Drinking song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happy_hour" title="Happy hour">Happy hour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_flask" title="Hip flask">Hip flask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nightclub" title="Nightclub">Nightclub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oktoberfest" title="Oktoberfest">Oktoberfest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pub" title="Pub">Pub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pub_crawl" title="Pub crawl">Pub crawl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sommelier" title="Sommelier">Sommelier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_(establishment)" title="Bar (establishment)">Sports bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailgate_party" title="Tailgate party">Tailgate party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_bar" title="Wine bar">Wine bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_tasting" title="Wine tasting">Wine tasting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Psychedelia" title="Psychedelia">Psychedelia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychonautics" title="Psychonautics">Psychonautics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_art" title="Psychedelic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_drug" title="Psychedelic drug">Drug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_era" title="Psychedelic era">Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_experience" title="Psychedelic experience">Experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychedelic literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_music" title="Psychedelic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_microdosing" title="Psychedelic microdosing">Microdosing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_shop" title="Smart shop">Smart shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_therapy" title="Psychedelic therapy">Therapy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Smoking#Society_and_culture" title="Smoking">Smoking culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cigarette_card" title="Cigarette card">Cigarette card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_cigarettes" title="Fashion cigarettes">Fashion cigarettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud-chasing" title="Cloud-chasing">Cloud-chasing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loosie" title="Loosie">Loosie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smokeasy" title="Smokeasy">Smokeasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_fetishism" title="Smoking fetishism">Smoking fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_smoking" title="Tobacco smoking">Tobacco smoking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chasing_the_dragon" title="Chasing the dragon">Chasing the dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_drug" title="Club drug">Club drug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">Counterculture of the 1960s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_party" title="Dance party">Dance party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_paraphernalia" title="Drug paraphernalia">Drug paraphernalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreational_drug_tourism" title="Recreational drug tourism">Drug tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogen" title="Entheogen">Entheogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippie" title="Hippie">Hippie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needle_sharing" title="Needle sharing">Needle sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nootropic" title="Nootropic">Nootropic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_and_play" title="Party and play">Party and play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poly_drug_use" class="mw-redirect" title="Poly drug use">Poly drug use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rave" title="Rave">Rave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_drugs" title="Religion and drugs">Religion and drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-medication" title="Self-medication">Self-medication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_drugs" title="Sex and drugs">Sex and drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_legends_about_drugs" title="Urban legends about drugs">Urban legends about drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whoonga" title="Whoonga">Whoonga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div id="Legality_of_drug_use" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Legality of drug use</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_drug_control_conventions" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations drug control conventions">International drug control conventions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_Convention_on_Narcotic_Drugs" title="Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs">1961 Narcotic Drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Psychotropic_Substances" title="Convention on Psychotropic Substances">1971 Psychotropic Substances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_Against_Illicit_Traffic_in_Narcotic_Drugs_and_Psychotropic_Substances" title="United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances">1988 Drug Trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other treaties addressing drugs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea" title="United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea">Law of the Sea Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Convention_Against_Doping_in_Sport" title="International Convention Against Doping in Sport">Convention Against Doping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_European_Union_decisions_on_designer_drugs" title="Council of the European Union decisions on designer drugs">Council of the European Union decisions on designer drugs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State level</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy" title="Drug policy">Drug policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decriminalization" title="Decriminalization">Decriminalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legalization" title="Legalization">Legalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_of_drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Prohibition of drugs">Prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation" title="Regulation">Regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply_reduction" title="Supply reduction">Supply reduction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug policy reform">Policy reform</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demand_reduction" title="Demand reduction">Demand reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_Policy_Alliance" title="Drug Policy Alliance">Drug Policy Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harm_reduction" title="Harm reduction">Harm reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_Enforcement_Action_Partnership" title="Law Enforcement Action Partnership">Law Enforcement Action Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_liberalization" title="Drug liberalization">Liberalization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_drug_legalization" title="Latin American drug legalization">Latin America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Students_for_Sensible_Drug_Policy" title="Students for Sensible Drug Policy">Students for Sensible Drug Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transform_Drug_Policy_Foundation" title="Transform Drug Policy Foundation">Transform Drug Policy Foundation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Drug policy by country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy#Australia" title="Drug policy">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Canada" title="Drug policy of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug policy of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy#Germany" title="Drug policy">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_India" title="Drug policy of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Drug policy of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Portugal" title="Drug policy of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Slovakia" title="Drug policy of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Drug policy of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Sweden" title="Drug policy of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy#Switzerland" title="Drug policy">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_drug_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Federal drug policy of the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Just_Say_No" title="Just Say No">Just Say No</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_National_Drug_Control_Policy" title="Office of National Drug Control Policy">Office of National Drug Control Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_district_drug_policies" title="School district drug policies">School district drug policies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_California" title="Drug policy of California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Colorado" title="Cannabis in Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Maryland" title="Drug policy of Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Oregon" title="Drug policy of Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Virginia" title="Drug policy of Virginia">Virginia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Drug legality</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_law" title="Alcohol law">Alcohol legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabolic_steroid#Legal_status" title="Anabolic steroid">Anabolic steroid legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_cannabis" title="Legality of cannabis">Cannabis legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_cocaine" title="Legal status of cocaine">Cocaine legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_methamphetamine" title="Legal status of methamphetamine">Methamphetamine legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psilocybin_decriminalization_in_the_United_States" title="Psilocybin decriminalization in the United States">Psilocybin decriminalization in the U.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_psilocybin_mushrooms" title="Legal status of psilocybin mushrooms">Psilocybin mushrooms legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_Salvia_divinorum" title="Legal status of Salvia divinorum">Salvia legality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arguments_for_and_against_drug_prohibition" title="Arguments for and against drug prohibition">Arguments for and against drug prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_rights" title="Cannabis rights">Cannabis rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_drug_trafficking" title="Capital punishment for drug trafficking">Capital punishment for drug trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_liberty" title="Cognitive liberty">Cognitive liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Designer_drug" title="Designer drug">Designer drug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_court" title="Drug court">Drug court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_possession" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug possession">Drug possession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_test" title="Drug test">Drug test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Informant" title="Informant">Narc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_drug_abuse" title="Politics of drug abuse">Politics of drug abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_drugs" title="War on drugs">War on drugs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_drug_war" title="Mexican drug war">Mexican drug war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plan_Colombia" title="Plan Colombia">Plan Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_drug_war" title="Philippine drug war">Philippine drug war</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_tolerance" title="Zero tolerance">Zero tolerance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div id="Other" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Drug production and trade</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Drug production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coca_production_in_Colombia" title="Coca production in Colombia">Coca production in Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precursor_chemicals" title="Precursor chemicals">Drug precursors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan" title="Opium production in Afghanistan">Opium production in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolling_meth_lab" title="Rolling meth lab">Rolling meth lab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Drug trade</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade" title="Illegal drug trade">Illegal drug trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Aruba" title="Illegal drug trade in Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Belize" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Benin" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Bhutan" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Bolivia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Burma">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drugs_in_Cambodia" title="Drugs in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_China" title="Illegal drug trade in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Colombia" title="Illegal drug trade in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Costa_Rica" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_Dominican_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_El_Salvador" title="Illegal drug trade in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Estonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Haiti" title="Illegal drug trade in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Honduras" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_Indian_Ocean_region" title="Illegal drug trade in the Indian Ocean region">Indian Ocean region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Japan" title="Illegal drug trade in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Kyrgyzstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Laos" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Latin_America" title="Illegal drug trade in Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Latvia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_trafficking_in_Mauritius" title="Drug trafficking in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Panama" title="Illegal drug trade in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Papua_New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Paraguay" title="Illegal drug trade in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_Philippines" title="Illegal drug trade in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Illegal drug trade in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Seychelles" title="Illegal drug trade in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Slovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Suriname" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Turkey" title="Illegal drug trade in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Illegal drug trade in the Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_United_States" title="Illegal drug trade in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Venezuela" title="Illegal drug trade in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darknet_market" title="Darknet market">Darknet market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_distribution" title="Pharmaceutical distribution">Pharmaceutical distribution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beer_shop" class="mw-redirect" title="Beer shop">Beer shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_shop" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannabis shop">Cannabis shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquor_store" title="Liquor store">Liquor store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquor_license" title="Liquor license">Liquor license</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues with drug use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Substance_abuse" title="Substance abuse">Abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Addiction" title="Addiction">Addiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Date_rape_drug" title="Date rape drug">Date rape drug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_dependence" title="Substance dependence">Dependence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_under_the_influence" title="Driving under the influence">Driving impaired</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_harmfulness" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug harmfulness">Drug harmfulness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_cannabis" title="Effects of cannabis">Effects of cannabis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug-related_crime" title="Drug-related crime">Drug-related crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetal_alcohol_spectrum_disorder" title="Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder">Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-term_effects_of_cannabis" title="Long-term effects of cannabis">Long-term effects of cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurotoxicity" title="Neurotoxicity">Neurotoxicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_overdose" title="Drug overdose">Overdose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_smoking" title="Passive smoking">Passive smoking</a> <ul><li>of tobacco or other substances</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Harm reduction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_checking" title="Drug checking">Drug checking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_legalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug legalization">Drug legalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_rehabilitation" title="Drug rehabilitation">Drug rehabilitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needle_and_syringe_programmes" title="Needle and syringe programmes">Needle and syringe programmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid_replacement_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Opioid replacement therapy">Opioid replacement therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacovigilance" title="Pharmacovigilance">Pharmacovigilance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagent_testing" title="Reagent testing">Reagent testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods" title="Regulation of therapeutic goods">Regulation of therapeutic goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Responsible_drug_use" title="Responsible drug use">Responsible drug use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_abuse_prevention" title="Substance abuse prevention">Substance abuse prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervised_injection_site" title="Supervised injection site">Supervised injection site</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Countries by drug use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_alcohol_consumption_per_capita" title="List of countries by alcohol consumption per capita">Alcohol consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_prevalence_of_cocaine_use" title="List of countries by prevalence of cocaine use">Cocaine use</a></li> <li>Cannabis <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annual_cannabis_use_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Annual cannabis use by country">Annual use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adult_lifetime_cannabis_use_by_country" title="Adult lifetime cannabis use by country">Lifetime use</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_prevalence_of_opiates_use" title="List of countries by prevalence of opiates use">Opiates use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_tobacco_consumption" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by tobacco consumption">Tobacco consumption</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Drugs_which_induce_euphoria" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Euphoriants" title="Template:Euphoriants"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Euphoriants" title="Template talk:Euphoriants"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Euphoriants" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Euphoriants"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Drugs_which_induce_euphoria" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Drugs which induce <a href="/wiki/Euphoriant" class="mw-redirect" title="Euphoriant">euphoria</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CE%9C-Opioid_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Μ-Opioid receptor">μ-Opioid receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Agonist" title="Agonist">agonists</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">opioids</a>) (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">morphine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heroin" title="Heroin">heroin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrocodone" title="Hydrocodone">hydrocodone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxycodone" title="Oxycodone">oxycodone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Opium" title="Opium">opium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kratom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kratom">kratom</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltage-dependent_calcium_channel#.CE.B12.CE.B4_Subunit" class="mw-redirect" title="Voltage-dependent calcium channel">α2δ subunit</a>-containing <a href="/wiki/Voltage-dependent_calcium_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Voltage-dependent calcium channel">voltage-dependent calcium channels</a> <a href="/wiki/Calcium_channel_blocker" title="Calcium channel blocker">blockers</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gabapentinoid" title="Gabapentinoid">gabapentinoids</a>) (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Gabapentin" title="Gabapentin">gabapentin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pregabalin" title="Pregabalin">pregabalin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phenibut" title="Phenibut">phenibut</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMPA_receptor" title="AMPA receptor">AMPA receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Receptor_antagonist" title="Receptor antagonist">antagonists</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Perampanel" title="Perampanel">perampanel</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CB1_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="CB1 receptor">CB1 receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Agonist" title="Agonist">agonists</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabinoid" title="Cannabinoid">cannabinoids</a>) (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabinol" title="Tetrahydrocannabinol">THC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">cannabis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_agonist" title="Dopamine agonist">Dopamine receptor agonists</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Levodopa" title="Levodopa">levodopa</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_releasing_agent" title="Dopamine releasing agent">Dopamine releasing agents</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">amphetamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine" title="Methamphetamine">methamphetamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA">MDMA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mephedrone" title="Mephedrone">mephedrone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Dopamine reuptake inhibitor">Dopamine reuptake inhibitors</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methylphenidate" title="Methylphenidate">methylphenidate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GABAA_receptor" title="GABAA receptor">GABAA receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Positive_allosteric_modulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Positive allosteric modulator">positive allosteric modulators</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Barbiturate" title="Barbiturate">barbiturates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">benzodiazepines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbamate" title="Carbamate">carbamates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">ethanol (alcohol)</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_drink" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcoholic drink">alcoholic drink</a>), <a href="/wiki/Inhalant" title="Inhalant">inhalants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nonbenzodiazepine" title="Nonbenzodiazepine">nonbenzodiazepines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quinazolinone" title="Quinazolinone">quinazolinones</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-Hydroxybutyric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid">GHB</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sodium_oxybate" title="Sodium oxybate">sodium oxybate</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Structural_analog" title="Structural analog">analogues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glucocorticoid" title="Glucocorticoid">Glucocorticoids (corticosteroids)</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Dexamethasone" title="Dexamethasone">dexamethasone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prednisone" title="Prednisone">prednisone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotinic_agonist" title="Nicotinic agonist">nACh receptor agonists</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">nicotine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arecoline" title="Arecoline">arecoline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Areca_nut" title="Areca nut">areca nut</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide_donor" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitric oxide donor">Nitric oxide prodrugs</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Alkyl_nitrite" title="Alkyl nitrite">alkyl nitrites</a> (<a href="/wiki/Poppers" title="Poppers">poppers</a>))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NMDA_receptor_antagonist" title="NMDA receptor antagonist">NMDA receptor antagonists</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Dextromethorphan" title="Dextromethorphan">DXM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ketamine" title="Ketamine">ketamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methoxetamine" title="Methoxetamine">methoxetamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">nitrous oxide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phencyclidine" title="Phencyclidine">phencyclidine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inhalant" title="Inhalant">inhalants</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orexin_antagonist" title="Orexin antagonist">Orexin receptor antagonists</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Suvorexant" title="Suvorexant">suvorexant</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>See also: <a href="/wiki/Template:Drug_use" title="Template:Drug use">Recreational drug use</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Neuropathic_pain_and_fibromyalgia_pharmacotherapies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Neuropathic_pain_and_fibromyalgia_pharmacotherapies" title="Template:Neuropathic pain and fibromyalgia pharmacotherapies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Neuropathic_pain_and_fibromyalgia_pharmacotherapies" title="Template talk:Neuropathic pain and fibromyalgia pharmacotherapies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Neuropathic_pain_and_fibromyalgia_pharmacotherapies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Neuropathic pain and fibromyalgia pharmacotherapies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Neuropathic_pain_and_fibromyalgia_pharmacotherapies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Neuropathic_pain" title="Neuropathic pain">Neuropathic pain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fibromyalgia" title="Fibromyalgia">fibromyalgia</a> <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical drug">pharmacotherapies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monoaminergic" title="Monoaminergic">Monoaminergics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serotonin%E2%80%93norepinephrine_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor"><abbr title="Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor">SNRIs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Duloxetine" title="Duloxetine">duloxetine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milnacipran" title="Milnacipran">milnacipran</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressants" class="mw-redirect" title="Tricyclic antidepressants"><abbr title="Tricyclic antidepressants">TCAs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Amitriptyline" title="Amitriptyline">amitriptyline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nortriptyline" title="Nortriptyline">nortriptyline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dosulepin" title="Dosulepin">dosulepin</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Opioid</a> <a href="/wiki/Monoamine_reuptake_inhibitors" class="mw-redirect" title="Monoamine reuptake inhibitors"><abbr title="monoamine reuptake inhibitors">MRIs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip monoamine reuptake inhibitors (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Tapentadol" title="Tapentadol">tapentadol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tramadol" title="Tramadol">tramadol</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ion_channel_blocker" class="mw-redirect" title="Ion channel blocker">Ion channel blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anticonvulsant" title="Anticonvulsant">Anticonvulsants</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Gabapentin" title="Gabapentin">gabapentin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pregabalin" title="Pregabalin">pregabalin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mirogabalin" title="Mirogabalin">mirogabalin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbamazepine" title="Carbamazepine">carbamazepine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxcarbazepine" title="Oxcarbazepine">oxcarbazepine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lacosamide" title="Lacosamide">lacosamide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lamotrigine" title="Lamotrigine">lamotrigine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_anesthetic" title="Local anesthetic">Local anesthetics</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Lidocaine" title="Lidocaine">lidocaine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexiletine" title="Mexiletine">Mexiletine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressants" class="mw-redirect" title="Tricyclic antidepressants"><abbr title="Tricyclic antidepressants">TCAs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Amitriptyline" title="Amitriptyline">amitriptyline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nortriptyline" title="Nortriptyline">nortriptyline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Desipramine" title="Desipramine">desipramine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziconotide" title="Ziconotide">Ziconotide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_lipoic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha lipoic acid">Alpha lipoic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benfotiamine" title="Benfotiamine">Benfotiamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botulinum_toxin_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Botulinum toxin A">Botulinum toxin A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bupropion" title="Bupropion">Bupropion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabinoid" title="Cannabinoid">Cannabinoids</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">cannabis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dronabinol" title="Dronabinol">dronabinol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nabilone" title="Nabilone">nabilone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NMDA_receptor_antagonist" title="NMDA receptor antagonist">NMDA receptor antagonists</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Ketamine" title="Ketamine">ketamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dextromethorphan" title="Dextromethorphan">dextromethorphan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methadone" title="Methadone">methadone</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Opioids</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Hydrocodone" title="Hydrocodone">hydrocodone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">morphine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxycodone" title="Oxycodone">oxycodone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methadone" title="Methadone">methadone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buprenorphine" title="Buprenorphine">buprenorphine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tramadol" title="Tramadol">tramadol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tapentadol" title="Tapentadol">tapentadol</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_oxybate" title="Sodium oxybate">Sodium oxybate (<abbr title="γ-hydroxybutyric acid">GHB</abbr>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Opioid_receptor_modulators" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Opioid_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Opioid receptor modulators"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Opioid_receptor_modulators" title="Template talk:Opioid receptor modulators"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Opioid_receptor_modulators" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Opioid receptor modulators"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Opioid_receptor_modulators" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Opioid_receptor" title="Opioid receptor">Opioid receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Receptor_modulator" title="Receptor modulator">modulators</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%CE%9C-opioid_receptor" title="Μ-opioid receptor">μ-opioid</a> (MOR)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Agonists(abridged;_full_list)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agonists (abridged; <a href="/wiki/List_of_opioids" title="List of opioids">full list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3-HO-PCP" title="3-HO-PCP">3-HO-PCP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=7-Acetoxymitragynine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="7-Acetoxymitragynine (page does not exist)">7-Acetoxymitragynine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7-Hydroxymitragynine" title="7-Hydroxymitragynine">7-Hydroxymitragynine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%A8-Akuammigine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ψ-Akuammigine (page does not exist)">ψ-Akuammigine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlornaltrexamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlornaltrexamine">α-Chlornaltrexamine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpha-Narcotine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alpha-Narcotine (page does not exist)">α-Narcotine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acetyldihydrocodeine" title="Acetyldihydrocodeine">Acetyldihydrocodeine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acetylfentanyl" title="Acetylfentanyl">Acetylfentanyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acrylfentanyl" title="Acrylfentanyl">Acrylfentanyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrenorphin" title="Adrenorphin">Adrenorphin (metorphamide)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AH-7921" title="AH-7921">AH-7921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akuammicine" title="Akuammicine">Akuammicine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akuammidine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Akuammidine (page does not exist)">Akuammidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfentanil" title="Alfentanil">Alfentanil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anileridine" title="Anileridine">Anileridine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apparicine" title="Apparicine">Apparicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta-Endorphin" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-Endorphin">β-Endorphin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bovine_adrenal_medullary_peptide-12P&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bovine adrenal medullary peptide-12P (page does not exist)">BAM-12P</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bovine_adrenal_medullary_peptide-18P&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bovine adrenal medullary peptide-18P (page does not exist)">BAM-18P</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bovine_adrenal_medullary_peptide-22P&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bovine adrenal medullary peptide-22P (page does not exist)">BAM-22P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzhydrocodone" title="Benzhydrocodone">Benzhydrocodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzylmorphine" title="Benzylmorphine">Benzylmorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bezitramide" title="Bezitramide">Bezitramide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biphalin" title="Biphalin">Biphalin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BU08070&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BU08070 (page does not exist)">BU08070</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buprenorphine" title="Buprenorphine">Buprenorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butorphan" class="mw-redirect" title="Butorphan">Butorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butorphanol" title="Butorphanol">Butorphanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butyrfentanyl" title="Butyrfentanyl">Butyrfentanyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BW373U86" title="BW373U86">BW373U86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carfentanil" title="Carfentanil">Carfentanil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casokefamide" title="Casokefamide">Casokefamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebranopadol" title="Cebranopadol">Cebranopadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloroxymorphamine" title="Chloroxymorphamine">Chloroxymorphamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codeine" title="Codeine">Codeine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DADLE" title="DADLE">DADLE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DAMGO" title="DAMGO">DAMGO (DAGO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dermorphin" title="Dermorphin">Dermorphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmetramadol" title="Desmetramadol">Desmetramadol (desmethyltramadol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desomorphine" title="Desomorphine">Desomorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dextromoramide" title="Dextromoramide">Dextromoramide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dextropropoxyphene" title="Dextropropoxyphene">Dextropropoxyphene (propoxyphene)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dezocine" title="Dezocine">Dezocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimenoxadol" title="Dimenoxadol">Dimenoxadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethylaminopivalophenone" title="Dimethylaminopivalophenone">Dimethylaminopivalophenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eluxadoline" title="Eluxadoline">Eluxadoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroin" title="Heroin">Diamorphine (heroin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydrocodeine" title="Dihydrocodeine">Dihydrocodeine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydroetorphine" title="Dihydroetorphine">Dihydroetorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydromorphine" title="Dihydromorphine">Dihydromorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinalbuphine_sebacate" title="Dinalbuphine sebacate">Dinalbuphine sebacate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphenoxylate" title="Diphenoxylate">Diphenoxylate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipipanone" title="Dipipanone">Dipipanone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynorphin_A" title="Dynorphin A">Dynorphin A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embutramide" title="Embutramide">Embutramide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endomorphin-1" title="Endomorphin-1">Endomorphin-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endomorphin-2" title="Endomorphin-2">Endomorphin-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eseroline" title="Eseroline">Eseroline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylmorphine" title="Ethylmorphine">Ethylmorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etorphine" title="Etorphine">Etorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fentanyl" title="Fentanyl">Fentanyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorophen" title="Fluorophen">Fluorophen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frakefamide" title="Frakefamide">Frakefamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furanylfentanyl" title="Furanylfentanyl">Furanylfentanyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemorphin-4" title="Hemorphin-4">Hemorphin-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herkinorin" title="Herkinorin">Herkinorin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hodgkinsine" title="Hodgkinsine">Hodgkinsine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrocodone" title="Hydrocodone">Hydrocodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydromorphinol" title="Hydromorphinol">Hydromorphinol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydromorphone" title="Hydromorphone">Hydromorphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBNtxA" title="IBNtxA">IBNtxA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketamine" title="Ketamine">Ketamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketobemidone" title="Ketobemidone">Ketobemidone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitragyna_speciosa" title="Mitragyna speciosa">Kratom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laudanosine" title="Laudanosine">Laudanosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lefetamine" title="Lefetamine">Lefetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leu-enkephalin" title="Leu-enkephalin">Leu-enkephalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levacetylmethadol" title="Levacetylmethadol">Levacetylmethadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levomethorphan" title="Levomethorphan">Levomethorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levorphanol" title="Levorphanol">Levorphanol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lexanopadol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lexanopadol (page does not exist)">Lexanopadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loperamide" title="Loperamide">Loperamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loxicodegol" class="mw-redirect" title="Loxicodegol">Loxicodegol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LS-115509" title="LS-115509">LS-115509</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrine" title="Matrine">Matrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meptazinol" title="Meptazinol">Meptazinol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Met-enkephalin" title="Met-enkephalin">Met-enkephalin (metenkefalin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methadone" title="Methadone">Methadone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metkefamide" title="Metkefamide">Metkefamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metopon" title="Metopon">Metopon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitragynine" title="Mitragynine">Mitragynine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitragynine_pseudoindoxyl" title="Mitragynine pseudoindoxyl">Mitragynine pseudoindoxyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphiceptin" title="Morphiceptin">Morphiceptin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">Morphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalbuphine" title="Nalbuphine">Nalbuphine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naloxone_benzoylhydrazone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Naloxone benzoylhydrazone (page does not exist)">NalBzOH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalmexone" title="Nalmexone">Nalmexone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naltalimide" title="Naltalimide">Naltalimide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neopine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neopine (page does not exist)">Neopine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NFEPP" title="NFEPP">NFEPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicocodeine" title="Nicocodeine">Nicocodeine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicodicodine" title="Nicodicodine">Nicodicodine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicomorphine" title="Nicomorphine">Nicomorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norketamine" title="Norketamine">Norketamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nufenoxole" title="Nufenoxole">Nufenoxole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octreotide" title="Octreotide">Octreotide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliceridine" title="Oliceridine">Oliceridine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxycodegol" title="Oxycodegol">Oxycodegol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxymorphone-3-methoxynaltrexonazine" title="Oxymorphone-3-methoxynaltrexonazine">OM-3-MNZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oripavine" title="Oripavine">Oripavine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxycodone" title="Oxycodone">Oxycodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxymorphazone" title="Oxymorphazone">Oxymorphazone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxymorphonazine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oxymorphonazine (page does not exist)">Oxymorphonazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxymorphone" title="Oxymorphone">Oxymorphone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxymorphone_phenylhydrazone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oxymorphone phenylhydrazone (page does not exist)">Oxymorphone phenylhydrazone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxymorphone_p-nitrophenylhydrazone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oxymorphone p-nitrophenylhydrazone (page does not exist)">OxyPNPH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papaver_somniferum" title="Papaver somniferum">Papaver somniferum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Opium" title="Opium">opium</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentazocine" title="Pentazocine">Pentazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pericine" title="Pericine">Pericine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pethidine" title="Pethidine">Pethidine (meperidine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenazocine" title="Phenazocine">Phenazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phencyclidine" title="Phencyclidine">Phencyclidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piminodine" title="Piminodine">Piminodine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piritramide" title="Piritramide">Piritramide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PL-017&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PL-017 (page does not exist)">PL-017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prodine" title="Prodine">Prodine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propiram" title="Propiram">Propiram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PZM21" title="PZM21">PZM21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methorphan" title="Methorphan">Racemethorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racemorphan" title="Racemorphan">Racemorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remifentanil" title="Remifentanil">Remifentanil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salsolinol" title="Salsolinol">Salsolinol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SC-17599" title="SC-17599">SC-17599</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinomenine" title="Sinomenine">Sinomenine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufentanil" title="Sufentanil">Sufentanil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapentadol" title="Tapentadol">Tapentadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydropapaveroline" title="Tetrahydropapaveroline">Tetrahydropapaveroline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TH-030418" title="TH-030418">TH-030418</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thebaine" title="Thebaine">Thebaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thienorphine" title="Thienorphine">Thienorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianeptine" title="Tianeptine">Tianeptine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilidine" title="Tilidine">Tilidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tramadol" title="Tramadol">Tramadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimebutine" title="Trimebutine">Trimebutine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRIMU_5" title="TRIMU 5">TRIMU 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRV734" title="TRV734">TRV734</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tubotaiwine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tubotaiwine (page does not exist)">Tubotaiwine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U-47700" title="U-47700">U-47700</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valorphin" title="Valorphin">Valorphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viminol" title="Viminol">Viminol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xorphanol" title="Xorphanol">Xorphanol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antagonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Picenadol" title="Picenadol">(3S,4S)-Picenadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viminol" title="Viminol">2-(S)-N,N-(R)-Viminol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3CS-nalmefene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3CS-nalmefene (page does not exist)">3CS-nalmefene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Caffeoyl-1,5-quinide" title="4-Caffeoyl-1,5-quinide">4-Caffeoyl-1,5-quinide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4%E2%80%B2-Hydroxyflavanone" class="mw-redirect" title="4′-Hydroxyflavanone">4′-Hydroxyflavanone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4%27,7-Dihydroxyflavone" title="4',7-Dihydroxyflavone">4',7-Dihydroxyflavone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6%CE%B2-Naltrexol" title="6β-Naltrexol">6β-Naltrexol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6%CE%B2-Naltrexol-d4" title="6β-Naltrexol-d4">6β-Naltrexol-d4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18-Methoxycoronaridine" title="18-Methoxycoronaridine">18-MC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-Gliadin" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Gliadin">α-Gliadin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlornaltrexamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlornaltrexamine">β-Chlornaltrexamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta-Funaltrexamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-Funaltrexamine">β-Funaltrexamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akuammine" title="Akuammine">Akuammine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvimopan" title="Alvimopan">Alvimopan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AM-251_(drug)" title="AM-251 (drug)">AM-251</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apigenin" title="Apigenin">Apigenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AT-076" title="AT-076">AT-076</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axelopran" title="Axelopran">Axelopran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bevenopran" title="Bevenopran">Bevenopran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catechin" title="Catechin">Catechin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicatechin_gallate" title="Epicatechin gallate">Catechin gallate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clocinnamox" title="Clocinnamox">Clocinnamox</a></li> <li>CTAP</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CTOP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CTOP (page does not exist)">CTOP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyclofoxy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyclofoxy (page does not exist)">Cyclofoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprodime" title="Cyprodime">Cyprodime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diacetylnalorphine" title="Diacetylnalorphine">Diacetylnalorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diprenorphine" title="Diprenorphine">Diprenorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicatechin_gallate" title="Epicatechin gallate">ECG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallocatechol" title="Gallocatechol">EGC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicatechin" class="mw-redirect" title="Epicatechin">Epicatechin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eptazocine" title="Eptazocine">Eptazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemazocine" title="Gemazocine">Gemazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ginsenoside_R&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ginsenoside R (page does not exist)">Ginsenoside R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperoside" title="Hyperoside">Hyperoside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibogaine" title="Ibogaine">Ibogaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JDTic" title="JDTic">JDTic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levallorphan" title="Levallorphan">Levallorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobeline" title="Lobeline">Lobeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LY-255582" title="LY-255582">LY-255582</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LY-2196044" class="mw-redirect" title="LY-2196044">LY-2196044</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methocinnamox" title="Methocinnamox">Methocinnamox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylnaltrexone" title="Methylnaltrexone">Methylnaltrexone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methylsamidorphan_chloride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Methylsamidorphan chloride (page does not exist)">Methylsamidorphan chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naldemedine" title="Naldemedine">Naldemedine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalmefene" title="Nalmefene">Nalmefene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalodeine" title="Nalodeine">Nalodeine (N-allylnorcodeine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalorphine" title="Nalorphine">Nalorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalorphine_dinicotinate" title="Nalorphine dinicotinate">Nalorphine dinicotinate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naloxazone" title="Naloxazone">Naloxazone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naloxegol" title="Naloxegol">Naloxegol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naloxol" title="Naloxol">Naloxol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naloxonazine" title="Naloxonazine">Naloxonazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naloxone" title="Naloxone">Naloxone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naltrexazone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Naltrexazone (page does not exist)">Naltrexazone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naltrexonazine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Naltrexonazine (page does not exist)">Naltrexonazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naltrexone" title="Naltrexone">Naltrexone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naltrindole" title="Naltrindole">Naltrindole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naringenin" title="Naringenin">Naringenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noribogaine" title="Noribogaine">Noribogaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxilorphan" title="Oxilorphan">Oxilorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawhuskin_A" title="Pawhuskin A">Pawhuskin A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimonabant" title="Rimonabant">Rimonabant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadazocine" title="Quadazocine">Quadazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samidorphan" title="Samidorphan">Samidorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxifolin" title="Taxifolin">Taxifolin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%CE%94-opioid_receptor" title="Δ-opioid receptor">δ-opioid</a> (DOR)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3CS-nalmefene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3CS-nalmefene (page does not exist)">3CS-nalmefene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6%27-Guanidinonaltrindole" title="6'-Guanidinonaltrindole">6'-GNTI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7-Spiroindanyloxymorphone" title="7-Spiroindanyloxymorphone">7-SIOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ADL-5747" title="ADL-5747">ADL-5747 (PF-04856881)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ADL-5859" title="ADL-5859">ADL-5859</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alazocine" title="Alazocine">Alazocine (SKF-10047)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoxapine" title="Amoxapine">Amoxapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARM390" title="ARM390">AR-M100390 (ARM390)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AZD2327" class="mw-redirect" title="AZD2327">AZD2327</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta-Endorphin" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-Endorphin">β-Endorphin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bovine_adrenal_medullary_peptide-18P&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bovine adrenal medullary peptide-18P (page does not exist)">BAM-18P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biphalin" title="Biphalin">Biphalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BU-48" title="BU-48">BU-48</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butorphan" class="mw-redirect" title="Butorphan">Butorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butorphanol" title="Butorphanol">Butorphanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BW373U86" title="BW373U86">BW373U86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casokefamide" title="Casokefamide">Casokefamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebranopadol" title="Cebranopadol">Cebranopadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codeine" title="Codeine">Codeine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclazocine" title="Cyclazocine">Cyclazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DADLE" title="DADLE">DADLE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deltorphin" title="Deltorphin">Deltorphin A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deltorphin_I" title="Deltorphin I">Deltorphin I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deltorphin_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deltorphin II (page does not exist)">Deltorphin II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmethylclozapine" title="Desmethylclozapine">Desmethylclozapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmetramadol" title="Desmetramadol">Desmetramadol (desmethyltramadol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dezocine" title="Dezocine">Dezocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroin" title="Heroin">Diamorphine (heroin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydroetorphine" title="Dihydroetorphine">Dihydroetorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydromorphine" title="Dihydromorphine">Dihydromorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DPDPE" title="DPDPE">DPDPE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DPI-221" title="DPI-221">DPI-221</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DPI-3290" title="DPI-3290">DPI-3290</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=(D-Ser2,_Leu5,_Thr6)-Enkephalin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="(D-Ser2, Leu5, Thr6)-Enkephalin (page does not exist)">DSLET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylketazocine" title="Ethylketazocine">Ethylketazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etorphine" title="Etorphine">Etorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fentanyl" title="Fentanyl">Fentanyl</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fentanyl_isothiocyanate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fentanyl isothiocyanate (page does not exist)">FIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorophen" title="Fluorophen">Fluorophen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemorphin-4" title="Hemorphin-4">Hemorphin-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrocodone" title="Hydrocodone">Hydrocodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydromorphone" title="Hydromorphone">Hydromorphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibogaine" title="Ibogaine">Ibogaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isomethadone" title="Isomethadone">Isomethadone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JNJ-20788560" title="JNJ-20788560">JNJ-20788560</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KNT-127" title="KNT-127">KNT-127</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitragyna_speciosa" title="Mitragyna speciosa">Kratom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laudanosine" title="Laudanosine">Laudanosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leu-enkephalin" title="Leu-enkephalin">Leu-enkephalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levomethorphan" title="Levomethorphan">Levomethorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levorphanol" title="Levorphanol">Levorphanol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lexanopadol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lexanopadol (page does not exist)">Lexanopadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lofentanil" title="Lofentanil">Lofentanil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Met-enkephalin" title="Met-enkephalin">Met-enkephalin (metenkefalin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metazocine" title="Metazocine">Metazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metkefamide" title="Metkefamide">Metkefamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitragynine" title="Mitragynine">Mitragynine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitragynine_pseudoindoxyl" title="Mitragynine pseudoindoxyl">Mitragynine pseudoindoxyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">Morphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Phenethyl-14-ethoxymetopon" title="N-Phenethyl-14-ethoxymetopon">N-Phenethyl-14-ethoxymetopon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norbuprenorphine" title="Norbuprenorphine">Norbuprenorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naloxone_benzoylhydrazone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Naloxone benzoylhydrazone (page does not exist)">NalBzOH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oripavine" title="Oripavine">Oripavine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxycodone" title="Oxycodone">Oxycodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxymorphone" title="Oxymorphone">Oxymorphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pethidine" title="Pethidine">Pethidine (meperidine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proglumide" title="Proglumide">Proglumide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methorphan" title="Methorphan">Racemethorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racemorphan" title="Racemorphan">Racemorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RWJ-394674" title="RWJ-394674">RWJ-394674</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samidorphan" title="Samidorphan">Samidorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SB-235863&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SB-235863 (page does not exist)">SB-235863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SNC-80" title="SNC-80">SNC-80</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SNC-162&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SNC-162 (page does not exist)">SNC-162</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAN-67" title="TAN-67">TAN-67 (SB-205,607)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TH-030418" title="TH-030418">TH-030418</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thebaine" title="Thebaine">Thebaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-8813" title="C-8813">Thiobromadol (C-8813)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonazocine" title="Tonazocine">Tonazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tramadol" title="Tramadol">Tramadol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TRV250&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TRV250 (page does not exist)">TRV250</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xorphanol" title="Xorphanol">Xorphanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenazocine" title="Zenazocine">Zenazocine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antagonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4%27,7-Dihydroxyflavone" title="4',7-Dihydroxyflavone">4',7-Dihydroxyflavone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naltrindole-5%27-isothiocyanate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Naltrindole-5'-isothiocyanate (page does not exist)">5'-NTII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6%CE%B2-Naltrexol" title="6β-Naltrexol">6β-Naltrexol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6%CE%B2-Naltrexol-d4" title="6β-Naltrexol-d4">6β-Naltrexol-d4</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpha-Santolol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alpha-Santolol (page does not exist)">α-Santolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlornaltrexamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlornaltrexamine">β-Chlornaltrexamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apigenin" title="Apigenin">Apigenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AT-076" title="AT-076">AT-076</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axelopran" title="Axelopran">Axelopran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bevenopran" title="Bevenopran">Bevenopran</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=7-Benzylidenenaltrexone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="7-Benzylidenenaltrexone (page does not exist)">BNTX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catechin" title="Catechin">Catechin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicatechin_gallate" title="Epicatechin gallate">Catechin gallate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clocinnamox" title="Clocinnamox">Clocinnamox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diacetylnalorphine" title="Diacetylnalorphine">Diacetylnalorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diprenorphine" title="Diprenorphine">Diprenorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicatechin_gallate" title="Epicatechin gallate">ECG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallocatechol" title="Gallocatechol">EGC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eluxadoline" title="Eluxadoline">Eluxadoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicatechin" class="mw-redirect" title="Epicatechin">Epicatechin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ICI-154129&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ICI-154129 (page does not exist)">ICI-154129</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ICI-174864&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ICI-174864 (page does not exist)">ICI-174864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LY-255582" title="LY-255582">LY-255582</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LY-2196044" class="mw-redirect" title="LY-2196044">LY-2196044</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylnaltrexone" title="Methylnaltrexone">Methylnaltrexone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methylnaltrindole&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Methylnaltrindole (page does not exist)">Methylnaltrindole</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N-Benzylnaltrindole&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N-Benzylnaltrindole (page does not exist)">N-Benzylnaltrindole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalmefene" title="Nalmefene">Nalmefene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalorphine" title="Nalorphine">Nalorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naltrexone" title="Naltrexone">Naltrexone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naltriben" title="Naltriben">Naltriben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naltrindole" title="Naltrindole">Naltrindole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naloxone" title="Naloxone">Naloxone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naringenin" title="Naringenin">Naringenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noribogaine" title="Noribogaine">Noribogaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawhuskin_A" title="Pawhuskin A">Pawhuskin A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadazocine" title="Quadazocine">Quadazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SDM25N&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SDM25N (page does not exist)">SDM25N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SoRI-9409" title="SoRI-9409">SoRI-9409</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxifolin" title="Taxifolin">Taxifolin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thienorphine" title="Thienorphine">Thienorphine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%CE%9A-opioid_receptor" title="Κ-opioid receptor">κ-opioid</a> (KOR)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3CS-nalmefene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3CS-nalmefene (page does not exist)">3CS-nalmefene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6%27-Guanidinonaltrindole" title="6'-Guanidinonaltrindole">6'-GNTI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8-Carboxamidocyclazocine" title="8-Carboxamidocyclazocine">8-CAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18-Methoxycoronaridine" title="18-Methoxycoronaridine">18-MC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14-Methoxymetopon" title="14-Methoxymetopon">14-Methoxymetopon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlornaltrexamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlornaltrexamine">β-Chlornaltrexamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta-Funaltrexamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-Funaltrexamine">β-Funaltrexamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrenorphin" title="Adrenorphin">Adrenorphin (metorphamide)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akuammicine" title="Akuammicine">Akuammicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alazocine" title="Alazocine">Alazocine (SKF-10047)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allomatrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Allomatrine">Allomatrine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apadoline&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Apadoline (page does not exist)">Apadoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asimadoline" title="Asimadoline">Asimadoline</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bovine_adrenal_medullary_peptide-12P&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bovine adrenal medullary peptide-12P (page does not exist)">BAM-12P</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bovine_adrenal_medullary_peptide-18P&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bovine adrenal medullary peptide-18P (page does not exist)">BAM-18P</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bovine_adrenal_medullary_peptide-22P&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bovine adrenal medullary peptide-22P (page does not exist)">BAM-22P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_dynorphin" title="Big dynorphin">Big dynorphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremazocine" title="Bremazocine">Bremazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BRL-52537" title="BRL-52537">BRL-52537</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butorphan" class="mw-redirect" title="Butorphan">Butorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butorphanol" title="Butorphanol">Butorphanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BW373U86" title="BW373U86">BW373U86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebranopadol" title="Cebranopadol">Cebranopadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciprefadol" title="Ciprefadol">Ciprefadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CR665" title="CR665">CR665</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclazocine" title="Cyclazocine">Cyclazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclorphan" title="Cyclorphan">Cyclorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprenorphine" title="Cyprenorphine">Cyprenorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmetramadol" title="Desmetramadol">Desmetramadol (desmethyltramadol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroin" title="Heroin">Diamorphine (heroin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diacetylnalorphine" title="Diacetylnalorphine">Diacetylnalorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Difelikefalin" title="Difelikefalin">Difelikefalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydroetorphine" title="Dihydroetorphine">Dihydroetorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydromorphine" title="Dihydromorphine">Dihydromorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinalbuphine_sebacate" title="Dinalbuphine sebacate">Dinalbuphine sebacate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diprenorphine" title="Diprenorphine">Diprenorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynorphin_A" title="Dynorphin A">Dynorphin A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynorphin_B" title="Dynorphin B">Dynorphin B (rimorphin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eluxadoline" title="Eluxadoline">Eluxadoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enadoline" title="Enadoline">Enadoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eptazocine" title="Eptazocine">Eptazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erinacine_E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erinacine E (page does not exist)">Erinacine E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylketazocine" title="Ethylketazocine">Ethylketazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etorphine" title="Etorphine">Etorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fedotozine" title="Fedotozine">Fedotozine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fentanyl" title="Fentanyl">Fentanyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemazocine" title="Gemazocine">Gemazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GR-89696" title="GR-89696">GR-89696</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GR-103545&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GR-103545 (page does not exist)">GR-103545</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemorphin-4" title="Hemorphin-4">Hemorphin-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herkinorin" title="Herkinorin">Herkinorin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HS665" title="HS665">HS665</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydromorphone" title="Hydromorphone">Hydromorphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HZ-2" title="HZ-2">HZ-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibogaine" title="Ibogaine">Ibogaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICI-199,441" title="ICI-199,441">ICI-199,441</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICI-204,448" title="ICI-204,448">ICI-204,448</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketamine" title="Ketamine">Ketamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketazocine" title="Ketazocine">Ketazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laudanosine" title="Laudanosine">Laudanosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leumorphin" title="Leumorphin">Leumorphin (dynorphin B-29)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levallorphan" title="Levallorphan">Levallorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levomethorphan" title="Levomethorphan">Levomethorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levorphanol" title="Levorphanol">Levorphanol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lexanopadol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lexanopadol (page does not exist)">Lexanopadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lofentanil" title="Lofentanil">Lofentanil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPK-26" title="LPK-26">LPK-26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lufuradom" title="Lufuradom">Lufuradom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrine" title="Matrine">Matrine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MB-1C-OH&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MB-1C-OH (page does not exist)">MB-1C-OH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menthol" title="Menthol">Menthol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metazocine" title="Metazocine">Metazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metkefamide" title="Metkefamide">Metkefamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mianserin" title="Mianserin">Mianserin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirtazapine" title="Mirtazapine">Mirtazapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">Morphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moxazocine" title="Moxazocine">Moxazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MR-2034&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MR-2034 (page does not exist)">MR-2034</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N-MPPP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N-MPPP (page does not exist)">N-MPPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalbuphine" title="Nalbuphine">Nalbuphine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naloxone_benzoylhydrazone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Naloxone benzoylhydrazone (page does not exist)">NalBzOH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalfurafine" title="Nalfurafine">Nalfurafine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalmefene" title="Nalmefene">Nalmefene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalodeine" title="Nalodeine">Nalodeine (N-allylnorcodeine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalorphine" title="Nalorphine">Nalorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naltriben" title="Naltriben">Naltriben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niravoline" title="Niravoline">Niravoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norbuprenorphine" title="Norbuprenorphine">Norbuprenorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norbuprenorphine-3-glucuronide" title="Norbuprenorphine-3-glucuronide">Norbuprenorphine-3-glucuronide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noribogaine" title="Noribogaine">Noribogaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norketamine" title="Norketamine">Norketamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oripavine" title="Oripavine">Oripavine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxilorphan" title="Oxilorphan">Oxilorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxycodone" title="Oxycodone">Oxycodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentazocine" title="Pentazocine">Pentazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pethidine" title="Pethidine">Pethidine (meperidine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenazocine" title="Phenazocine">Phenazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxorphan" title="Proxorphan">Proxorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methorphan" title="Methorphan">Racemethorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racemorphan" title="Racemorphan">Racemorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RB-64" title="RB-64">RB-64</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvinorin_A" title="Salvinorin A">Salvinorin A</a> (<a href="/wiki/Salvia_divinorum" title="Salvia divinorum">salvia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvinorin_B_ethoxymethyl_ether" class="mw-redirect" title="Salvinorin B ethoxymethyl ether">Salvinorin B ethoxymethyl ether</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvinorin_B_methoxymethyl_ether" title="Salvinorin B methoxymethyl ether">Salvinorin B methoxymethyl ether</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samidorphan" title="Samidorphan">Samidorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiradoline" title="Spiradoline">Spiradoline (U-62,066)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TH-030418" title="TH-030418">TH-030418</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thienorphine" title="Thienorphine">Thienorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifluadom" title="Tifluadom">Tifluadom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant" title="Tricyclic antidepressant">Tricyclic antidepressants</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Amitriptyline" title="Amitriptyline">amitriptyline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Desipramine" title="Desipramine">desipramine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imipramine" title="Imipramine">imipramine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nortriptyline" title="Nortriptyline">nortriptyline</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/U-50488" title="U-50488">U-50488</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=U-54,494A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="U-54,494A (page does not exist)">U-54,494A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U-69,593" title="U-69,593">U-69,593</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xorphanol" title="Xorphanol">Xorphanol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antagonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4%E2%80%B2-Hydroxyflavanone" class="mw-redirect" title="4′-Hydroxyflavanone">4′-Hydroxyflavanone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4%27,7-Dihydroxyflavone" title="4',7-Dihydroxyflavone">4',7-Dihydroxyflavone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5%27-Guanidinonaltrindole" title="5'-Guanidinonaltrindole">5'-GNTI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6%27-Guanidinonaltrindole" title="6'-Guanidinonaltrindole">6'-GNTI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6%CE%B2-Naltrexol" title="6β-Naltrexol">6β-Naltrexol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6%CE%B2-Naltrexol-d4" title="6β-Naltrexol-d4">6β-Naltrexol-d4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlornaltrexamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlornaltrexamine">β-Chlornaltrexamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buprenorphine/samidorphan" title="Buprenorphine/samidorphan">Buprenorphine/samidorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amentoflavone" title="Amentoflavone">Amentoflavone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5%27-Acetamidinoethylnaltrindole&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5'-Acetamidinoethylnaltrindole (page does not exist)">ANTI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apigenin" title="Apigenin">Apigenin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arodyne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arodyne (page does not exist)">Arodyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AT-076" title="AT-076">AT-076</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aticaprant" title="Aticaprant">Aticaprant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axelopran" title="Axelopran">Axelopran</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AZ-MTAB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AZ-MTAB (page does not exist)">AZ-MTAB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binaltorphimine" title="Binaltorphimine">Binaltorphimine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BU09059" title="BU09059">BU09059</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buprenorphine" title="Buprenorphine">Buprenorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catechin" title="Catechin">Catechin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicatechin_gallate" title="Epicatechin gallate">Catechin gallate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CERC-501" class="mw-redirect" title="CERC-501">CERC-501 (LY-2456302)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clocinnamox" title="Clocinnamox">Clocinnamox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icalcaprant" title="Icalcaprant">CVL-354</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyclofoxy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyclofoxy (page does not exist)">Cyclofoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dezocine" title="Dezocine">Dezocine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DIPPA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DIPPA (page does not exist)">DIPPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallocatechol" title="Gallocatechol">EGC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicatechin_gallate" title="Epicatechin gallate">ECG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicatechin" class="mw-redirect" title="Epicatechin">Epicatechin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperoside" title="Hyperoside">Hyperoside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JDTic" title="JDTic">JDTic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LY-255582" title="LY-255582">LY-255582</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LY-2196044" class="mw-redirect" title="LY-2196044">LY-2196044</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LY-2444296&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LY-2444296 (page does not exist)">LY-2444296</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LY-2459989" title="LY-2459989">LY-2459989</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LY-2795050&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LY-2795050 (page does not exist)">LY-2795050</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MeJDTic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MeJDTic (page does not exist)">MeJDTic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylnaltrexone" title="Methylnaltrexone">Methylnaltrexone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ML190&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ML190 (page does not exist)">ML190</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ML350&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ML350 (page does not exist)">ML350</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MR-2266&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MR-2266 (page does not exist)">MR-2266</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N-Fluoropropyl-JDTic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N-Fluoropropyl-JDTic (page does not exist)">N-Fluoropropyl-JDTic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naloxone" title="Naloxone">Naloxone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naltrexone" title="Naltrexone">Naltrexone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naltrindole" title="Naltrindole">Naltrindole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naringenin" title="Naringenin">Naringenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navacaprant" title="Navacaprant">Navacaprant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norbinaltorphimine" title="Norbinaltorphimine">Norbinaltorphimine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noribogaine" title="Noribogaine">Noribogaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawhuskin_A" title="Pawhuskin A">Pawhuskin A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PF-4455242" class="mw-redirect" title="PF-4455242">PF-4455242</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RB-64" title="RB-64">RB-64</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadazocine" title="Quadazocine">Quadazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxifolin" title="Taxifolin">Taxifolin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=UPHIT&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="UPHIT (page does not exist)">UPHIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zyklophin" title="Zyklophin">Zyklophin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Nociceptin_receptor" title="Nociceptin receptor">Nociceptin</a> (NOP)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=(Arg14,Lys15)Nociceptin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="(Arg14,Lys15)Nociceptin (page does not exist)">(Arg14,Lys15)Nociceptin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=((pF)Phe4)Nociceptin(1-13)NH2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="((pF)Phe4)Nociceptin(1-13)NH2 (page does not exist)">((pF)Phe4)Nociceptin(1-13)NH2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=(Phe1%CE%A8(CH2-NH)Gly2)Nociceptin(1-13)NH2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="(Phe1Ψ(CH2-NH)Gly2)Nociceptin(1-13)NH2 (page does not exist)">(Phe1Ψ(CH2-NH)Gly2)Nociceptin(1-13)NH2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ac-RYYRWK-NH2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ac-RYYRWK-NH2 (page does not exist)">Ac-RYYRWK-NH2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ac-RYYRIK-NH2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ac-RYYRIK-NH2 (page does not exist)">Ac-RYYRIK-NH2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BU08070&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BU08070 (page does not exist)">BU08070</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buprenorphine" title="Buprenorphine">Buprenorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebranopadol" title="Cebranopadol">Cebranopadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydroetorphine" title="Dihydroetorphine">Dihydroetorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etorphine" title="Etorphine">Etorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=JNJ-19385899&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="JNJ-19385899 (page does not exist)">JNJ-19385899</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levomethorphan" title="Levomethorphan">Levomethorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levorphanol" title="Levorphanol">Levorphanol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lexanopadol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lexanopadol (page does not exist)">Lexanopadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MCOPPB" title="MCOPPB">MCOPPB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT-7716" title="MT-7716">MT-7716</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NNC_63-0532" title="NNC 63-0532">NNC 63-0532</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nociceptin" title="Nociceptin">Nociceptin (orphanin FQ)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nociceptin_(1-11)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nociceptin (1-11) (page does not exist)">Nociceptin (1-11)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nociceptin_(1-13)NH2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nociceptin (1-13)NH2 (page does not exist)">Nociceptin (1-13)NH2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norbuprenorphine" title="Norbuprenorphine">Norbuprenorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methorphan" title="Methorphan">Racemethorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racemorphan" title="Racemorphan">Racemorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ro64-6198" title="Ro64-6198">Ro64-6198</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ro65-6570" title="Ro65-6570">Ro65-6570</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCH-221510" title="SCH-221510">SCH-221510</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SCH-486757&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SCH-486757 (page does not exist)">SCH-486757</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SR-8993&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SR-8993 (page does not exist)">SR-8993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SR-16435" title="SR-16435">SR-16435</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunobinop" title="Sunobinop">Sunobinop (S-117957)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TH-030418" title="TH-030418">TH-030418</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antagonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=(Nphe1)Nociceptin(1-13)NH2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="(Nphe1)Nociceptin(1-13)NH2 (page does not exist)">(Nphe1)Nociceptin(1-13)NH2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AT-076" title="AT-076">AT-076</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BAN-ORL-24&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BAN-ORL-24 (page does not exist)">BAN-ORL-24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BTRX-246040" title="BTRX-246040">BTRX-246040 (LY-2940094)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J-113,397" title="J-113,397">J-113,397</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JTC-801" title="JTC-801">JTC-801</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naloxone_benzoylhydrazone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Naloxone benzoylhydrazone (page does not exist)">NalBzOH</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nociceptin_(1-7)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nociceptin (1-7) (page does not exist)">Nociceptin (1-7)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nocistatin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nocistatin (page does not exist)">Nocistatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SB-612,111" title="SB-612,111">SB-612,111</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SR-16430&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SR-16430 (page does not exist)">SR-16430</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thienorphine" title="Thienorphine">Thienorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trap-101&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trap-101 (page does not exist)">Trap-101</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=UFP-101&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="UFP-101 (page does not exist)">UFP-101</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enkephalinase_inhibitor" title="Enkephalinase inhibitor">Enkephalinase inhibitors</a>: <a href="/wiki/Amastatin" title="Amastatin">Amastatin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BL-2401&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BL-2401 (page does not exist)">BL-2401</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candoxatril" title="Candoxatril">Candoxatril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylalanine#D-,_L-_and_DL-phenylalanine" title="Phenylalanine">D -Phenylalanine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dexecadotril&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dexecadotril (page does not exist)">Dexecadotril (retorphan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecadotril" title="Ecadotril">Ecadotril (sinorphan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelatorphan" title="Kelatorphan">Kelatorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racecadotril" title="Racecadotril">Racecadotril (acetorphan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RB-101" title="RB-101">RB-101</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RB-120" title="RB-120">RB-120</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RB-3007" title="RB-3007">RB-3007</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opiorphan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Opiorphan (page does not exist)">Opiorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selank" title="Selank">Selank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semax" title="Semax">Semax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinorphin" title="Spinorphin">Spinorphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiorphan" title="Thiorphan">Thiorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tynorphin" title="Tynorphin">Tynorphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubenimex" title="Ubenimex">Ubenimex (bestatin)</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Propeptides: <a href="/wiki/Lipotropin" title="Lipotropin">β-Lipotropin (proendorphin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prodynorphin" title="Prodynorphin">Prodynorphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proenkephalin" title="Proenkephalin">Proenkephalin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pronociceptin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pronociceptin (page does not exist)">Pronociceptin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proopiomelanocortin" title="Proopiomelanocortin">Proopiomelanocortin (POMC)</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Others: <a href="/wiki/Kyotorphin" title="Kyotorphin">Kyotorphin</a> (met-enkephalin releaser/degradation stabilizer)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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