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and effects subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Administration_and_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Physiological_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physiological_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Physiological effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physiological_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psychological_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychological_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Psychological effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychological_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Interactions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Interactions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Interactions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Interactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vasodilators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vasodilators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Vasodilators</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vasodilators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toxicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toxicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Toxicity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toxicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Isopropyl_nitrite" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isopropyl_nitrite"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Isopropyl nitrite</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Isopropyl_nitrite-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Isobutyl_nitrite" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isobutyl_nitrite"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Isobutyl nitrite</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Isobutyl_nitrite-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Refuted_link_with_HIV/AIDS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Refuted_link_with_HIV/AIDS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Refuted link with HIV/AIDS</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Refuted_link_with_HIV/AIDS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cyanide_treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cyanide_treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Cyanide treatment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cyanide_treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemistry" 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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>19th-century discovery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th-century_discovery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th-century_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th-century_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>20th-century use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th-century_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st-century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st-century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>21st-century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st-century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Legal status</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legal_status-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legal status subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legal_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History_of_poppers_legislation_in_Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_poppers_legislation_in_Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>History of poppers legislation in Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_poppers_legislation_in_Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Continental_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Continental_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Continental Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Continental_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Poppers</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popper" title="Popper – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Popper" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%81" title="Попърс – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Попърс" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poppers" title="Poppers – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Poppers" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poppers" title="Poppers – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Poppers" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poppers" title="Poppers – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Poppers" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popper" title="Popper – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Popper" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%B2" title="پاپرز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پاپرز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poppers" title="Poppers – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Poppers" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popper_(droga)" title="Popper (droga) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Popper (droga)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A1" title="פופרס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פופרס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poppers" title="Poppers – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Poppers" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%83%83%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5_(%E8%96%AC%E7%89%A9)" title="ラッシュ (薬物) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ラッシュ (薬物)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poppers" title="Poppers – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Poppers" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poppers" title="Poppers – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Poppers" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poppers" title="Poppers – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Poppers" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81" title="Попперс – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Попперс" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81" title="Поперс – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Поперс" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poppers" title="Poppers – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Poppers" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poppers" title="Poppers – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Poppers" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poppers" title="Poppers – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Poppers" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Поперси – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Поперси" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rush_Poppers" title="Rush Poppers – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="Rush Poppers" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q898516#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> 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class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Poppers" title="Special:EditPage/Poppers">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Poppers%22">"Poppers"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Poppers%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Poppers%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Poppers%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Poppers%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Poppers%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 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div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="border-spacing:2px;"><caption class="infobox-title"><span title="International nonproprietary name (INN): Poppers">Poppers</span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image notheme" style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HOpoppers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A selection of over-the-counter poppers on display" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/HOpoppers.jpg/250px-HOpoppers.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/HOpoppers.jpg/375px-HOpoppers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/HOpoppers.jpg/500px-HOpoppers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3624" data-file-height="984" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A selection of over-the-counter poppers on display</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Clinical data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">popper, poppe</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Route_of_administration" title="Route of administration">Routes of<br />administration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Inhalation</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Drug_class" title="Drug class">Drug class</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vasodilation" title="Vasodilation">Vasodilator</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Legal status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods" title="Regulation of therapeutic goods">Legal status</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Usually available <a href="/wiki/Over-the-counter" class="mw-redirect" title="Over-the-counter">OTC</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd"><a href="/wiki/Pharmacokinetics" title="Pharmacokinetics">Pharmacokinetic</a> data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Bioavailability" title="Bioavailability">Bioavailability</a></th><td class="infobox-data">When inhaled, <ul><li>Amyl nitrite: unknown</li> <li>Isopropyl nitrite: 43%</li> <li>Isobutyl nitrite: unknown</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Drug_metabolism" title="Drug metabolism">Metabolism</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Liver</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Metabolite" title="Metabolite">Metabolites</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li>Amyl nitrite: <a href="/wiki/Pentanol" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentanol">pentanol</a> (amyl alcohol)</li> <li>Isopropyl nitrite: <a href="/wiki/Isopropanol" class="mw-redirect" title="Isopropanol">isopropanol</a></li> <li>Isobutyl nitrite: <a href="/wiki/Isobutanol" title="Isobutanol">isobutanol</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Onset_of_action" title="Onset of action">Onset of action</a></th><td class="infobox-data">15 seconds</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Biological_half-life" title="Biological half-life">Elimination <span class="nowrap">half-life</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data">Suspected to be minutes to less than an hour</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Pharmacodynamics#Duration_of_action" title="Pharmacodynamics">Duration of action</a></th><td class="infobox-data">30 seconds to 5 minutes</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Excretion" title="Excretion">Excretion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Primarily urine</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Chemical and physical data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Formula</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> Depends on primary active ingredient</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Molar_mass" title="Molar mass">Molar mass</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> Depends on primary active ingredient</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">Boiling point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Depends on primary active ingredient</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Poppers</b> (or <b>popper</b>) is a slang term referring to recreational drugs belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Alkyl_nitrite" title="Alkyl nitrite">alkyl nitrite</a> family of <a href="/wiki/Chemical_class" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical class">chemical compounds</a>. When fumes from these substances are <a href="/wiki/Inhalant" title="Inhalant">inhaled</a>, they act as potent <a href="/wiki/Vasodilation" title="Vasodilation">vasodilators</a>, producing mild euphoria, warmth, and dizziness. Most effects have a rapid onset and are short-acting.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its <a href="/wiki/Recreational_drug_use" title="Recreational drug use">recreational use</a> is believed to be potentially dangerous for people with <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">heart problems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anemia" title="Anemia">anaemia</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Glaucoma" title="Glaucoma">glaucoma</a>. Reported adverse effects include <a href="/wiki/Syncope_(medicine)" title="Syncope (medicine)">fainting</a>, retinal toxicity, and vision loss.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As poppers include a broad range of <a href="/wiki/Chemical_class" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical class">chemical types</a>, their legality differs across different jurisdictions. They are often packaged under the guise of room deodorizer, leather polish, nail polish remover, or <a href="/wiki/Videotape" title="Videotape">videotape head cleaner</a> to evade <a href="/wiki/Drug_prohibition" title="Drug prohibition">anti-drug laws</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term <i>poppers</i> stems from the "popping" sound of <a href="/wiki/Ampoule" title="Ampoule">glass vials</a> containing the substance when crushed to release vapour for inhalation. <a href="/wiki/Amyl_nitrite" title="Amyl nitrite">Amyl nitrite</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Structural_analog" title="Structural analog">chemical analogue</a> of <a href="/wiki/Alkyl_nitrite" title="Alkyl nitrite">alkyl nitrite</a>, was originally prescribed in the late 1800s for the medical management of <a href="/wiki/Angina" title="Angina">angina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many analogues exist, such as <a href="/wiki/Amyl_nitrite" title="Amyl nitrite">isoamyl nitrite, isopentyl nitrite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isopropyl_nitrite" title="Isopropyl nitrite">isopropyl nitrite</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Isobutyl_nitrite" title="Isobutyl nitrite">isobutyl nitrite</a>. These substances are subject to different regulations; for example, isobutyl nitrite is banned in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>. </p><p>Poppers act as <a href="/wiki/Muscle_relaxant" title="Muscle relaxant">muscle relaxants</a>, causing the relaxation of <a href="/wiki/Smooth_muscle" title="Smooth muscle">involuntary smooth muscles</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Throat" title="Throat">throat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anus" title="Anus">anus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such physiological effects and other effects such as mild euphoria have led to use cases related to <a href="/wiki/Recreational_drug_use" title="Recreational drug use">recreational drug use</a>, in some cases, <a href="/wiki/Party_and_play" title="Party and play">party and play</a> (chemsex), to help facilitate <a href="/wiki/Anal_sex" title="Anal sex">anal intercourse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been reported that poppers were a part of club culture beginning with the mid-1970s <a href="/wiki/Disco" title="Disco">disco</a> scene and surging in popularity during the <a href="/wiki/Rave" title="Rave">rave</a> scene of the 1980s and 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-Drugscope_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drugscope-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nickerson,_Mark_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nickerson,_Mark-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administration_and_effects">Administration and effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poppers&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Administration and effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Poppers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Poppers.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="150" /></a><figcaption>A selection of poppers</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administration">Administration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poppers&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Poppers come in liquid form, but this liquid is not directly consumed. When the bottle is opened, the vapors are inhaled, rather than the liquid. This is typically done through the nasal cavities, commonly directly from the bottle (avoiding touching the bottle to the skin) or with the help of small inhalers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effects">Effects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poppers&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Physiological_effects">Physiological effects</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poppers&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Physiological effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Inhaling nitrites produces a fast-acting, short-lived and non-specific relaxation of <a href="/wiki/Smooth_muscle" title="Smooth muscle">smooth muscles</a> (along with the <a href="/wiki/Sphincter" title="Sphincter">sphincter</a> muscles of the <a href="/wiki/Anus" title="Anus">anus</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Vagina" title="Vagina">vagina</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Medsafe_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Medsafe-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blood vessels are surrounded by smooth musculature, which directly influences blood pressure by increasing or decreasing its inward pressure on the blood vessels. </p><p>With relaxation of the smooth muscles, the 'inward' pressure on the blood vessels decreases and they <a href="/wiki/Vasodilation" title="Vasodilation">dilate</a>, resulting in <a href="/wiki/Hypotension" title="Hypotension">a drop in blood pressure</a> and an immediate (compensatory) increase in <a href="/wiki/Tachycardia" title="Tachycardia">heart rate</a> (reflex tachycardia). Vasodilation may cause giddiness, dizziness, headache, nausea, vomiting and flushing, and may produce a sensation of heat and excitement. Maximum vasodilatory effect is usually reached within 30 seconds, with (secondary) physiological effects lasting for 5 to 10 minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Psychological_effects">Psychological effects</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poppers&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Psychological effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Inhaling nitrites, produces several psychological effects such as euphoria, increased sensual awareness, lowered inhibitions or increased confidence, and potential for impaired judgement and disorientation.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interactions">Interactions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poppers&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Interactions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vasodilators">Vasodilators</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poppers&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Vasodilators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rational_harm_assessment_of_drugs_radar_plot.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Rational_harm_assessment_of_drugs_radar_plot.svg/220px-Rational_harm_assessment_of_drugs_radar_plot.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Rational_harm_assessment_of_drugs_radar_plot.svg/330px-Rational_harm_assessment_of_drugs_radar_plot.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Rational_harm_assessment_of_drugs_radar_plot.svg/440px-Rational_harm_assessment_of_drugs_radar_plot.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Addiction experts in psychiatry, chemistry, pharmacology, forensic science, epidemiology, and the police and legal services engaged in <a href="/wiki/Delphi_method" title="Delphi method">delphic analysis</a> regarding 20 popular recreational drugs. Alkyl nitrites were ranked 20th in social and physical harm, and 18th in dependence.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Alkyl nitrites <a href="/wiki/Drug_interaction" title="Drug interaction">interact</a> with other <a href="/wiki/Vasodilators" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasodilators">vasodilators</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Sildenafil" title="Sildenafil">sildenafil</a> (Viagra), <a href="/wiki/Vardenafil" title="Vardenafil">vardenafil</a> (Levitra), and <a href="/wiki/Tadalafil" title="Tadalafil">tadalafil</a> (Cialis), to cause a serious <a href="/wiki/Hypotension" title="Hypotension">decrease in blood pressure</a>, which can cause strokes, and low blood pressure leading to people fainting.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Side effects of popper abuse include <a href="/wiki/Tachycardia" title="Tachycardia">tachycardia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Headaches" class="mw-redirect" title="Headaches">headaches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Migraine" title="Migraine">migraines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dizziness" title="Dizziness">dizziness</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syncope_(medicine)" title="Syncope (medicine)">fainting</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Toxicity">Toxicity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poppers&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Toxicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Merck_Manual_of_Diagnosis_and_Therapy" title="Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy">Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy</a></i> reports insignificant hazard associated with inhalation of alkyl nitrites,<sup id="cite_ref-Merck_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merck-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and British governmental guidance on the relative harmfulness of alkyl nitrites places them among the less harmful of recreational drugs.<sup id="cite_ref-Nutt-2007_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nutt-2007-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If in contact with the skin, Butyl Nitrite poppers can cause <a href="/wiki/Chemical_burn" title="Chemical burn">chemical burns</a> and contact <a href="/wiki/Dermatitis" title="Dermatitis">dermatitis</a> of the skin around the mouth and nose.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Swallowing poppers (rather than inhaling the vapour) may cause <a href="/wiki/Cyanosis" title="Cyanosis">cyanosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methemoglobinemia" title="Methemoglobinemia">methemoglobinemia</a>, unconsciousness, coma, and complications leading to death.<sup id="cite_ref-Medsafe_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Medsafe-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dixon-1981_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dixon-1981-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pruijm-2002_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pruijm-2002-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accidental aspiration of amyl or butyl nitrites may cause <a href="/wiki/Lipoid_pneumonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipoid pneumonia">lipoid pneumonia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hagan-_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hagan--24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Isopropyl_nitrite">Isopropyl nitrite</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poppers&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Isopropyl nitrite"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Isopropyl nitrite poppers may be a cause of <a href="/wiki/Maculopathy" title="Maculopathy">maculopathy</a> (eye damage), as reported in France and the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some studies have concluded that there may be increased risk for at least temporary retinal damage with habitual popper use in certain users; in a letter to the <i><a href="/wiki/New_England_Journal_of_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="New England Journal of Medicine">New England Journal of Medicine</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an ophthalmologist described four cases in which recreational users of isopropyl nitrite poppers suffered temporary changes in vision.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 2014, it was observed <a href="/wiki/Maculopathy" title="Maculopathy">maculopathy</a> is a rare complication of isopropyl nitrite abuse. A full recovery of visual acuity in longterm abuse could be demonstrated after drug abstinence.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studies have shown that poppers users who have HIV and/or use Sildenafil in combination with poppers are at an increased risk of developing poppers‐associated maculopathy.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Foveal (center-of-gaze) damage has also been described, in six habitual users of isopropyl nitrite poppers.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, in June 2014, <a href="/wiki/Optometrists" class="mw-redirect" title="Optometrists">optometrists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ophthalmologists" class="mw-redirect" title="Ophthalmologists">ophthalmologists</a> reported having noticed an increase in vision loss in chronic popper users in the United Kingdom associated with isopropyl nitrite (substitute for isobutyl nitrite which was banned in 2007).<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Isobutyl_nitrite">Isobutyl nitrite</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poppers&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Isobutyl nitrite"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A working group in 2019 from the <a href="/wiki/International_Agency_for_Research_on_Cancer" title="International Agency for Research on Cancer">International Agency for Research on Cancer</a> determined there to be "sufficient evidence" to suggest <a href="/wiki/Carcinogen" title="Carcinogen">carcinogenic</a> properties of isobutyl nitrite on experimental animals, and because they could not find any sufficient studies regarding its carcinogenic effects on humans, they determined that isobutyl nitrite is "possibly carcinogenic to humans". The group primarily looked at 2 studies on animals, one on rats and one on mice. Both of these involved the administration of doses of isobutyl nitrite at seemingly low doses (0, 37.5, 75, or 150 ppm) 6 hours a day, 5 days a week, for a total of 103 weeks.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is different from the relatively brief exposure to isobutyl nitrite that inhaling poppers recreationally usually provides. Nonetheless, in the studies there was shown to be no increase in death rates for the animals exposed to isobutyl nitrite, but there was shown to be an increase in tumors in the lungs of the males and females of both species in the groups exposed, as well as in the thyroids of the male mice exposed.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Isobutyl Nitrite is no longer sold as 'Poppers' having been banned in the EU since 2007 and banned in the USA since 1990. <sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Refuted_link_with_HIV/AIDS"><span id="Refuted_link_with_HIV.2FAIDS"></span>Refuted link with HIV/AIDS</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poppers&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Refuted link with HIV/AIDS"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early in the <a href="/wiki/AIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS">AIDS</a> crisis, widespread use of poppers among AIDS patients led to the later disproved hypothesis that poppers contributed to the development of <a href="/wiki/Kaposi%27s_sarcoma" title="Kaposi's sarcoma">Kaposi's sarcoma</a>, a rare form of cancer that occurs in AIDS patients.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modest, short-term reductions in immune function were observed in animal studies, but not replicated in human studies.<sup id="cite_ref-Romanelli_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Romanelli-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cyanide_treatment">Cyanide treatment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poppers&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Cyanide treatment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Amyl nitrites were part of some kits used to treat <a href="/wiki/Cyanide_poisoning" title="Cyanide poisoning">cyanide poisoning</a>, containing amyl nitrite, <a href="/wiki/Sodium_nitrite_(medical_use)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium nitrite (medical use)">sodium nitrite</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sodium_thiosulfate_(medical_use)" title="Sodium thiosulfate (medical use)">sodium thiosulfate</a>. The nitrites were administered to produce <a href="/wiki/Methemoglobin" title="Methemoglobin">methemoglobin</a> and induce <a href="/wiki/Vasodilation" title="Vasodilation">vasodilation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amyl nitrites were discontinued in 2012 in standard cyanide kits.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cyanide kits now use <a href="/wiki/Hydroxocobalamin" title="Hydroxocobalamin">hydroxocobalamin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemistry">Chemistry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poppers&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Chemistry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Alkyl_nitrites" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkyl nitrites">Alkyl nitrites</a></div> <p>Poppers contain a class of chemicals called alkyl nitrites. To the extent that poppers products contain alkyl nitrites, the following applies. </p><p>The following table summarizes alkyl nitrite chemical and physical properties, including chemical structure:<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Alkyl nitrite</th> <th>CAS</th> <th>Formula</th> <th>Molecular weight (<span class="nowrap">g·mol</span><sup>−1</sup>)</th> <th>Physical state </th> <th>Color</th> <th>Boiling point </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amyl_nitrite" title="Amyl nitrite">Amyl nitrite</a> (isoamyl nitrite, isopentyl nitrite) </td> <td>110-46-3 </td> <td><span class="nowrap">(CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>CH(CH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub>ONO</span> </td> <td>117.15 </td> <td>liquid </td> <td>yellow<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>97–99 °C (207–210 °F) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pentyl_nitrite" title="Pentyl nitrite">Pentyl nitrite</a> (<i>n</i>-pentyl nitrite) </td> <td>463-04-7 </td> <td>CH<sub>3</sub>(CH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>4</sub>ONO </td> <td>117.15 </td> <td>liquid </td> <td>yellow </td> <td>104 °C (219 °F) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Butyl_nitrite" title="Butyl nitrite">Butyl nitrite</a> (<i>n</i>-butyl nitrite) </td> <td>544-16-1 </td> <td>CH<sub>3</sub>(CH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>3</sub>ONO </td> <td>103.12 </td> <td>liquid </td> <td>yellow </td> <td>78 °C (172 °F) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Isobutyl_nitrite" title="Isobutyl nitrite">Isobutyl nitrite</a> (2-methylpropyl nitrite) </td> <td>542-56-3 </td> <td>(CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>CHCH<sub>2</sub>ONO </td> <td>103.12 </td> <td>liquid </td> <td>colorless (transparent) </td> <td>67 °C (153 °F) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Isopropyl_nitrite" title="Isopropyl nitrite">Isopropyl nitrite</a> (2-propyl nitrite) </td> <td>541-42-4 </td> <td>(CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>CHONO </td> <td>89.09 </td> <td>liquid </td> <td>yellow </td> <td>39 °C (102 °F) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hexyl_nitrite" title="Hexyl nitrite">Hexyl nitrite</a> </td> <td>638-51-7 </td> <td>CH<sub>3</sub>(CH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>5</sub>ONO </td> <td>131.17 </td> <td>liquid </td> <td>colorless (transparent) </td> <td>130 °C (266 °F) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poppers&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/44px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="44" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/66px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/88px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b> with: a sourced paragraph on the transition from its use in medicine to its use as a recreational drug. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poppers&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2016</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th-century_discovery">19th-century discovery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poppers&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 19th-century discovery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The French chemist <a href="/wiki/Antoine_J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Balard" title="Antoine Jérôme Balard">Antoine Jérôme Balard</a> synthesized <a href="/wiki/Amyl_nitrite" title="Amyl nitrite">amyl nitrite</a> in 1844.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Lauder_Brunton" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Thomas Lauder Brunton">Sir Thomas Lauder Brunton</a>, a Scottish physician born in the year of amyl nitrite's first synthesis, documented its clinical use to treat <a href="/wiki/Angina_pectoris" class="mw-redirect" title="Angina pectoris">angina pectoris</a> in 1867 when patients experiencing chest pains would experience complete relief after inhalation.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid3524895_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid3524895-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brunton was inspired by earlier work with the same agent, performed by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Gamgee" title="Arthur Gamgee">Arthur Gamgee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Ward_Richardson" title="Benjamin Ward Richardson">Benjamin Ward Richardson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid3524895_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid3524895-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brunton reasoned that the angina sufferer's pain and discomfort could be reduced by administering amyl nitrite—to dilate the coronary arteries of patients, thus improving blood flow to the heart muscle.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid3524895_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid3524895-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Amyl nitrites were originally enclosed in a glass mesh called "pearls". The usual administration of these pearls was done by crushing them between the fingers, followed by a popping sound. This administration process seems to be the origin of the <a href="/wiki/Slang" title="Slang">slang term</a> "poppers". It was then administered via direct inhalation of the vapors or inhalation through silk that covered the capsule. </p><p>Brunton found that amyl nitrites had effects of dilating blood vessels and flushing of the face. Isobutyl nitrites were also documented around the late 1890s by Brunton and despite being found to have generally the same effects as amyl nitrites, they were never used as a clinical alternative to amyl nitrates. Brunton also found that propyl nitrites had the same effects as well.<sup id="cite_ref-Newell_et_al_1988_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newell_et_al_1988-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th-century_use">20th-century use</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poppers&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: 20th-century use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although amyl nitrite is known for its practical therapeutic applications, the first documented case of recreational use was in 1964.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The poppers "craze" began in the early 1970s in the <a href="/wiki/Gay_men" title="Gay men">gay male</a> community in <a href="/wiki/Gay_bar" title="Gay bar">bars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nightclub" title="Nightclub">discothèques</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gay_bathhouse" title="Gay bathhouse">bathhouses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Craze_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Craze-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-French_57–76_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-French_57–76-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was packaged and sold pharmaceutically in fragile glass ampoules wrapped in cloth sleeves which, when crushed or "popped" in the fingers, released the amyl nitrite for inhalation, hence the colloquialism <i>poppers</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Craze_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Craze-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term extended to the drug in any form as well as to other drugs with similar effects, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Butyl_nitrite" title="Butyl nitrite">butyl nitrite</a> which is packaged under a variety of trade names in small bottles.<sup id="cite_ref-Craze_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Craze-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 1970s <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i> magazine<sup id="cite_ref-Time_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Time-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reported that popper use among <a href="/wiki/Gay_men" title="Gay men">gay men</a> began as a way to enhance sexual pleasure, but "quickly spread to <a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">avant-garde</a> <a href="/wiki/Heterosexuals" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterosexuals">heterosexuals</a>". A series of interviews conducted in the late 1970s revealed a wide spectrum of users.<sup id="cite_ref-Time_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Time-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="article only references interviewing two people, one of whom is not a regular user (May 2024)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st-century">21st-century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poppers&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: 21st-century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Poppers were well established in the gay community, with more than a third of gay men having used poppers at least once.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Poppers were partial inspiration for songs such as <a href="/wiki/Troye_Sivan" title="Troye Sivan">Troye Sivan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Rush_(Troye_Sivan_song)" title="Rush (Troye Sivan song)">Rush</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_status">Legal status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poppers&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Legal status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poppers&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Poppers are legal in Australia, and from 2020, poppers can also be purchased as a schedule 3 substance from pharmacies, or a schedule 4 substance with a prescription.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="History_of_poppers_legislation_in_Australia">History of poppers legislation in Australia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poppers&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: History of poppers legislation in Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In June 2018, the <a href="/wiki/Therapeutic_Goods_Administration" title="Therapeutic Goods Administration">Therapeutic Goods Administration</a> (TGA) motioned to reschedule alkyl nitrites to be in the same category as heroin and cocaine (<a href="/wiki/Standard_for_the_Uniform_Scheduling_of_Medicines_and_Poisons#Schedule_9:_prohibited_substance" title="Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Medicines and Poisons">Schedule 9</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-tga.gov.au_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tga.gov.au-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was met by criticism from the LGBTQI community for being discriminatory and further evidence was demanded and further consultation sought.<sup id="cite_ref-qnews.com.au_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qnews.com.au-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2018, the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Federation_of_AIDS_Organisations" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Federation of AIDS Organisations">Australian Federation of AIDS Organisations</a> (AFAO) pointed out the lack of quality evidence provided by the TGA to justify the rescheduling<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that use of amyl nitrites has been stable over the past decade with very little evidence of harm and has been in use by a high proportion of gay men over a long period. </p><p>A final decision was pushed back from 29 November 2018 to late January or early February 2019 for further consultation with the public.<sup id="cite_ref-tga.gov.au-intrim_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tga.gov.au-intrim-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of March 2019, two public meetings have taken place in Sydney and Melbourne with <a href="/wiki/Kirby_Institute" title="Kirby Institute">The Kirby Institute</a> and the <a href="/wiki/La_Trobe_University" title="La Trobe University">Australian Research Centre in Sex, Health and Society</a> (ARCSHS). Along with 70 written public proposals, there was significant opposition to alkyl nitrites rescheduling.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Banning alkyl nitrites was not considered acceptable as their use was said to help reduce harms such as anal injury and blood-borne disease transmission during anal sex.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2019, Australia decided not to ban poppers.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poppers&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since 2013, <a href="/wiki/Health_Canada" title="Health Canada">Health Canada</a> has banned all distribution and sales of poppers.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Continental_Europe">Continental Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poppers&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Continental Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since 2007, reformulated poppers containing <a href="/wiki/Isopropyl_nitrite" title="Isopropyl nitrite">isopropyl nitrite</a> are sold in the EU; <a href="/wiki/Isobutyl_nitrite" title="Isobutyl nitrite">isobutyl nitrite</a> is prohibited.<sup id="cite_ref-eur-lex.europa.eu_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eur-lex.europa.eu-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, the sale of products containing <a href="/wiki/Butyl_nitrite" title="Butyl nitrite">butyl nitrite</a> has been prohibited since 1990 on grounds of danger to consumers.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2007, the government extended this prohibition to all <a href="/wiki/Alkyl_nitrites" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkyl nitrites">alkyl nitrites</a> that were not authorized for sale as <a href="/wiki/Drug" title="Drug">drugs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After litigation by <a href="/wiki/Sex_shop" title="Sex shop">sex shop</a> owners, this extension was quashed by the <a href="/wiki/Conseil_d%27%C3%89tat_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conseil d'État (France)">Council of State</a> on the grounds that the government had failed to justify such a blanket prohibition: according to the court, the risks cited, concerning rare accidents often following abnormal usage, rather justified compulsory warnings on the packaging.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The possession in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> is not subject to any regulations regarding <a href="/wiki/Anesthetic" title="Anesthetic">anesthetic</a> drugs and is therefore legal; however, the purchase, sale or trade of <a href="/wiki/Amyl_nitrite" title="Amyl nitrite">amyl nitrite</a> without permission violates the drug laws of the corresponding countries. Occasionally, poppers were seized from sex shops, when sold there illegally.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poppers&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Poppers are sold in <a href="/wiki/Nightclub" title="Nightclub">nightclubs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bar_(establishment)" title="Bar (establishment)">bars</a>, sex shops, <a href="/wiki/Drug_paraphernalia" title="Drug paraphernalia">drug paraphernalia</a> <a href="/wiki/Head_shop" title="Head shop">head shops</a>, over the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> and in markets. It is illegal under <a href="/wiki/Medicines_Act_1968" title="Medicines Act 1968">Medicines Act 1968</a> to sell them advertised for human consumption. The <a href="/wiki/Advisory_Council_on_the_Misuse_of_Drugs" title="Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs">Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs</a> noted in 2011 that poppers, rather than being psychoactive substance or <i>legal high</i>, "appear to fall within the scope of <a href="/wiki/The_Intoxicating_Substances_(Supply)_Act_1985" class="mw-redirect" title="The Intoxicating Substances (Supply) Act 1985">The Intoxicating Substances (Supply) Act 1985</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-acmd_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acmd-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Psychoactive_Substances_Act_2016" title="Psychoactive Substances Act 2016">Psychoactive Substances Act 2016</a>, scheduled to be enacted 1 April 2016, was initially claimed to impose a blanket ban on the production, import and distribution of all poppers.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 20 January 2016 a motion to exempt poppers (alkyl nitrites) from this legislation was defeated.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was opposed by Conservative MP <a href="/wiki/Ben_Howlett_(politician)" title="Ben Howlett (politician)">Ben Howlett</a>. Howlett's fellow Conservative MP <a href="/wiki/Crispin_Blunt" title="Crispin Blunt">Crispin Blunt</a> declared that he has used and currently uses poppers. Manufacturers expressed concern over loss of business and potential unemployment.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2016, the Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs stated that, because alkyl nitrites do not directly stimulate or depress the <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a>, poppers do not fall within the scope of the Psychoactive Substances Act 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poppers&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Amyl_nitrite" title="Amyl nitrite">Amyl nitrite</a> was originally marketed as a <a href="/wiki/Prescription_drug" title="Prescription drug">prescription drug</a> in 1937. It remained so until 1960, when the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> removed the prescription requirement due to its safety record. This requirement was reinstated in 1969, after observing an increase in <a href="/wiki/Recreational_drug_use" title="Recreational drug use">recreational use</a>. There was a huge increase in the number of brands for <a href="/wiki/Butyl_nitrite" title="Butyl nitrite">butyl nitrites</a> after the FDA put in the prescription requirement again in 1969.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid3524895_46-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid3524895-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Butyl nitrites were outlawed in 1988 by the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Drug_Abuse_Act_of_1988" title="Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988">Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This prompted distributors to sell other <a href="/wiki/Alkyl_nitrites" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkyl nitrites">alkyl nitrites</a> not yet banned, like <a href="/wiki/Isopropyl_nitrite" title="Isopropyl nitrite">isopropyl nitrite</a>. In 1990, isopropyl nitrites and other nitrites not yet banned were outlawed by the <a href="/wiki/Crime_Control_Act_of_1990" title="Crime Control Act of 1990">Crime Control Act of 1990</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both of these laws include an exception for <i>commercial purpose</i>, defined as any use other than for the production of consumer products containing volatile alkyl nitrites meant for inhaling or otherwise introducing volatile alkyl nitrites into the human body for euphoric or physical effects.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poppers&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_and_sex" title="Alcohol and sex">Alcohol and sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_drugs" title="Sex and drugs">Sex and drugs</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poppers&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRomanelliSmithThorntonPomeroy2004" class="citation journal cs1">Romanelli F, Smith KM, Thornton AC, Pomeroy C (January 2004). 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(November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3496104">"Adverse ophthalmic reaction in poppers users: case series of 'poppers maculopathy'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Eye</i>. <b>26</b> (11): 1479–1486. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Feye.2012.191">10.1038/eye.2012.191</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3496104">3496104</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23079752">23079752</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eye&rft.atitle=Adverse+ophthalmic+reaction+in+poppers+users%3A+case+series+of+%27poppers+maculopathy%27&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1479-1486&rft.date=2012-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3496104%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23079752&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Feye.2012.191&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=AJ&rft.au=Kelly%2C+SP&rft.au=Naylor%2C+SG&rft.au=Bhatt%2C+PR&rft.au=Mathews%2C+JP&rft.au=Sahni%2C+J&rft.au=Haslett%2C+R&rft.au=McKibbin%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3496104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoppers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVignal-ClermontAudoSahelPaques2010" class="citation journal cs1">Vignal-Clermont C, Audo I, Sahel JA, Paques M (October 2010). 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Polizei entdeckt 400 Flaschen des Schnüffelstoffs in Sex-Shop"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Die_Welt" title="Die Welt">Die Welt</a></i> (in German). 8 December 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Die+Welt&rft.atitle=%22Poppers%22+sichergestellt.+Polizei+entdeckt+400+Flaschen+des+Schn%C3%BCffelstoffs+in+Sex-Shop&rft.date=2005-12-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.welt.de%2Fprint-welt%2Farticle182967%2FPoppers-sichergestellt.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoppers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-acmd-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-acmd_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/119139/acmdnps2011.pdf">"Consideration of the Novel Psychoactive Substances ('Legal Highs')"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Mirror.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=UK%27s+biggest+poppers+manufacturer+vows+to+fight+legal+high+ban+on+product+he%27s+made+for+35+years&rft.aulast=Sutcliffe&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mirror.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-news%2Fuks-biggest-poppers-manufacturer-vows-7373648&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoppers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTayag2016" class="citation web cs1">Tayag Y (11 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inverse.com/article/11351-england-s-psychoactive-substances-act-puts-nootropic-poppers-on-notice">"The UK is at war with synthetic drugs and brain boosters are in the crossfire"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+UK+is+at+war+with+synthetic+drugs+and+brain+boosters+are+in+the+crossfire&rft.date=2016-02-11&rft.aulast=Tayag&rft.aufirst=Yasmin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.inverse.com%2Farticle%2F11351-england-s-psychoactive-substances-act-puts-nootropic-poppers-on-notice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoppers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/poppers-are-so-harmless-they-dont-even-fall-under-the-governments-legal-highs-ban-acmd-says-a6934096.html">"The Government thought it had banned Poppers but actually accidentally didn't"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. 16 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-12-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LII+%2F+Legal+Information+Institute&rft.atitle=15+U.S.+Code+%C2%A7+2057a+-+Banning+of+butyl+nitrite&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.cornell.edu%2Fuscode%2Ftext%2F15%2F2057a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoppers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/15/2057b">"15 U.S. Code § 2057b - Banning of isopropal nitrite and other nitrites"</a>. <i>LII / Legal Information Institute</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-12-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LII+%2F+Legal+Information+Institute&rft.atitle=15+U.S.+Code+%C2%A7+2057b+-+Banning+of+isopropal+nitrite+and+other+nitrites&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.cornell.edu%2Fuscode%2Ftext%2F15%2F2057b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoppers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988 (Public Law 100-690, section 2404) (15 U.S.C. 2d57a(e)(2)).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Template:Euphoriants" title="Template:Euphoriants"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Euphoriants" title="Template talk:Euphoriants"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Euphoriants" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Euphoriants"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Drugs_which_induce_euphoria" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Drugs which induce <a href="/wiki/Euphoriant" class="mw-redirect" title="Euphoriant">euphoria</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CE%9C-Opioid_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Μ-Opioid receptor">μ-Opioid receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Agonist" title="Agonist">agonists</a> (<a href="/wiki/Opioid" title="Opioid">opioids</a>) (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">morphine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heroin" title="Heroin">heroin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrocodone" title="Hydrocodone">hydrocodone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxycodone" title="Oxycodone">oxycodone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Opium" title="Opium">opium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kratom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kratom">kratom</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltage-dependent_calcium_channel#.CE.B12.CE.B4_Subunit" class="mw-redirect" title="Voltage-dependent calcium channel">α<sub>2</sub>δ subunit</a>-containing <a href="/wiki/Voltage-dependent_calcium_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Voltage-dependent calcium channel">voltage-dependent calcium channels</a> <a href="/wiki/Calcium_channel_blocker" title="Calcium channel blocker">blockers</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gabapentinoid" title="Gabapentinoid">gabapentinoids</a>) (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Gabapentin" title="Gabapentin">gabapentin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pregabalin" title="Pregabalin">pregabalin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phenibut" title="Phenibut">phenibut</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMPA_receptor" title="AMPA receptor">AMPA receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Receptor_antagonist" title="Receptor antagonist">antagonists</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Perampanel" title="Perampanel">perampanel</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CB1_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="CB1 receptor">CB<sub>1</sub> receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Agonist" title="Agonist">agonists</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabinoid" title="Cannabinoid">cannabinoids</a>) (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabinol" title="Tetrahydrocannabinol">THC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">cannabis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_agonist" title="Dopamine agonist">Dopamine receptor agonists</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Levodopa" title="Levodopa">levodopa</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_releasing_agent" title="Dopamine releasing agent">Dopamine releasing agents</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">amphetamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine" title="Methamphetamine">methamphetamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA">MDMA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mephedrone" title="Mephedrone">mephedrone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Dopamine reuptake inhibitor">Dopamine reuptake inhibitors</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methylphenidate" title="Methylphenidate">methylphenidate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GABAA_receptor" title="GABAA receptor">GABA<sub>A</sub> receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Positive_allosteric_modulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Positive allosteric modulator">positive allosteric modulators</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Barbiturate" title="Barbiturate">barbiturates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">benzodiazepines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbamate" title="Carbamate">carbamates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">ethanol (alcohol)</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_drink" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcoholic drink">alcoholic drink</a>), <a href="/wiki/Inhalant" title="Inhalant">inhalants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nonbenzodiazepine" title="Nonbenzodiazepine">nonbenzodiazepines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quinazolinone" title="Quinazolinone">quinazolinones</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-Hydroxybutyric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid">GHB</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sodium_oxybate" title="Sodium oxybate">sodium oxybate</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Structural_analog" title="Structural analog">analogues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glucocorticoid" title="Glucocorticoid">Glucocorticoids (corticosteroids)</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Dexamethasone" title="Dexamethasone">dexamethasone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prednisone" title="Prednisone">prednisone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotinic_agonist" title="Nicotinic agonist">nACh receptor agonists</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">nicotine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arecoline" title="Arecoline">arecoline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Areca_nut" title="Areca nut">areca nut</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide_donor" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitric oxide donor">Nitric oxide prodrugs</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Alkyl_nitrite" title="Alkyl nitrite">alkyl nitrites</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">poppers</a>))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NMDA_receptor_antagonist" title="NMDA receptor antagonist">NMDA receptor antagonists</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Dextromethorphan" title="Dextromethorphan">DXM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ketamine" title="Ketamine">ketamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methoxetamine" title="Methoxetamine">methoxetamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">nitrous oxide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phencyclidine" title="Phencyclidine">phencyclidine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inhalant" title="Inhalant">inhalants</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orexin_antagonist" title="Orexin antagonist">Orexin receptor antagonists</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Suvorexant" title="Suvorexant">suvorexant</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i><b>See also:</b> <a href="/wiki/Template:Drug_use" title="Template:Drug use">Recreational drug use</a></i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poppers&oldid=1256320524">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poppers&oldid=1256320524</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Alkyl_nitrites" title="Category:Alkyl nitrites">Alkyl 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