CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Principality of Moscow - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"f061786f-7bfb-4553-af8e-9b08d2c2f94d","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Principality_of_Moscow","wgTitle":"Principality of Moscow","wgCurRevisionId":1258678951,"wgRevisionId":1258678951,"wgArticleId":21476285,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 maint: location missing publisher","CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)","CS1 uses Russian-language script (ru)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages","Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the flag caption or type parameters", "Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters","Articles containing Russian-language text","Articles containing Latin-language text","Articles containing Old East Slavic-language text","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from May 2023","All articles lacking reliable references","Articles lacking reliable references from May 2023","Articles containing French-language text","Articles with unsourced statements from June 2020","All articles with vague or ambiguous time","Vague or ambiguous time from May 2023","Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from November 2024","Articles with unsourced statements from February 2023","Source attribution","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Russia articles missing geocoordinate data","All articles needing coordinates","Articles missing coordinates without coordinates on Wikidata","Principality of Moscow", "States and territories established in 1283","States and territories disestablished in 1547","1282 establishments in Europe","13th-century establishments in Russia","1547 disestablishments in Europe","History of Moscow Oblast","Former monarchies of Europe","13th century in Russia","14th century in Russia","15th century in Russia","16th century in Russia","16th century in Moscow","States and territories disestablished in the 1540s","Former countries","Vassal and tributary states of the Golden Horde","Christian states"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Principality_of_Moscow","wgRelevantArticleId":21476285,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":["sysop"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true, "wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q170770","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready", "user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions", "wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Muscovy_1390_1525.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1159"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Muscovy_1390_1525.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="773"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="618"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Principality of Moscow - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Moscow"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Principality_of_Moscow&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Moscow"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Principality_of_Moscow rootpage-Principality_of_Moscow skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Principality+of+Moscow" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Principality+of+Moscow" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Principality+of+Moscow" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Principality+of+Moscow" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Name" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Name"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Name</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Name-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mongol_alliance_and_Tverian_rivalry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mongol_alliance_and_Tverian_rivalry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Mongol alliance and Tverian rivalry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mongol_alliance_and_Tverian_rivalry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dmitry_Donskoy_and_the_Great_Troubles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dmitry_Donskoy_and_the_Great_Troubles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Dmitry Donskoy and the Great Troubles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dmitry_Donskoy_and_the_Great_Troubles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vasily_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vasily_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Vasily I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vasily_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Muscovite_War_of_Succession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Muscovite_War_of_Succession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Muscovite War of Succession</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Muscovite_War_of_Succession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ivan_III" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ivan_III"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Ivan III</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ivan_III-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Court" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Court"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Court</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Court-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relations_with_the_Horde" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_with_the_Horde"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Relations with the Horde</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relations_with_the_Horde-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assessment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assessment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Assessment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assessment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Society</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Society-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Society subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Class" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Class"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Class</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Class-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Principality of Moscow</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 72 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-72" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">72 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grootvorstedom_Moskou" title="Grootvorstedom Moskou – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Grootvorstedom Moskou" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%89" title="دوقية موسكو الكبرى – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دوقية موسكو الكبرى" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princip%C3%A1u_de_Mosc%C3%BA" title="Principáu de Moscú – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Principáu de Moscú" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B6y%C3%BCk_Moskva_knyazl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Böyük Moskva knyazlığı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Böyük Moskva knyazlığı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D3%A9%D0%B9%D3%A9%D0%BA_%D0%9C%D3%99%D1%81%D0%BA%D3%99%D2%AF_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D3%99%D0%B7%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5" title="Бөйөк Мәскәү кенәзлеге – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Бөйөк Мәскәү кенәзлеге" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%9A%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5" title="Вялікае Княства Маскоўскае – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вялікае Княства Маскоўскае" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Маскоўскае княства – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Маскоўскае княства" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Велико московско княжество – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Велико московско княжество" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Ducat_de_Moscou" title="Gran Ducat de Moscou – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gran Ducat de Moscou" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BB%C4%83_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B5%C3%A7%D0%BB%C4%95%D1%85%C4%95" title="Аслă Мускав кнеçлĕхĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Аслă Мускав кнеçлĕхĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskevsk%C3%A9_velkokn%C3%AD%C5%BEectv%C3%AD" title="Moskevské velkoknížectví – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Moskevské velkoknížectví" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uchel_Ddugiaeth_Moscfa" title="Uchel Ddugiaeth Moscfa – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Uchel Ddugiaeth Moscfa" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storfyrstend%C3%B8mmet_Moskva" title="Storfyrstendømmet Moskva – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Storfyrstendømmet Moskva" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gro%C3%9Ff%C3%BCrstentum_Moskau" title="Großfürstentum Moskau – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Großfürstentum Moskau" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskva_suurv%C3%BCrstiriik" title="Moskva suurvürstiriik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Moskva suurvürstiriik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%BF%CF%83%CF%87%CE%BF%CE%B2%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Μοσχοβία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μοσχοβία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principado_de_Mosc%C3%BA" title="Principado de Moscú – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Principado de Moscú" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandprinclando_Moskvo" title="Grandprinclando Moskvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Grandprinclando Moskvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskuko_Printzerria" title="Moskuko Printzerria – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Moskuko Printzerria" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%DA%A9%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%B2%D8%B1%DA%AF_%D9%85%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%88" title="دوک‌نشین بزرگ مسکو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دوک‌نشین بزرگ مسکو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande-principaut%C3%A9_de_Moscou" title="Grande-principauté de Moscou – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Grande-principauté de Moscou" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grutfoarstedom_Moskou" title="Grutfoarstedom Moskou – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Grutfoarstedom Moskou" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Ducado_de_Moscova" title="Gran Ducado de Moscova – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Gran Ducado de Moscova" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AA%A8%EC%8A%A4%ED%81%AC%EB%B0%94_%EB%8C%80%EA%B3%B5%EA%B5%AD" title="모스크바 대공국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="모스크바 대공국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%AF%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%B4%D5%A5%D5%AE_%D5%AB%D5%B7%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Մոսկվայի մեծ իշխանություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մոսկվայի մեծ իշխանություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velika_Kne%C5%BEevina_Moskva" title="Velika Kneževina Moskva – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Velika Kneževina Moskva" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandadukio_Moskva" title="Grandadukio Moskva – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Grandadukio Moskva" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keharyapatihan_Moskow" title="Keharyapatihan Moskow – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Keharyapatihan Moskow" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principato_de_Moscova" title="Principato de Moscova – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Principato de Moscova" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granducato_di_Mosca" title="Granducato di Mosca – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Granducato di Mosca" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%91%D7%94" title="נסיכות מוסקבה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נסיכות מוסקבה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D" title="მოსკოვის დიდი სამთავრო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მოსკოვის დიდი სამთავრო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D0%9C%D3%99%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%83_%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BD%D3%99%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B3%D1%96" title="Ұлы Мәскеу кінәздігі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ұлы Мәскеу кінәздігі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Ducat_de_Moscau" title="Gran Ducat de Moscau – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Gran Ducat de Moscau" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscovia" title="Moscovia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Moscovia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskavija" title="Maskavija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Maskavija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskvos_did%C5%BEioji_kunigaik%C5%A1tyst%C4%97" title="Maskvos didžioji kunigaikštystė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Maskvos didžioji kunigaikštystė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groeatv%C3%B3rstend%C3%B3m_Moskou" title="Groeatvórstendóm Moskou – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Groeatvórstendóm Moskou" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moszkvai_Nagyfejedelems%C3%A9g" title="Moszkvai Nagyfejedelemség – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Moszkvai Nagyfejedelemség" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%9A%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Големо Московско Кнежевство – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Големо Московско Кнежевство" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D" title="მოსკოვიშ დიდი სათარო – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მოსკოვიშ დიდი სათარო" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%88" title="دوقية موسكو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="دوقية موسكو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%98%D1%85_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%81" title="Москвагийн Их Вант Улс – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Москвагийн Их Вант Улс" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grootvorstendom_Moskou" title="Grootvorstendom Moskou – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Grootvorstendom Moskou" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A2%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AF%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%BD" title="モスクワ大公国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="モスクワ大公国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Москохан олалла – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Москохан олалла" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskau_(Gratf%C3%BCrstendoom)" title="Moskau (Gratfürstendoom) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Moskau (Gratfürstendoom)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storfyrsted%C3%B8mmet_Moskva" title="Storfyrstedømmet Moskva – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Storfyrstedømmet Moskva" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storfyrsted%C3%B8met_Moskva" title="Storfyrstedømet Moskva – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Storfyrstedømet Moskva" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskva_buyuk_knyazligi" title="Moskva buyuk knyazligi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Moskva buyuk knyazligi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="ماسکوی روس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ماسکوی روس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wielkie_Ksi%C4%99stwo_Moskiewskie" title="Wielkie Księstwo Moskiewskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wielkie Księstwo Moskiewskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A3o-Principado_de_Moscou" title="Grão-Principado de Moscou – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Grão-Principado de Moscou" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cnezatul_Moscovei" title="Cnezatul Moscovei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cnezatul Moscovei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5" title="Великое княжество Московское – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Великое княжество Московское" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_o_Moscow" title="Grand Duchy o Moscow – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Grand Duchy o Moscow" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Moscow" title="Grand Duchy of Moscow – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Grand Duchy of Moscow" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskovsk%C3%A9_ve%C4%BEkoknie%C5%BEatstvo" title="Moskovské veľkokniežatstvo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Moskovské veľkokniežatstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskovska_velika_kne%C5%BEevina" title="Moskovska velika kneževina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Moskovska velika kneževina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Велика московска кнежевина – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Велика московска кнежевина" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velika_Moskovska_Kne%C5%BEevina" title="Velika Moskovska Kneževina – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Velika Moskovska Kneževina" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskovan_suuriruhtinaskunta" title="Moskovan suuriruhtinaskunta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Moskovan suuriruhtinaskunta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskvariket" title="Moskvariket – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Moskvariket" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D3%A9%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D0%9C%D3%99%D1%81%D0%BA%D3%99%D2%AF_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D3%99%D0%B7%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5" title="Бөек Мәскәү кенәзлеге – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Бөек Мәскәү кенәзлеге" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81" title="แกรนด์ดัชชีมอสโก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แกรนด์ดัชชีมอสโก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskova_Knezli%C4%9Fi" title="Moskova Knezliği – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Moskova Knezliği" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Велике князівство Московське – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Велике князівство Московське" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="ماسکووی روس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ماسکووی روس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A2n_v%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_qu%E1%BB%91c_Moskva" title="Thân vương quốc Moskva – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thân vương quốc Moskva" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%BD" title="莫斯科大公国 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="莫斯科大公国" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%8B" title="莫斯科大公國 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="莫斯科大公國" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%BD" title="莫斯科大公国 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="莫斯科大公国" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q170770#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Moscow" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Principality_of_Moscow" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Moscow"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principality_of_Moscow&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principality_of_Moscow&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Moscow"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principality_of_Moscow&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principality_of_Moscow&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Principality_of_Moscow" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Principality_of_Moscow" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principality_of_Moscow&oldid=1258678951" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principality_of_Moscow&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Principality_of_Moscow&id=1258678951&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPrincipality_of_Moscow"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPrincipality_of_Moscow"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Principality_of_Moscow&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principality_of_Moscow&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Grand_Duchy_of_Moscow" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q170770" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Principality of the Late Middle Ages</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Principality of Moscow<br />Grand Duchy of Moscow</div><div class="ib-country-names"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Великое княжество Московское</li> <li><i>Velikoye knyazhestvo Moskovskoye</i></li></ul> </div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1282<sup id="cite_ref-Daniil1282_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daniil1282-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>–1547</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Banner_of_Dmitry_Donskoy.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Muscovy"><img alt="Flag of Muscovy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Banner_of_Dmitry_Donskoy.svg/110px-Banner_of_Dmitry_Donskoy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Banner_of_Dmitry_Donskoy.svg/165px-Banner_of_Dmitry_Donskoy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Banner_of_Dmitry_Donskoy.svg/220px-Banner_of_Dmitry_Donskoy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="528" data-file-height="301" /></a></span></div> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Banner of <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Donskoy" title="Dmitry Donskoy">Dmitry Donskoy</a></span></li> <li>(colored according to medieval chronicles)</li></ul> </div></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Ivan_3_(reverse).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Double-headed eagle on the seal of Ivan III of Muscovy"><img alt="Double-headed eagle on the seal of Ivan III of Muscovy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Seal_of_Ivan_3_%28reverse%29.svg/100px-Seal_of_Ivan_3_%28reverse%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Seal_of_Ivan_3_%28reverse%29.svg/150px-Seal_of_Ivan_3_%28reverse%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Seal_of_Ivan_3_%28reverse%29.svg/200px-Seal_of_Ivan_3_%28reverse%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="617" data-file-height="634" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Russia" title="Coat of arms of Russia">Double-headed eagle</a> on the seal of <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ivan_III_of_Russia" title="Ivan III of Russia">Ivan III</a></span></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Attributed_arms" title="Attributed arms">Attributed coat of arms</a> on the<br /><i><a href="/wiki/Carta_marina" title="Carta marina">Carta marina</a></i> (1539):</span></b><br /><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Moscovia.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Muscovy on the Carta marina (1539)"><img alt="Coat of arms of Muscovy on the Carta marina (1539)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Coat_of_Arms_of_Moscovia.png/70px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Moscovia.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Coat_of_Arms_of_Moscovia.png/105px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Moscovia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Coat_of_Arms_of_Moscovia.png 2x" data-file-width="110" data-file-height="125" /></a><figcaption>Coat of arms of Muscovy on the Carta marina (1539)</figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Muscovy_1390_1525.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Muscovy_1390_1525.png/250px-Muscovy_1390_1525.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Muscovy_1390_1525.png/375px-Muscovy_1390_1525.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Muscovy_1390_1525.png 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="425" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> Territorial expansion of the Principality of Moscow, 1300–1547<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#76A471; color:black;"> </span> Core territory of Muscovy, 1300</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#86CE80; color:black;"> </span> Territory of <a href="/wiki/Vladimir-Suzdal" title="Vladimir-Suzdal">Vladimir-Suzdal</a>, acquired by Muscovy by 1390</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#AFF9A9; color:black;"> </span> Territory acquired by 1505 (<a href="/wiki/Ivan_III_of_Russia" title="Ivan III of Russia">Ivan III</a>)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#93FAC0; color:black;"> </span> Territory acquired by 1533 (<a href="/wiki/Vasili_III_of_Russia" title="Vasili III of Russia">Vasili III</a>)</div> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vassal_state" title="Vassal state">Vassal state</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1282–1471)</span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign state</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1471–1547)</span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Old_East_Slavic" title="Old East Slavic">Old East Slavic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox</a> (<a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">official</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Muscovite</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary</a> <a href="/wiki/Absolute_Monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolute Monarchy">Absolute Monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Moscow" title="Prince of Moscow">Prince of Moscow</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1282–1303<sup id="cite_ref-Daniil1282_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daniil1282-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_of_Moscow" title="Daniel of Moscow">Daniel</a> <small>(first)</small></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1533–1547 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ivan_the_Terrible" title="Ivan the Terrible">Ivan IV</a> <small>(last)</small></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Boyar_Duma" class="mw-redirect" title="Boyar Duma">Boyar Duma</a> & <a href="/wiki/Veche" title="Veche">Veche</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Established </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1282<sup id="cite_ref-Daniil1282_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daniil1282-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_Russian_monarch" title="Coronation of the Russian monarch">Coronation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ivan_the_Terrible" title="Ivan the Terrible">Ivan IV</a> as <a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">tsar</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">16 January 1547</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area</th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">1505<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data">2,500,000 km<sup>2</sup> (970,000 sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ruble" title="Ruble">ruble</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denga" title="Denga">denga</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir-Suzdal" title="Vladimir-Suzdal">Vladimir-Suzdal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Yaroslavl" title="Principality of Yaroslavl">Principality of Yaroslavl</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Nizhny_Novgorod-Suzdal" title="Principality of Nizhny Novgorod-Suzdal">Principality of Nizhny Novgorod-Suzdal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Republic" title="Novgorod Republic">Novgorod Republic</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Tver" title="Principality of Tver">Principality of Tver</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Great_Perm" title="Great Perm">Great Perm</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Ryazan" title="Principality of Ryazan">Principality of Ryazan</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsardom of Russia</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Principality of Moscow</b><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2007208,_222,_228,_231_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2007208,_222,_228,_231-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalperin1987217_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalperin1987217-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <b>Grand Duchy of Moscow</b><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Великое княжество Московское</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Velikoye knyazhestvo Moskovskoye</i></span>), also known simply as <b>Muscovy</b> (from the <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Moscovia</i></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalperin1987217_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalperin1987217-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a <a href="/wiki/Principality" title="Principality">principality</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a> centered on <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>. It eventually evolved into the <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsardom of Russia</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">early modern period</a>. The princes of Moscow were descendants of the first prince <a href="/wiki/Daniel_of_Moscow" title="Daniel of Moscow">Daniel</a>, referred to in modern historiography as the <i>Daniilovichi</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2007487_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2007487-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a branch of the <a href="/wiki/Rurikids" title="Rurikids">Rurikids</a>. </p><p>In 1263, Daniel inherited the territory as an <a href="/wiki/Appanage" title="Appanage">appanage</a> of his father <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Nevsky" title="Alexander Nevsky">Alexander Nevsky</a>, prince of <a href="/wiki/Vladimir-Suzdal" title="Vladimir-Suzdal">Vladimir-Suzdal</a>, but it was not until 1282 that Daniel is mentioned as an independent prince of Moscow.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially, Muscovy was a <a href="/wiki/Vassal_state" title="Vassal state">vassal state</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a>, paying the khans homage and tribute.<sup id="cite_ref-spielvogel_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spielvogel-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moscow eclipsed and eventually absorbed its parent principality and later the other independent Russian principalities.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Great_Stand_on_the_Ugra_River" title="Great Stand on the Ugra River">Great Stand on the Ugra River</a> in 1480 marked the end of nominal Tatar suzerainty over Russia,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-spielvogel_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spielvogel-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though there were frequent uprisings and several successful military campaigns against the Mongols, such as an uprising led by <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Donskoy" title="Dmitry Donskoy">Dmitry Donskoy</a> against the ruler of the Golden Horde, <a href="/wiki/Mamai" title="Mamai">Mamai</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kulikovo" title="Battle of Kulikovo">Battle of Kulikovo</a> in 1380.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ivan_III_of_Russia" title="Ivan III of Russia">Ivan III</a> ("the Great") further consolidated the state during his 43-year reign, <a href="/wiki/Muscovite%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Wars" title="Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars">campaigning</a> against his major remaining rival power, the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a>, and by 1503, he had tripled the territory of his realm. Ivan's successor <a href="/wiki/Vasili_III_of_Russia" title="Vasili III of Russia">Vasili III</a> also enjoyed military success, gaining <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Smolensk" title="Principality of Smolensk">Smolensk</a> from Lithuania in 1512 and pushing Muscovy's borders to the <a href="/wiki/Dnieper" title="Dnieper">Dnieper</a>. Vasili's son <a href="/wiki/Ivan_the_Terrible" title="Ivan the Terrible">Ivan IV</a> ("the Terrible") was <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_Russian_monarch" title="Coronation of the Russian monarch">crowned</a> <a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">tsar</a> in 1547.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principality_of_Moscow&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Moscow#Etymology" title="Moscow">Moscow § Etymology</a></div> <p>The <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">Principality of Moscow</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2007208,_222,_228,_231_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2007208,_222,_228,_231-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalperin1987217_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalperin1987217-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is also known as <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">Muscovy</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalperin1987217_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalperin1987217-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">Grand Principality of Moscow</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">Muscovite Rus</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dewey_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dewey-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">Muscovite Russia</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dewey_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dewey-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The English names <i>Moscow</i> and <i>Muscovy</i>, for the city, the principality, and the river, descend from post-classical Latin <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Moscovia</i></span>, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Muscovia</i></span> (compare Russian <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Moskoviya</i></span>, "principality of Moscow"), and ultimately from the <a href="/wiki/Old_East_Slavic" title="Old East Slavic">Old East Slavic</a> fully vocalized <a href="/wiki/Accusative_case" title="Accusative case">accusative</a> form <span title="Old East Slavic-language text"><span lang="orv">Московь</span></span>, <span title="Old East Slavic-language romanization"><i lang="orv-Latn">Moskovĭ</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Latin, the Moscow principality was also historically referred to as <i><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Rus%CA%B9,_Russia_and_Ruthenia#White,_Black,_Red" class="mw-redirect" title="Names of Rusʹ, Russia and Ruthenia">Ruthenia Alba</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The oldest <a href="/wiki/Endonym_and_exonym" title="Endonym and exonym">endonyms</a> of the Principality of Moscow used in its documents for itself were "Rus'" (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Русь</span></span>) and the "Russian land" (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Русская земля</span></span>, <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Russkaya zemlya</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A new form of the name became common by the 15th century,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the vernacular <i>Rus<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span></i> was transformed into <i>Rus(s)iya</i> or <i>Ros(s)iya</i> (based on the Greek name for Rus').<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1480s, Russian state scribes Ivan Cherny and Mikhail Medovartsev mention Russia under the name <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">"Росиа"</span></span> (<i>Rosia</i>), and Medovartsev also mentions the sceptre "of Russian lordship" (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Росийскаго господства</span></span>, <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Rosiyskago gospodstva</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Zadonshchina" title="Zadonshchina">Zadonshchina</a></i>, an East Slavic manuscript from the 14th century attributed to Sofony of <a href="/wiki/Ryazan" title="Ryazan">Ryazan</a>, which is an <a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">epic</a> about Prince <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Donskoy" title="Dmitry Donskoy">Dmitry Donskoy</a>'s victory over the Golden Horde, stressed the unity of the Rus' princes and described the principalities of Moscow, Novgorod, and others as the "Russian land."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZenkovsky1963211–228_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZenkovsky1963211–228-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C-%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C-%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE.jpg/180px-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C-%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C-%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE.jpg/270px-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C-%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C-%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="298" data-file-height="169" /></a><figcaption>The seal of <a href="/wiki/Simeon_the_Proud" class="mw-redirect" title="Simeon the Proud">Simeon the Proud</a> (1340s), reads: "The seal of the Grand Duke Simeon of all Rus<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>".</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Ivan_3.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Seal_of_Ivan_3.png/180px-Seal_of_Ivan_3.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Seal_of_Ivan_3.png/270px-Seal_of_Ivan_3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Seal_of_Ivan_3.png/360px-Seal_of_Ivan_3.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="396" /></a><figcaption>The seal of Ivan III the Great (1490s), reads: "Ioan (John), by God's grace, the Sovereign of all Rus' and the Grand Duke".</figcaption></figure> <p>The title of the rulers included "The Prince (<a href="/wiki/Knyaz" title="Knyaz">Knyaz</a>) of Moscow" (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Московский князь</span></span>, <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Moskovskiy knyaz</i></span>) or "the Sovereign of Moscow" (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Московский государь</span></span>, <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Moskovskiy gosudar</i></span>) as common short titles.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> After the unification with the Principality of Vladimir in the mid-14th century, the prince of Moscow might call themselves also "the Prince of Vladimir and Moscow", as Vladimir was much older than Moscow and much more "prestigious" in the hierarchy of possessions, although the principal residence of the princes had always been in Moscow.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In rivalry with other principalities (especially the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Tver" title="Principality of Tver">Principality of Tver</a>), Muscovite princes also designated themselves as the "<i>Grand</i> Princes", claiming a higher position in the hierarchy of Rus' princes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> During the territorial growth and later acquisitions, the full title became rather lengthy.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="A Russian-language source from 1887, really? (May 2023)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In routine documents and on seals, though, various short names were applied: "the (Grand) Prince of Moscow", "the Sovereign of Moscow", "the Grand Prince of all Rus<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>" (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Великий князь всея Руси</span></span>, <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Velikiy knyaz vseya Rusi</i></span>), "the Sovereign of all Rus<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>" (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Государь всея Руси</span></span>, <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Gosudar vseya Rusi</i></span>), or simply "the Grand Prince" (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Великий князь</span></span>, <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Velikiy knyaz</i></span>) or "the Great (or Grand) Sovereign" (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Великий государь</span></span>, <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Velikiy gosudar</i></span>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Golden Horde appointed <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Kalita" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan Kalita">Ivan Kalita</a> to the throne of "All Russia" while <a href="/wiki/Simeon_the_Proud" class="mw-redirect" title="Simeon the Proud">Simeon the Proud</a> took the title of Grand Duke of All Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudalism</a>, the collective name of the Eastern Slavic land, Rus', was not forgotten,<sup id="cite_ref-Khoroshkevich1976_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khoroshkevich1976-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though it then became a cultural and geographical rather than the political term, as there was no single political entity on the territory. Since the 14th century various Muscovite princes added "of all Rus<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>" (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">всея Руси</span></span>, <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">vseya Rusi</i></span>) to their titles, after the title of Russian metropolitans, "the Metropolitan of all Rus<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>".<sup id="cite_ref-Filyushkin2006_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Filyushkin2006-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Shemyaka" title="Dmitry Shemyaka">Dmitry Shemyaka</a> (died 1453) was the first Muscovite prince who minted coins with the title "the <i>Sovereign</i> of all Rus<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Although initially both "Sovereign" and "all Rus<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>" was supposed to be rather honorific epithets,<sup id="cite_ref-Filyushkin2006_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Filyushkin2006-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> since Ivan III is transformed into the political claim over the territory of all the former Kievan Rus', a goal that the Muscovite prince came closer to by the end of that century, uniting eastern Rus'.<sup id="cite_ref-Khoroshkevich1976_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khoroshkevich1976-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Such claims raised much opposition and hostility from its main rival, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, which controlled a large (western) portion of the land of ancient Rus' and hence denied any claims and even the self-name of the eastern neighbour.<sup id="cite_ref-Khoroshkevich1976_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khoroshkevich1976-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Filyushkin2006_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Filyushkin2006-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the Polish-Lithuanian influence the country began to be called <i>Muscovy</i> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Moscovia</i>, Muscovy, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Moscovie</i>) in Western Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-Khoroshkevich1976_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khoroshkevich1976-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first appearances of the term were in an Italian document of 1500.<sup id="cite_ref-Khoroshkevich1976_34-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khoroshkevich1976-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially <i>Moscovia</i> was the Latinized name of the city of Moscow itself, not of the state;<sup id="cite_ref-Khoroshkevich1976_34-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khoroshkevich1976-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> later it acquired its wider meaning (<a href="/wiki/Synecdoche" title="Synecdoche">synecdoche</a>) and has been used alongside the older name, Russia. The term <i>Muscovy</i> persisted in the West until the beginning of the 18th century and is still used in historical contexts. The term remains current in <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> as an alternative name for Russia. Derived from it is <i>al-Muskubīya</i> (المسكوبية), the Arabic name of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Compound" title="Russian Compound">Russian Compound</a> district of <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, where Czarist Russia established various institutions in the 19th century, and hence also the name of the <a href="/wiki/Al-Moskobiya_Detention_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Moskobiya Detention Centre">Al-Moskobiya Detention Centre</a> located there.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>During his reign, <a href="/wiki/Ivan_III_of_Russia" title="Ivan III of Russia">Ivan III the Great</a> claimed the title of "<a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">Tsar</a> of all Russia".<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principality_of_Moscow&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principality_of_Moscow&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'">Mongols invaded Kievan Rus'</a> in the 1230s and 1240s, establishing the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a> and vassalising most remnant <a href="/wiki/Rus%27_principalities" class="mw-redirect" title="Rus' principalities">Rus' principalities</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> was still a small town within the principality of <a href="/wiki/Vladimir-Suzdal" title="Vladimir-Suzdal">Vladimir-Suzdal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the Mongols burnt down Moscow in the winter of 1238 and <a href="/wiki/Pillage" class="mw-redirect" title="Pillage">pillaged</a> it in 1293, the outpost's remote, forested location offered some security from Mongol attacks and occupation, while a number of rivers provided access to the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black</a> Seas and to the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> region.<sup id="cite_ref-loc_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1293, the princes of Vladimir, Moscow and Tver each refused to pay homage of the new khan, <a href="/wiki/Toqta" title="Toqta">Toqta</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Sarai_(city)" title="Sarai (city)">Sarai</a>; therefore, the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a>'s forces and their Rus' allies <a href="/wiki/Andrey_of_Gorodets" title="Andrey of Gorodets">Andrey of Gorodets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theodore_the_Black" title="Theodore the Black">Theodore of Yaroslavl</a> sacked these three towns and devastated the countryside as punishment for disobedience, as was regular practice for any Rus' vassal defying the Mongol-Tatar hegemony.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2007191_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2007191-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Successive <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Moscow" title="Prince of Moscow">princes of Moscow</a> expanded its borders, and turned a small principality in the Moskva River Basin in the late 13th century into the largest state in Europe of the 16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The prince, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_of_Moscow" title="Daniel of Moscow">Daniel of Moscow</a> (d. 1303), was the youngest son of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Nevsky" title="Alexander Nevsky">Alexander Nevsky</a> of Vladimir-Suzdal. He started to expand his principality by seizing <a href="/wiki/Kolomna" title="Kolomna">Kolomna</a> and securing the bequest of <a href="/wiki/Pereslavl-Zalessky" title="Pereslavl-Zalessky">Pereslavl-Zalessky</a> to his family. However, because he died before inheriting the title of <a href="/wiki/Grand_prince_of_Vladimir" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand prince of Vladimir">grand prince of Vladimir</a>, his descendants were ineligible (<i><a href="/wiki/Izgoi" title="Izgoi">izgoi</a></i>) for the grand princely title, which made them illegitimate claimants.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2007193–194_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2007193–194-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, their rival <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_of_Tver" title="Mikhail of Tver">Mikhail of Tver</a> received the Vladimirian <i><a href="/wiki/Jarlig" title="Jarlig">jarlig</a></i> from khan <a href="/wiki/Toqta" title="Toqta">Toqta</a> in 1305.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaffenspergerOstrowski2023138–139_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaffenspergerOstrowski2023138–139-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mongol_alliance_and_Tverian_rivalry">Mongol alliance and Tverian rivalry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principality_of_Moscow&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mongol alliance and Tverian rivalry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_the_Principality_of_Tver" title="List of wars involving the Principality of Tver">List of wars involving the Principality of Tver</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moskovskiy_Kreml_pri_Ivane_Kalite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Moskovskiy_Kreml_pri_Ivane_Kalite.jpg/220px-Moskovskiy_Kreml_pri_Ivane_Kalite.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Moskovskiy_Kreml_pri_Ivane_Kalite.jpg/330px-Moskovskiy_Kreml_pri_Ivane_Kalite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Moskovskiy_Kreml_pri_Ivane_Kalite.jpg/440px-Moskovskiy_Kreml_pri_Ivane_Kalite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="913" /></a><figcaption>The Moscow Kremlin under Prince <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Kalita" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan Kalita">Ivan Kalita</a> in the early 14th century, depicted by 19th century painter <a href="/wiki/Apollinary_Vasnetsov" title="Apollinary Vasnetsov">Apollinary Vasnetsov</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Daniel's son <a href="/wiki/Yury_of_Moscow" title="Yury of Moscow">Yury</a> (alias Georgiy; <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1303–1325</span>) began his reign with a catastrophic defeat in the 1304–1308 war against the rival <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Tver" title="Principality of Tver">Principality of Tver</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2007193–194_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2007193–194-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the 1304 battle of Pereslavl-Zalessky was an early Muscovite victory,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaffenspergerOstrowski2023122_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaffenspergerOstrowski2023122-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mikhail of Tver gained khan Toqta's favour and received the <i>jarlig</i> for grand prince of Vladimir (1305), after which Tverian troops were victorious in a campaign against Moscow, and Yury was forced to conclude an unfavourable ceasefire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaffenspergerOstrowski2023139_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaffenspergerOstrowski2023139-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2007193–194_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2007193–194-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1306, Yury's brothers Boris and Alesandr defected to Mikhail of Tver, who was accepted as <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Novgorod" title="Prince of Novgorod">prince of Novgorod</a> the next year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaffenspergerOstrowski2023139_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaffenspergerOstrowski2023139-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, Tver launched another anti-Moscow campaign in 1308 to enforce Yury's obedience to him as his Vladimirian overlord.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaffenspergerOstrowski2023139_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaffenspergerOstrowski2023139-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2007193–194_41-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2007193–194-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Yury controlled<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (May 2023)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> the entire basin of the <a href="/wiki/Moskva_(river)" title="Moskva (river)">Moskva River</a> and expanded westward by conquering <a href="/wiki/Mozhaisk" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozhaisk">Mozhaisk</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> After Toqta died in 1312 and <a href="/wiki/%C3%96zbeg_Khan" title="Özbeg Khan">Özbeg (Uzbek)</a> acceded the Horde's throne in 1313, Mikhail immediately visited Özbeg's court at Sarai to pay homage, staying there for two years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2007194_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2007194-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his absence, Yury went to Novgorod to undermine Mikhail's authority there, forcing Mikhail to rush back to the Republic with some Özbeg troops and restore order 1316).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2007194_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2007194-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yury was ordered to appear at the khan's court, but managed to forge an alliance with Özbeg by marrying the khan's sister Konchaka (Agafiia), outsmarting Mikhail.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2007194_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2007194-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalperin198771–72_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalperin198771–72-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The khan allowed Yury to illegitimately claim the title of grand Prince of Vladimir, a position which allowed him to call on not just the Horde, but all his Rus' allies for support against Tver.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2007194_45-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2007194-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, when Yury's coalition of northeastern Rus' forces plus a Tatar contingent under Mongol general <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kavgadii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kavgadii (page does not exist)">Kavgadii</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B9" class="extiw" title="ru:Кавгадый">ru</a>]</span> advanced against Mikhail in 1317, they were utterly defeated by the Tverians in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Bortenevo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Bortenevo (page does not exist)">Battle of Bortenevo</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:Бортеневская битва">ru</a>]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2007194_45-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2007194-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalperin198771_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalperin198771-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mikhail captured both Kavgadii (who was treated well and later released) and Yury's wife / Özbeg's sister Konchaka (Agafiia); however, she died in custody under unknown circumstances, causing a diplomatic scandal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2007194_45-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2007194-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kavgadii returned to Özbeg's court, accusing of three Mikhail crimes: murdering the khan's sister, withholding tribute, and fighting against the khan's envoys.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2007194_45-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2007194-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ivan arrived in Sarai soon after with a new army, while Mikhail arrived much later when summoned to account for his alleged offences.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2007194–195_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2007194–195-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fallen out of the khan's favour, Mikhail of Tver was found guilty and executed on 22 November 1318, and the <i>jarlig</i> for Vladimir's grand prince passed to Yury for the next four years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2007194_45-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2007194-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalperin198772_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalperin198772-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Yuriy's successor, <a href="/wiki/Ivan_I_of_Moscow" title="Ivan I of Moscow">Ivan I</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1325–1340</span>), managed to retain the title of grand prince by cooperating closely with the Mongols and by collecting tribute and taxes from the other principalities on their behalf. The <a href="/wiki/Tver_Uprising_of_1327" title="Tver Uprising of 1327">Tver Uprising of 1327</a> was subdued by the joint forces of prince <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_of_Suzdal" title="Aleksandr of Suzdal">Aleksandr of Suzdal</a>, Ivan I of Moscow, and <a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a> from the Golden Horde.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2007196_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2007196-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ivan's moniker "Kalita" (literally, the "moneybag") was an indication of his character as a businessman.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (November 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> He used his treasures to purchase land in other principalities and to finance the construction of stone churches in the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Kremlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow Kremlin">Moscow Kremlin</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In the early decades of the 14th century, Tver was still the strongest principality in <a href="/wiki/Vladimir-Suzdal" title="Vladimir-Suzdal">Vladimir-Suzdalia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalperin198771_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalperin198771-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the failed anti-Mongol <a href="/wiki/Tver_Uprising_of_1327" title="Tver Uprising of 1327">Tver Uprising of 1327</a> (crushed with Muscovite help) and the subsequent flight and execution of <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Mikhailovich_of_Tver" title="Aleksandr Mikhailovich of Tver">Aleksandr Mikhailovich of Tver</a> and his sons in the 1320s and 1330s, effectively removed the Tverian princes from the competition for the grand princely title, establishing the new hegemony of the Daniilovichi of Moscow in Suzdalia due to being favoured by the Mongol-Tatar khans of the Golden Horde.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2007196_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2007196-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, the <a href="/wiki/Metropolis_of_Kiev_and_all_Rus%27" title="Metropolis of Kiev and all Rus'">Metropolis of Kiev and all Rus'</a> <i>de facto</i> relocated to Moscow,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when in 1325, <a href="/wiki/Peter_of_Moscow" title="Peter of Moscow">Metropolitan Peter</a> (died 1326) transferred his residence from Vladimir to Moscow, further enhancing the prestige of the new principality.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dmitry_Donskoy_and_the_Great_Troubles">Dmitry Donskoy and the Great Troubles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principality_of_Moscow&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Dmitry Donskoy and the Great Troubles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Great_Troubles" title="Great Troubles">Great Troubles</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dmitry_Donskoy_in_the_Battle_of_Kulikovo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Dmitry_Donskoy_in_the_Battle_of_Kulikovo.jpg/220px-Dmitry_Donskoy_in_the_Battle_of_Kulikovo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Dmitry_Donskoy_in_the_Battle_of_Kulikovo.jpg/330px-Dmitry_Donskoy_in_the_Battle_of_Kulikovo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Dmitry_Donskoy_in_the_Battle_of_Kulikovo.jpg/440px-Dmitry_Donskoy_in_the_Battle_of_Kulikovo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2302" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Donskoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Dmitry Donskoi">Dmitry Donskoi</a> in the 1380 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kulikovo" title="Battle of Kulikovo">Battle of Kulikovo</a>, painting by <a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Yvon" title="Adolphe Yvon">Adolphe Yvon</a>, 1849</figcaption></figure> <p>Ivan's successors continued the "<a href="/wiki/Collector_of_Russian_lands" class="mw-redirect" title="Collector of Russian lands">gathering of the Russian lands</a>" to increase the population and wealth under their rule. In the process, their interests clashed with the expanding <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a>, whose subjects were predominantly East Slavic and Orthodox. Grand Duke <a href="/wiki/Algirdas" title="Algirdas">Algirdas</a> of Lithuania allied himself by marriage with Tver and undertook three expeditions against Moscow (1368, 1370, 1372) but was unable to take it. The main bone of contention between Moscow and Vilnius was the large city of <a href="/wiki/Smolensk" title="Smolensk">Smolensk</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the 1350s, the country and the royal family were hit by the <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Donskoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Dmitri Donskoi">Dmitry Ivanovich</a> was aged nine when his parents died and the title of Grand Duke slipped into the hands of his distant relative, <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_of_Suzdal" title="Dmitry of Suzdal">Dmitry of Suzdal</a>. Surrounded by <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuanians</a> and Muslim nomads, the ruler of Moscow cultivated an alliance with the <a href="/wiki/Rus%27_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Rus' Orthodox Church">Rus' Orthodox Church</a>, which experienced a resurgence in influence, due to the monastic reform of St. <a href="/wiki/Sergius_of_Radonezh" title="Sergius of Radonezh">Sergius of Radonezh</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Educated by <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Alexis" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan Alexis">Metropolitan Alexis</a>, Dmitri posed as a champion of Orthodoxy and managed to unite the warring principalities of Rus' in his struggle against the Horde. He challenged Khan's authority and defeated his commander <a href="/wiki/Mamai" title="Mamai">Mamai</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kulikovo" title="Battle of Kulikovo">Battle of Kulikovo</a> (1380). However, the victory did not bring any short-term benefits; <a href="/wiki/Tokhtamysh" title="Tokhtamysh">Tokhtamysh</a> in 1382 sacked Moscow hoping to reassert his vested authority over his vassal, the Grand Prince, and his own Mongol hegemony, killing 24,000 people.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Nevertheless, Dmitri became a national hero. The memory of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kulikovo" title="Battle of Kulikovo">Kulikovo Field</a> made the Russian population start believing in their ability to end Tatar domination and become a free people. In 1389, he passed the throne to his son <a href="/wiki/Vasily_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasily I">Vasily I</a> without bothering to obtain the Khan's sanction.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vasily_I">Vasily I</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principality_of_Moscow&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Vasily I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Angelsatmamre-trinity-rublev-1410.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Angelsatmamre-trinity-rublev-1410.jpg/220px-Angelsatmamre-trinity-rublev-1410.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Angelsatmamre-trinity-rublev-1410.jpg/330px-Angelsatmamre-trinity-rublev-1410.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Angelsatmamre-trinity-rublev-1410.jpg/440px-Angelsatmamre-trinity-rublev-1410.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="1619" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Rublev" title="Andrei Rublev">Andrei Rublev</a>'s famous icon of the Trinity</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Vasily_I_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasily I of Russia">Vasily I</a> (1389–1425) continued the policies of his father. After the Horde was attacked by <a href="/wiki/Tamerlane" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamerlane">Tamerlane</a>, he desisted from paying tribute to the Khan but was forced to pursue a more conciliatory policy after <a href="/wiki/Edigu" title="Edigu">Edigu</a>'s incursion on Moscow in 1408. Married to the only daughter of the Grand Duke <a href="/wiki/Vytautas" title="Vytautas">Vytautas</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, he attempted to avoid open conflicts with his powerful father-in-law, even when the latter annexed Smolensk. The peaceful years of his long reign were marked by the continuing expansion to the east (annexation of <a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod" title="Nizhny Novgorod">Nizhny Novgorod</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vladimir-Suzdal" title="Vladimir-Suzdal">Suzdal</a>, 1392) and to the north (annexation of <a href="/wiki/Vologda" title="Vologda">Vologda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Veliky_Ustyug" title="Veliky Ustyug">Veliky Ustyug</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Great_Perm" title="Great Perm">Perm of Vychegda</a>, 1398). Nizhny Novgorod was given by the Khan of the Golden Horde as a reward for Muscovite's help against a rival.<sup id="cite_ref-RichardPipes_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RichardPipes-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The reforms of St. Sergius triggered a cultural revival, exemplified by the icons and frescoes of the monk <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Rublev" title="Andrei Rublev">Andrei Rublev</a>. Hundreds of monasteries were founded by disciples of St. Sergius in distant and inhospitable locations, including <a href="/wiki/Kirillo-Belozersky_Monastery" title="Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery">Beloozero</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solovetsky_Monastery" title="Solovetsky Monastery">Solovki</a>. Apart from their cultural functions, these monasteries were major landowners who could control the economy of an adjacent region. They served as outposts of Moscow's influence in the neighbouring principalities and republics. Another factor responsible for the expansion of the Grand Principality of Moscow was its favourable dynastic situation, in which each sovereign was succeeded by his son, while rival principalities were plagued by dynastic strife and splintered into ever-smaller polities. The only lateral branch of the House of Moscow, represented by <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_of_Serpukhov" class="mw-redirect" title="Vladimir of Serpukhov">Vladimir of Serpukhov</a> and his descendants, was firmly anchored to the Moscow principality.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Muscovite_War_of_Succession">Muscovite War of Succession</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principality_of_Moscow&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Muscovite War of Succession"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Muscovite_War_of_Succession" title="Muscovite War of Succession">Muscovite War of Succession</a></div> <p>The situation changed with the ascension of Vasily I's successor, <a href="/wiki/Vasily_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasily II of Russia">Vasily II</a> (r. 1425–1462). Before long his uncle, <a href="/wiki/Yuri_of_Zvenigorod" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuri of Zvenigorod">Yuri of Zvenigorod</a>, started to advance his claims to the throne and <a href="/wiki/Monomakh%27s_Cap" title="Monomakh's Cap">Monomakh's Cap</a>. A bitter family conflict, the <a href="/wiki/Muscovite_War_of_Succession" title="Muscovite War of Succession">Muscovite War of Succession</a> (1425–1453), erupted and rocked the country during the whole reign. After Yuri died in 1432, the claims were taken up by his sons, <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Kosoy" title="Vasily Kosoy">Vasily Kosoy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Shemyaka" title="Dmitry Shemyaka">Dmitry Shemyaka</a>, who pursued their claims well into the 1450s. Although he was ousted from Moscow on several occasions, taken prisoner by <a href="/wiki/Olug_Moxammat" class="mw-redirect" title="Olug Moxammat">Olug Moxammat</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan">Kazan</a>, and blinded in 1446, Vasily II eventually managed to triumph over his enemies and pass the throne to his son in 1462. At his urging, <a href="/wiki/Jonah_of_Moscow" title="Jonah of Moscow">a native bishop</a> was elected as Metropolitan of Moscow, which was tantamount to a declaration of independence of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarch</a> of <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> (1448).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ivan_III">Ivan III</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principality_of_Moscow&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ivan III"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Facial_Chronicle_-_b.16,_p._462_-_Great_standing_on_the_Ugra.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Facial_Chronicle_-_b.16%2C_p._462_-_Great_standing_on_the_Ugra.jpg/220px-Facial_Chronicle_-_b.16%2C_p._462_-_Great_standing_on_the_Ugra.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="407" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Facial_Chronicle_-_b.16%2C_p._462_-_Great_standing_on_the_Ugra.jpg/330px-Facial_Chronicle_-_b.16%2C_p._462_-_Great_standing_on_the_Ugra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Facial_Chronicle_-_b.16%2C_p._462_-_Great_standing_on_the_Ugra.jpg/440px-Facial_Chronicle_-_b.16%2C_p._462_-_Great_standing_on_the_Ugra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="823" data-file-height="1524" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Great_Stand_on_the_Ugra_River" title="Great Stand on the Ugra River">Great Stand on the Ugra River</a>, 1480. Illustration from a 16th-century Russian miniature.</figcaption></figure> <p>The outward expansion of the grand principality in the 14th and 15th centuries was accompanied by internal consolidation. By the 15th century, the rulers of Moscow considered the entire territory of the former <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a> to be their collective property. Various semi-independent princes of <a href="/wiki/Rurik_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rurik dynasty">Rurikid</a> stock still claimed specific territories, but <a href="/wiki/Ivan_III_of_Russia" title="Ivan III of Russia">Ivan III</a> (the Great; r. 1462–1505) forced the lesser princes to acknowledge the grand prince of Moscow and his descendants as unquestioned rulers with control over military, judicial, and foreign affairs.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Moscow gained full sovereignty over a significant part of Rus' by 1480 when the overlordship of the <a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatar</a> <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a> officially ended after its defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Stand_on_the_Ugra_River" title="Great Stand on the Ugra River">Great Stand on the Ugra River</a>. By the beginning of the 16th century, virtually all those lands were united, including the <a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Republic" title="Novgorod Republic">Novgorod Republic</a> (annexed in 1478) and the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Tver" title="Principality of Tver">Principality of Tver</a> (annexed in 1485). Through inheritance, Ivan was able to control the important <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Ryazan" title="Principality of Ryazan">Principality of Ryazan</a>, and the princes of <a href="/wiki/Rostov,_Yaroslavl_Oblast" title="Rostov, Yaroslavl Oblast">Rostov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yaroslavl" title="Yaroslavl">Yaroslavl</a> subordinated themselves to him. The northwestern <a href="/wiki/Pskov_Republic" title="Pskov Republic">city of Pskov</a>, consisting of the city and a few surrounding lands, remained independent in this period, but Ivan's son, <a href="/wiki/Vasili_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasili III">Vasili III</a> (r. 1505–33), later conquered it.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Having consolidated the core of Russia under his rule, Ivan III became the first Moscow ruler to adopt the titles of <a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">tsar</a><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "Ruler of all Rus<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>".<sup id="cite_ref-loc_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ivan competed with his powerful northwestern rival, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, for control over some of the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Principalities" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Principalities">semi-independent former principalities</a> of Kievan Rus' in the upper <a href="/wiki/Dnieper" title="Dnieper">Dnieper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Donets" title="Donets">Donets</a> river basins. Through the defections of some princes, border skirmishes, and the long inconclusive <a href="/wiki/Russo-Lithuanian_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Lithuanian Wars">Russo-Lithuanian Wars</a> that ended only in 1503, Ivan III was able to push westward, and the Moscow state tripled in size under his rule.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The reign of the Tsars started officially with <a href="/wiki/Ivan_the_Terrible" title="Ivan the Terrible">Ivan the Terrible</a>, the first monarch to be crowned <a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_rulers#Tsars_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Russian rulers">Tsar of Russia</a>, but in practice, it started with Ivan III, who completed the centralization of the state (traditionally known as "the gathering of the Russian lands").<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Court">Court</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principality_of_Moscow&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Court"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A3%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8F._(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/%D0%A3%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8F._%283%29.jpg/220px-%D0%A3%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8F._%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/%D0%A3%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8F._%283%29.jpg/330px-%D0%A3%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8F._%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/%D0%A3%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8F._%283%29.jpg/440px-%D0%A3%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8F._%283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5004" data-file-height="4136" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Dormition_Cathedral,_Moscow" title="Dormition Cathedral, Moscow">Dormition Cathedral</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Kremlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow Kremlin">Moscow Kremlin</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The court of the Moscow princes combined ceremonies and customs inherited from <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a> with those imported from the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a>. Some traditional Russian offices, like that of <a href="/wiki/Tysyatsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Tysyatsky">tysyatsky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Veche" title="Veche">veche</a>, were gradually abolished to consolidate power in the hands of the ruling prince. A new elaborate system of court precedence, or <i><a href="/wiki/Mestnichestvo" title="Mestnichestvo">mestnichestvo</a></i>, predicated the nobleman's rank and function on the rank and function of his ancestors and other members of his family. The highest echelon of hereditary <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobles</a> was composed of <a href="/wiki/Boyar" title="Boyar">boyars</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> They fell into three categories: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dynasty_of_Rurik" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynasty of Rurik">Rurikid</a> princes of <a href="/wiki/Upper_Oka_towns" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Oka towns">Upper Oka towns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suzdal" title="Suzdal">Suzdal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rostov,_Yaroslavl_Oblast" title="Rostov, Yaroslavl Oblast">Rostov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yaroslavl" title="Yaroslavl">Yaroslavl</a>, etc. that lived in Moscow after their hereditary principalities had been incorporated into the Principality of Moscow (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Shuisky" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuisky">Shuisky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vorotynsky" title="Vorotynsky">Vorotynsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Repnin" title="Repnin">Repnin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romodanovsky_(family)" class="mw-redirect" title="Romodanovsky (family)">Romodanovsky</a>);<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Foreign princes from <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Lithuania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a>, claiming descent either from Grand Duke <a href="/wiki/Gediminas,_Duke_of_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Gediminas, Duke of Lithuania">Gediminas</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Belsky_family_(Gediminid)" title="Belsky family (Gediminid)">Belsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mstislavsky" title="Mstislavsky">Mstislavsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galitzine" class="mw-redirect" title="Galitzine">Galitzine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trubetskoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Trubetskoy">Trubetskoy</a>) or from <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a>;<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Ancient families of Moscow nobility that have been recorded in the service of Grand Dukes from the 14th century (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Romanov" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanov">Romanov</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gudonov_family&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gudonov family (page does not exist)">Godunov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheremetev" title="Sheremetev">Sheremetev</a>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <p>Rurikid and Gediminid boyars, whose fathers and grandfathers were independent princelings, felt that they were kin to the grand prince and hence almost equal to him. During the times of dynastic troubles (such as the years of Ivan IV's minority), boyardom constituted an internal force that was a permanent threat to the throne. An early form of the monarch's conflict with the boyars was the <i><a href="/wiki/Oprichnina" title="Oprichnina">oprichnina</a></i> policy of <a href="/wiki/Ivan_the_Terrible" title="Ivan the Terrible">Ivan the Terrible</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>During such conflicts, Ivan, <a href="/wiki/Boris_Godunov" title="Boris Godunov">Boris Godunov</a>, and some later monarchs felt the necessity to counterbalance the boyardom by creating a new kind of nobility, based on personal devotion to the tsar and merits earned by faithful service, rather than by heredity. Later these new nobles were called <i>dvoryans</i> (singular: <a href="/wiki/Dvoryanin" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvoryanin">dvoryanin</a>). The name comes from the Russian word <i>dvor</i>, meaning <i>tsar's dvor</i>, i.e., The Court. Hence the expression <i>pozhalovat ko dvoru</i>, i.e., to be called to (serve) The Court.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relations_with_the_Horde">Relations with the Horde</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principality_of_Moscow&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Relations with the Horde"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Golden_Horde" title="Timeline of the Golden Horde">Timeline of the Golden Horde</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_in_1470.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Europe_in_1470.PNG/220px-Europe_in_1470.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Europe_in_1470.PNG/330px-Europe_in_1470.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Europe_in_1470.PNG/440px-Europe_in_1470.PNG 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption>Medieval <a href="/wiki/List_of_tribes_and_states_in_Belarus,_Russia_and_Ukraine" title="List of tribes and states in Belarus, Russia and Ukraine">Russian principalities</a>, including Muscovy (blue), <a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Republic" title="Novgorod Republic">Novgorod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Tver" title="Principality of Tver">Tver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pskov_Republic" title="Pskov Republic">Pskov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Ryazan" title="Principality of Ryazan">Ryazan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rostov,_Yaroslavl_Oblast" title="Rostov, Yaroslavl Oblast">Rostov</a>, and Golden Horde (yellow) around 1470</figcaption></figure> <p>Relations between the Moscow principality and the Horde were mixed.<sup id="cite_ref-Gorskiy187_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gorskiy187-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the first two decades of the 13th century Moscow gained the support of one of the rivalling Mongol statesmen, <a href="/wiki/Nogai_Khan" title="Nogai Khan">Nogai</a>, against the principalities that were oriented towards <a href="/wiki/Sarai_(city)" title="Sarai (city)">Sarai</a> khans. After the restoration of unity in the Golden Horde in the early 14th century, it generally enjoyed the favour of the Khans until 1317 but lost it in 1322–1327.<sup id="cite_ref-Gorskiy187_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gorskiy187-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following thirty years, when the relations between the two states improved, allowed Moscow to achieve sufficient economic and political potential. Further attempts to deprive its rulers of the status of grand dukes of Vladimir were unsuccessful after the Khanate sank into internecine war and proved to be fruitless during the reign of a relatively powerful khan such as <a href="/wiki/Mamai" title="Mamai">Mamai</a>, whereas <a href="/wiki/Tokhtamysh" title="Tokhtamysh">Tokhtamysh</a> had no other choice but to recognize the supremacy of Moscow over northern and eastern Russian lands.<sup id="cite_ref-Gorskiy187_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gorskiy187-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The traditional Mongol principle of breaking up larger concentrations of power into smaller ones failed, and the following period is characterized by the lack of support from the Horde.<sup id="cite_ref-Gorskiy187_56-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gorskiy187-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Moscow recognized khans as the legitimate authority in the early years of the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'">Mongol-Tatar yoke</a>, despite certain acts of resistance and disobedience, it refused to acknowledge their suzerainty in the years 1374–1380, 1396–1411, 1414–1416 and 1417–1419, even despite the growing might of the Golden Horde.<sup id="cite_ref-Gorskiy189_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gorskiy189-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The power of the Horde over Moscow was greatly limited in the reign of Dmitri Donskoi, who gained recognition of the Grand Principality of Vladimir as a hereditary possession of Moscow princes: while the Horde collected tribute from his land, it could no longer have a serious impact on the internal structure of northern Russian lands.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the years of Vasily II and Ivan III, the Grand Principality of Moscow acquired the idea of tsardom from the fallen Byzantine Empire, which was incompatible with the recognition of the suzerainty of the khan, and started to declare its independence in diplomatic relations with other countries.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This process was complete by the reign of Ivan III.<sup id="cite_ref-Gorskiy189_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gorskiy189-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Assessment">Assessment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principality_of_Moscow&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Assessment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The development of the modern-day Russian state is traced from <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a> through <a href="/wiki/Vladimir-Suzdal" title="Vladimir-Suzdal">Vladimir-Suzdal</a> and the Grand Principality of Moscow to the <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsardom of Russia</a>, and then the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Moscow principality drew people and wealth to the northeastern part of Kievan Rus';<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> established trade links to the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/White_Sea" title="White Sea">White Sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a>, and to <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>; and created a highly centralized and <a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">autocratic</a> political system. The political traditions established in Muscovy, therefore, exerted a powerful influence on the future development of <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian</a> society.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society">Society</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principality_of_Moscow&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Society"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Class">Class</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principality_of_Moscow&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Class"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Traveling_by_sleigh,_Muscovy,_16th_c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Traveling_by_sleigh%2C_Muscovy%2C_16th_c.jpg/220px-Traveling_by_sleigh%2C_Muscovy%2C_16th_c.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Traveling_by_sleigh%2C_Muscovy%2C_16th_c.jpg/330px-Traveling_by_sleigh%2C_Muscovy%2C_16th_c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Traveling_by_sleigh%2C_Muscovy%2C_16th_c.jpg/440px-Traveling_by_sleigh%2C_Muscovy%2C_16th_c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3499" data-file-height="2779" /></a><figcaption>Traveling by sleigh, Muscovy, mid-16th century, according to <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_von_Herberstein" title="Sigismund von Herberstein">Sigismund von Herberstein</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boyar" title="Boyar">Boyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former_people" title="Former people">Former people</a> (Byvshiye lyudy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izgoi" title="Izgoi">Izgoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kholop" title="Kholop">Kholop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knyaz" title="Knyaz">Knyaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posad_people" title="Posad people">Posad people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_class_people" title="Service class people">Service class people</a> (Sluzhilyye lyudi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smerd" title="Smerd">Smerd</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principality_of_Moscow&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Muscovite Russia was culturally influenced by Slavic and Byzantine cultural elements. In Muscovite Russia <a href="/wiki/Supernaturalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Supernaturalism">supernaturalism</a> was a fundamental part of daily life.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Muscovites, Suzdalians and other inhabitants were able to maintain their Slavic, pagan, and Orthodox traditions for the most part under the Tatar yoke.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principality_of_Moscow&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/64px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Russia" title="Portal:Russia">Russia portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Moscow" title="Prince of Moscow">Prince of Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collector_of_Russian_lands" class="mw-redirect" title="Collector of Russian lands">Collector of Russian lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_the_Principality_of_Moscow" title="List of wars involving the Principality of Moscow">List of wars involving the Principality of Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean%E2%80%93Nogai_slave_raids_in_Eastern_Europe" title="Crimean–Nogai slave raids in Eastern Europe">Crimean–Nogai slave raids in Eastern Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15th%E2%80%9316th_century_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism" title="15th–16th century Moscow–Constantinople schism">15th–16th century Moscow–Constantinople schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tribes_and_states_in_Belarus,_Russia_and_Ukraine" title="List of tribes and states in Belarus, Russia and Ukraine">List of tribes and states in Belarus, Russia and Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Russian_Empire" title="Foreign policy of the Russian Empire">Foreign policy of the Russian Empire</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principality_of_Moscow&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Charles_J._Halperin" title="Charles J. Halperin">Charles J. Halperin</a> (1987) wrote: 'Disastrously, Agafiia died in Mikhail's custody, and he was accused of poisoning her. (Her death was surely an accident. The consequences of harming a Chingisid would have been obvious to Mikhail).'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalperin198771–72_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalperin198771–72-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principality_of_Moscow&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Daniil1282-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Daniil1282_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Daniil1282_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKuchkin1995" class="citation book cs1">Kuchkin, Vladímir Andreevich (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://krotov.info/libr_min/11_k/uch/kin_10.htm"><i>Первый московский князь Даниил Александрович</i></a> [<i>The first Moscow prince, Danil Aleksandrovich</i>]. <a href="/wiki/Russian_History_(RAS_journal)" title="Russian History (RAS journal)">Russian History</a>. Vol. 1. <a href="/wiki/Nauka_(publisher)" title="Nauka (publisher)">Nauka</a>. pp. 94–107. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0869-5687">0869-5687</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%BA%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8C+%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8%D0%BB+%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87&rft.series=Russian+History&rft.pages=94-107&rft.pub=Nauka&rft.date=1995&rft.issn=0869-5687&rft.aulast=Kuchkin&rft.aufirst=Vlad%C3%ADmir+Andreevich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkrotov.info%2Flibr_min%2F11_k%2Fuch%2Fkin_10.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincipality+of+Moscow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFW._Werth2014" class="citation book cs1">W. Werth, Paul (2014). <i>The Tsar's Foreign Faiths: Toleration and the Fate of Religious Freedom in Imperial Russia</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 147. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199591770" title="Special:BookSources/9780199591770"><bdi>9780199591770</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tsar%27s+Foreign+Faiths%3A+Toleration+and+the+Fate+of+Religious+Freedom+in+Imperial+Russia&rft.pages=147&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780199591770&rft.aulast=W.+Werth&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincipality+of+Moscow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaagepera1997" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rein_Taagepera" title="Rein Taagepera">Taagepera, Rein</a> (September 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://escholarship.org/content/qt3cn68807/qt3cn68807.pdf">"Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/International_Studies_Quarterly" title="International Studies Quarterly">International Studies Quarterly</a></i>. <b>41</b> (3): 498. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F0020-8833.00053">10.1111/0020-8833.00053</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2600793">2600793</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707203055/https://escholarship.org/content/qt3cn68807/qt3cn68807.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2020-07-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Studies+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Expansion+and+Contraction+Patterns+of+Large+Polities%3A+Context+for+Russia&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=498&rft.date=1997-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F0020-8833.00053&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2600793%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Taagepera&rft.aufirst=Rein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fescholarship.org%2Fcontent%2Fqt3cn68807%2Fqt3cn68807.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincipality+of+Moscow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2007208,_222,_228,_231-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2007208,_222,_228,_231_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2007208,_222,_228,_231_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartin2007">Martin 2007</a>, p. 208, 222, 228, 231.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalperin1987217-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalperin1987217_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalperin1987217_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalperin1987217_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalperin1987217_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalperin1987">Halperin 1987</a>, p. 217.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RgAKAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Grand+Duchy+of+Moscow%22"><i>A Short History of the USSR</i></a>. Progress Publishers. 1965.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+the+USSR&rft.pub=Progress+Publishers&rft.date=1965&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRgAKAQAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2522Grand%2BDuchy%2Bof%2BMoscow%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincipality+of+Moscow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlorinsky1965" class="citation book cs1">Florinsky, Michael T. (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b2sDKlXJ6SkC&q=%22Grand+Duchy+of+Moscow%22"><i>Russia: a History and an Interpretation</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia%3A+a+History+and+an+Interpretation&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Florinsky&rft.aufirst=Michael+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db2sDKlXJ6SkC%26q%3D%2522Grand%2BDuchy%2Bof%2BMoscow%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincipality+of+Moscow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://padaread.com/?book=48746&pg=218">Introduction into the Latin epigraphy (Введение в латинскую эпиграфику)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210310142637/http://padaread.com/?book=48746&pg=218">Archived</a> 2021-03-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2007487-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2007487_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartin2007">Martin 2007</a>, p. 487.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuchkin1995" class="citation book cs1">Kuchkin, Vladímir Andreevich (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://krotov.info/libr_min/11_k/uch/kin_10.htm"><i>Первый московский князь Даниил Александрович</i></a> [<i>The first Moscow prince, Danil Aleksandrovich</i>]. <a href="/wiki/Russian_History_(RAS_journal)" title="Russian History (RAS journal)">Russian History</a>. Vol. 1. <a href="/wiki/Nauka_(publisher)" title="Nauka (publisher)">Nauka</a>. pp. 94–107. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0869-5687">0869-5687</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%BA%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8C+%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8%D0%BB+%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87&rft.series=Russian+History&rft.pages=94-107&rft.pub=Nauka&rft.date=1995&rft.issn=0869-5687&rft.aulast=Kuchkin&rft.aufirst=Vlad%C3%ADmir+Andreevich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkrotov.info%2Flibr_min%2F11_k%2Fuch%2Fkin_10.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincipality+of+Moscow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-spielvogel-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-spielvogel_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-spielvogel_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpielvogel2015" class="citation book cs1">Spielvogel, Jackson J. (2015). <i>Western civilization</i> (Ninth ed.). Stamford, CT. p. 361. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1285436401" title="Special:BookSources/978-1285436401"><bdi>978-1285436401</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Western+civilization&rft.place=Stamford%2C+CT&rft.pages=361&rft.edition=Ninth&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1285436401&rft.aulast=Spielvogel&rft.aufirst=Jackson+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincipality+of+Moscow" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuiker2016" class="citation book cs1">Duiker, William J. (2016). <i>World history</i> (Eighth, Advantage ed.). Boston, MA. p. 446. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1305091726" title="Special:BookSources/978-1305091726"><bdi>978-1305091726</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+history&rft.place=Boston%2C+MA&rft.pages=446&rft.edition=Eighth%2C+Advantage&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1305091726&rft.aulast=Duiker&rft.aufirst=William+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincipality+of+Moscow" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson2019" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, John M. (2019). <i>Russia and the Soviet Union: an historical introduction second edition</i>. Routledge. p. 73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781000310566" title="Special:BookSources/9781000310566"><bdi>9781000310566</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia+and+the+Soviet+Union%3A+an+historical+introduction+second+edition.&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781000310566&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincipality+of+Moscow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davies, B. <i>Warfare, State and Society on the Black Sea Steppe, 1500–1700</i>. Routledge, 2014, p. 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadariaga2005" class="citation book cs1">Madariaga, Isabel de (2005). <i>Ivan the Terrible : first tsar of Russia</i>. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. pp. 50–51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300119732" title="Special:BookSources/9780300119732"><bdi>9780300119732</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ivan+the+Terrible+%3A+first+tsar+of+Russia&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT&rft.pages=50-51&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780300119732&rft.aulast=Madariaga&rft.aufirst=Isabel+de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincipality+of+Moscow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerrie2006" class="citation book cs1">Perrie, Maureen, ed. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GQcviLmjNm0C"><i>The Cambridge History of Russia</i></a>. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. p. 751. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81227-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81227-6"><bdi>978-0-521-81227-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Russia&rft.pages=751&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-81227-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGQcviLmjNm0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincipality+of+Moscow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlokhy2006" class="citation book cs1">Plokhy, Serhii (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Origins_of_the_Slavic_Nations/pCdUmCWxwJ8C?hl=el&gbpv=1&dq=&pg=PA86&printsec=frontcover"><i>The Origins of the Slavic Nations: Premodern Identities in Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-45892-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-45892-4"><bdi>978-1-139-45892-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+the+Slavic+Nations%3A+Premodern+Identities+in+Russia%2C+Ukraine%2C+and+Belarus&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-139-45892-4&rft.aulast=Plokhy&rft.aufirst=Serhii&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FThe_Origins_of_the_Slavic_Nations%2FpCdUmCWxwJ8C%3Fhl%3Del%26gbpv%3D1%26dq%3D%26pg%3DPA86%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincipality+of+Moscow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Grand-Principality-of-Moscow">"Grand Principality of Moscow"</a>. <i>Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica&rft.atitle=Grand+Principality+of+Moscow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FGrand-Principality-of-Moscow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincipality+of+Moscow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIshamPipes2016" class="citation book cs1">Isham, Heyward; Pipes, Richard (2016-09-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KL4YDQAAQBAJ&q=%22Muscovite%20Rus%22&pg=PT212"><i>Remaking Russia: Voices from within: Voices from within</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-48307-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-48307-8"><bdi>978-1-315-48307-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Remaking+Russia%3A+Voices+from+within%3A+Voices+from+within&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016-09-16&rft.isbn=978-1-315-48307-8&rft.aulast=Isham&rft.aufirst=Heyward&rft.au=Pipes%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKL4YDQAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522Muscovite%2520Rus%2522%26pg%3DPT212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincipality+of+Moscow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dewey-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dewey_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dewey_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDewey1987" class="citation journal cs1">Dewey, Horace W. (1987). "Political Poruka in Muscovite Rus'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>The Russian Review</i>. <b>46</b> (2): 117–133. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F130622">10.2307/130622</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-0341">0036-0341</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/130622">130622</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Russian+Review&rft.atitle=Political+Poruka+in+Muscovite+Rus%27&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=117-133&rft.date=1987&rft.issn=0036-0341&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F130622%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F130622&rft.aulast=Dewey&rft.aufirst=Horace+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincipality+of+Moscow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-Moscow,_n." class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/122545">"Moscow, n."</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. December 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Moscow%2C+n.&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fview%2FEntry%2F122545&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincipality+of+Moscow" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-Muscovy,_n." class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/124039">"Muscovy, n."</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. March 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Muscovy%2C+n.&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fview%2FEntry%2F124039&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincipality+of+Moscow" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lituanus.org/2012/12_1_03Briedis.html">"Andrew Miksys: White Russia in Color - Laimonas Briedis"</a>. <i>www.lituanus.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.lituanus.org&rft.atitle=Andrew+Miksys%3A+White+Russia+in+Color+-+Laimonas+Briedis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lituanus.org%2F2012%2F12_1_03Briedis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincipality+of+Moscow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Б. М. Клосс. О происхождении названия "Россия". М.: Рукописные памятники Древней Руси, 2012. С. 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Б. М. Клосс. О происхождении названия "Россия". М.: Рукописные памятники Древней Руси, 2012. С. 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E. Hellberg-Hirn. Soil and Soul: The Symbolic World of Russianness. Ashgate, 1998. p. 54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lawrence N. Langer. Historical Dictionary of Medieval Russia. Scarecrow Press, 2001. p. 186</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObolensky1994" class="citation book cs1">Obolensky, Dimitri (1994). <i>Byzantium and the Slavs</i>. Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780881410082" title="Special:BookSources/9780881410082"><bdi>9780881410082</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzantium+and+the+Slavs&rft.place=Crestwood%2C+NY&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=St.+Vladimir%27s+Seminary+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780881410082&rft.aulast=Obolensky&rft.aufirst=Dimitri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincipality+of+Moscow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Б. М. Клосс. О происхождении названия "Россия". М.: Рукописные памятники Древней Руси, 2012. С. 30–38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.drevne.ru/lib/zadon_s.htm">"ЗАДОНЩИНА"</a>. <i>Medieval Russian Literature</i> (in Russian). Translated by L. A. Dmitriev.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Medieval+Russian+Literature&rft.atitle=%D0%97%D0%90%D0%94%D0%9E%D0%9D%D0%A9%D0%98%D0%9D%D0%90&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.drevne.ru%2Flib%2Fzadon_s.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincipality+of+Moscow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZenkovsky1963211–228-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZenkovsky1963211–228_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZenkovsky1963">Zenkovsky 1963</a>, pp. 211–228.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The full title of Vasily III (the father of the first Russian tsar Ivan IV) in a 1517 document: "By God's will and our own desire, We, the Great Sovereign Vasily, by God's grace, the Tsar (sic!) and the Sovereign of all Rus' and the Grand Prince of Vladimir, Moscow, <a href="/wiki/Novgorod" class="mw-redirect" title="Novgorod">Novgorod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pskov" title="Pskov">Pskov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smolensk" title="Smolensk">Smolensk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tver" title="Tver">Tver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yugra" title="Yugra">Yugra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perm,_Russia" title="Perm, Russia">Perm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kirov,_Kirov_Oblast" title="Kirov, Kirov Oblast">Vyatka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bolghar" title="Bolghar">Bolgar</a>, and others, and the Grand Prince of Novgorod of the lower lands [i.e. <a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod" title="Nizhny Novgorod">Nizhny Novgorod</a>], <a href="/wiki/Chernigov" class="mw-redirect" title="Chernigov">Chernigov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ryazan" title="Ryazan">Ryazan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volokolamsk" title="Volokolamsk">Volok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rzhev" title="Rzhev">Rzhev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bely,_Tver_Oblast" title="Bely, Tver Oblast">Bely</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rostov,_Yaroslavl_Oblast" title="Rostov, Yaroslavl Oblast">Rostov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yaroslavl" title="Yaroslavl">Yaroslavl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belozersk" title="Belozersk">Belozersk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vashka_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Vashka River">Udora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salekhard" title="Salekhard">Obdora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Konda_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Konda River">Konda</a>, and others..." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.runivers.ru/philosophy/lib/book9408/483616/"><i>Сборник Русского исторического общества</i></a>. Vol. 53. СПб. 1887. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.runivers.ru/bookreader/books/483616/0035.gif">19</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A1%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA+%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0&rft.place=%D0%A1%D0%9F%D0%B1.&rft.pages=19&rft.date=1887&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.runivers.ru%2Fphilosophy%2Flib%2Fbook9408%2F483616%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincipality+of+Moscow" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarat_Shaikhutdinov2021" class="citation book cs1">Marat Shaikhutdinov (2021). <i>Between East and West: The Formation of the Moscow State</i>. Academic Studies Press. pp. 64, 69, 146. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781644697139" title="Special:BookSources/9781644697139"><bdi>9781644697139</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+East+and+West%3A+The+Formation+of+the+Moscow+State&rft.pages=64%2C+69%2C+146&rft.pub=Academic+Studies+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9781644697139&rft.au=Marat+Shaikhutdinov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincipality+of+Moscow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Khoroshkevich1976-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Khoroshkevich1976_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Khoroshkevich1976_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Khoroshkevich1976_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Khoroshkevich1976_34-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Khoroshkevich1976_34-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Khoroshkevich1976_34-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFХорошкевич1976" class="citation journal cs1">Хорошкевич, А. Л. (1976). "Россия и Московия: Из истории политико-географической терминологии" [Khoroshkevich A. L. Russia and Muscovy: from the history of politico-geographic terminology]. <i>Acta Baltico-Slavica</i>. <b>X</b>: 47–57.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Baltico-Slavica&rft.atitle=%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B8+%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F%3A+%D0%98%D0%B7+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft.volume=X&rft.pages=47-57&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87&rft.aufirst=%D0%90.+%D0%9B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincipality+of+Moscow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Filyushkin2006-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Filyushkin2006_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Filyushkin2006_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Filyushkin2006_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFФилюшкин2006" class="citation book cs1">Филюшкин, А. И. (2006). <i>Титулы русских государей</i> [<i>Filyushkin A. I. The titles of the Russian rulers</i>]. Альянс-Архео. pp. 152–193. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-98874-011-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-98874-011-7"><bdi>978-5-98874-011-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8B+%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9&rft.pages=152-193&rft.pub=%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81-%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BE&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-5-98874-011-7&rft.aulast=%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD&rft.aufirst=%D0%90.+%D0%98.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincipality+of+Moscow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPape2016" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pape, Carsten (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/37312321">"Titul Ivana III po datskim istochnikam pozdnego Srednevekov'ya" <bdi lang="ru">Титул Ивана III по датским источникам позднего Средневековья</bdi></a> [The title of Ivan III according to late-medieval Danish sources]. <i>Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana</i> (in Russian). <b>20</b> (2). St. Petersburg: 65–75. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.21638%2F11701%2Fspbu19.2016.205">10.21638/11701/spbu19.2016.205</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-05-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studia+Slavica+et+Balcanica+Petropolitana&rft.atitle=Titul+Ivana+III+po+datskim+istochnikam+pozdnego+Srednevekov%27ya+%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BB+%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0+III+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C%D1%8F&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=65-75&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.21638%2F11701%2Fspbu19.2016.205&rft.aulast=Pape&rft.aufirst=Carsten&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F37312321&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincipality+of+Moscow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWickham2016" class="citation book cs1">Wickham, Chris (2016-10-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Tp4qDQAAQBAJ"><i>Medieval Europe</i></a>. Ceredigion, Wales: Yale University Press. p. 265. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-22221-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-22221-0"><bdi>978-0-300-22221-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Europe&rft.place=Ceredigion%2C+Wales&rft.pages=265&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2016-10-15&rft.isbn=978-0-300-22221-0&rft.aulast=Wickham&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTp4qDQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincipality+of+Moscow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-loc-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-loc_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+ru0016)">Library of Congress Country Studies – Russia</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2007191-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2007191_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartin2007">Martin 2007</a>, p. 191.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGorskij2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gorskij, A. A. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://medievalrus.csu.ru/bible/Gorsky_2000.shtml"><i>Moskva i Orda</i></a> (in Russian) (Naučnoe izd. ed.). Moskva: Nauka. pp. 3–4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-02-010202-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-02-010202-6"><bdi>978-5-02-010202-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Moskva+i+Orda&rft.place=Moskva&rft.pages=3-4&rft.edition=Nau%C4%8Dnoe+izd.&rft.pub=Nauka&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-5-02-010202-6&rft.aulast=Gorskij&rft.aufirst=A.+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmedievalrus.csu.ru%2Fbible%2FGorsky_2000.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincipality+of+Moscow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2007193–194-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2007193–194_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2007193–194_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2007193–194_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2007193–194_41-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartin2007">Martin 2007</a>, pp. 193–194.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaffenspergerOstrowski2023138–139-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaffenspergerOstrowski2023138–139_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRaffenspergerOstrowski2023">Raffensperger & Ostrowski 2023</a>, pp. 138–139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaffenspergerOstrowski2023122-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaffenspergerOstrowski2023122_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRaffenspergerOstrowski2023">Raffensperger & Ostrowski 2023</a>, p. 122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaffenspergerOstrowski2023139-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaffenspergerOstrowski2023139_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaffenspergerOstrowski2023139_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaffenspergerOstrowski2023139_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRaffenspergerOstrowski2023">Raffensperger & Ostrowski 2023</a>, p. 139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2007194-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2007194_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2007194_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2007194_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2007194_45-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2007194_45-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2007194_45-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2007194_45-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2007194_45-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartin2007">Martin 2007</a>, p. 194.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalperin198771–72-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalperin198771–72_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalperin198771–72_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalperin1987">Halperin 1987</a>, p. 71–72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalperin198771-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalperin198771_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalperin198771_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalperin1987">Halperin 1987</a>, p. 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2007194–195-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2007194–195_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartin2007">Martin 2007</a>, pp. 194–195.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalperin198772-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalperin198772_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalperin1987">Halperin 1987</a>, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2007196-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2007196_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2007196_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartin2007">Martin 2007</a>, p. 196.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moss (2005)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Compare: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrepanier2010" class="citation book cs1">Trepanier, Lee (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-iYhlLgLXYQC">"2: Muscovite Russia (ca. 1240 – ca. 1505)"</a>. <i>Political Symbols in Russian History: Church, State, and the Quest for Order and Justice</i>. G - Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary Subjects Series. Lanhan, Maryland: Lexington Books. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780739117897" title="Special:BookSources/9780739117897"><bdi>9780739117897</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-12-14</span></span>. <q>But the crucial year was 1326, when [Metropolitan] Peter became a resident of Moscow and began to build his burial vault. On December 20, 1326, Metropolitan Peter died and was buried by one of the bishops in the presence of Ivan I. Due to his residency and burial place, Metropolitan Peter had confirmed Moscow the future haven of the Russian Orthodox Church, although this official transfer would not take place until the reign of Alexis.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2%3A+Muscovite+Russia+%28ca.+1240+%E2%80%93+ca.+1505%29&rft.btitle=Political+Symbols+in+Russian+History%3A+Church%2C+State%2C+and+the+Quest+for+Order+and+Justice&rft.place=Lanhan%2C+Maryland&rft.series=G+-+Reference%2C+Information+and+Interdisciplinary+Subjects+Series&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780739117897&rft.aulast=Trepanier&rft.aufirst=Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-iYhlLgLXYQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincipality+of+Moscow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RichardPipes-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RichardPipes_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Pipes, <i>Russia under the Old Regime</i> (1995), p.80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trepanier, L. <i>Political Symbols in Russian History: Church, State, and the Quest for Order and Justice</i>. Lexington Books. 2010. p. 39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gorskiy187-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gorskiy187_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gorskiy187_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gorskiy187_56-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gorskiy187_56-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGorskij2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gorskij, A.A. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://medievalrus.csu.ru/bible/Gorsky_2000.shtml"><i>Moskva i Orda</i></a> (in Russian) (Naučnoe izd. ed.). Moskva: Nauka. p. 187. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-02-010202-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-02-010202-6"><bdi>978-5-02-010202-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Moskva+i+Orda&rft.place=Moskva&rft.pages=187&rft.edition=Nau%C4%8Dnoe+izd.&rft.pub=Nauka&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-5-02-010202-6&rft.aulast=Gorskij&rft.aufirst=A.A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmedievalrus.csu.ru%2Fbible%2FGorsky_2000.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincipality+of+Moscow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gorskiy189-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gorskiy189_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gorskiy189_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGorskij2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gorskij, A.A. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://medievalrus.csu.ru/bible/Gorsky_2000.shtml"><i>Moskva i Orda</i></a> (in Russian) (Naučnoe izd. ed.). Moskva: Nauka. pp. 188–189. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-02-010202-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-02-010202-6"><bdi>978-5-02-010202-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Moskva+i+Orda&rft.place=Moskva&rft.pages=188-189&rft.edition=Nau%C4%8Dnoe+izd.&rft.pub=Nauka&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-5-02-010202-6&rft.aulast=Gorskij&rft.aufirst=A.A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmedievalrus.csu.ru%2Fbible%2FGorsky_2000.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincipality+of+Moscow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGorskij2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gorskij, A.A. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://medievalrus.csu.ru/bible/Gorsky_2000.shtml"><i>Moskva i Orda</i></a> (in Russian) (Naučnoe izd. ed.). Moskva: Nauka. p. 189. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-02-010202-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-02-010202-6"><bdi>978-5-02-010202-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Moskva+i+Orda&rft.place=Moskva&rft.pages=189&rft.edition=Nau%C4%8Dnoe+izd.&rft.pub=Nauka&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-5-02-010202-6&rft.aulast=Gorskij&rft.aufirst=A.A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmedievalrus.csu.ru%2Fbible%2FGorsky_2000.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincipality+of+Moscow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGorskij2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gorskij, A.A. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://medievalrus.csu.ru/bible/Gorsky_2000.shtml"><i>Moskva i Orda</i></a> (in Russian) (Naučnoe izd. ed.). Moskva: Nauka. p. 188. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-02-010202-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-02-010202-6"><bdi>978-5-02-010202-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Moskva+i+Orda&rft.place=Moskva&rft.pages=188&rft.edition=Nau%C4%8Dnoe+izd.&rft.pub=Nauka&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-5-02-010202-6&rft.aulast=Gorskij&rft.aufirst=A.A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmedievalrus.csu.ru%2Fbible%2FGorsky_2000.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincipality+of+Moscow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">A Brief History of Russia by Michael Kort pg.xxiii</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWigzell2010" class="citation journal cs1">Wigzell, Faith (2010-01-31). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17161%2Ffolklorica.v9i2.3754">"Valerie A. Kivelson and Robert H. Greene (eds). <i>Orthodox Russia: Belief and Practice under the Tsars</i>"</a>. <i>Folklorica</i>. <b>9</b> (2): 169–171. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17161%2Ffolklorica.v9i2.3754">10.17161/folklorica.v9i2.3754</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1920-0242">1920-0242</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Folklorica&rft.atitle=Valerie+A.+Kivelson+and+Robert+H.+Greene+%28eds%29.+Orthodox+Russia%3A+Belief+and+Practice+under+the+Tsars.&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=169-171&rft.date=2010-01-31&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17161%2Ffolklorica.v9i2.3754&rft.issn=1920-0242&rft.aulast=Wigzell&rft.aufirst=Faith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.17161%252Ffolklorica.v9i2.3754&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincipality+of+Moscow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principality_of_Moscow&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalperin1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_J._Halperin" title="Charles J. Halperin">Halperin, Charles J.</a> (1987). <i>Russia and the Golden Horde: The Mongol Impact on Medieval Russian History</i>. Indiana University. p. 222. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781850430575" title="Special:BookSources/9781850430575"><bdi>9781850430575</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia+and+the+Golden+Horde%3A+The+Mongol+Impact+on+Medieval+Russian+History&rft.pages=222&rft.pub=Indiana+University&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9781850430575&rft.aulast=Halperin&rft.aufirst=Charles+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincipality+of+Moscow" class="Z3988"></span> (e-book).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Janet_L._B._Martin" title="Janet L. B. Martin">Martin, Janet</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebooks.com/en-us/book/802816/medieval-russia-980-1584/janet-martin/"><i>Medieval Russia: 980–1584. Second Edition. E-book</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-511-36800-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-511-36800-4"><bdi>978-0-511-36800-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Russia%3A+980%E2%80%931584.+Second+Edition.+E-book&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-511-36800-4&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Janet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ebooks.com%2Fen-us%2Fbook%2F802816%2Fmedieval-russia-980-1584%2Fjanet-martin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincipality+of+Moscow" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyendorff1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Meyendorff" title="John Meyendorff">Meyendorff, John</a> (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KKZdTvs1ySYC"><i>Byzantium and the Rise of Russia: A Study of Byzantino-Russian Relations in the Fourteenth Century</i></a> (1st ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521135337" title="Special:BookSources/9780521135337"><bdi>9780521135337</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzantium+and+the+Rise+of+Russia%3A+A+Study+of+Byzantino-Russian+Relations+in+the+Fourteenth+Century&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=9780521135337&rft.aulast=Meyendorff&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKKZdTvs1ySYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincipality+of+Moscow" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Moss, Walter G (2005). "History of Russia - Volume 1: To 1917", Anthem Press, p. 80</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOstrowski2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Ostrowski" title="Donald Ostrowski">Ostrowski, Donald G.</a> (2002). <i>Muscovy and the Mongols: cross-cultural influences on the steppe frontier, 1304–1589</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-89410-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-89410-7"><bdi>0-521-89410-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muscovy+and+the+Mongols%3A+cross-cultural+influences+on+the+steppe+frontier%2C+1304%E2%80%931589&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-521-89410-7&rft.aulast=Ostrowski&rft.aufirst=Donald+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincipality+of+Moscow" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaffenspergerOstrowski2023" class="citation book cs1">Raffensperger, Christian; <a href="/wiki/Donald_Ostrowski" title="Donald Ostrowski">Ostrowski, Donald</a> (2023). <i>The Ruling Families of Rus: Clan, Family and Kingdom</i>. London: Reaktion Books. p. 309. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78914-745-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78914-745-2"><bdi>978-1-78914-745-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ruling+Families+of+Rus%3A+Clan%2C+Family+and+Kingdom&rft.place=London&rft.pages=309&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-78914-745-2&rft.aulast=Raffensperger&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft.au=Ostrowski%2C+Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincipality+of+Moscow" class="Z3988"></span> (e-book)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZenkovsky1963" class="citation book cs1">Zenkovsky, Serge A., ed. (1963). <i>Medieval Russia's Epics, Chronicles, and Tales</i>. New York: Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780452010864" title="Special:BookSources/9780452010864"><bdi>9780452010864</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Russia%27s+Epics%2C+Chronicles%2C+and+Tales&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1963&rft.isbn=9780452010864&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincipality+of+Moscow" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principality_of_Moscow&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Chester Dunning, <i>The Russian Empire and the Grand Duchy of Muscovy: A Seventeenth Century French Account</i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomaniello2006" class="citation journal cs1">Romaniello, Matthew (September 2006). "Ethnicity as social rank: Governance, law, and empire in Muscovite Russia". <i><a href="/wiki/Nationalities_Papers" title="Nationalities Papers">Nationalities Papers</a></i>. <b>34</b> (4): 447–469. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00905990600842049">10.1080/00905990600842049</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:109929798">109929798</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nationalities+Papers&rft.atitle=Ethnicity+as+social+rank%3A+Governance%2C+law%2C+and+empire+in+Muscovite+Russia&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=447-469&rft.date=2006-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00905990600842049&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A109929798%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Romaniello&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincipality+of+Moscow" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Poe" title="Marshall Poe">Marshall Poe</a>, <i>Foreign Descriptions of Muscovy: An Analytic Bibliography of Primary and Secondary Sources</i>, Slavica Publishers, 1995, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89357-262-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-89357-262-4">0-89357-262-4</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/collections/country-studies/about-this-collection/"><i>Country Studies</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Research_Division" title="Federal Research Division">Federal Research Division</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Country+Studies&rft.pub=Federal+Research+Division&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fcollections%2Fcountry-studies%2Fabout-this-collection%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincipality+of+Moscow" class="Z3988"></span> - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/rutoc.html">Russia</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1216972533"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Russia" title="Category:History of Russia">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">History of <span class="fn org label">Russia</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg/80px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg/120px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg/160px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="437" data-file-height="517" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Periods</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia#Prehistory" title="History of Russia">Prehistory</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia#Antiquity" title="History of Russia">Antiquity</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">Early Slavs</a></span> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Rus%27_people" title="Rus' people">Rus' people</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> pre-9th century</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">     <a href="/wiki/Rus%27_Khaganate" title="Rus' Khaganate">Rus' Khaganate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">     <a href="/wiki/Arthania" title="Arthania">Arthania</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">     <a href="/wiki/Gar%C3%B0ar%C3%ADki" title="Garðaríki">Garðaríki</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr></tbody></table> <hr /> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>879–1240: <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Ancient Rus'</a><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Rurik" title="Rurik">Rurik</a> • <a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Rus%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptism of Rus'">Baptism of Rus'</a> • <i><a href="/wiki/Russkaya_Pravda" title="Russkaya Pravda">Russkaya Pravda</a></i><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div></li></ul> </div> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Land" title="Novgorod Land">Novgorod Land</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 882–1136</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Polotsk" title="Principality of Polotsk">Principality of Polotsk</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 987–1397</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Chernigov" title="Principality of Chernigov">Principality of Chernigov</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 988–1402</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Rostov-Suzdal" class="mw-redirect" title="Rostov-Suzdal">Rostov-Suzdal</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1093–1157</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">     <b><a href="/wiki/List_of_tribes_and_states_in_Belarus,_Russia_and_Ukraine#Early_Middle_Ages_(c._500_–_1097)" title="List of tribes and states in Belarus, Russia and Ukraine">full list...</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr></tbody></table> <hr /> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>1240–1480: <a href="/wiki/List_of_tribes_and_states_in_Belarus,_Russia_and_Ukraine#Council_of_Liubech_and_after_(1097–1237)" title="List of tribes and states in Belarus, Russia and Ukraine">Feudal Rus'</a><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Liubech" title="Council of Liubech">Council of Liubech</a> • <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Uvetichi" title="Council of Uvetichi">Council of Uvetichi</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'">Mongol conquest</a> • <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kulikovo" title="Battle of Kulikovo">Battle of Kulikovo</a><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div></li></ul> </div> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Republic" title="Novgorod Republic">Novgorod Republic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1136–1478</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Vladimir-Suzdal" title="Vladimir-Suzdal">Vladimir-Suzdal</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1157–1331</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Principality of Moscow</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1263–1547</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">     <b><a href="/wiki/List_of_tribes_and_states_in_Belarus,_Russia_and_Ukraine#Council_of_Liubech_and_after_(1097–1237)" title="List of tribes and states in Belarus, Russia and Ukraine">full list...</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr></tbody></table> <hr /> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>1480–1917: <a href="/wiki/Tsarist_autocracy" title="Tsarist autocracy">Tsarist Russia</a><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Great_Stand_on_the_Ugra_River" title="Great Stand on the Ugra River">Great Stand on the Ugra River</a> • <a href="/wiki/Time_of_Troubles" title="Time of Troubles">Time of<br />Troubles</a> • <a href="/wiki/Zemsky_Sobor" title="Zemsky Sobor">Zemsky Sobor</a> • <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nystad" title="Treaty of Nystad">Treaty of Nystad</a> • <a href="/wiki/Government_reform_of_Peter_the_Great" title="Government reform of Peter the Great">Petrovian reforms</a> • <a href="/wiki/1812_Patriotic_War" class="mw-redirect" title="1812 Patriotic War">1812 Patriotic War</a> • <a href="/wiki/Decembrist_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Decembrist Revolt">Decembrist Revolt</a> • <a href="/wiki/Emancipation_reform_of_1861" title="Emancipation reform of 1861">Emancipation reform</a> • <a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a> • <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution_of_1905" title="Russian Revolution of 1905">1905 Revolution</a> • <a href="/wiki/October_Manifesto" title="October Manifesto">October Manifesto</a> • <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Eastern Front (World War I)">Second Patriotic War</a><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div></li></ul> </div> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsardom of Russia</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1547–1721</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1721–1917</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">      <a href="/wiki/Russian_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian America">Russian America</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1799–1867</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">      <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Finland" title="Grand Duchy of Finland">Grand Duchy of Finland</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1809–1917</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">      <a href="/wiki/Congress_Poland" title="Congress Poland">Congress Poland</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1867–1915</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">      <a href="/wiki/Russian_Manchuria_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Manchuria (China)">Russian Manchuria</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1900–1905</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">      <a href="/wiki/Uryankhay_Krai" title="Uryankhay Krai">Uryankhay Krai</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1914–1921</td></tr></tbody></table> <hr /> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>1917–1923: <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a> • <a href="/wiki/Russian_Provisional_Government" title="Russian Provisional Government">Provisional Government</a> • <a href="/wiki/Dual_power" title="Dual power"><i>Dvoyevlastiye</i></a> • <a href="/wiki/July_Days" title="July Days">July Days</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kornilov_affair" title="Kornilov affair">Kornilov affair</a> • <a href="/wiki/Directorate_(Russia)" title="Directorate (Russia)">Directorate</a> • <a href="/wiki/Russian_Constituent_Assembly" title="Russian Constituent Assembly">Constituent Assembly</a> (<a href="/wiki/1917_Russian_Constituent_Assembly_election" title="1917 Russian Constituent Assembly election">election</a>) • <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik_Coup" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik Coup">Bolshevik Coup</a> • <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Civil War</a> • <a href="/wiki/White_movement" title="White movement">White Guard</a> • <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> • <a href="/wiki/Soviet-Polish_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet-Polish War">Soviet-Polish War</a> • <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Priamurye_Government" title="Provisional Priamurye Government">Priamurye<br />Govt.</a> • <a href="/wiki/War_Communism" class="mw-redirect" title="War Communism">War Communism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Creation_of_the_Union_of_Soviet_Socialist_Republics" title="Treaty on the Creation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics">USSR</a> • <a href="/wiki/White_%C3%A9migr%C3%A9" title="White émigré">Emigrants</a><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div></li></ul> </div> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Republic" title="Russian Republic">Russian Republic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1917–1918</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">      <a href="/wiki/General_Secretariat_of_Ukraine" title="General Secretariat of Ukraine">General Secretariat of Ukraine</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1917–1918</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Russian_SFSR#Early_years_(1917–1920)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian SFSR">Russian SFSR</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1917–1922</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">      <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian SSR">Ukrainian SSR</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1919–1922</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">      <a href="/wiki/Byelorussian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Byelorussian SSR">Byelorussian SSR</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1920–1922</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">      <a href="/wiki/Transcaucasian_SFSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcaucasian SFSR">Transcaucasian SFSR</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1922–1922</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Russian_State_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Russian State (1918–1920)">Russian State</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1918–1920</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">      <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Priamurye_Government" title="Provisional Priamurye Government">Provisional Priamurye Govt.</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1921–1923</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">     <b><a href="/wiki/Leaders_of_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Leaders of the Russian Civil War">full list...</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr></tbody></table> <hr /> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>1923–1991: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Soviet Union">Soviet Era</a><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/New_Economic_Policy" title="New Economic Policy">NEP</a> • <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural Revolution in the Soviet Union">Cultural revolution</a> • <a href="/wiki/Korenization" class="mw-redirect" title="Korenization">Korenization</a> • <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Collectivization" class="mw-redirect" title="Collectivization">Collectivization</a> • <a href="/wiki/Industrialization_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Industrialization in the Soviet Union">Industrialization</a> • <a href="/wiki/GULAG" class="mw-redirect" title="GULAG">GULAG</a> • <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a> • <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(WWII)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Front (WWII)">Great Patriotic War</a> • <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> • <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a> • <a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a> • <a href="/wiki/1954_transfer_of_Crimea" class="mw-redirect" title="1954 transfer of Crimea">Crimea<br />transfer</a> • <a href="/wiki/Era_of_Stagnation" title="Era of Stagnation">Era of Stagnation</a> • <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Afghan War</a> • <a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Perestroika</a> • <a href="/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster" title="Chernobyl disaster">Chernobyl disaster</a> • <a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">Karabakh<br />War</a> • <a href="/wiki/Parade_of_sovereignties" title="Parade of sovereignties">Parade of sovereignties</a> (<a href="/wiki/War_of_Laws" title="War of Laws">War of Laws</a>)<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div></li></ul> </div> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1922–1991</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">      <a href="/wiki/Russian_SFSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian SFSR">Russian SFSR</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1922–1991</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">      <a href="/wiki/Karelo-Finnish_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Karelo-Finnish SSR">Karelo-Finnish SSR</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1940–1956</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">         <b><a href="/wiki/Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Republics of the Soviet Union">full list...</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tuvan_People%27s_Republic" title="Tuvan People's Republic">Tannu Tuva</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1921–1944</td></tr></tbody></table> <hr /> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>since 1991: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia_(1991%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Russia (1991–present)">Modern Russia</a><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/1991_August_Coup" class="mw-redirect" title="1991 August Coup">August Coup</a> • <a href="/wiki/Belavezha_Accords" class="mw-redirect" title="Belavezha Accords">Belavezha Accords</a> • <a href="/wiki/Alma-Ata_Protocol" title="Alma-Ata Protocol">Alma-Ata<br />Protocol</a> • <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">USSR dissolution</a> • <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">CIS</a> • "<a href="/wiki/Near_abroad" title="Near abroad">Near<br />abroad</a>" • <a href="/wiki/1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis" title="1993 Russian constitutional crisis">Constitutional crisis</a> • <a href="/wiki/Privatization_in_Russia" title="Privatization in Russia">Privatization</a> • <a href="/wiki/Collective_Security_Treaty_Organization" title="Collective Security Treaty Organization">CSTO</a> • <a href="/wiki/Chechen%E2%80%93Russian_conflict#Post-Soviet_era" title="Chechen–Russian conflict">Chechen wars</a> (<a href="/wiki/First_Chechen_War" title="First Chechen War">1st</a> • <a href="/wiki/Second_Chechen_War" title="Second Chechen War">2nd</a>) • <a href="/wiki/Loans_for_shares_scheme" title="Loans for shares scheme">Oligarchy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Putinism" title="Putinism">Putinism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Russo-Georgian_War" title="Russo-Georgian War">Five-Days War</a> • <a href="/wiki/2008_amendments_to_the_Constitution_of_Russia" title="2008 amendments to the Constitution of Russia">Presidential terms<br />amendments</a> • <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Eurasian Economic Union">Eurasian Economic Union</a> • <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">Annexation of Crimea</a> • <a href="/wiki/War_in_Donbas" title="War in Donbas">War in Donbas</a> • <a href="/wiki/2020_amendments_to_the_Constitution_of_Russia" title="2020 amendments to the Constitution of Russia">2020 amendments</a> • <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Invasion of Ukraine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prelude_to_the_2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Prelude to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">Prelude</a> • <a href="/wiki/Russian_emigration_following_the_invasion_of_Ukraine_(2022%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian emigration following the invasion of Ukraine (2022–present)">Mass emigration</a> • <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_debt_default" title="2022 Russian debt default">Debt default</a> • <a href="/wiki/International_sanctions_during_the_2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="International sanctions during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">Sanctions</a> • <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_mobilization" title="2022 Russian mobilization">Mobilization</a> • <a href="/wiki/Russian_annexation_of_Donetsk,_Kherson,_Luhansk_and_Zaporizhzhia_oblasts" title="Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts">2022 annexation</a>)<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div></li></ul> </div> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federation">Russian Federation</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1991–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">      <a href="/wiki/Tatarstan" title="Tatarstan">Republic of Tatarstan</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <a href="/wiki/Tatarstan#Present-day" title="Tatarstan">1994</a>–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">      <a href="/wiki/Chechnya" title="Chechnya">Chechen Republic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <a href="/wiki/Second_Chechen_War" title="Second Chechen War">2000</a>–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">      <i><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Crimea_(Russia)" title="Republic of Crimea (Russia)">Republic of Crimea</a></i><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_alpha"><a href="#endnote_alpha">A</a></sup></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">2014</a>–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></i></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">      <i><a href="/wiki/Donetsk_People%27s_Republic" title="Donetsk People's Republic">Donetsk People's Republic</a></i><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_alpha"><a href="#endnote_alpha">A</a></sup><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_beta"><a href="#endnote_beta">B</a></sup></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Russian_annexation_of_Donetsk,_Kherson,_Luhansk_and_Zaporizhzhia_oblasts" title="Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts">2022</a>–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></i></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">      <i><a href="/wiki/Luhansk_People%27s_Republic" title="Luhansk People's Republic">Luhansk People's Republic</a></i><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_alpha"><a href="#endnote_alpha">A</a></sup><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_beta"><a href="#endnote_beta">B</a></sup></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Russian_annexation_of_Donetsk,_Kherson,_Luhansk_and_Zaporizhzhia_oblasts" title="Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts">2022</a>–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></i></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">      <i><a href="/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Kherson_Oblast" title="Russian occupation of Kherson Oblast">Kherson Oblast</a></i><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_alpha"><a href="#endnote_alpha">A</a></sup><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_beta"><a href="#endnote_beta">B</a></sup></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Russian_annexation_of_Donetsk,_Kherson,_Luhansk_and_Zaporizhzhia_oblasts" title="Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts">2022</a>–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></i></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">      <i><a href="/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Zaporizhzhia_Oblast" title="Russian occupation of Zaporizhzhia Oblast">Zaporizhzhia Oblast</a></i><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_alpha"><a href="#endnote_alpha">A</a></sup><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_beta"><a href="#endnote_beta">B</a></sup></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Russian_annexation_of_Donetsk,_Kherson,_Luhansk_and_Zaporizhzhia_oblasts" title="Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts">2022</a>–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></i></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">         <b><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_federal_subjects" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Russian federal subjects">full list...</a></b> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <span class="nowrap"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_alpha"><b><a href="#ref_alpha">^A</a></b> <i>Not internationally recognized.</i></span> </span><br /><span class="nowrap"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_beta"><b><a href="#ref_beta">^B</a></b> <i>Not fully controlled.</i></span> </span></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em; border-top:#aaa 1px solid;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Timeline</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Russian_history" title="Timeline of Russian history">860–1721</a> • <a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia_(1721%E2%80%931796)" title="History of Russia (1721–1796)">1721–1796</a> • <a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia_(1796%E2%80%931855)" title="History of Russia (1796–1855)">1796–1855</a><br /><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia_(1855%E2%80%931894)" title="History of Russia (1855–1894)">1855–1894</a> • <a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia_(1894%E2%80%931917)" title="History of Russia (1894–1917)">1894–1917</a> • <a href="/wiki/History_of_Soviet_Russia_and_the_Soviet_Union_(1917%E2%80%931927)" title="History of Soviet Russia and the Soviet Union (1917–1927)">1917–1927</a><br /><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1927%E2%80%931953)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1927–1953)">1927–1953</a> • <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1953%E2%80%931964)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1953–1964)">1953–1964</a> • <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1964%E2%80%931982)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1964–1982)">1964–1982</a><br /><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1982%E2%80%931991)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1982–1991)">1982–1991</a> • <a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia_(1991%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Russia (1991–present)">1991–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></a><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/16px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/24px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Russia" title="Portal:Russia">Russia portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Russia" title="Template:History of Russia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Russia" title="Template talk:History of Russia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Russia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Russia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Tatarstan" title="Category:History of Tatarstan">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tatarstan" title="History of Tatarstan">History of <span class="fn org label">Tatarstan</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Tatarstan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of Arms of Tatarstan"><img alt="Coat of Arms of Tatarstan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Coat_of_arms_of_Tatarstan.svg/75px-Coat_of_arms_of_Tatarstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Coat_of_arms_of_Tatarstan.svg/113px-Coat_of_arms_of_Tatarstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Coat_of_arms_of_Tatarstan.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_Tatarstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2126" data-file-height="2126" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Great_Bulgaria" title="Old Great Bulgaria">Great Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turco-Mongols" class="mw-redirect" title="Turco-Mongols">Turco-Mongols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Tartary" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Tartary">Great Tartary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volga_Bulgaria" title="Volga Bulgaria">Volga Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kipchaks" title="Kipchaks">Kipchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Volga_Bulgaria" title="Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria">Mongol invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Kazan" title="Khanate of Kazan">Khanate of Kazan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Muscovy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazan_Governorate" title="Kazan Governorate">Kazan Governorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Tatar ASSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatarstan" title="Tatarstan">Republic of Tatarstan</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Tatarstan" title="Template:History of Tatarstan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Tatarstan" title="Template talk:History of Tatarstan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Tatarstan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Tatarstan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Udmurtia" title="Category:History of Udmurtia">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/Udmurtia" title="Udmurtia">History of Udmurtia</a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Udmurtia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of the Udmurt Republic"><img alt="Coat of arms of the Udmurt Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Coat_of_arms_of_Udmurtia.svg/75px-Coat_of_arms_of_Udmurtia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Coat_of_arms_of_Udmurtia.svg/113px-Coat_of_arms_of_Udmurtia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Coat_of_arms_of_Udmurtia.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_Udmurtia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="879" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volga_Bulgaria" title="Volga Bulgaria">Volga Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Volga_Bulgaria" title="Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria">Mongol invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Kazan" title="Khanate of Kazan">Khanate of Kazan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ar_begs" title="Ar begs">Ar begs</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Muscovy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazan_Governorate" title="Kazan Governorate">Kazan Governorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_Autonomous_Oblast" title="Udmurt Autonomous Oblast">Udmurt Autonomous Oblast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Udmurt Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Udmurt ASSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurtia" title="Udmurtia">Udmurt Republic</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Udmurtia" title="Template:History of Udmurtia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Udmurtia" title="Template talk:History of Udmurtia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Udmurtia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Udmurtia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principality_of_Moscow&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Grand_Duchy_of_Moscow" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Grand Duchy of Moscow">Grand Duchy of Moscow</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Empires" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Empires" title="Template:Empires"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Empires" title="Template talk:Empires"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Empires" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Empires"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Empires" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">Empires</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancient</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Colonies_in_antiquity" title="Colonies in antiquity">colonies</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Kingdom of Armenia (disambiguation)">Armenian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satrapy_of_Armenia" title="Satrapy of Armenia">Orontid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Ancient</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Babylonian_Empire" title="Old Babylonian Empire">Old Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Jin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%CA%BFmt" title="Dʿmt">Dʿmt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harsha" title="Harsha">Harsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)#Empire" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Bactrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Huns" title="History of the Huns">Hunnic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hephthalites" title="Hephthalites">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Persian Empire (disambiguation)">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Median_kingdom" title="Median kingdom">Median</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush" title="Kingdom of Kush">Kush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magadhan_Empire" title="Magadhan Empire">Magadha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haryanka_dynasty" title="Haryanka dynasty">Haryanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaishunaga_dynasty" title="Shaishunaga dynasty">Shaishunaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanda Empire">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunga_Empire" title="Shunga Empire">Shunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthaginian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Neo-Sumerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rouran_Khaganate" title="Rouran Khaganate">Rouran</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Post-classical_history" title="Post-classical history">Post-classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angevin_Empire" title="Angevin Empire">Angevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Kingdom of Armenia (disambiguation)">Armenian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagratid_Armenia" title="Bagratid Armenia">Bagratid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Vaspurakan" title="Kingdom of Vaspurakan">Vaspurakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Artsakh" title="Kingdom of Artsakh">Artsakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Cilician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakarid_Armenia" title="Zakarid Armenia">Zakarid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Benin" title="Kingdom of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire#Shift_of_the_Sayfuwa_court_from_Kanem_to_Bornu" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Bornu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Sultanate_(1368%E2%80%931888)" title="Bruneian Sultanate (1368–1888)">Bruneian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Bulgarian Empire (disambiguation)">Bulgarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Burmese Empire (disambiguation)">Burmese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pagan_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan Kingdom">First</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calakmul" title="Calakmul">Calakmul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty" title="Chalukya dynasty">Chalukya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_Empire" title="Western Chalukya Empire">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jīn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chola_Empire" title="Chola Empire">Chola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Aksum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagwe_dynasty" title="Zagwe dynasty">Zagwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Solomonic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garabito_Empire" title="Garabito Empire">Huetar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Struggle" title="Tripartite Struggle">Kannauj</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurjara-Pratihara_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty">Gurjara-Pratihara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta Empire">Rashtrakuta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Persian Empire (disambiguation)">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty" title="Tahirid dynasty">Tahirid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japan" title="History of Japan">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yamato_period" title="Yamato period">Yamato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamakura_shogunate" title="Kamakura shogunate">Kamakura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashikaga_shogunate" title="Ashikaga shogunate">Muromachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Edo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Kanem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuania" title="History of Lithuania">Lithuanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">Moroccan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Idrisid_dynasty" title="Idrisid dynasty">Idrisid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norgesveldet" class="mw-redirect" title="Norgesveldet">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Empire" title="North Sea Empire">North Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyo_Empire" title="Oyo Empire">Oyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland" title="History of Poland">Polish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Kingdom of Poland">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenization_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Hellenization in the Byzantine Empire">Hellenic</a> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Thessalonica" title="Empire of Thessalonica">Thessalonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Trebizond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_the_Morea" title="Despotate of the Morea">Morea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Germanic_culture" title="Romano-Germanic culture">Romano-Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">Russian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Ruthenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Republic" title="Novgorod Republic">Novgorod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir-Suzdal" title="Vladimir-Suzdal">Vladimir-Suzdal</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Muscovy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Perm" title="Great Perm">Permian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singhasari" title="Singhasari">Singhasari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songhai_Empire" title="Songhai Empire">Songhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikal" title="Tikal">Tikal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiwanaku_Empire" title="Tiwanaku Empire">Tiwanaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toltec_Empire" title="Toltec Empire">Toltec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turco-Persian_tradition" title="Turco-Persian tradition">Turco-Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Great Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarezmian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Turkic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Eastern Turkic Khaganate">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrgesh" title="Türgesh">Türgesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uighur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Khaganate" title="Kyrgyz Khaganate">Kyrgyz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ukraine" title="History of Ukraine">Ukrainian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Ruthenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Kiev" title="Principality of Kiev">Kyivan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Vietnamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90inh_dynasty" title="Đinh dynasty">Dinh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Early Lê dynasty">Early Le</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BD_dynasty" title="Lý dynasty">Ly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Trần dynasty">Tran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%93_dynasty" title="Hồ dynasty">Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Later Trần dynasty">Later Tran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Lê dynasty">Later Le</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Wagadou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wari_Empire" title="Wari Empire">Wari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_era" title="Modern era">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashanti Empire">Ashanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Burmese Empire (disambiguation)">Burmese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Toungoo_Empire" title="First Toungoo Empire">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konbaung_dynasty" title="Konbaung dynasty">Third</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Empire" title="Central African Empire">Central African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_China_(1915%E2%80%931916)" title="Empire of China (1915–1916)">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_imperialism" title="Chinese imperialism">Contemporary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Haiti" title="History of Haiti">Haitian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Empire_of_Haiti" title="First Empire of Haiti">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_of_Haiti" title="Second Empire of Haiti">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_France" title="History of France">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Persian_culture" title="Indo-Persian culture">Indo-Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afsharid_Iran" title="Afsharid Iran">Afsharid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zand_dynasty" title="Zand dynasty">Zand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Pahlavi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexico" title="History of Mexico">Mexican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Mexican_Empire" title="First Mexican Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan" title="Northern Yuan">Mongol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oirat_Confederation" title="Oirat Confederation">Oirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoshut_Khanate" title="Khoshut Khanate">Khoshut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_Khanate" title="Kalmyk Khanate">Kalmyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogd_Khanate_of_Mongolia" title="Bogd Khanate of Mongolia">Bogd</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">Moroccan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saadi_Sultanate" title="Saadi Sultanate">Saadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alawi_Sultanate" title="Alawi Sultanate">'Alawi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">Russian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsarist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_imperialism#Contemporary_Russian_imperialism" title="Russian imperialism">Contemporary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokoto_Caliphate" title="Sokoto Caliphate">Sokoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Somalia" title="History of Somalia">Somali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaaq_Sultanate" title="Isaaq Sultanate">Isaaq</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tu%CA%BBi_Tonga_Empire" title="Tuʻi Tonga Empire">Tongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate" title="Cossack Hetmanate">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Vietnamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%E1%BA%A1c_dynasty" title="Mạc dynasty">Mạc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revival_L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Revival Lê dynasty">Revival Lê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_S%C6%A1n_dynasty" title="Tây Sơn dynasty">Tay Sơn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Nguyễn dynasty">Dainam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Vietnam" title="Empire of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Colonial" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colonial_empire" title="Colonial empire">Colonial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_colonial_empire" title="Belgian colonial empire">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_overseas_possessions" title="English overseas possessions">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Scottish colonization of the Americas">Scottish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_overseas_colonies" title="Danish overseas colonies">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_colonial_empire" title="Dutch colonial empire">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_colonial_empire" title="Japanese colonial empire">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_Empire" title="Omani Empire">Omani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curonian_colonisation" title="Curonian colonisation">Couronian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_overseas_colonies" title="Swedish overseas colonies">Swedish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_empires" title="List of empires">Empires</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_empires" title="List of largest empires">largest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_great_powers" title="List of ancient great powers">Ancient great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_great_powers" title="List of medieval great powers">Medieval great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_great_powers" title="List of modern great powers">Modern great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_colonialism" title="History of colonialism">European colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_empires" class="mw-redirect" title="African empires">African empires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"Empire" as a description of foreign policy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">American Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_empire" title="Soviet empire">Soviet empire</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Russia_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Russia_topics" title="Template:Russia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Russia_topics" title="Template talk:Russia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Russia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Russia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Russia_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Russian_history" title="Timeline of Russian history">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Proto-Indo-Europeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">Early Slavs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs">East Slavs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'">Mongol invasion</a></li> <li>Feudal Rus' <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Republic" title="Novgorod Republic">Novgorod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir-Suzdal" title="Vladimir-Suzdal">Vladimir</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Moscow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_of_Russia_(1500%E2%80%931800)" title="Expansion of Russia (1500–1800)">Expansion (1500–1800)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsardom of Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Army of the Tsardom of Russia">Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Republic" title="Russian Republic">Russian Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Civil war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian state">Russian state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Great Patriotic War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia_(1991%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Russia (1991–present)">Russian Federation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_State" title="Union State">Union State</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Economic history of the Russian Federation">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russian_journalism" title="History of Russian journalism">Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Russia" title="History of the Jews in Russia">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Internet_in_Russia" title="History of the Internet in Russia">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_the_Russian_Empire" title="Judicial system of the Russian Empire">Judicial system of the Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Russia">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Russia" title="Military history of Russia">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Russia" title="Outline of Russia">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Russia" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Russia">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_city_of_Russia" title="Historical city of Russia">Historical cities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Russia" title="Geography of Russia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_Russia" title="Borders of Russia">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Russia" title="List of cities and towns in Russia">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Russia" title="Climate of Russia">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Russia" title="List of earthquakes in Russia">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Russia" title="Environment of Russia">Environment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Russia" title="Environmental issues in Russia">Environmental issues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme points of Russia">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Russia" title="European Russia">European Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Russian_Upland" title="Central Russian Upland">Central Russian Upland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Russia" title="Northwest Russia">Northwest Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meshchera_Lowlands" title="Meshchera Lowlands">Meshchera Lowlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oka%E2%80%93Don_Lowland" title="Oka–Don Lowland">Oka–Don Lowland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_Upland" title="Smolensk Upland">Smolensk Upland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fjords_of_Russia" title="List of fjords of Russia">Fjords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Russia" title="Geology of Russia">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_glaciers_in_Russia" title="List of glaciers in Russia">Glaciers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Russian_Regions" title="Great Russian Regions">Great Russian Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest_points_of_Russian_federal_subjects" title="List of highest points of Russian federal subjects">Highest points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Russia" title="List of islands of Russia">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Russia" title="List of lakes of Russia">Lakes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mountains of Russia">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Mountains" title="Caucasus Mountains">Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Urals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Russia" title="List of volcanoes in Russia">Volcanoes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Asia" title="North Asia">North Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Siberian_Plain" title="West Siberian Plain">West Siberian Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Russian Far East</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Russia" title="List of rivers of Russia">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Russia" title="Protected areas of Russia">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Russia" title="Wildlife of Russia">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_North_(Russia)" title="Far North (Russia)">Far North</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Russia" title="Politics of Russia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Russia" title="Anarchism in Russia">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Russia" title="Capital punishment in Russia">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Service_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Civil Service of the Russian Federation">Civil Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classified_information_in_Russia" title="Classified information in Russia">Classified information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Russia" title="Conscription in Russia">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Russia" title="Constitution of Russia">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_Code_of_Russia" title="Criminal Code of Russia">Criminal code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Russia" title="Elections in Russia">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics_in_Russia" title="Far-right politics in Russia">Far-right politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_budget_of_Russia" title="Federal budget of Russia">Federal budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Russia" title="Foreign relations of Russia">Foreign relations</a> (<a href="/wiki/Foreign_Relations_of_Russia_since_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Relations of Russia since the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Foreign Relations of Russia since the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_assembly_in_Russia" title="Freedom of assembly in Russia">Freedom of assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Russia" title="Government of Russia">Government</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apparatus_of_the_Government_of_Russia" title="Apparatus of the Government of Russia">Apparatus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Russia" title="Judiciary of Russia">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Russia" title="Law of Russia">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Russia" title="Law enforcement in Russia">Law enforcement</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_Russia" title="Prisons in Russia">Prisons</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_abuse_of_psychiatry_in_Russia" title="Political abuse of psychiatry in Russia">Political abuse of psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_divisions_of_Russia" title="Political divisions of Russia">Political divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Propaganda in Russia">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Russia" title="Liberalism in Russia">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Russia" title="Conservatism in Russia">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_imperialism" title="Russian imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_irredentism" title="Russian irredentism">Irredentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_nationalism" title="Russian nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Russia" title="Martial law in Russia">Martial law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Russia" title="Monarchism in Russia">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_freedom_in_Russia" title="Media freedom in Russia">Media freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism_in_Russia" title="Neo-Nazism in Russia">Neo-Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Russian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_agencies_of_Russia" title="Intelligence agencies of Russia">Intelligence agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_opposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian opposition">Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Political parties in Russia">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Russia" title="President of Russia">President of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Russia" title="Prime Minister of Russia">Prime Minister of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_Security_Treaty_Organization" title="Collective Security Treaty Organization">Collective Security Treaty Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency_in_Russia" title="State of emergency in Russia">State of emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_defense_in_Russia" title="Civil defense in Russia">Civil defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Search_and_rescue_in_Russia" title="Search and rescue in Russia">Search and rescue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_in_Russia" title="Urban planning in Russia">Urban planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance_in_Russia" title="Mass surveillance in Russia">Mass surveillance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism_in_Russia" title="Separatism in Russia">Separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Term_limits_in_Russia" title="Term limits in Russia">Term limits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Russia" title="Terrorism in Russia">Terrorism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Russia" title="Economy of Russia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Russia" title="Agriculture in Russia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_industry_of_Russia" title="Aircraft industry of Russia">Aircraft industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Russia" title="Banking in Russia">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droughts_and_famines_in_Russia_and_the_Soviet_Union" title="Droughts and famines in Russia and the Soviet Union">Droughts and famines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Russia" title="Automotive industry in Russia">Car industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Russia" title="Central Bank of Russia">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_industry_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense industry of Russia">Defence industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_regions_of_Russia" title="Economic regions of Russia">Economic regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Russia" title="Energy in Russia">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Russia" title="Fishing industry in Russia">Fishing industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Russia" title="Forestry in Russia">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Financial_districts_in_Russia" title="Category:Financial districts in Russia">Financial districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Russia" title="Gambling in Russia">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Russia" title="Homelessness in Russia">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_industry_of_Russia" title="Mining industry of Russia">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Russia" title="Petroleum industry in Russia">Petroleum industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postal_codes_in_Russia" title="Postal codes in Russia">Postal codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_oligarchs" title="Russian oligarchs">Russian oligarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_ruble" title="Russian ruble">Ruble <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Russia" title="Science and technology in Russia">Science and technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Russian Academy of Sciences">Academy of Sciences</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding_in_Russia" title="Shipbuilding in Russia">Shipbuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_security_system_in_Russia" title="Social security system in Russia">Social security system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_industry_of_Russia" title="Space industry of Russia">Space industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Russia" title="Taxation in Russia">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Russia" title="Telecommunications in Russia">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Russia" title="Tourism in Russia">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trade_unions_in_Russia" title="List of trade unions in Russia">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Russia" title="Transport in Russia">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Russia" title="Waste management in Russia">Waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Russia" title="Water supply and sanitation in Russia">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Russia" title="Category:Society of Russia">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Russia" title="Abortion in Russia">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_Russia" title="Alcohol in Russia">Alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-American_sentiment_in_Russia" title="Anti-American sentiment in Russia">Anti-American sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Russia" title="Cannabis in Russia">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in the Russian Federation">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizenship of Russia">Citizens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Russia" title="Corruption in Russia">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Russia" title="Crime in Russia">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deafness_in_Russia" title="Deafness in Russia">Deafness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Russia" title="Demographics of Russia">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Russia" title="Domestic violence in Russia">Domestic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doping_in_Russia" title="Doping in Russia">Doping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Russia" title="Education in Russia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Russia" title="Ethnic groups in Russia">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Russia" title="Feminism in Russia">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_public_apologies_in_Russia" title="Forced public apologies in Russia">Forced public apologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funerals_in_Russia" title="Funerals in Russia">Funerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_control_in_Russia" title="Gun control in Russia">Gun control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Russia" title="Health in Russia">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Russia" title="Healthcare in Russia">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Russia" title="HIV/AIDS in Russia">HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health_in_Russia" title="Mental health in Russia">Mental health</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Russia" title="Human rights in Russia">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Russia" title="LGBTQ rights in Russia">LGBTQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Russia" title="Immigration to Russia">Immigration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_Russia" title="Illegal immigration to Russia">Illegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migrant_workers_in_Russia" title="Migrant workers in Russia">Labour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Russia" title="Languages of Russia">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_subjects_of_Russia_by_life_expectancy" title="List of federal subjects of Russia by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_Russia" title="Open access in Russia">Open access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphans_in_Russia" title="Orphans in Russia">Orphans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Russia" title="Polygamy in Russia">Polygamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Russia" title="Prostitution in Russia">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Russia" title="Racism in Russia">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Russia" title="Religion in Russia">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scouting_in_Russia" title="Scouting in Russia">Scouting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Russia" title="Slavery in Russia">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_entrepreneurship_in_Russia" title="Social entrepreneurship in Russia">Social entrepreneurship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_in_Russia" title="Sociology in Russia">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Russia" title="Smoking in Russia">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Russia" title="Suicide in Russia">Suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_wedding_traditions" title="Russian wedding traditions">Wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Russia" title="Witch trials in Russia">Witch trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Russia" title="Women in Russia">Women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Russian_and_Soviet_military" title="Women in the Russian and Soviet military">in army</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Russia" title="Culture of Russia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Russia" title="Architecture of Russia">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_Russia" title="Armorial of Russia">Armorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Culture of the Russian Armed Forces">Army culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorary_weapons_of_Russia" title="Honorary weapons of Russia">Honorary weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_artists" title="List of Russian artists">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_ballet" title="Russian ballet">Ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Russia" title="Cinema of Russia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_cuisine" title="Russian cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_wine" title="Russian wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_fashion" title="Russian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_fairy_tale" title="Russian fairy tale">Fairy tales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_fashion" title="Russian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Festivals_in_Russia" title="Category:Festivals in Russia">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklore of Russia">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_traditions_and_superstitions" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian traditions and superstitions">Traditions and superstitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_forms_of_addressing" title="Russian forms of addressing">Forms of addressing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graffiti_in_Russia" title="Graffiti in Russia">Graffiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_heraldry" title="Russian heraldry">Heraldry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Russia" title="Internet in Russia">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Russian_innovation" title="Timeline of Russian innovation">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_literature" title="Russian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_martial_arts" title="Russian martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Russia" title="Mass media in Russia">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Russia" title="Music of Russia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Rus%CA%B9,_Russia_and_Ruthenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Names of Rusʹ, Russia and Ruthenia">Names of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_given_name" title="Russian given name">Russian given name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_nobility" title="Russian nobility">Nobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Russia" title="National symbols of Russia">National symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_Russia" title="National anthem of Russia">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Russia" title="Coat of arms of Russia">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Russia" title="Flag of Russia">Flag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regalia_of_the_Russian_tsars" title="Regalia of the Russian tsars">Russian tsars regalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_opera" title="Russian opera">Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personification_of_Russia" title="Personification of Russia">Personification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_playing_cards" title="Russian playing cards">Playing cards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_philosophers" title="List of Russian philosophers">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_political_jokes" title="Russian political jokes">Political jokes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Russia" title="Public holidays in Russia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_tea_culture" title="Russian tea culture">tea culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Russia" title="Television in Russia">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Wonders_of_Russia" title="Seven Wonders of Russia">Seven Wonders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Russia" title="Sport in Russia">Sports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Sports_Classification_System_of_Russia" title="Unified Sports Classification System of Russia">Unified Sports Classification System</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Russia" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Russia">World Heritage sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Russia" title="Outline of Russia">Outline</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Russia" title="Category:Russia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Russia" title="Portal:Russia">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="metadata coord-missing"></span> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Principality_of_Moscow&oldid=1258678951">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Principality_of_Moscow&oldid=1258678951</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Principality_of_Moscow" title="Category:Principality of Moscow">Principality of Moscow</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:States_and_territories_established_in_1283" title="Category:States and territories established in 1283">States and territories established in 1283</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:States_and_territories_disestablished_in_1547" title="Category:States and territories disestablished in 1547">States and territories disestablished in 1547</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1282_establishments_in_Europe" title="Category:1282 establishments in Europe">1282 establishments in Europe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:13th-century_establishments_in_Russia" title="Category:13th-century establishments in Russia">13th-century establishments in Russia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1547_disestablishments_in_Europe" title="Category:1547 disestablishments in Europe">1547 disestablishments in Europe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Moscow_Oblast" title="Category:History of Moscow Oblast">History of Moscow Oblast</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_monarchies_of_Europe" title="Category:Former monarchies of Europe">Former monarchies of Europe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:13th_century_in_Russia" title="Category:13th century in Russia">13th century in Russia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:14th_century_in_Russia" title="Category:14th century in Russia">14th century in Russia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:15th_century_in_Russia" title="Category:15th century in Russia">15th century in Russia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:16th_century_in_Russia" title="Category:16th century in Russia">16th century in Russia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:16th_century_in_Moscow" title="Category:16th century in Moscow">16th century in Moscow</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:States_and_territories_disestablished_in_the_1540s" title="Category:States and territories disestablished in the 1540s">States and territories disestablished in the 1540s</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_countries" title="Category:Former countries">Former countries</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vassal_and_tributary_states_of_the_Golden_Horde" title="Category:Vassal and tributary states of the Golden Horde">Vassal and tributary states of the Golden Horde</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christian_states" title="Category:Christian states">Christian states</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Russian-language_sources_(ru)" title="Category:CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)">CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_uses_Russian-language_script_(ru)" title="Category:CS1 uses Russian-language script (ru)">CS1 uses Russian-language script (ru)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_move-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_infobox_country_or_infobox_former_country_with_the_flag_caption_or_type_parameters" title="Category:Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the flag caption or type parameters">Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the flag caption or type parameters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_infobox_country_or_infobox_former_country_with_the_symbol_caption_or_type_parameters" title="Category:Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters">Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Russian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Russian-language text">Articles containing Russian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Old_East_Slavic-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Old East Slavic-language text">Articles containing Old East Slavic-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from May 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references" title="Category:All articles lacking reliable references">All articles lacking reliable references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_May_2023" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from May 2023">Articles lacking reliable references from May 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing French-language text">Articles containing French-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from June 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_vague_or_ambiguous_time" title="Category:All articles with vague or ambiguous time">All articles with vague or ambiguous time</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vague_or_ambiguous_time_from_May_2023" title="Category:Vague or ambiguous time from May 2023">Vague or ambiguous time from May 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2024" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from November 2024">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from November 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_February_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from February 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Source_attribution" title="Category:Source attribution">Source attribution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Russia_articles_missing_geocoordinate_data" title="Category:Russia articles missing geocoordinate data">Russia articles missing geocoordinate data</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_coordinates" title="Category:All articles needing coordinates">All articles needing coordinates</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_missing_coordinates_without_coordinates_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Articles missing coordinates without coordinates on Wikidata">Articles missing coordinates without coordinates on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 21 November 2024, at 00:13<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Principality_of_Moscow&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-rjnn6","wgBackendResponseTime":174,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.142","walltime":"2.587","ppvisitednodes":{"value":16846,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":433444,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":59118,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":18,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":40,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":222965,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2214.128 1 -total"," 19.05% 421.882 2 Template:Reflist"," 15.49% 342.916 1 Template:Infobox_Former_Country"," 13.05% 288.844 26 Template:Citation_needed"," 12.75% 282.401 29 Template:Cite_book"," 12.17% 269.517 29 Template:Fix"," 10.29% 227.840 1 Template:History_of_Russia"," 10.13% 224.189 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 7.55% 167.156 34 Template:Sfn"," 7.12% 157.651 16 Template:Langx"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.277","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":25298095,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFDewey1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuiker2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlorinsky1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGorskij2000\"] = 5,\n [\"CITEREFHalperin1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIshamPipes2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuchkin1995\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMadariaga2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarat_Shaikhutdinov2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeyendorff1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFObolensky1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOstrowski2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPape2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerrie2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlokhy2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaffenspergerOstrowski2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRomaniello2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpielvogel2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaagepera1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThompson2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrepanier2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFW._Werth2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWickham2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWigzell2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZenkovsky1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFФилюшкин2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFХорошкевич1976\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"'\"] = 1,\n [\"'\\\"\"] = 8,\n [\"Better source needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Blist\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 26,\n [\"Cite OED\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 29,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 3,\n [\"Col-2\"] = 1,\n [\"Col-begin\"] = 2,\n [\"Col-break\"] = 3,\n [\"Col-end\"] = 2,\n [\"Commons category-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Coord missing\"] = 1,\n [\"Country study\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Moscow, Grand Duchy Of\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 1,\n [\"Empires\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Gloss\"] = 5,\n [\"History of Russia\"] = 1,\n [\"History of Tatarstan\"] = 1,\n [\"History of Udmurtia\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"Ill\"] = 2,\n [\"Infobox Former Country\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 2,\n [\"Langx\"] = 16,\n [\"Legend\"] = 4,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 3,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 2,\n [\"Pn\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Reign\"] = 2,\n [\"Russia topics\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 3,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 34,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 2,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n [\"When?\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","400","26.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","260","17.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","160","10.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","100","6.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","80","5.3"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","60","4.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","40","2.7"],["chunk \u003CModule:Citation/CS1\u003E","40","2.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpensiveData","40","2.7"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","40","2.7"],["[others]","280","18.7"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-849f99967d-db9pf","timestamp":"20241124110910","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Principality of Moscow","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Principality_of_Moscow","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q170770","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q170770","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-03-20T00:42:22Z","dateModified":"2024-11-21T00:13:51Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/2\/2d\/Muscovy_1390_1525.png","headline":"country which existed in 1263\u20131547"}</script> </body> </html>