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class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Submissions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Submissions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Selection </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 Mission </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tactical_nuclear_weapons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tactical_nuclear_weapons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8 Tactical nuclear weapons </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tactical_nuclear_weapons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 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class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAC_TSR.2" title="BAC TSR.2 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="BAC TSR.2" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Aircraft_Corporation_TSR-2" title="British Aircraft Corporation TSR-2 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="British Aircraft Corporation TSR-2" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAC_TSR-2" title="BAC TSR-2 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="BAC TSR-2" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAC_TSR-2" title="BAC TSR-2 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="BAC TSR-2" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAC_TSR-2" title="BAC TSR-2 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="BAC TSR-2" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAC_TSR-2" title="BAC TSR-2 – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="BAC TSR-2" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAC_TSR-2" title="BAC TSR-2 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="BAC TSR-2" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAC_TSR-2" title="BAC TSR-2 – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="BAC TSR-2" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAC_TSR-2" title="BAC TSR-2 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="BAC TSR-2" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple 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.mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248642317">.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft .infobox-above{line-height:1.6em;background-color:#eee}.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft .infobox-header{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;line-height:23px;background-color:#eee}.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft-caption-left .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft-caption-left .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft-caption-left .infobox-label{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft .infobox-label{width:30%;padding-right:3px}.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft .infobox-data{width:50%}}</style><table class="infobox ib-aircraft vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">TSR-2</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:BAC_TSR.2_XR219_Warton_11.06.66_edited-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/BAC_TSR.2_XR219_Warton_11.06.66_edited-2.jpg/300px-BAC_TSR.2_XR219_Warton_11.06.66_edited-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/BAC_TSR.2_XR219_Warton_11.06.66_edited-2.jpg/450px-BAC_TSR.2_XR219_Warton_11.06.66_edited-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/BAC_TSR.2_XR219_Warton_11.06.66_edited-2.jpg/600px-BAC_TSR.2_XR219_Warton_11.06.66_edited-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="686" /></a> <div class="ib-aircraft-caption">The only TSR-2 to fly, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_military_aircraft_serials" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom military aircraft serials">XR219</a> in <a href="/wiki/Anti-flash_white" title="Anti-flash white">anti-flash white</a> finish, at BAC's <a href="/wiki/Warton_Aerodrome" title="Warton Aerodrome">Warton factory</a> in 1966</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">General information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Strike/reconnaissance</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">National origin</th><td class="infobox-data">United Kingdom</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Aerospace_manufacturer" title="Aerospace manufacturer">Manufacturer</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/British_Aircraft_Corporation" title="British Aircraft Corporation">British Aircraft Corporation</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Cancelled</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Number built</th><td class="infobox-data">3</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First flight</th><td class="infobox-data">27 September 1964</td></tr></tbody></table> The British Aircraft Corporation TSR-2 is a cancelled <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> <a href="/wiki/Strike_aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Strike aircraft">strike</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_aircraft" title="Reconnaissance aircraft">reconnaissance</a> aircraft developed by the <a href="/wiki/British_Aircraft_Corporation" title="British Aircraft Corporation">British Aircraft Corporation</a> (BAC), for the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> (RAF) in the late 1950s and early 1960s. The TSR-2 was designed around both conventional and <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_delivery" title="Nuclear weapons delivery">nuclear weapons delivery</a>: it was to penetrate well-defended frontline areas at low altitudes and very high speeds, and then attack <a href="/wiki/High-value_target" title="High-value target">high-value targets</a> in rear areas. Another intended combat role was to provide high-altitude, high-speed stand-off, <a href="/wiki/Side-looking_radar" class="mw-redirect" title="Side-looking radar">side-looking radar</a> and photographic imagery and <a href="/wiki/Signals_intelligence" title="Signals intelligence">signals intelligence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aerial_reconnaissance" title="Aerial reconnaissance">aerial reconnaissance</a>. Only one airframe flew and test flights and weight-rise during design indicated that the aircraft would be unable<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> to meet its original stringent<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> design specifications.<a href="#cite_note-Winchester_p._25-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wood_p._179-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[N 1]</a> The design specifications were reduced as the result of flight testing.<a href="#cite_note-auto-7">[6]</a> The TSR-2 was the victim of ever-rising costs<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a> and inter-service squabbling<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> over Britain's future defence needs, which together led to the controversial decision in 1965 to scrap the programme. It was decided to order <a href="/wiki/General_Dynamics_F-111K" title="General Dynamics F-111K">an adapted version</a> of the <a href="/wiki/General_Dynamics_F-111_Aardvark" title="General Dynamics F-111 Aardvark">General Dynamics F-111</a> instead, but that decision was later rescinded as costs and development times increased.<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a> The replacements included the <a href="/wiki/Blackburn_Buccaneer" title="Blackburn Buccaneer">Blackburn Buccaneer</a> and <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F-4_Phantom_II" title="McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II">McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II</a>, both of which had previously been considered and rejected early in the TSR-2 procurement process. Eventually, the smaller <a href="/wiki/Variable-sweep_wing" title="Variable-sweep wing">swing-wing</a> <a href="/wiki/Panavia_Tornado" title="Panavia Tornado">Panavia Tornado</a> was developed and adopted by a European consortium to fulfil broadly similar requirements to the TSR-2. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=BAC_TSR-2&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Development">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Previous_designs">Previous designs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=BAC_TSR-2&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Previous designs">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BAC_TSR-2_at_Duxford.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/BAC_TSR-2_at_Duxford.jpg/220px-BAC_TSR-2_at_Duxford.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/BAC_TSR-2_at_Duxford.jpg/330px-BAC_TSR-2_at_Duxford.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/BAC_TSR-2_at_Duxford.jpg/440px-BAC_TSR-2_at_Duxford.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>XR222 in <a href="/wiki/Anti-flash_white" title="Anti-flash white">white anti-flash finish</a>, worn by all the completed TSR-2s, at Duxford, 2006</figcaption></figure> The introduction of the first <a href="/wiki/Jet_engine" title="Jet engine">jet engines</a> in the late-<a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> period led to calls for new jet-powered versions of practically every aircraft then flying. Among these was the design of a replacement for the <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Mosquito" title="De Havilland Mosquito">de Havilland Mosquito</a>, at that time among the world's leading <a href="/wiki/Medium_bomber" title="Medium bomber">medium bombers</a>. The Mosquito had been designed with the express intent of reducing the weight of the aircraft in order to improve its speed as much as possible. This process led to the removal of all defensive armament, improving performance to the point where it was unnecessary anyway. This high-speed approach was extremely successful, and a jet-powered version would be even more difficult to intercept.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-11">[10]</a> This led to <a href="/wiki/List_of_Air_Ministry_specifications" title="List of Air Ministry specifications">Air Ministry specification</a> E.3/45. The winning design, the <a href="/wiki/English_Electric_Canberra" title="English Electric Canberra">English Electric Canberra</a>, also dispensed with defensive armament, producing a design with the speed and altitude that allowed it to fly past most defences.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-11">[10]</a> The design's large wings gave it the lift needed to operate at very high altitudes, placing it above the range where even jet powered fighters were able to intercept it. The Canberra could simply fly over its enemy with relative impunity, a quality that made it naturally suited to <a href="/wiki/Aerial_reconnaissance" title="Aerial reconnaissance">aerial reconnaissance</a> missions. The design was so successful that it was licensed for production in the United States, one of very few such cases. The <a href="/wiki/Martin_RB-57D_Canberra" title="Martin RB-57D Canberra">Martin RB-57D</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martin/General_Dynamics_RB-57F_Canberra" title="Martin/General Dynamics RB-57F Canberra">RB-57F</a> American-built reconnaissance subtypes further extended the wings up to a 37.5 m (123 ft) span for extremely high altitude capabilities. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canberra_replacement">Canberra replacement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=BAC_TSR-2&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Canberra replacement">edit</a>]</div> It was realized that the Canberra's advantages would be eroded by improvements in enemy <a href="/wiki/Interceptor_aircraft" title="Interceptor aircraft">interceptor aircraft</a>. As early as 22 February 1952, Air Vice Marshal <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Tuttle" title="Geoffrey Tuttle">Geoffrey Tuttle</a> wrote that "Frankly, I do not believe that we will get much operational value out of the Canberra from 1955 onwards... the aircraft is already out of date and I doubt its chances of survival in daylight against the present MiG-15 opposition." As the Canberra's performance appeared to be at its limit, this led to a March 1952 draft requirement for new light bomber to replace it, but this never went anywhere.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButtler200387-12">[11]</a> A second round of development began after a January 1953 memo noted that the "thin wing" version of the <a href="/wiki/Gloster_Javelin" title="Gloster Javelin">Gloster Javelin</a> could be modified as a <a href="/wiki/Light_bomber" title="Light bomber">light bomber</a>. The Javelin had an advanced (for the era) navigation system that would be useful in this role. This led to <a href="/wiki/Operational_requirement" class="mw-redirect" title="Operational requirement">operational requirement</a> OR.328, but this was ultimately rejected as the range was far too short when flown at low altitude. Shortly thereafter, English Electric began work on <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> requirement for a low-altitude <a href="/wiki/Strike_aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Strike aircraft">strike aircraft</a>, which would ultimately be won by <a href="/wiki/Blackburn_Aircraft" title="Blackburn Aircraft">Blackburn</a> with their <a href="/wiki/Blackburn_Buccaneer" title="Blackburn Buccaneer">Buccaneer</a>. With minor changes, EE submitted their Navy entry to the RAF for the same role as OR.328. This was reviewed in October 1955, along with the winning Blackburn design, and rejected. <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Slattery" title="Matthew Slattery">Matthew Slattery</a> stated that further redesign was needed to make them useful by the time they might enter service around 1960, concluding "it seems quite wrong to introduce in 1960 a subsonic aircraft that stands no hope of being supersonic."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButtler200388-13">[12]</a> Meanwhile, the Canberra was proving to remain useful in spite of new Soviet interceptors, and it was not until the widespread introduction of the first of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Surface-to-air_missile" title="Surface-to-air missile">surface-to-air missiles</a> (SAMs) in the late 1950s that the first major threat appeared.<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> SAMs had speed and altitude performance much greater than any contemporary aircraft. The Canberra, and other high-altitude aircraft like the British <a href="/wiki/V_bombers" class="mw-redirect" title="V bombers">V bombers</a> or United States' <a href="/wiki/B-52_Stratofortress" class="mw-redirect" title="B-52 Stratofortress">Boeing B-52 Stratofortress</a>, were extremely vulnerable to these weapons. The first aircraft to fall victim to the Soviet <a href="/wiki/S-75_Dvina" title="S-75 Dvina">S-75 Dvina</a> (<a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> name "SA-2 Guideline") SAM was a <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_Air_Force" title="Republic of China Air Force">Taiwanese</a> <a href="/wiki/Martin_B-57_Canberra" title="Martin B-57 Canberra">RB-57</a>, a US reconnaissance version of the Canberra, shot down in 1959.<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> The solution was to fly lower: since <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a> operates in <a href="/wiki/Line-of-sight_propagation" title="Line-of-sight propagation">line-of-sight</a>, the curvature of the Earth renders low-flying aircraft invisible beyond a certain range, the <a href="/wiki/Radar_horizon" title="Radar horizon">radar horizon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Spick_1986_p6-8-16">[15]</a> In practice, trees, hills, valleys and any other obstructions reduce this range even more, making a ground-based interception of low-flying aircraft extremely difficult.<a href="#cite_note-Spick_1986_p6-8-16">[15]</a> The Canberra was designed for medium- to high-altitude flight and was not suitable for continuous terrain-hugging flight; this would require a completely different aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-wynn_503-17">[16]</a> Low-level strike aircraft, or "<a href="/wiki/Interdictor" title="Interdictor">interdictors</a>", grew into a new class of their own during the late 1950s. They generally featured high <a href="/wiki/Wing_loading" title="Wing loading">wing loading</a> to reduce the effects of turbulence and cross-wind, some form of high-performance <a href="/wiki/Terrain-following_radar" title="Terrain-following radar">terrain-following radar</a> to allow very low flight at high speeds, and large fuel loads to offset the higher fuel use at low altitudes.<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="GOR.339">GOR.339</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=BAC_TSR-2&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: GOR.339">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TSR-2_nose.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/TSR-2_nose.jpg/220px-TSR-2_nose.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/TSR-2_nose.jpg/330px-TSR-2_nose.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/TSR-2_nose.jpg/440px-TSR-2_nose.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1572" data-file-height="1614" /></a><figcaption>TSR-2 XR222 photographed at Duxford, 2009</figcaption></figure> Aware of the changing operational environment, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Supply" title="Ministry of Supply">Ministry of Supply</a> started work with <a href="/wiki/English_Electric" title="English Electric">English Electric</a> in 1955, attempting to define a new light bomber to replace the Canberra.<a href="#cite_note-flight_oct_1969-19">[18]</a> These early studies eventually settled on an aircraft with a 2,000 nmi (2,300 mi; 3,700 km) ferry range, Mach 1.5 speed "at altitude" and 600 nmi (690 mi; 1,100 km) low-level range. A crew of two was required, one being the operator of the advanced navigational and attack equipment. The bombload was to be four 1,000 lb (450 kg) bombs.<a href="#cite_note-flight_oct_1969-19">[18]</a> The requirements were eventually made official in November 1956 with General <a href="/wiki/Operational_Requirement" title="Operational Requirement">Operational Requirement</a> 339 (GOR.339), which was issued to various aircraft manufacturers in March 1957.<a href="#cite_note-flight_oct_1969-19">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> This requirement was exceptionally ambitious for the technology of the day, requiring a <a href="/wiki/Supersonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Supersonic">supersonic</a> all-weather aircraft that could deliver <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear weapons</a> over a long range, operate at high level at Mach 2+ or low level at Mach 1.2, with <a href="/wiki/STOL" title="STOL">STOL</a> or possible <a href="/wiki/VTOL" title="VTOL">VTOL</a> performance.<a href="#cite_note-wynn_503-17">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Thornborough_p._6-21">[20]</a> The latter requirement was a side-effect of common battle plans from the 1950s, which suggested that nuclear strikes in the opening stages of war would damage most runways and airfields, meaning that aircraft would need to take off from "rough fields" such as disused Second World War airfields, or even sufficiently flat and open areas of land.<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> Specifically, the requirement included:<a href="#cite_note-Thornborough_p._6-21">[20]</a> <ul><li>Delivery of tactical nuclear weapons at low level in all weathers, by day and night</li> <li>Photo-reconnaissance at medium level (day) and low level (day and night)</li> <li>Electronic reconnaissance in all weathers</li> <li>Delivery of tactical nuclear weapons day and night at medium altitudes using blind bombing if necessary</li> <li>Delivery of conventional bombs and rockets</li></ul> Low level was stated to be under 1,000 ft (300 m) with an expected attack speed at sea level of Mach 0.95. The operational range was to be 1,000 nmi (1,200 mi; 1,900 km) operating off runways of no more than 3,000 ft (910 m).<a href="#cite_note-Thornborough_p._5-23">[22]</a> The TSR-2 was to be able to operate at 200 ft (60 m) above the ground at speeds of Mach 1.1;<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> its range would allow it to operate strategically in addition to tactical scenarios.<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_changes">Political changes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=BAC_TSR-2&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Political changes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:26%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> "There are jobs that missiles cannot do, they cannot reconnoitre enemy positions, they cannot be moved rapidly from one theatre to another, nor can they be switched from one target to another, only a manned vehicle can produce such flexibility." </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">Conservative <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">Member of Parliament</a> and former Minister for Aviation <a href="/wiki/Julian_Amery,_Baron_Amery_of_Lustleigh" class="mw-redirect" title="Julian Amery, Baron Amery of Lustleigh">Julian Amery</a> writing in Sunday Telegraph 1965<a href="#cite_note-segell116-26">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a></cite> </div> As this specification was being studied by various manufacturers, the first of the political storms that were to dog the project reared its head, when Defence Minister <a href="/wiki/Duncan_Sandys" title="Duncan Sandys">Duncan Sandys</a> stated in the <a href="/wiki/1957_Defence_White_Paper" title="1957 Defence White Paper">1957 Defence White Paper</a> that the era of manned combat was at an end and <a href="/wiki/Ballistic_missile" title="Ballistic missile">ballistic missiles</a> were the weapons of the future. This viewpoint was vigorously debated by the aviation industry and within the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)" title="Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)">Ministry of Defence</a> for years.<a href="#cite_note-smith_130-28">[27]</a> Senior RAF officers argued against the White Paper's premise, stating the importance of mobility, and that the TSR-2 could not only replace the Canberra, but potentially the entire <a href="/wiki/V_bomber" title="V bomber">V bomber</a> force.<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> In addition to the argument over the need for manned aircraft, additional political machinations had the effect of complicating the project. In September 1957 the Ministry of Supply informed the heads of the aviation companies that the only acceptable proposals would be those issued from teams consisting of more than one company.<a href="#cite_note-labour_289-30">[29]</a> There was a large number of competing aircraft manufacturing companies in the UK, while orders were decreasing; thus the government intended to foster cooperation between certain companies and encourage mergers.<a href="#cite_note-labour_289-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-segell117-31">[30]</a> Another political matter, that did not help, was the mutual distrust between the various services. At the time that GOR.339 was being defined, the Royal Navy was proceeding with Buccaneer.<a href="#cite_note-segell120-32">[31]</a> The savings involved in both forces using a common aircraft would be considerable, and Blackburn offered the RAF a version of the NA.39, B.103A, to fit some of the GOR.339 requirements.<a href="#cite_note-segell120-32">[31]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Defence_Staff_(United_Kingdom)" title="Chief of the Defence Staff (United Kingdom)">Chief of the Defence Staff</a>, and former <a href="/wiki/First_Sea_Lord" title="First Sea Lord">First Sea Lord</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Mountbatten,_1st_Earl_Mountbatten_of_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma">Lord Mountbatten</a> was a loyal proponent of the Buccaneer, later claiming that five of the type could be purchased for the same price as one TSR-2.<a href="#cite_note-segell120-32">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wood-33">[32]</a> The RAF rebuffed the proposal, stating that it was unsuitable due to poor takeoff performance and the avionics not being capable of the desired role.<a href="#cite_note-segell120-32">[31]</a> As one RAF official put it, "If we show the slightest interest in NA.39 we might not get the GOR.339 aircraft."<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> Another political opponent of the TSR-2 project was Sir <a href="/wiki/Solly_Zuckerman,_Baron_Zuckerman" title="Solly Zuckerman, Baron Zuckerman">Solly Zuckerman</a>, at the time the Chief Scientific Advisor to the Ministry of Defence. Zuckerman had a low opinion of British technological achievements and was in favour of procuring military hardware from the United States.<a href="#cite_note-Wood-33">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Submissions">Submissions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=BAC_TSR-2&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Submissions">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BAC_TSR2_Cosford-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/BAC_TSR2_Cosford-01.jpg/220px-BAC_TSR2_Cosford-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/BAC_TSR2_Cosford-01.jpg/330px-BAC_TSR2_Cosford-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/BAC_TSR2_Cosford-01.jpg/440px-BAC_TSR2_Cosford-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2160" data-file-height="1440" /></a><figcaption>TSR-2 XR220 at RAF Museum Cosford, 2002, with open access panel revealing interior details</figcaption></figure> English Electric and <a href="/wiki/Hawker_Aircraft" title="Hawker Aircraft">Hawker Aircraft</a> had already received some signals from the Air Ministry that a formal process would be starting, but all of the major manufacturers were able to quickly put together submissions:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButtler200389–90-35">[34]</a> <ul><li>Blackburn entered B.103A, which was essentially a B.103/NA.39 (Buccaneer) with its naval equipment removed and new fuel tanks inserted.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="De Havilland Aircraft">De Havilland</a> entered an upgraded version of the <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Sea_Vixen" title="De Havilland Sea Vixen">de Havilland Sea Vixen</a>, the "DH.110 Tactical Bomber', similarly modified to remove naval systems and increase fuel through a fuselage extension. It also added an upgraded version of the <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Avon" title="Rolls-Royce Avon">Rolls-Royce Avon</a> engines, <a href="/wiki/Blown_flap" title="Blown flap">blown flaps</a>, and an attachment point for an under-fuselage <a href="/wiki/Rocket_engine" title="Rocket engine">rocket engine</a> <a href="/wiki/JATO" title="JATO">JATO</a> unit, all to improve takeoff performance.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers-Armstrongs" title="Vickers-Armstrongs">Vickers-Armstrongs</a>/<a href="/wiki/Supermarine" title="Supermarine">Supermarine</a> offered Type 565, a similar conversion of the <a href="/wiki/Supermarine_Scimitar" title="Supermarine Scimitar">Supermarine Scimitar</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawker_Aircraft" title="Hawker Aircraft">Hawker</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[N 2]</a> entered the <a href="/wiki/Hawker_P.1121" title="Hawker P.1121">P.1121</a>, a development of the <a href="/wiki/Hawker_Hunter" title="Hawker Hunter">Hawker Hunter</a> relying on a number of <a href="/wiki/Drop_tank" title="Drop tank">drop tanks</a> to meet the range requirements.</li></ul> These early submissions were reviewed in May 1957. While all of these would be available before the desired 1964 service entry date, all of them had performance that was far short of the requirements. Only de Havilland's entry actually met the 1,000 nautical miles (1,900 km; 1,200 mi) range requirement, the others were well short, notably P.1121. But more important was that the supersonic performance of all of these designs was very limited, and especially the range that the aircraft could fly whilst supersonic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButtler200390-37">[35]</a> A further and more rigorous GOR.339 was released, and at a September 1957 meeting the Ministry called for a new round of submissions on 31 January 1958, and made the first formal statement that only those submissions from paired up companies would be considered.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButtler200391-38">[36]</a> Eight companies were invited to enter, leading to thirteen submissions:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButtler200389–104-39">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-segell110-40">[38]</a> <ul><li>Avro's 739 looked very similar to the final TSR-2, although it had a mid-mounted swept wing instead of top-mounted delta. It is otherwise very similar to the EE submission, notably in details of the cockpit area.</li> <li>Blackburn entered B.108, a further modification of B.103A with even more fuel. While the performance was limited compared to the other entries, Blackburn felt that meeting all of these features was not justified and their model would have a much lower per-unit cost. They also felt that, through experimental development of Buccaneer, they were the only company that really had experience with the low-level attack profile and its many problems in terms of turbulence and control.</li> <li>Bristol's Type 204 was the most distinctive entry, using their "gothic" version of the <a href="/wiki/Delta_wing" title="Delta wing">delta wing</a> planform, which they had developed during early studies on <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Type_223" title="Bristol Type 223">Bristol Type 223</a>. It also featured a <a href="/wiki/Canard_(aeronautics)" title="Canard (aeronautics)">canard</a> under the cockpit area, below the fuselage and mounted on a wing-like extension. The two engines were fed from an intake on the top of the wing.</li> <li>de Havilland entered an entirely new design, unnamed, with swept wings and engines under the wings in pods. They offered a rocket-powered pad for VTOL use, and also offered modified versions for naval strike and long-range interceptors.</li> <li>English Electric, having been informed of the upcoming requirements, had time to study no fewer than 18 proposed layouts, P.1 through P.18, before selecting P.17A for submission. This was substantially similar to the winning design, differing primarily in the type of engine intakes used. EE teamed up with <a href="/wiki/Short_Brothers" title="Short Brothers">Short Brothers</a> for the Shorts' P.17D, a vertical-lift platform that would give the P.17 a VTOL capability.</li> <li>Fairey entered a design based on the <a href="/wiki/Fairey_Delta_2" title="Fairey Delta 2">Fairey Delta 2</a>, essentially stretching the fuselage forward significantly and adding a large canard at the cockpit area. The two engines would be carried in underwing pods, which precluded underwing stores, but this was made up for by a large bomb bay in the fuselage.</li> <li>Gloster entered two more versions of the thin-wing Javelin, either with in-fuselage engines like the Javelin, or with underwing pods which allowed for greater internal stores of fuel and weapons.</li> <li>Hawker entered three closely related designs. P.1123, P.1125 and P.1129. The first two were related designs that shared as many components as possible to deliver a light bomber (1123) or air superiority fighter (1125). The P.1129 was similar but larger and more powerful, meeting all of the GOR requirements.</li> <li>Vickers, having dropped the Supermarine name, entered Type 571. This looked somewhat similar to the winning submission, but featured a very thin and only slightly swept wing with large wingtip fuel tanks, and prominent swept-forward Ferri-style engine intakes.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Selection">Selection</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=BAC_TSR-2&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Selection">edit</a>]</div> By February, the Air Ministry had reduced the field to three designs, Hawker-Siddeley, Vickers and EE. The Ministry was highly impressed with the Vickers submission, which included not only the aircraft design, but a "total systems concept" outlining all the avionics, support facilities and logistics needed to maintain the aircraft in the field. EE, who had recently introduced the <a href="/wiki/English_Electric_Lightning" title="English Electric Lightning">Lightning</a>, was the only company with extensive experience with real-world supersonic aircraft, which they felt gave it a huge advantage in practical terms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButtler200396-41">[39]</a> Hawker-Siddeley, parent of Hawker, Avro and Gloster, had entered five designs. This led to some confusion and internal dissent within the company. Avro, having lost the <a href="/wiki/Avro_730" title="Avro 730">Avro 730</a> project, felt that a new bomber design was naturally theirs to lead. Gloster's design remained based on Javelin, and on 11 December 1957, the Hawker design team stated flatly there was no way it would ever win the contract.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButtler2003105-42">[40]</a> A 27 January 1958 meeting between <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roy_Dodson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roy Dodson (page does not exist)">Roy Dodson</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Spriggs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frank Spriggs (page does not exist)">Frank Spriggs</a> and J.R. Ewins eventually decided to promote the P.1129 as their primary submission, using the P.1129 as the basis and adding in some features from the 739. Notably, the wing was made thinner and <a href="/wiki/Area_rule" title="Area rule">area rule</a> was applied to optimize the design for flight at Mach 1.34.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButtler2003106-43">[41]</a> In May, the Air Ministry issued OR.343, a refined version of GOR.339. Hawker submitted their updated "P.1129 Development", while minor variations of the other two designs were offered. Given the similarities between the Vickers and EE, there was some discussion of awarding another series of proposals, one from Vickers and EE and the other from Hawker-Siddeley, but it was noted this would delay the final contract by as much as a year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButtler2003104-44">[42]</a> It was later revealed that the decision to drop the Hawker effort had been taken as early as August, and that their later submissions were effectively a "going through the motions" effort.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButtler2003107-45">[43]</a> Official opinions of EE's management found it lacking in comparison to Vickers, but the combination of the two was felt by officialdom to be a useful marriage and accordingly the development contract was awarded to Vickers, with English Electric as sub-contractor.<a href="#cite_note-Burke-46">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-segell118-47">[45]</a> The ultimate design was essentially the wings and tail sections of the P.17, combined with the longer fuselage of the Type 571, with the design being built in two parts, Vickers the front and EE the rear, and the bolted together at a point just in front of the wing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButtler2003107-45">[43]</a> The existence of GOR.339 was revealed to the public in December 1958 in a statement to the <a href="/wiki/British_House_of_Commons" class="mw-redirect" title="British House of Commons">House of Commons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-segell118-47">[45]</a> Under pressure by the recommendations of the Committee on <a href="/wiki/Estimates" title="Estimates">Estimates</a>, the Air Ministry examined ways that the various project proposals could be combined, and on 1 January 1959, the Minister of Supply announced that the TSR-2 would be built by Vickers-Armstrongs working with English Electric;<a href="#cite_note-Winchester_p._16-48">[46]</a> the initials coming from "Tactical Strike and Reconnaissance, Mach 2",<a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a> the 'Strike' part of the designation specifically referring in RAF terminology to a nuclear weapons role. On 1 January 1959, the project was given an official go-ahead; in February, it came under the new designation Operational Requirement 343.<a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a> OR.343 was more specific and built upon work from the various submissions to GOR.339 specifically stating that the low-level operations would be at 200 ft (61 m) or less, and that Mach 2 should be attained at altitude.<a href="#cite_note-51">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mission">Mission</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=BAC_TSR-2&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Mission">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TSR-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/TSR-2.jpg/220px-TSR-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/TSR-2.jpg/330px-TSR-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/TSR-2.jpg/440px-TSR-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1661" data-file-height="1104" /></a><figcaption>TSR-2 XR222 photographed at Duxford, 2009</figcaption></figure> The envisaged "standard mission" for the TSR-2 was to carry a 2,000 lb (910 kg) weapon internally for a combat radius of 1,000 nautical miles (1,200 mi; 1,900 km). Of that mission 100 nautical miles (120 mi; 190 km) was to be flown at higher altitudes at Mach 1.7 and the 200 nmi (230 mi; 370 km) into and out of the target area was to be flown as low as 200 ft at a speed of Mach 0.95. The remainder of the mission was to be flown at Mach 0.92. If the entire mission were to be flown at the low 200 ft altitude, the mission radius was reduced to 700 nmi (810 mi; 1,300 km). Heavier weapons loads could be carried with further reductions in range.<a href="#cite_note-Winchester_p._25-3">[3]</a> Plans for increasing the TSR-2's range included fitting external tanks: one 450-imperial-gallon (540 US gal; 2,000 L) tank under each wing or one 1,000 imp gal (1,200 US gal; 4,500 L) tank carried centrally below the fuselage. If no internal weapons were carried, a further 570 imp gal (680 US gal; 2,600 L) could be carried in a tank in the weapons bay.<a href="#cite_note-Winchester_p._25-3">[3]</a> Later variants would have been fitted with variable-geometry wings.<a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Planned flight profiles as of 3 December 1963<a href="#cite_note-TNA_AIR_2/17329_E53A_pps_2-3-53">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[a 1]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Profile </th> <th>Fuel load </th> <th>Altitude </th> <th>Speed (Mach No.) </th> <th>Distance </th> <th>Still air time </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>Economic cruise </td> <td>Max internal </td> <td>23,000 ft (7,000 m) – 35,000 ft (11,000 m) </td> <td>Mach 0.92 </td> <td>2,780 miles (4,470 km) </td> <td>5 h, 5 min </td> <td>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Economic cruise </td> <td>Max internal plus 2 x 450 imp gal (2,000 L) wing tanks plus 1 x 1,000 imp gal (4,500 L) ventral tank </td> <td>15,000 ft (4,600 m) – 35,000 ft (11,000 m) </td> <td>M0.88–0.92 </td> <td>3,440 miles (5,540 km) </td> <td>6 h, 20 min – 6 h, 35 min </td> <td>Ventral tank still in design stage </td></tr> <tr> <td>Low-level cruise </td> <td>Max internal </td> <td>200 ft (61 m) above ground level </td> <td>M0.90 </td> <td>1,580 nautical miles (2,930 km) </td> <td>2 h, 40 min </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Low-level cruise </td> <td>Max internal and 2 x 450 imp gal (2,000 L) wing tanks plus 1 x 1,000 imp gal (4,500 L) ventral tank </td> <td>200 ft (61 m) above ground level </td> <td>M0.90 </td> <td>2,060 miles (3,320 km) </td> <td>3 h, 30 min </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Supercruise" title="Supercruise">Supersonic cruise</a> </td> <td>Max internal </td> <td>50,000 ft (15,000 m) – 58,000 ft (18,000 m) </td> <td>M2.00 </td> <td>1,000 miles (1,600 km) </td> <td>53 min </td> <td>Climbs and descents will be at less than M2.0; fuselage and engines limited to 45 min at M2.0 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Ranges based on 2,000 lb weapon carried internally and retained throughout flight. Normal fuel reserves included </li> </ol></div></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Bomb release procedure<a href="#cite_note-TNA_AIR_2/17329_E53A_pps_2-3-53">[51]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Mode of delivery </th> <th>Altitude </th> <th>Speed </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Laydown_delivery" title="Laydown delivery">Laydown</a> </td> <td>100 ft (30 m) – 500 ft (150 m) </td> <td>M0.80–1.15 </td> <td>5 mins at M1.15. 2 mins at 1.20M. Initial clearance using automatic system will be at 200 ft (61 m) and M0.9. Minimum height for laydown will depend on weapon. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Toss_bombing" title="Toss bombing">Loft</a> </td> <td>100 ft (30 m) – 500 ft (150 m) </td> <td>M0.80M-1.15 </td> <td>Release at 30°, 65° or 110°. Initial clearance will be at 200 ft (61 m) and 0.90M. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ballistic </td> <td>5,000 ft (1,500 m) – 55,000 ft (17,000 m) </td> <td>M1.15 up to M2.05 (depending on height) </td> <td>Initial clearance will be at 25,000 ft (7,600 m) and M1.70 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Toss_bombing#Dive_toss" title="Toss bombing">Dive toss</a> </td> <td>Commence manoeuvre at 25,000 ft (7,600 m) – 50,000 ft (15,000 m) </td> <td>Commence manoeuvre at M1.70–2.00 </td> <td>Dive angles between 12.5° and 22.5°. Aircraft speed at release between M0.92 and 1.10. Height at release 5–13,000 ft. Initial clearance will be with dive commencing at 25,000 ft (7,600 m) and M1.70. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Retarded air burst </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>This was possible with the system but no clearance of this mode was sought initially. </td></tr> </tbody></table> The TSR-2 was also to be equipped with a reconnaissance pack in the weapons bay which included an optical linescan unit built by <a href="/wiki/EMI" title="EMI">EMI</a>, three cameras and a sideways-looking radar (SLR) in order to carry out the majority of its reconnaissance tasks.<a href="#cite_note-56">[53]</a> Unlike modern linescan units that use <a href="/wiki/Infrared_linescan" class="mw-redirect" title="Infrared linescan">infrared imaging</a>, the TSR-2's linescan would use daylight imaging or an artificial light source to illuminate the ground for night reconnaissance.<a href="#cite_note-Thornborough_p._36-57">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tactical_nuclear_weapons">Tactical nuclear weapons</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=BAC_TSR-2&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Tactical nuclear weapons">edit</a>]</div> Carriage of the existing <a href="/wiki/Red_Beard_(nuclear_weapon)" title="Red Beard (nuclear weapon)">Red Beard</a> <a href="/wiki/Tactical_nuclear_weapon" title="Tactical nuclear weapon">tactical nuclear bomb</a> had been specified at the beginning of the TSR-2 project, but it was quickly realised that Red Beard was unsuited to external carriage at supersonic speeds, had safety and handling limitations, and its 15 <a href="/wiki/Kiloton" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiloton">kt</a> yield would be inadequate for the targets assigned. Instead, in 1959, a successor to Red Beard, an "Improved Kiloton Bomb" to a specification known as <a href="/wiki/Operational_Requirement" title="Operational Requirement">Operational Requirement</a> 1177 (OR.1177),<a href="#cite_note-58">[55]</a> was specified for the TSR-2. In the tactical strike role, the TSR-2 was expected to attack targets beyond the forward edge of the battlefield assigned to the RAF by <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>, during day or night and in all weathers. These targets comprised missile sites, both hardened and soft, aircraft on airfields, runways, airfield buildings, <a href="/wiki/Aviation_fuel" title="Aviation fuel">airfield fuel installations</a> and bomb stores, tank concentrations, <a href="/wiki/Ammunition_dump" class="mw-redirect" title="Ammunition dump">ammunition</a> and supply dumps, railways and railway tunnels, and bridges.<a href="#cite_note-air77/654-59">[56]</a> OR.1177 specified 50, 100, 200 and 300 kt yields, assuming a <a href="/wiki/Circular_error_probable" title="Circular error probable">circular error probable</a> of 1,200 ft (370 m) and a damage probability of 0.8, and <a href="/wiki/Laydown_delivery" title="Laydown delivery">laydown delivery</a> capability, with burst heights for targets from 0 to 10,000 ft (3,000 m) above sea level. Other requirements were a weight of up to 1,000 lb (450 kg), a length of up to 144 in (3.7 m), and a diameter up to 28 in (710 mm) (the same as Red Beard).<a href="#cite_note-air2/17322-60">[57]</a> However, a ministerial ruling on 9 July 1962 decreed that all future tactical nuclear weapons should be limited to a yield of 10 kt.<a href="#cite_note-air2/17325-61">[58]</a> The RAF issued a new version of the OR.1177 specification, accepting the lower yield, while making provision in the design for it to be capable of adaptation later for a higher yield, in the event of the political restriction being lifted. Meanwhile, the RAF explored ways of compensating for the lower yield by including, in the specifications for both the bomb and TSR-2, provision for releasing the smaller weapons in salvos, dropping sticks of four of the revised OR.1177, later named <a href="/wiki/WE.177" title="WE.177">WE.177A</a>, at 3,000 ft (914m) intervals to prevent the detonation of the first weapon destroying the succeeding ones before they could, in turn, detonate. This led to the requirement that the TSR-2 must be able to carry four WE.177As, two internally and two on external underwing <a href="/wiki/Hardpoint" title="Hardpoint">stores pylons</a>—the width of the TSR-2 <a href="/wiki/Bomb_bay" title="Bomb bay">bomb bay</a> (originally designed to accommodate a single Red Beard weapon) necessitating the reduction in diameter of the WE.177A to 16.5 in (42 cm), the bomb's width and fin span being constrained by the need to fit two WE.177 bombs side-by-side in the aircraft's bomb bay.<a href="#cite_note-air77/654-59">[56]</a> The requirement for stick bombing using nuclear weapons was soon dropped as larger yield bombs came back into favour.<a href="#cite_note-62">[59]</a> A drawback of carrying WE.177 on external pylons was a limitation due to <a href="/wiki/Aerodynamic_heating" title="Aerodynamic heating">aerodynamic heating</a> of the bomb's casing. WE.177A was limited to a maximum carriage time of five minutes at Mach 1.15 at low level on TSR-2, otherwise the bomb's temperature would rise above its permitted maximum. This would impose a severe operational restriction on TSR-2, as the aircraft was designed for Mach 1+ cruise at this height.<a href="#cite_note-air2/17330-63">[60]</a> Nuclear <a href="/wiki/Stand-off_missile" class="mw-redirect" title="Stand-off missile">stand-off missiles</a> were also proposed for the TSR-2 early in development but not proceeded with. These included an air-launched development of the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Water_(missile)" title="Blue Water (missile)">Blue Water</a> missile,<a href="#cite_note-Wood_p._168-64">[61]</a> carried underwing, or semi-recessed in the bomb bay, and an air-launched <a href="/wiki/Ballistic_missile" title="Ballistic missile">ballistic missile</a>, referred to as Grand Slam, with a warhead derived from that intended for the <a href="/wiki/GAM-87_Skybolt" title="GAM-87 Skybolt">Skybolt</a> missile, and a range of 100 nmi (120 mi; 190 km).<a href="#cite_note-Wood_p._155-65">[62]</a> Conventional missiles were catered for instead, with the design originally centring on use of the <a href="/wiki/AGM-12_Bullpup" title="AGM-12 Bullpup">AGM-12 Bullpup</a>, then moving on to favour the French <a href="/wiki/AS-30" title="AS-30">AS-30</a> before settling on the new OR.1168 missile (which would become the TV-guided <a href="/wiki/Martel_(missile)" title="Martel (missile)">AJ-168 Martel</a>).<a href="#cite_note-66">[63]</a> After the cancellation of the TSR-2, the RAF eventually filled the tactical strike requirement using <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_F-4_Phantom_II" class="mw-redirect" title="McDonnell F-4 Phantom II">McDonnell F-4 Phantom IIs</a> with <a href="/wiki/Project_E" title="Project E">US dual-key nuclear weapons</a>,<a href="#cite_note-68">[N 3]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[65]</a> but continued their attempts to get the 10 kt limit lifted.<a href="#cite_note-70">[66]</a> Development of WE.177A was delayed by several years due to the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_Weapons_Research_Establishment" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic Weapons Research Establishment">Atomic Weapons Research Establishment</a> (AWRE) at Aldermaston being inundated with work on other warhead developments. AWRE workload eased after completion of the <a href="/wiki/Polaris_missile" class="mw-redirect" title="Polaris missile">Polaris missile</a> warheads and work was able to resume on the WE.177A, deliveries to the RAF beginning in late 1971 for deployment on Buccaneers of <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force_Germany" title="Royal Air Force Germany">RAF Germany</a>, a year after WE.177A deliveries to the Royal Navy. Approval for high-yield tactical weapons was eventually gained in 1970 and, by 1975, the RAF had WE.177C, which at almost 200 kt was a weapon very similar to what they had planned for the TSR-2 in 1959.<a href="#cite_note-air2/17322-60">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=BAC_TSR-2&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Design">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TSR-2_(engines).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/TSR-2_%28engines%29.jpg/220px-TSR-2_%28engines%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/TSR-2_%28engines%29.jpg/330px-TSR-2_%28engines%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/TSR-2_%28engines%29.jpg/440px-TSR-2_%28engines%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>TSR-2 XR222 engine exhaust nozzles photographed at Duxford, 2009. The hinged panel in the centre above the engine nozzles contains the <a href="/wiki/Drogue_parachute" title="Drogue parachute">braking parachute</a></figcaption></figure> Throughout 1959, English Electric (EE) and Vickers worked on combining the best of both designs in order to put forward a joint design with a view to having an aircraft flying by 1963, while also working on merging the companies under the umbrella of the <a href="/wiki/British_Aircraft_Corporation" title="British Aircraft Corporation">British Aircraft Corporation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[67]</a> EE had put forward a <a href="/wiki/Delta_wing" title="Delta wing">delta winged</a> design and Vickers, a swept wing on a long <a href="/wiki/Fuselage" title="Fuselage">fuselage</a>. The EE wing, born of their greater supersonic experience, was judged superior to Vickers, while the Vickers fuselage was preferred. In effect, the aircraft would be built 50/50: Vickers the front half, EE the rear.<a href="#cite_note-Thornborough_p._6-21">[20]</a> The TSR-2 was to be powered by two <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Olympus" title="Rolls-Royce Olympus">Bristol-Siddeley Olympus</a> <a href="/wiki/Afterburner" title="Afterburner">reheated</a> <a href="/wiki/Turbojet" title="Turbojet">turbojets</a>, advanced variants of those used in the <a href="/wiki/Avro_Vulcan" title="Avro Vulcan">Avro Vulcan</a>. The Olympus would be further developed and would power the supersonic <a href="/wiki/Concorde" title="Concorde">Concorde</a>.<a href="#cite_note-72">[68]</a> The design featured a small shoulder-mounted delta wing with down-turned tips, an all-moving swept <a href="/wiki/Tailplane" title="Tailplane">tailplane</a> and a large all-moving <a href="/wiki/Vertical_stabilizer" title="Vertical stabilizer">fin</a>. <a href="/wiki/Blown_flaps" class="mw-redirect" title="Blown flaps">Blown flaps</a> were fitted across the entire trailing edge of the wing to achieve the short takeoff and landing requirement, something that later designs would achieve with the technically more complex swing-wing approach. No <a href="/wiki/Aileron" title="Aileron">ailerons</a> were fitted, control in roll instead being implemented by differential movement of the slab tailplanes. The <a href="/wiki/Wing_loading" title="Wing loading">wing loading</a> was high for its time, enabling the aircraft to fly at very high speed and low level with great stability without being constantly upset by thermals and other ground-related weather phenomena.<a href="#cite_note-Winchester_p._24-73">[69]</a> The EE <a href="/wiki/Test_pilot" title="Test pilot">Chief Test Pilot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wing_Commander_(rank)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wing Commander (rank)">Wing Commander</a> <a href="/wiki/Roland_Beamont" title="Roland Beamont">Roland Beamont</a>, favourably compared the TSR-2's supersonic flying characteristics to the Canberra's own subsonic flight characteristics, stating that the Canberra was more troublesome.<a href="#cite_note-74">[70]</a> According to the Flight Envelope diagram,<a href="#cite_note-McLelland_p._92-75">[71]</a> TSR2 was capable of sustained cruise at Mach 2.05 at altitudes between 37,000 ft (11,000 m) and 51,000 ft (16,000 m) and had a dash speed of Mach 2.35 (with a limiting leading edge temperature of 140 °C).<a href="#cite_note-McLelland_p._92-75">[71]</a> The aircraft featured some extremely sophisticated <a href="/wiki/Avionics" title="Avionics">avionics</a> for navigation and mission delivery,<a href="#cite_note-76">[72]</a> which would also prove to be one of the reasons for the spiralling costs of the project. Some features, such as forward looking radar (FLR) and side-looking radar for navigational fixing, only became commonplace on military aircraft years later.<a href="#cite_note-77">[73]</a> These features allowed for an innovative autopilot system which, in turn, enabled long distance terrain-following sorties as crew workload and pilot input had been greatly reduced.<a href="#cite_note-78">[74]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="width:26%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> "The practical solution of appointing one prime contractor to manage the whole programme with sub-contractors operating under strictly controlled and disciplined conditions was, if considered at all, waived aside." </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">Wing Commander R.P. Beamont, the first TSR-2 pilot.<a href="#cite_note-79">[75]</a></cite> </div> There were considerable problems with realising the design. Some contributing manufacturers were employed directly by the Ministry rather than through BAC, leading to communication difficulties and further cost overruns. Equipment, an area in which BAC had autonomy, would be supplied by the Ministry from "associate contractors", although the equipment would be designed and provided by BAC, subject to ministry approval.<a href="#cite_note-80">[76]</a> The overall outlay of funds made it the largest aircraft project in Britain to date.<a href="#cite_note-81">[77]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">date missing</a>] Unlike most previous projects, there were to be no prototypes. Under the "development batch" procedure pioneered by the Americans (and also used by English Electric for the <a href="/wiki/English_Electric_Lightning" title="English Electric Lightning">Lightning</a>), there would instead be a development batch of nine airframes, to be built using production jigs.<a href="#cite_note-segell121-82">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[N 4]</a> The choice of proceeding to production tooling turned out to be another source of delay, with the first aircraft having to adhere to strict production standards or deal with the bureaucracy of attaining concessions to allow them to exhibit differences from later airframes.<a href="#cite_note-segell121-82">[78]</a> Four years into the project, the first few airframes had effectively become prototypes in all but name, exhibiting a succession of omissions from the specification and differences from the intended pre-production and production batches.<a href="#cite_note-85">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operational_history">Operational history</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=BAC_TSR-2&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Operational history">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Testing">Testing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=BAC_TSR-2&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Testing">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TSR_2_(3rd_prototype).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/TSR_2_%283rd_prototype%29.jpg/220px-TSR_2_%283rd_prototype%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/TSR_2_%283rd_prototype%29.jpg/330px-TSR_2_%283rd_prototype%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/TSR_2_%283rd_prototype%29.jpg/440px-TSR_2_%283rd_prototype%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="794" data-file-height="562" /></a><figcaption>Serial number XR222 was one of only three "flight ready" TSR-2s completed, photographed at the <a href="/wiki/Supermarine_Spitfire" title="Supermarine Spitfire">Supermarine Spitfire</a> 60th Anniversary Airshow, Duxford, 1996.</figcaption></figure> Despite the increasing costs the first two of the development batch aircraft were completed. Engine development<a href="#cite_note-87">[N 5]</a> and undercarriage problems led to delays for the first flight which meant that the TSR-2 missed the opportunity to be displayed to the public at 1964's <a href="/wiki/Farnborough_Airshow" class="mw-redirect" title="Farnborough Airshow">Farnborough Airshow</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Thornborough_p._28-86">[81]</a> In the days leading up to the testing, <a href="/wiki/Denis_Healey" title="Denis Healey">Denis Healey</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Shadow_Secretary_of_State_for_Defence" title="Shadow Secretary of State for Defence">Opposition shadow secretary for defence</a>, had criticised the aircraft saying that by the time it was introduced it would face "new anti-aircraft" missiles that would shoot it down making it prohibitively expensive at £16 million per aircraft (on the basis of only 30 ordered).<a href="#cite_note-88">[82]</a> Test pilot <a href="/wiki/Roland_Beamont" title="Roland Beamont">Roland Beamont</a> finally made the first flight from the <a href="/wiki/Aeroplane_and_Armament_Experimental_Establishment" title="Aeroplane and Armament Experimental Establishment">Aeroplane and Armament Experimental Establishment</a> (A&AEE) at <a href="/wiki/MOD_Boscombe_Down" title="MOD Boscombe Down">Boscombe Down</a>, Wiltshire, on 27 September 1964.<a href="#cite_note-89">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[84]</a> Initial flight tests were all performed with the undercarriage down and engine power strictly controlled—with limits of 250 kn (290 mph; 460 km/h) and 10,000 ft (3,000 m) on the first (15-minute) flight.<a href="#cite_note-91">[85]</a> Shortly after takeoff on XR219's second flight, vibration from a fuel pump at the <a href="/wiki/Resonant_frequency" class="mw-redirect" title="Resonant frequency">resonant frequency</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Human_eyeball" class="mw-redirect" title="Human eyeball">human eyeball</a> caused the pilot to throttle back one engine to avoid momentary loss of vision.<a href="#cite_note-Wood_p._161-92">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gardner-93">[87]</a> Only on the 10th test flight was the landing gear successfully retracted—problems preventing this on previous occasions, but serious vibration problems on landing persisted throughout the flight testing programme. The first supersonic test flight (Flight 14) was achieved on the transfer from A&AEE, Boscombe Down, to <a href="/wiki/Warton_Aerodrome" title="Warton Aerodrome">BAC Warton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Thornborough_p._33-94">[88]</a> During the flight, the aircraft achieved Mach 1 on dry power only (<a href="/wiki/Supercruise" title="Supercruise">supercruise</a>). Following this, Beamont lit a single reheat unit as the other engine's reheat fuel pump was unserviceable, with the result that the aircraft accelerated away from the chase <a href="/wiki/English_Electric_Lightning" title="English Electric Lightning">English Electric Lightning</a> (a high speed interceptor) flown by Wing Commander <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Dell" title="Jimmy Dell">James "Jimmy" Dell</a>, who had to catch up using reheat on both engines.<a href="#cite_note-95">[89]</a> On flying the TSR-2 himself, Dell described the prototype as handling "like a big Lightning".<a href="#cite_note-O'Sullivan-96">[90]</a> Over a period of six months, a total of 24 test flights were conducted.<a href="#cite_note-97">[91]</a> Most of the complex electronics were not fitted to the first aircraft, so these flights were all concerned with the basic flying qualities of the aircraft which, according to the test pilots involved, were outstanding.<a href="#cite_note-O'Sullivan-96">[90]</a> Speeds of Mach 1.12 and sustained low-level flights down to 200 ft were achieved above the <a href="/wiki/Pennines" title="Pennines">Pennines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Thornborough_p._33-94">[88]</a> Undercarriage vibration problems continued, however, and only in the final few flights, when XR219 was fitted with additional tie-struts on the already complex landing gear, was there a significant reduction in them.<a href="#cite_note-Wood_p._179-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[92]</a> The last test flight took place on 31 March 1965.<a href="#cite_note-Thornborough_p._33-94">[88]</a> Although the test flying programme was not completed and the TSR-2 was undergoing typical design and systems modifications reflective of its sophisticated configuration, "[T]here was no doubt that the airframe would be capable of accomplishing the tasks set for it and that it represented a major advance on any other type."<a href="#cite_note-Wood_p._179-4">[4]</a> Costs continued to rise, which led to concerns at both company and government upper management levels, and the aircraft was also falling short of many of the requirements laid out in OR.343, such as takeoff distance and combat radius. As a cost-saving measure, a reduced specification was agreed upon, notably reductions in combat radius to 650 nmi (750 mi; 1,200 km), the top speed to Mach 1.75 and takeoff run up increased from 1,800 to 3,000 feet (550 to 915 m).<a href="#cite_note-auto-7">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Project_cancellation">Project cancellation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=BAC_TSR-2&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Project cancellation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TSR2-Cosford-2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/TSR2-Cosford-2007.jpg/220px-TSR2-Cosford-2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/TSR2-Cosford-2007.jpg/330px-TSR2-Cosford-2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/TSR2-Cosford-2007.jpg/440px-TSR2-Cosford-2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4224" data-file-height="2376" /></a><figcaption>XR220 at the RAF Museum, Cosford, 2007. The two cockpit canopies are coated with a thin film of <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> to protect the occupant's eyes from a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_explosion" title="Nuclear explosion">nuclear flash</a></figcaption></figure> By the 1960s, the United States military was developing the <a href="/wiki/Swing-wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Swing-wing">swing-wing</a> <a href="/wiki/General_Dynamics_F-111_Aardvark" title="General Dynamics F-111 Aardvark">F-111</a> project as a follow-on to the <a href="/wiki/Republic_F-105_Thunderchief" title="Republic F-105 Thunderchief">Republic F-105 Thunderchief</a>, a fast low-level fighter-bomber designed in the 1950s with an internal bay for a nuclear weapon.<a href="#cite_note-Gunston_p12-3-99">[93]</a> There had been some interest in the TSR-2 from Australia for the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Air_Force" title="Royal Australian Air Force">Royal Australian Air Force</a> (RAAF), but in 1963, the RAAF chose to buy the F-111 instead, having been offered a better price and delivery schedule by the American manufacturer.<a href="#cite_note-100">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-segell122-101">[95]</a> Nonetheless, the RAAF had to wait 10 years before the F-111 was ready to enter service, by which time the anticipated programme cost had tripled.<a href="#cite_note-Wood_p._160-102">[96]</a> The RAF was also asked to consider the F-111 as an alternative cost-saving measure. In response to suggestions of cancellation, BAC employees held a protest march, and the new Labour government, which had come to power in 1964, issued strong denials.<a href="#cite_note-103">[97]</a> However, at two <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cabinet of the United Kingdom">Cabinet</a> meetings held on 1 April 1965, it was decided to cancel the TSR-2 on the grounds of projected cost, and instead to obtain an option agreement to acquire up to 110 F-111 aircraft with no immediate commitment to buy.<a href="#cite_note-smith_130-28">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-cc(65)20-104">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-cc(65)21-105">[99]</a> This decision was announced in the budget speech of 6 April 1965. The maiden flight of the second development batch aircraft, XR220, was due on the day of the announcement, but following an accident in conveying the airframe to Boscombe Down,<a href="#cite_note-107">[N 6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Barnett-Jones_p._90-106">[100]</a> coupled with the announcement of the project cancellation, it never happened.<a href="#cite_note-xr220-history-108">[101]</a> Ultimately, only the first prototype, XR219, ever took to the air. A week later, the Chancellor defended the decision in a debate in the <a href="/wiki/British_House_of_Commons" class="mw-redirect" title="British House of Commons">House of Commons</a>, saying that the F-111 would prove cheaper.<a href="#cite_note-Wood_p._181-109">[102]</a> All airframes were then ordered to be destroyed and burned.<a href="#cite_note-110">[103]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> "The trouble with the TSR-2 was that it tried to combine the most advanced state of every art in every field. The aircraft firms and the RAF were trying to get the Government on the hook and understated the cost. But TSR-2 cost far more than even their private estimates, and so I have no doubt about the decision to cancel." </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style=""><a href="/wiki/Denis_Healey" title="Denis Healey">Denis Healey</a>, then Minister of Defence.<a href="#cite_note-labour_2901-111">[104]</a></cite> </div> Aeronautical engineer and designer of the <a href="/wiki/Hawker_Hurricane" title="Hawker Hurricane">Hawker Hurricane</a> <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Camm" title="Sydney Camm">Sir Sydney Camm</a> said of the TSR-2: "All modern aircraft have four dimensions: span, length, height and politics. TSR-2 simply got the first three right."<a href="#cite_note-page-obit-112">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="TSR-2_replacements">TSR-2 replacements</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=BAC_TSR-2&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: TSR-2 replacements">edit</a>]</div> To replace the TSR-2, the Air Ministry initially placed an option for the <a href="/wiki/General_Dynamics_F-111K" title="General Dynamics F-111K">F-111K</a> (a modified F-111A with F-111C enhancements) but also considered two other choices: a Rolls-Royce Spey (RB.168 Spey 25R) conversion of a <a href="/wiki/Dassault_Aviation" title="Dassault Aviation">Dassault</a> <a href="/wiki/Mirage_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirage IV">Mirage IV</a> (the Dassault/BAC Spey-Mirage IV)<a href="#cite_note-113">[106]</a> and an enhanced Blackburn Buccaneer S.2 with a new nav-attack system and reconnaissance capability, referred to as the "Buccaneer 2-Double-Star".<a href="#cite_note-114">[107]</a> Neither proposal was pursued as a TSR-2 replacement although a final decision was reserved until the <a href="/wiki/1966_Defence_White_Paper" title="1966 Defence White Paper">1966 Defence Review</a>. Defence Minister Healey's memo about the F-111<a href="#cite_note-c(65)58-115">[108]</a> and the Cabinet minutes regarding the final cancellation of the TSR-2<a href="#cite_note-cc(65)21-105">[99]</a> indicate that the F-111 was preferred.<a href="#cite_note-116">[109]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/1966_Defence_White_Paper" title="1966 Defence White Paper">1966 Defence White Paper</a>, the Air Ministry decided on two aircraft: the F-111K, with a longer-term replacement being a joint Anglo-French project for a <a href="/wiki/Variable-geometry_wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Variable-geometry wing">variable geometry</a> strike aircraft – the <a href="/wiki/AFVG" class="mw-redirect" title="AFVG">Anglo French Variable Geometry Aircraft</a> (AFVG).<a href="#cite_note-117">[110]</a> A censure debate followed on 1 May 1967, in which Healey claimed the cost of the TSR-2 would have been £1,700 million over 15 years including running costs, compared with £1,000 million for the F-111K/AFVG combination.<a href="#cite_note-118">[111]</a> Although 10 F-111Ks were ordered in April 1966 with an additional order for 40 in April 1967, the F-111 programme suffered enormous cost escalation coupled with the devaluation of the pound, leading to its cost far exceeding that of the TSR-2 projection.<a href="#cite_note-119">[112]</a> Many technical problems were still unresolved before successful operational deployment and, faced with poorer-than-projected performance estimates, the order for 50 F-111Ks for the RAF was eventually cancelled in January 1968.<a href="#cite_note-Gardner-93">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[N 7]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[N 8]</a> To provide a suitable alternative to the TSR-2, the RAF settled on a combination of the F-4 Phantom II and the Blackburn Buccaneer, some of which were transferred from the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>. These were the same aircraft that the RAF had derided in order to get the TSR-2 go-ahead, but the Buccaneer proved capable and remained in service until 1994.<a href="#cite_note-125">[116]</a> The RN and RAF versions of the Phantom II were given the designation F-4K and F-4M respectively, and entered service as the Phantom FG.1 (fighter/ground attack) and Phantom FGR.2 (fighter/ground attack/reconnaissance), remaining in service (in the air-to-air role) until 1992.<a href="#cite_note-126">[117]</a> The RAF's Phantoms were replaced in the strike/reconnaissance role by the <a href="/wiki/SEPECAT_Jaguar" title="SEPECAT Jaguar">SEPECAT Jaguar</a> in the mid-1970s.<a href="#cite_note-shraf5-127">[118]</a> In the 1980s, both the Jaguar and Buccaneer were eventually replaced in this role by the variable-geometry <a href="/wiki/Panavia_Tornado" title="Panavia Tornado">Panavia Tornado</a>, a much smaller design than either the F-111 or the TSR-2.<a href="#cite_note-segell124-128">[119]</a> Experience in the design and development of the avionics, particularly the terrain-following capabilities, were used on the later Tornado programme.<a href="#cite_note-segell125-129">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-labour_291-130">[121]</a> In the late 1970s, as the Tornado was nearing full production, an aviation businessman, Christopher de Vere, initiated a highly speculative feasibility study into resurrecting and updating the TSR-2 project. However, despite persistent lobbying of the UK government of the time, his proposal was not taken seriously and came to nothing.<a href="#cite_note-131">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Survivors">Survivors</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=BAC_TSR-2&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Survivors">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BAC_TSR-2_(in_museum).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/BAC_TSR-2_%28in_museum%29.jpg/220px-BAC_TSR-2_%28in_museum%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/BAC_TSR-2_%28in_museum%29.jpg/330px-BAC_TSR-2_%28in_museum%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/BAC_TSR-2_%28in_museum%29.jpg/440px-BAC_TSR-2_%28in_museum%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>TSR-2 XR222 photographed at Duxford, 2009</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TSR-2_XR220_at_Cosford.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/TSR-2_XR220_at_Cosford.jpg/220px-TSR-2_XR220_at_Cosford.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/TSR-2_XR220_at_Cosford.jpg/330px-TSR-2_XR220_at_Cosford.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/TSR-2_XR220_at_Cosford.jpg/440px-TSR-2_XR220_at_Cosford.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="639" /></a><figcaption>TSR-2 XR220 at RAF Museum Cosford, UK</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TSR2-Brooklands-899.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/TSR2-Brooklands-899.jpg/220px-TSR2-Brooklands-899.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/TSR2-Brooklands-899.jpg/330px-TSR2-Brooklands-899.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/TSR2-Brooklands-899.jpg/440px-TSR2-Brooklands-899.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2712" data-file-height="1526" /></a><figcaption>Forward fuselage used for testing seen on display at <a href="/wiki/Brooklands_Museum" title="Brooklands Museum">Brooklands Museum</a></figcaption></figure> The TSR-2 tooling, jigs and many of the part completed aircraft were all scrapped at <a href="/wiki/Brooklands" title="Brooklands">Brooklands</a> within six months of the cancellation.<a href="#cite_note-Winchester_p._16-48">[46]</a> Two airframes eventually survived: the complete XR220 at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force_Museum_Cosford" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Air Force Museum Cosford">RAF Museum, Cosford</a>, and the much less complete [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="There are 2 intact TSR-2 and 1 less intact. One of the intact ones is at Cosford, the other one being at Duxford. The less complete one is at Weybridge, Surry. I think there has been some confusion here. (July 2020)">citation needed</a>] XR222 at the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_War_Museum_Duxford" title="Imperial War Museum Duxford">Imperial War Museum Duxford</a>. The only airframe ever to fly, XR219, along with the completed XR221 and part completed XR223 were taken to <a href="/wiki/Shoeburyness" title="Shoeburyness">Shoeburyness</a> and used as targets to test the vulnerability of a modern airframe and systems to gunfire and shrapnel.<a href="#cite_note-132">[123]</a> Four additional completed airframes, XR224, XR225, XR226 and one incomplete airframe XR227 (X-06,07,08 and 09) were scrapped by R. J. Coley and Son, Hounslow Middlesex. Four further airframe serials XR228 to XR231 were allocated but these aircraft were allegedly not built. Construction of a further 10 aircraft (X-10 to 19) allocated serials XS660 to 669 was started but all partly built airframes were again scrapped by R. J. Coley. The last serial of that batch, XS670 is listed as "cancelled", as are those of another batch of 50 projected aircraft, XS944 to 995. By coincidence, the projected batch of 46 General Dynamics F-111Ks (of which the first four were the trainer variant TF-111K) were allocated RAF serials XV884-887 and 902–947,<a href="#cite_note-133">[124]</a> but these again were cancelled when the first two were still incomplete. The haste with which the project was scrapped has been the source of much argument and bitterness since and is comparable to the cancellation and destruction of the American <a href="/wiki/Northrop_YB-49" title="Northrop YB-49">Northrop Flying Wing</a> bombers in 1950,<a href="#cite_note-Winchester_p._173-134">[125]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Avro_Canada_CF-105_Arrow" title="Avro Canada CF-105 Arrow">Avro Canada CF-105 Arrow</a> interceptor that was scrapped in 1959.<a href="#cite_note-135">[126]</a> <dl><dt>Surviving airframes</dt></dl> <ul><li>XR220 (X-02) on display at <a href="/wiki/RAF_Museum_Cosford" class="mw-redirect" title="RAF Museum Cosford">RAF Museum Cosford</a></li> <li>XR222 (X-04) on display at <a href="/wiki/Imperial_War_Museum_Duxford" title="Imperial War Museum Duxford">Imperial War Museum Duxford</a></li> <li>Cockpit section on display at <a href="/wiki/Brooklands_Museum" title="Brooklands Museum">Brooklands Museum</a></li> <li>Bristol Siddeley Olympus 22R-320 – 2 engines on display at <a href="/wiki/Gatwick_Aviation_Museum" title="Gatwick Aviation Museum">Gatwick Aviation Museum</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Specifications">Specifications</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=BAC_TSR-2&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Specifications">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TSR2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/TSR2.png/300px-TSR2.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/TSR2.png/450px-TSR2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/TSR2.png/600px-TSR2.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>XR220 profile drawing</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BAC_TSR.2_three-view_silhouette.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/BAC_TSR.2_three-view_silhouette.png/300px-BAC_TSR.2_three-view_silhouette.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/BAC_TSR.2_three-view_silhouette.png/450px-BAC_TSR.2_three-view_silhouette.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/BAC_TSR.2_three-view_silhouette.png 2x" data-file-width="558" data-file-height="411" /></a><figcaption>BAC TSR-2</figcaption></figure> Data from TSR2: Britain's Lost Bomber<a href="#cite_note-Burke-46">[44]</a>General characteristics <ul><li>Crew: 2</li> <li>Length: 89 ft (27 m)</li> <li>Wingspan: 37 ft 2 in (11.33 m)</li> <li>Height: 23 ft 9 in (7.24 m)</li> <li>Wing area: 702.9 sq ft (65.30 m2)</li> <li>Empty weight: 54,750 lb (24,834 kg)</li> <li>Gross weight: 79,573 lb (36,094 kg)</li> <li>Max takeoff weight: 103,500 lb (46,947 kg)</li> <li>Powerplant: 2 × <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Siddeley_B.Ol.22R_Olympus_Mk.320" class="mw-redirect" title="Bristol Siddeley B.Ol.22R Olympus Mk.320">Bristol Siddeley B.Ol.22R Olympus Mk.320</a> afterburning turbojet engines, 22,000 lbf (98 kN) thrust each dry, 30,610 lbf (136.2 kN) with afterburner</li></ul> Performance <ul><li>Maximum speed: Mach 2.15 at 40,000 ft (12,192 m), M1.1 at sea level</li> <li>Range: 2,500 nmi (2,900 mi, 4,600 km)</li> <li>Combat range: 750 nmi (860 mi, 1,390 km)</li> <li>Service ceiling: 40,000 ft (12,000 m)</li> <li>Rate of climb: 15,000 ft/min (76 m/s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrust-to-weight_ratio" title="Thrust-to-weight ratio">Thrust/weight</a>: 0.59</li></ul> Armament Total weapons load of 10,000 lb (4,500 kg); 6,000 lb (2,700 kg) internal and 4,000 lb (1,800 kg) external<a href="#cite_note-Complete_Encyclopedia-136">[127]</a> <ul><li>Internal weapons bay, 20 ft (6 m) long, with (initially) 1 <a href="/wiki/Red_Beard_(nuclear_weapon)" title="Red Beard (nuclear weapon)">Red Beard</a> 15 kt nuclear weapon or as intended 2 × OR.1177 300 kt nuclear weapons or 6 × 1,000 lb (450 kg) <a href="/wiki/High_Explosive" class="mw-redirect" title="High Explosive">HE</a> bombs. Final designed normal load in nuclear role of up to 4 × <a href="/wiki/WE.177" title="WE.177">WE.177</a> nuclear weapons, two side-by-side or in tandem in weapons bay, two on external underwing stores pylons.</li></ul> Avionics <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonetics" title="Autonetics">Autonetics</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Versatile_Digital_Analyzer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Versatile Digital Analyzer (page does not exist)">Verdan</a> autopilot modified by <a href="/wiki/Elliott_Brothers_(computer_company)" title="Elliott Brothers (computer company)">Elliott Automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferranti" title="Ferranti">Ferranti</a> (<a href="/wiki/Terrain-following_radar" title="Terrain-following radar">terrain-following radar</a> and navigation/attack systems)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMI" title="EMI">EMI</a> (<a href="/wiki/Side_looking_airborne_radar" title="Side looking airborne radar">Side looking airborne radar</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marconi_Electronic_Systems" title="Marconi Electronic Systems">Marconi</a> (general avionics)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossor" class="mw-redirect" title="Cossor">Cossor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Identification_friend_or_foe" title="Identification friend or foe">IFF</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plessey" title="Plessey">Plessey</a> (Radio)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=BAC_TSR-2&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Aviacionavion.png/28px-Aviacionavion.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Aviacionavion.png/42px-Aviacionavion.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Aviacionavion.png/56px-Aviacionavion.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Aviation" title="Portal:Aviation">Aviation portal</a></li></ul> Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avro_Canada_CF-105_Arrow" title="Avro Canada CF-105 Arrow">Avro Canada CF-105 Arrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convair_B-58_Hustler" title="Convair B-58 Hustler">Convair B-58 Hustler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dassault_Mirage_IV" title="Dassault Mirage IV">Dassault Mirage IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Dynamics_F-111_Aardvark" title="General Dynamics F-111 Aardvark">General Dynamics F-111 Aardvark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_A-5_Vigilante" title="North American A-5 Vigilante">North American A-5 Vigilante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-24" title="Sukhoi Su-24">Sukhoi Su-24</a></li></ul> Related lists <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bomber_aircraft" title="List of bomber aircraft">List of bomber aircraft</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=BAC_TSR-2&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=BAC_TSR-2&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Approximately 14 hours of flight testing were completed on airframe XR219 before the programme was cancelled, with the development phase not fully completed.<a href="#cite_note-Winchester_p._25-3">[3]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Hawker's parent, <a href="/wiki/Hawker-Siddeley" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawker-Siddeley">Hawker-Siddeley</a>, was also the parent of Avro. HS acquired de Havilland and Blackburn in 1960. </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> The "British" Phantoms were based on the F-4C and F-4J variants and retained the earlier series' capability of carrying nuclear arms on the centreline pylon.<a href="#cite_note-67">[64]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> In terms of construction, there had been a large pre-emptive investment in tooling, on the assumption that production numbers would definitely be built, however, in terms of flight-testing and systems integration, the first series TSR-2s were considered development prototypes.<a href="#cite_note-83">[79]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> The loss of the <a href="/wiki/Avro_Vulcan" title="Avro Vulcan">Avro Vulcan</a> flying testbed aircraft and two ground failures in 1964 resulted in the TSR-2 engine development being far behind schedule.<a href="#cite_note-Thornborough_p._28-86">[81]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> The XR220 fuselage was loaded onto a "smallish" trailer, tipping over while manoeuvering around the Lightning chase T.4, with its cargo "unceremoniously dumped" onto the concrete.<a href="#cite_note-Barnett-Jones_p._90-106">[100]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> The first two F-111Ks (one strike/reconnaissance F-111K and one trainer/strike TF-111K) were in the final stages of assembly when the order was cancelled. The two aircraft were later completed and accepted by the USAF as test aircraft with the YF-111A designation.<a href="#cite_note-120">[113]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> The AFVG project had already been terminated in 1967.<a href="#cite_note-122">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gardner_p._211-123">[115]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=BAC_TSR-2&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Burke 2010, p. 108. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Buttler 1995, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-Winchester_p._25-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Winchester_p._25_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Winchester_p._25_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Winchester_p._25_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Winchester_p._25_3-3">d</a> Winchester, Concept Aircraft: Prototypes, X-Planes and Experimental Aircraft, 2005, p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-Wood_p._179-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wood_p._179_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wood_p._179_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wood_p._179_4-2">c</a> Wood 1986, p. 179. </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Thornborough 2005, pp. 3, 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_7-1">b</a> Burke 2010, p. 109. </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Burke 2010, p. 274. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Burke 2010, pp. 263–274. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Dorell, David, ed. "Short Cut to Suicide." Air Pictorial, Volume 27, no. 2, February 1965, pp. Cover, 35–36. </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_11-1">b</a> Wynn 1997, pp. 65–68. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEButtler200387-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButtler200387_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFButtler2003">Buttler 2003</a>, p. 87. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEButtler200388-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButtler200388_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFButtler2003">Buttler 2003</a>, p. 88. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Jenkins 1999, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Garver 1997, pp. 193–194. </li> <li id="cite_note-Spick_1986_p6-8-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Spick_1986_p6-8_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spick_1986_p6-8_16-1">b</a> Spick 1986, pp. 6–8. </li> <li id="cite_note-wynn_503-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wynn_503_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wynn_503_17-1">b</a> Wynn 1997, p. 503. </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Buttler 1995, pp. 12–13. </li> <li id="cite_note-flight_oct_1969-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-flight_oct_1969_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-flight_oct_1969_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-flight_oct_1969_19-2">c</a> Flight, 9 October 1969, p. 570. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Burke 2010 </li> <li id="cite_note-Thornborough_p._6-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thornborough_p._6_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thornborough_p._6_21-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thornborough_p._6_21-2">c</a> Thornborough 2005, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Buttler 1995, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-Thornborough_p._5-23"><a href="#cite_ref-Thornborough_p._5_23-0">^</a> Thornborough 2005, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Law 2002, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Law 2002, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-segell116-26"><a href="#cite_ref-segell116_26-0">^</a> Segell 1997, p. 116. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> "Real Lessons of TSR-2." The Sunday Telegraph, 11 April 1965, p. 13, cited in Antill, P. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/weapons_tsr2long.html#tsr1">"TSR-2: The Plane That Barely Flew."</a> historyofwar.org, 28 August 2009. 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Retrieved: 11 November 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-segell122-101"><a href="#cite_ref-segell122_101-0">^</a> Segell 1997, p. 122. </li> <li id="cite_note-Wood_p._160-102"><a href="#cite_ref-Wood_p._160_102-0">^</a> Wood 1986, p. 160. </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> Lewis, Anthony. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1965/01/14/archives/protest-on-plane-mounts-in-britain-workers-meet-amid-reports-tsr2.html">"Protest on Plane Mounts in Britain: Workers Meet Amid Reports TSR-2 Will be Dropped."</a> The New York Times, 14 January 1965, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-cc(65)20-104"><a href="#cite_ref-cc(65)20_104-0">^</a> Conclusions of a Meeting of the Cabinet held at 10 am. 10 Downing Street, S.W.1, on Thursday, 1st April, 1965, CC(65)20, CAB/128/39. London: Public Record Office, 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-cc(65)21-105">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cc(65)21_105-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cc(65)21_105-1">b</a> Conclusions of a Meeting of the Cabinet held at 10 Downing Street, S.W.1, on Thursday, 1st April, 1965, at 10 p.m., CC(65)21, CAB/128/39. London: Public Record Office, 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-Barnett-Jones_p._90-106">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barnett-Jones_p._90_106-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barnett-Jones_p._90_106-1">b</a> Barnett-Jones 2000, p. 90. </li> <li id="cite_note-xr220-history-108"><a href="#cite_ref-xr220-history_108-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090416161248/http://www.rafmuseum.org.uk/cosford/collections/aircraft/aircraft_histories/84-A-1171%20TSR-2%20XR220.pdf">"Individual History: BAC TSR-2 KO-2 XR220/7933M Museum Accession Number 84/A/1171."</a> RAF Museum Cosford. Retrieved: 18 May 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-Wood_p._181-109"><a href="#cite_ref-Wood_p._181_109-0">^</a> Wood 1986, p. 181. </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=edClNWhKFEU&ab_channel=TheAviator">TSR2 The Untold Story Full Documentary</a> 10 August 2015 TheAviator, www.youtube.com accessed 14 May 2021 </li> <li id="cite_note-labour_2901-111"><a href="#cite_ref-labour_2901_111-0">^</a> Kaldor et al. 1979, pp. 290–291. </li> <li id="cite_note-page-obit-112"><a href="#cite_ref-page-obit_112-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1491503/Sir-Frederick-Page.html">"Sir Frederick Page."</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a>, 7 May 2005. Retrieved: 4 February 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1966/1966%20-%200266.html">"Defence: More on the Spey-Mirage."</a> Flight International, 27 January 1966, p. 163 via flightglobal.com. Retrieved: 13 December 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1965/1965%20-%203051.html">"F-111 Option Postponed."</a> Flight International, 23 December 1965, p. 1070 via flightglobal.com. Retrieved: 27 December 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-c(65)58-115"><a href="#cite_ref-c(65)58_115-0">^</a> Healey, D. W. The Need for an Option on the F-111A, C(65)58, CAB/129/121. London: Public Record Office, 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> DeWeerd, H.A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rand.org/pubs/papers/2008/P3347.pdf">"P-3347: The 1966 Defense Review."</a> The Rand Corporation, April 1966. Retrieved: 13 December 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> Smith 1980, pp. 130–131. </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1967/1967%20-%200853.html">"Mr Healey's missing £700 million".</a> Flight, 25 May 1967. Retrieved: 4 February 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> Franklin 1986, p. 213. </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> Logan 1998, pp. 278–280. </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> Smith 1980, p. 131. </li> <li id="cite_note-Gardner_p._211-123"><a href="#cite_ref-Gardner_p._211_123-0">^</a> Gardner 1981, p. 211. </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> Jefford 2001, p. 72. </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> Donald 1999, pp. 5, 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-shraf5-127"><a href="#cite_ref-shraf5_127-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.raf.mod.uk/rafcms/mediafiles/F21E81DC_E902_D3CE_488720FE8488434D.pdf">"Focus on Europe."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070222004546/http://www.raf.mod.uk/rafcms/mediafiles/F21E81DC_E902_D3CE_488720FE8488434D.pdf">Archived</a> 22 February 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Short History of the RAF (Royal Air Force), p. 248. Retrieved: 27 December 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-segell124-128"><a href="#cite_ref-segell124_128-0">^</a> Segell 1997, p. 124. </li> <li id="cite_note-segell125-129"><a href="#cite_ref-segell125_129-0">^</a> Segell 1997, p. 125. </li> <li id="cite_note-labour_291-130"><a href="#cite_ref-labour_291_130-0">^</a> Kaldor et al. 1979, p. 291. </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> Burke 2010, pp. 291–292. </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> Burke 2010, p. 276. </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.joebaugher.com/usaf_fighters/f111_13.html">"General Dynamics F-111K"</a> Baugher, J 1999 </li> <li id="cite_note-Winchester_p._173-134"><a href="#cite_ref-Winchester_p._173_134-0">^</a> Winchester, Concept Aircraft: Prototypes, X-Planes and Experimental Aircraft, 2005, p. 173. </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> Campagna 1998, p. 136. </li> <li id="cite_note-Complete_Encyclopedia-136"><a href="#cite_ref-Complete_Encyclopedia_136-0">^</a> Donald 1997, p. 92. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=BAC_TSR-2&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Barnett-Jones, Frank. "Oops!" <a href="/wiki/Aeroplane_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Aeroplane Magazine">Aeroplane</a>, Volume 28, No.2, Issue 322, February 2000.</li> <li>Boot, Roy. From Spitfire to Eurofighter: 45 Years of Combat Aircraft Design. Shrewsbury, Shropshire, UK: Airlife Publishing Ltd., 1990. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85310-093-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-85310-093-5">1-85310-093-5</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100414090920/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1964/1964%20-%202638.html">"Boscombe Down, September 27, 1964: The TSR.2's First Flight (Pilot Roland Beamont; Navigator Donald Bowen)"</a>. Flight International. 8 October 1964. pp. 637–640. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1964/1964%20-%202638.html">the original</a> on 14 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Flight+International&rft.atitle=Boscombe+Down%2C+September+27%2C+1964%3A+The+TSR.2%27s+First+Flight+%28Pilot+Roland+Beamont%3B+Navigator+Donald+Bowen%29&rft.pages=637-640&rft.date=1964-10-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flightglobal.com%2Fpdfarchive%2Fview%2F1964%2F1964%2520-%25202638.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABAC+TSR-2" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Burke, Damien. TSR2: Britain's Lost Bomber. Ramsbury, Marlborough, Wiltshire, UK: The Crowood Press, 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84797-211-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84797-211-8">978-1-84797-211-8</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButtler2003" class="citation book cs1">Buttler, Tony (2003). British Secret Projects: Jet Bombers Since 1949. Hinckley: Midland Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85780-130-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-85780-130-X"><bdi>1-85780-130-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Secret+Projects%3A+Jet+Bombers+Since+1949&rft.place=Hinckley&rft.pub=Midland+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-85780-130-X&rft.aulast=Buttler&rft.aufirst=Tony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABAC+TSR-2" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Buttler, Tony. "Strike Rivals: The ones that 'lost' when the T.S.R.2 'won'." <a href="/wiki/Air_Enthusiast" title="Air Enthusiast">Air Enthusiast</a>, No. 59, September/October 1995.</li> <li>Buttler, Tony. X-Planes of Europe II: Military Prototype Aircraft from the Golden Age 1946–1974. Manchester, UK: Hikoki Publications, 2015. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-90210-948-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-90210-948-0">978-1-90210-948-0</a></li> <li>Campagna, Palmiro. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dse9yrDjKsEC&pg=PA136">Storms of Controversy: The Secret Avro Arrow Files Revealed</a>. Toronto: Stoddart, Third paperback edition, 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7737-5990-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7737-5990-5">0-7737-5990-5</a>.</li> <li>Donald, David, ed. "BAC TSR.2". The Complete Encyclopedia of World Aircraft. New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7607-0592-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7607-0592-5">0-7607-0592-5</a>.</li> <li>Donald, David. "RAF Phantoms". <a href="/wiki/Wings_of_Fame_(magazine)" title="Wings of Fame (magazine)">Wings of Fame</a>. London: Aerospace. Volume 15, 1999. pp. 4–21. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86184-033-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-86184-033-0">1-86184-033-0</a>.</li> <li>Franklin, Roger. The Defender: The Story of General Dynamics. New York: Harper & Row, 1986. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-015510-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-015510-8">0-06-015510-8</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayward2023" class="citation journal cs1">Hayward, Keith (2023). "Healey's Axe: The Cancellation of the TSR.2". The Aviation Historian (44): 10–17. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2051-1930">2051-1930</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Aviation+Historian&rft.atitle=Healey%27s+Axe%3A+The+Cancellation+of+the+TSR.2&rft.issue=44&rft.pages=10-17&rft.date=2023&rft.issn=2051-1930&rft.aulast=Hayward&rft.aufirst=Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABAC+TSR-2" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Hunter, Air Vice-Marshal A.F.C., CBE AFC DL, ed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rafmuseum.org.uk/research/journals.cfm">"TSR2 with Hindsight."</a> London: RAF Historical Journal, Issue 17B, 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9519824-8-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-9519824-8-6">0-9519824-8-6</a>.</li> <li>Jefford, C. G. RAF Squadrons, a Comprehensive Record of the Movement and Equipment of all RAF Squadrons and their Antecedents since 1912. Shrewsbury, Shropshire, UK: Airlife Publishing, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84037-141-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-84037-141-2">1-84037-141-2</a>.</li> <li>Jenkins, Dennis R. B-1 Lancer: The Most Complicated Warplane Ever Developed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-134694-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-134694-5">0-07-134694-5</a>.</li> <li>Forbat, John. TSR2: Precision Attack to Tornado. Stroud, UK: Tempus Publishing Ltd., 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-3919-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-3919-8">978-0-7524-3919-8</a>.</li> <li>Gardner, Charles. British Aircraft Corporation: A History by Charles Gardner. London: B.T. Batsford Limited, 1981. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7134-3815-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7134-3815-0">0-7134-3815-0</a>.</li> <li>Gardner, Richard E. The F-4 Phantom II. Edware, Middlesex, UK: Almarks Publishing Co., 1970. No ISBN.</li> <li>Gardner, Robert. From Bouncing Bombs to Concorde: The Authorised Biography of Aviation Pioneer Sir George Edwards OM. Stroud, Gloustershire, UK: Sutton Publishing, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7509-4389-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7509-4389-0">0-7509-4389-0</a>.</li> <li>Garver, John W. Face Off: China, the United States and Taiwan's Democratization. Seattle, Washington: University of Washington Press, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-295-97617-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-295-97617-4">978-0-295-97617-4</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Gunston" title="Bill Gunston">Gunston, Bill</a>. F-111 (Modern Combat Aircraft). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1978. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-15753-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-15753-5">0-684-15753-5</a>.</li> <li>Hamilton-Paterson, James. Empire of the Clouds: When Britain's Aircraft Ruled the World. London: Faber & Faber, 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-24794-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-571-24794-3">978-0-571-24794-3</a>.</li> <li>Hastings, Stephen. The Murder of TSR-2. London: Macdonald & Co., 1966.</li> <li>Harver, John W. The Sino-American Alliance: Nationalist China and American Cold War Strategy in Asia. Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7656-0025-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7656-0025-0">0-7656-0025-0</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Kaldor" title="Mary Kaldor">Kaldor, Mary</a>, Dan Smith and Steve Vines. Democratic Socialism and The Cost of Defence: The Report and Papers of The <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_Defence_Study_Group" title="Labour Party Defence Study Group">Labour Party Defence Study Group</a>. London: Routledge, 1979. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85664-886-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-85664-886-8">0-85664-886-8</a>.</li> <li>Law, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tq9-3dImN4sC&pg=PA14">Aircraft Stories: Decentering The Object in Technoscience</a>. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8223-2824-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8223-2824-0">0-8223-2824-0</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305030940/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1969/1969%20-%202952.html">"Lessons of The TSR.2 Story"</a>. Flight International. 9 October 1969. pp. 570–571. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1969/1969%20-%202952.html">the original</a> on 5 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Flight+International&rft.atitle=Lessons+of+The+TSR.2+Story&rft.pages=570-571&rft.date=1969-10-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flightglobal.com%2Fpdfarchive%2Fview%2F1969%2F1969%2520-%25202952.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABAC+TSR-2" class="Z3988">.</li> <li>Logan, Don. General Dynamics F-111 Aardvark. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Military History, 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7643-0587-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7643-0587-5">0-7643-0587-5</a>.</li> <li>Lucas, Paul. BAC TSR.2: Lost Tomorrows of an Eagle, The TSR.2 which Might Have Been 1960–1980. Bedford, UK: SAM Publications, 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9551858-8-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9551858-8-5">978-0-9551858-8-5</a>.</li> <li>McLelland, Tim. TSR.2: Britain's Lost Cold War Strike Aircraft. Hinckley, Leicestershire, UK: Classic Publications, 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-906537-19-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-906537-19-7">978-1-906537-19-7</a>.</li> <li>Segell, Glen. Royal Air Force Procurement: The TSR.2 to the Tornado. Staffordshire, UK: Glen Segell Publishers, 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-901414-10-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-901414-10-3">978-1-901414-10-3</a>.</li> <li>Segell, Glen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UU39P_O2Ey8C">Wither or Dither: British Aerospace Collaborative Procurement with Europe</a>. Staffordshire, UK: Glen Segell Publishers, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-901414-03-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-901414-03-5">1-901414-03-5</a>.</li> <li>Smith, Dan. The Defence of The Realm in The 1980s. London: Taylor & Francis, 1980. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85664-873-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-85664-873-6">0-85664-873-6</a>.</li> <li>Sweetman, Bill. Phantom (Jane's Aircraft Spectacular Series). London: Jane's Information Group, 1984. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7106-0279-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7106-0279-4">978-0-7106-0279-4</a>.</li> <li>Taylor, John W.R. "The BAC TSR-2." Air Pictorial, Volume 25, No. 12, December 1963.</li> <li>Thornborough, Anthony. TSR2 (Aeroguide Special). Suffolk, UK: Ad Hoc Publications, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-946958-46-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-946958-46-7">0-946958-46-7</a>.</li> <li>Winchester, Jim. "BAC (English Electric) TSR.2". X-Planes and Prototypes: From Nazi Secret Weapons to the Warplanes of the Future. London: Amber Books Ltd., 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-904687-40-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-904687-40-7">1-904687-40-7</a>.</li> <li>Winchester, Jim. "BAC TSR.2." and "Northrop XB-35/YB-49". Concept Aircraft: Prototypes, X-Planes and Experimental Aircraft. Kent, UK: Grange Books plc., 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84013-809-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84013-809-2">978-1-84013-809-2</a>.</li> <li>Wood, Derek. Project Cancelled: The Disaster of Britain's Abandoned Aircraft Projects. London: <a href="/wiki/Jane%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="Jane's">Jane's</a>, 2nd edition, 1986, First edition 1975. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7106-0441-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7106-0441-6">0-7106-0441-6</a>.</li> <li>Wynn, Humphrey. The RAF Strategic Nuclear Deterrent Forces: Their Origins, Roles and Deployment, 1946–1969: A Documentary History. London: HMO, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-11-772778-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-11-772778-4">0-11-772778-4</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=BAC_TSR-2&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/BAC_TSR-2" class="extiw" title="commons:BAC TSR-2">BAC TSR-2</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thunder-and-lightnings.co.uk/tsr2/index.php">TSR-2 page on Thunder and Lightnings site</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aviation.elettra.co.uk/tsr2/">TSR-2 history with images of XR220 on Aviation Elettra site</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110723180212/http://aviation.elettra.co.uk/tsr2/">Archived</a> 23 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o53u0X0Ik0w"> "TSR2: The Untold Story"</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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title="BAC Jet Provost">166</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BAC_Strikemaster" title="BAC Strikemaster">167</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairey_Delta_2" title="Fairey Delta 2">221</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Names</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BAC_Jet_Provost" title="BAC Jet Provost">Jet Provost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Electric_Lightning" title="English Electric Lightning">Lightning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BAC_Mustard" title="BAC Mustard">MUSTARD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BAC_One-Eleven" title="BAC One-Eleven">One-Eleven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BAC_Strikemaster" title="BAC Strikemaster">Strikemaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BAC_Three-Eleven" title="BAC Three-Eleven">Three-Eleven</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">TSR-2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" 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