CINXE.COM

<!doctype html> <html lang="en-US"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8" /><script type="text/javascript">(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).init={ajax:{deny_list:["bam.nr-data.net"]}};(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).loader_config={licenseKey:"e35bf103e0",applicationID:"198502244"};;/*! For license information please see nr-loader-rum-1.274.0.min.js.LICENSE.txt */ (()=>{var e,t,r={8122:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{a:()=>i});var n=r(944);function i(e,t){try{if(!e||"object"!=typeof e)return(0,n.R)(3);if(!t||"object"!=typeof t)return(0,n.R)(4);const r=Object.create(Object.getPrototypeOf(t),Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(t)),o=0===Object.keys(r).length?e:r;for(let a in o)if(void 0!==e[a])try{if(null===e[a]){r[a]=null;continue}Array.isArray(e[a])&&Array.isArray(t[a])?r[a]=Array.from(new Set([...e[a],...t[a]])):"object"==typeof e[a]&&"object"==typeof t[a]?r[a]=i(e[a],t[a]):r[a]=e[a]}catch(e){(0,n.R)(1,e)}return r}catch(e){(0,n.R)(2,e)}}},2555:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Vp:()=>c,fn:()=>s,x1:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(8122);const o={beacon:n.NT.beacon,errorBeacon:n.NT.errorBeacon,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,sa:void 0,queueTime:void 0,applicationTime:void 0,ttGuid:void 0,user:void 0,account:void 0,product:void 0,extra:void 0,jsAttributes:{},userAttributes:void 0,atts:void 0,transactionName:void 0,tNamePlain:void 0},a={};function s(e){try{const t=c(e);return!!t.licenseKey&&!!t.errorBeacon&&!!t.applicationID}catch(e){return!1}}function c(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");if(!a[e])throw new Error("Info for ".concat(e," was never set"));return a[e]}function u(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");a[e]=(0,i.a)(t,o);const r=(0,n.nY)(e);r&&(r.info=a[e])}},9417:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D0:()=>g,gD:()=>h,xN:()=>p});var n=r(993);const i=e=>{if(!e||"string"!=typeof e)return!1;try{document.createDocumentFragment().querySelector(e)}catch{return!1}return!0};var o=r(2614),a=r(944),s=r(384),c=r(8122);const u="[data-nr-mask]",d=()=>{const e={mask_selector:"*",block_selector:"[data-nr-block]",mask_input_options:{color:!1,date:!1,"datetime-local":!1,email:!1,month:!1,number:!1,range:!1,search:!1,tel:!1,text:!1,time:!1,url:!1,week:!1,textarea:!1,select:!1,password:!0}};return{ajax:{deny_list:void 0,block_internal:!0,enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},distributed_tracing:{enabled:void 0,exclude_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_tracecontext_headers:void 0,allowed_origins:void 0},feature_flags:[],generic_events:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,autoStart:!0},harvest:{tooManyRequestsDelay:60},jserrors:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},logging:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0,level:n.p_.INFO},metrics:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},obfuscate:void 0,page_action:{enabled:!0},page_view_event:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},page_view_timing:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,autoStart:!0},performance:{capture_marks:!1,capture_measures:!1},privacy:{cookies_enabled:!0},proxy:{assets:void 0,beacon:void 0},session:{expiresMs:o.wk,inactiveMs:o.BB},session_replay:{autoStart:!0,enabled:!1,harvestTimeSeconds:60,preload:!1,sampling_rate:10,error_sampling_rate:100,collect_fonts:!1,inline_images:!1,fix_stylesheets:!0,mask_all_inputs:!0,get mask_text_selector(){return e.mask_selector},set mask_text_selector(t){i(t)?e.mask_selector="".concat(t,",").concat(u):""===t||null===t?e.mask_selector=u:(0,a.R)(5,t)},get block_class(){return"nr-block"},get ignore_class(){return"nr-ignore"},get mask_text_class(){return"nr-mask"},get block_selector(){return e.block_selector},set block_selector(t){i(t)?e.block_selector+=",".concat(t):""!==t&&(0,a.R)(6,t)},get mask_input_options(){return e.mask_input_options},set mask_input_options(t){t&&"object"==typeof t?e.mask_input_options={...t,password:!0}:(0,a.R)(7,t)}},session_trace:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},soft_navigations:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},spa:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},ssl:void 0,user_actions:{enabled:!0}}},l={},f="All configuration objects require an agent identifier!";function g(e){if(!e)throw new Error(f);if(!l[e])throw new Error("Configuration for ".concat(e," was never set"));return l[e]}function p(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(f);l[e]=(0,c.a)(t,d());const r=(0,s.nY)(e);r&&(r.init=l[e])}function h(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(f);var r=g(e);if(r){for(var n=t.split("."),i=0;i<n.length-1;i++)if("object"!=typeof(r=r[n[i]]))return;r=r[n[n.length-1]]}return r}},3371:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{V:()=>f,f:()=>l});var n=r(8122),i=r(384),o=r(6154),a=r(9324);let s=0;const c={buildEnv:a.F3,distMethod:a.Xs,version:a.xv,originTime:o.WN},u={customTransaction:void 0,disabled:!1,isolatedBacklog:!1,loaderType:void 0,maxBytes:3e4,onerror:void 0,ptid:void 0,releaseIds:{},appMetadata:{},session:void 0,denyList:void 0,timeKeeper:void 0,obfuscator:void 0},d={};function l(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");if(!d[e])throw new Error("Runtime for ".concat(e," was never set"));return d[e]}function f(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");d[e]={...(0,n.a)(t,u),...c},Object.hasOwnProperty.call(d[e],"harvestCount")||Object.defineProperty(d[e],"harvestCount",{get:()=>++s});const r=(0,i.nY)(e);r&&(r.runtime=d[e])}},9324:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{F3:()=>i,Xs:()=>o,xv:()=>n});const n="1.274.0",i="PROD",o="CDN"},6154:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{OF:()=>c,RI:()=>i,WN:()=>d,bv:()=>o,gm:()=>a,mw:()=>s,sb:()=>u});var n=r(1863);const i="undefined"!=typeof window&&!!window.document,o="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator),a=i?window:"undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis),s=Boolean("hidden"===a?.document?.visibilityState),c=/iPad|iPhone|iPod/.test(a.navigator?.userAgent),u=c&&"undefined"==typeof SharedWorker,d=((()=>{const e=a.navigator?.userAgent?.match(/Firefox[/\s](\d+\.\d+)/);Array.isArray(e)&&e.length>=2&&e[1]})(),Date.now()-(0,n.t)())},1687:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Ak:()=>c,Ze:()=>l,x3:()=>u});var n=r(7836),i=r(3606),o=r(860),a=r(2646);const s={};function c(e,t){const r={staged:!1,priority:o.P3[t]||0};d(e),s[e].get(t)||s[e].set(t,r)}function u(e,t){e&&s[e]&&(s[e].get(t)&&s[e].delete(t),g(e,t,!1),s[e].size&&f(e))}function d(e){if(!e)throw new Error("agentIdentifier required");s[e]||(s[e]=new Map)}function l(e="",t="feature",r=!1){if(d(e),!e||!s[e].get(t)||r)return g(e,t);s[e].get(t).staged=!0,f(e)}function f(e){const t=Array.from(s[e]);t.every((([e,t])=>t.staged))&&(t.sort(((e,t)=>e[1].priority-t[1].priority)),t.forEach((([t])=>{s[e].delete(t),g(e,t)})))}function g(e,t,r=!0){const o=e?n.ee.get(e):n.ee,s=i.i.handlers;if(!o.aborted&&o.backlog&&s){if(r){const e=o.backlog[t],r=s[t];if(r){for(let t=0;e&&t<e.length;++t)p(e[t],r);Object.entries(r).forEach((([e,t])=>{Object.values(t||{}).forEach((t=>{t[0]?.on&&t[0]?.context()instanceof a.y&&t[0].on(e,t[1])}))}))}}o.isolatedBacklog||delete s[t],o.backlog[t]=null,o.emit("drain-"+t,[])}}function p(e,t){var r=e[1];Object.values(t[r]||{}).forEach((t=>{var r=e[0];if(t[0]===r){var n=t[1],i=e[3],o=e[2];n.apply(i,o)}}))}},7836:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{P:()=>c,ee:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(8990),o=r(3371),a=r(2646),s=r(5607);const c="nr@context:".concat(s.W),u=function e(t,r){var n={},s={},d={},l=!1;try{l=16===r.length&&(0,o.f)(r).isolatedBacklog}catch(e){}var f={on:p,addEventListener:p,removeEventListener:function(e,t){var r=n[e];if(!r)return;for(var i=0;i<r.length;i++)r[i]===t&&r.splice(i,1)},emit:function(e,r,n,i,o){!1!==o&&(o=!0);if(u.aborted&&!i)return;t&&o&&t.emit(e,r,n);for(var a=g(n),c=h(e),d=c.length,l=0;l<d;l++)c[l].apply(a,r);var p=m()[s[e]];p&&p.push([f,e,r,a]);return a},get:v,listeners:h,context:g,buffer:function(e,t){const r=m();if(t=t||"feature",f.aborted)return;Object.entries(e||{}).forEach((([e,n])=>{s[n]=t,t in r||(r[t]=[])}))},abort:function(){f._aborted=!0,Object.keys(f.backlog).forEach((e=>{delete f.backlog[e]}))},isBuffering:function(e){return!!m()[s[e]]},debugId:r,backlog:l?{}:t&&"object"==typeof t.backlog?t.backlog:{},isolatedBacklog:l};return Object.defineProperty(f,"aborted",{get:()=>{let e=f._aborted||!1;return e||(t&&(e=t.aborted),e)}}),f;function g(e){return e&&e instanceof a.y?e:e?(0,i.I)(e,c,(()=>new a.y(c))):new a.y(c)}function p(e,t){n[e]=h(e).concat(t)}function h(e){return n[e]||[]}function v(t){return d[t]=d[t]||e(f,t)}function m(){return f.backlog}}(void 0,"globalEE"),d=(0,n.Zm)();d.ee||(d.ee=u)},2646:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{y:()=>n});class n{constructor(e){this.contextId=e}}},9908:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{d:()=>n,p:()=>i});var n=r(7836).ee.get("handle");function i(e,t,r,i,o){o?(o.buffer([e],i),o.emit(e,t,r)):(n.buffer([e],i),n.emit(e,t,r))}},3606:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{i:()=>o});var n=r(9908);o.on=a;var i=o.handlers={};function o(e,t,r,o){a(o||n.d,i,e,t,r)}function a(e,t,r,i,o){o||(o="feature"),e||(e=n.d);var a=t[o]=t[o]||{};(a[r]=a[r]||[]).push([e,i])}},3878:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){return{capture:e,passive:!1,signal:t}}function i(e,t,r=!1,i){window.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}function o(e,t,r=!1,i){document.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}r.d(t,{DD:()=>o,jT:()=>n,sp:()=>i})},5607:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>n});const n=(0,r(9566).bz)()},9566:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{LA:()=>s,bz:()=>a});var n=r(6154);const i="xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx";function o(e,t){return e?15&e[t]:16*Math.random()|0}function a(){const e=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let t,r=0;return e&&e.getRandomValues&&(t=e.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(30))),i.split("").map((e=>"x"===e?o(t,r++).toString(16):"y"===e?(3&o()|8).toString(16):e)).join("")}function s(e){const t=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let r,i=0;t&&t.getRandomValues&&(r=t.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(e)));const a=[];for(var s=0;s<e;s++)a.push(o(r,i++).toString(16));return a.join("")}},2614:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{BB:()=>a,H3:()=>n,g:()=>u,iL:()=>c,tS:()=>s,uh:()=>i,wk:()=>o});const n="NRBA",i="SESSION",o=144e5,a=18e5,s={STARTED:"session-started",PAUSE:"session-pause",RESET:"session-reset",RESUME:"session-resume",UPDATE:"session-update"},c={SAME_TAB:"same-tab",CROSS_TAB:"cross-tab"},u={OFF:0,FULL:1,ERROR:2}},1863:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(){return Math.floor(performance.now())}r.d(t,{t:()=>n})},944:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){"function"==typeof console.debug&&console.debug("New Relic Warning: https://github.com/newrelic/newrelic-browser-agent/blob/main/docs/warning-codes.md#".concat(e),t)}r.d(t,{R:()=>n})},5284:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{t:()=>c,B:()=>s});var n=r(7836),i=r(6154);const o="newrelic";const a=new Set,s={};function c(e,t){const r=n.ee.get(t);s[t]??={},e&&"object"==typeof e&&(a.has(t)||(r.emit("rumresp",[e]),s[t]=e,a.add(t),function(e={}){try{i.gm.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent(o,{detail:e}))}catch(e){}}({loaded:!0})))}},8990:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{I:()=>i});var n=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;function i(e,t,r){if(n.call(e,t))return e[t];var i=r();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:i,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),i}catch(e){}return e[t]=i,i}},6389:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t=500,r={}){const n=r?.leading||!1;let i;return(...r)=>{n&&void 0===i&&(e.apply(this,r),i=setTimeout((()=>{i=clearTimeout(i)}),t)),n||(clearTimeout(i),i=setTimeout((()=>{e.apply(this,r)}),t))}}function i(e){let t=!1;return(...r)=>{t||(t=!0,e.apply(this,r))}}r.d(t,{J:()=>i,s:()=>n})},5289:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{GG:()=>o,sB:()=>a});var n=r(3878);function i(){return"undefined"==typeof document||"complete"===document.readyState}function o(e,t){if(i())return e();(0,n.sp)("load",e,t)}function a(e){if(i())return e();(0,n.DD)("DOMContentLoaded",e)}},384:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{NT:()=>o,US:()=>d,Zm:()=>a,bQ:()=>c,dV:()=>s,nY:()=>u,pV:()=>l});var n=r(6154),i=r(1863);const o={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net"};function a(){return n.gm.NREUM||(n.gm.NREUM={}),void 0===n.gm.newrelic&&(n.gm.newrelic=n.gm.NREUM),n.gm.NREUM}function s(){let e=a();return e.o||(e.o={ST:n.gm.setTimeout,SI:n.gm.setImmediate,CT:n.gm.clearTimeout,XHR:n.gm.XMLHttpRequest,REQ:n.gm.Request,EV:n.gm.Event,PR:n.gm.Promise,MO:n.gm.MutationObserver,FETCH:n.gm.fetch,WS:n.gm.WebSocket}),e}function c(e,t){let r=a();r.initializedAgents??={},t.initializedAt={ms:(0,i.t)(),date:new Date},r.initializedAgents[e]=t}function u(e){let t=a();return t.initializedAgents?.[e]}function d(e,t){a()[e]=t}function l(){return function(){let e=a();const t=e.info||{};e.info={beacon:o.beacon,errorBeacon:o.errorBeacon,...t}}(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.init||{};e.init={...t}}(),s(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.loader_config||{};e.loader_config={...t}}(),a()}},2843:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{u:()=>i});var n=r(3878);function i(e,t=!1,r,i){(0,n.DD)("visibilitychange",(function(){if(t)return void("hidden"===document.visibilityState&&e());e(document.visibilityState)}),r,i)}},3434:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{YM:()=>c});var n=r(7836),i=r(5607);const o="nr@original:".concat(i.W);var a=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty,s=!1;function c(e,t){return e||(e=n.ee),r.inPlace=function(e,t,n,i,o){n||(n="");const a="-"===n.charAt(0);for(let s=0;s<t.length;s++){const c=t[s],u=e[c];d(u)||(e[c]=r(u,a?c+n:n,i,c,o))}},r.flag=o,r;function r(t,r,n,s,c){return d(t)?t:(r||(r=""),nrWrapper[o]=t,function(e,t,r){if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.keys(e).forEach((function(r){Object.defineProperty(t,r,{get:function(){return e[r]},set:function(t){return e[r]=t,t}})})),t}catch(e){u([e],r)}for(var n in e)a.call(e,n)&&(t[n]=e[n])}(t,nrWrapper,e),nrWrapper);function nrWrapper(){var o,a,d,l;try{a=this,o=[...arguments],d="function"==typeof n?n(o,a):n||{}}catch(t){u([t,"",[o,a,s],d],e)}i(r+"start",[o,a,s],d,c);try{return l=t.apply(a,o)}catch(e){throw i(r+"err",[o,a,e],d,c),e}finally{i(r+"end",[o,a,l],d,c)}}}function i(r,n,i,o){if(!s||t){var a=s;s=!0;try{e.emit(r,n,i,t,o)}catch(t){u([t,r,n,i],e)}s=a}}}function u(e,t){t||(t=n.ee);try{t.emit("internal-error",e)}catch(e){}}function d(e){return!(e&&"function"==typeof e&&e.apply&&!e[o])}},993:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{ET:()=>o,p_:()=>i});var n=r(860);const i={ERROR:"ERROR",WARN:"WARN",INFO:"INFO",DEBUG:"DEBUG",TRACE:"TRACE"},o="log";n.K7.logging},3969:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{TZ:()=>n,XG:()=>s,rs:()=>i,xV:()=>a,z_:()=>o});const n=r(860).K7.metrics,i="sm",o="cm",a="storeSupportabilityMetrics",s="storeEventMetrics"},6630:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewEvent},782:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewTiming},6344:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{G4:()=>i});var n=r(2614);r(860).K7.sessionReplay;const i={RECORD:"recordReplay",PAUSE:"pauseReplay",REPLAY_RUNNING:"replayRunning",ERROR_DURING_REPLAY:"errorDuringReplay"};n.g.ERROR,n.g.FULL,n.g.OFF},4234:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>o});var n=r(7836),i=r(1687);class o{constructor(e,t){this.agentIdentifier=e,this.ee=n.ee.get(e),this.featureName=t,this.blocked=!1}deregisterDrain(){(0,i.x3)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName)}}},7603:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{j:()=>P});var n=r(860),i=r(2555),o=r(3371),a=r(9908),s=r(7836),c=r(1687),u=r(5289),d=r(6154),l=r(944),f=r(3969),g=r(384),p=r(6344);const h=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease","addPageAction","setCurrentRouteName","setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","interaction","noticeError","setUserId","setApplicationVersion","start",p.G4.RECORD,p.G4.PAUSE,"log","wrapLogger"],v=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease"];var m=r(1863),b=r(2614),y=r(993);var w=r(2646),A=r(3434);function R(e,t,r,n){if("object"!=typeof t||!t||"string"!=typeof r||!r||"function"!=typeof t[r])return(0,l.R)(29);const i=function(e){return(e||s.ee).get("logger")}(e),o=(0,A.YM)(i),a=new w.y(s.P);return a.level=n.level,a.customAttributes=n.customAttributes,o.inPlace(t,[r],"wrap-logger-",a),i}function E(){const e=(0,g.pV)();h.forEach((t=>{e[t]=(...r)=>function(t,...r){let n=[];return Object.values(e.initializedAgents).forEach((e=>{e&&e.api?e.exposed&&e.api[t]&&n.push(e.api[t](...r)):(0,l.R)(38,t)})),n.length>1?n:n[0]}(t,...r)}))}const x={};function _(e,t,g=!1){t||(0,c.Ak)(e,"api");const h={};var w=s.ee.get(e),A=w.get("tracer");x[e]=b.g.OFF,w.on(p.G4.REPLAY_RUNNING,(t=>{x[e]=t}));var E="api-",_=E+"ixn-";function N(t,r,n,o){const a=(0,i.Vp)(e);return null===r?delete a.jsAttributes[t]:(0,i.x1)(e,{...a,jsAttributes:{...a.jsAttributes,[t]:r}}),j(E,n,!0,o||null===r?"session":void 0)(t,r)}function T(){}h.log=function(e,{customAttributes:t={},level:r=y.p_.INFO}={}){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/log/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),function(e,t,r={},i=y.p_.INFO){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/logging/".concat(i.toLowerCase(),"/called")],void 0,n.K7.metrics,e),(0,a.p)(y.ET,[(0,m.t)(),t,r,i],void 0,n.K7.logging,e)}(w,e,t,r)},h.wrapLogger=(e,t,{customAttributes:r={},level:i=y.p_.INFO}={})=>{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/wrapLogger/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),R(w,e,t,{customAttributes:r,level:i})},v.forEach((e=>{h[e]=j(E,e,!0,"api")})),h.addPageAction=j(E,"addPageAction",!0,n.K7.genericEvents),h.setPageViewName=function(t,r){if("string"==typeof t)return"/"!==t.charAt(0)&&(t="/"+t),(0,o.f)(e).customTransaction=(r||"http://custom.transaction")+t,j(E,"setPageViewName",!0)()},h.setCustomAttribute=function(e,t,r=!1){if("string"==typeof e){if(["string","number","boolean"].includes(typeof t)||null===t)return N(e,t,"setCustomAttribute",r);(0,l.R)(40,typeof t)}else(0,l.R)(39,typeof e)},h.setUserId=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return N("enduser.id",e,"setUserId",!0);(0,l.R)(41,typeof e)},h.setApplicationVersion=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return N("application.version",e,"setApplicationVersion",!1);(0,l.R)(42,typeof e)},h.start=()=>{try{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/start/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),w.emit("manual-start-all")}catch(e){(0,l.R)(23,e)}},h[p.G4.RECORD]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/recordReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,a.p)(p.G4.RECORD,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,w)},h[p.G4.PAUSE]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/pauseReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,a.p)(p.G4.PAUSE,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,w)},h.interaction=function(e){return(new T).get("object"==typeof e?e:{})};const S=T.prototype={createTracer:function(e,t){var r={},i=this,o="function"==typeof t;return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/createTracer/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),g||(0,a.p)(_+"tracer",[(0,m.t)(),e,r],i,n.K7.spa,w),function(){if(A.emit((o?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[(0,m.t)(),i,o],r),o)try{return t.apply(this,arguments)}catch(e){const t="string"==typeof e?new Error(e):e;throw A.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,t],r),t}finally{A.emit("fn-end",[(0,m.t)()],r)}}}};function j(e,t,r,i){return function(){return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/"+t+"/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),i&&(0,a.p)(e+t,[(0,m.t)(),...arguments],r?null:this,i,w),r?void 0:this}}function k(){r.e(296).then(r.bind(r,8778)).then((({setAPI:t})=>{t(e),(0,c.Ze)(e,"api")})).catch((e=>{(0,l.R)(27,e),w.abort()}))}return["actionText","setName","setAttribute","save","ignore","onEnd","getContext","end","get"].forEach((e=>{S[e]=j(_,e,void 0,g?n.K7.softNav:n.K7.spa)})),h.setCurrentRouteName=g?j(_,"routeName",void 0,n.K7.softNav):j(E,"routeName",!0,n.K7.spa),h.noticeError=function(t,r){"string"==typeof t&&(t=new Error(t)),(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/noticeError/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,a.p)("err",[t,(0,m.t)(),!1,r,!!x[e]],void 0,n.K7.jserrors,w)},d.RI?(0,u.GG)((()=>k()),!0):k(),h}var N=r(9417),T=r(8122);const S={accountID:void 0,trustKey:void 0,agentID:void 0,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,xpid:void 0},j={};var k=r(5284);const I=e=>{const t=e.startsWith("http");e+="/",r.p=t?e:"https://"+e};let O=!1;function P(e,t={},r,n){let{init:a,info:c,loader_config:u,runtime:l={},exposed:f=!0}=t;l.loaderType=r;const p=(0,g.pV)();c||(a=p.init,c=p.info,u=p.loader_config),(0,N.xN)(e.agentIdentifier,a||{}),function(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");j[e]=(0,T.a)(t,S);const r=(0,g.nY)(e);r&&(r.loader_config=j[e])}(e.agentIdentifier,u||{}),c.jsAttributes??={},d.bv&&(c.jsAttributes.isWorker=!0),(0,i.x1)(e.agentIdentifier,c);const h=(0,N.D0)(e.agentIdentifier),v=[c.beacon,c.errorBeacon];O||(h.proxy.assets&&(I(h.proxy.assets),v.push(h.proxy.assets)),h.proxy.beacon&&v.push(h.proxy.beacon),E(),(0,g.US)("activatedFeatures",k.B),e.runSoftNavOverSpa&&=!0===h.soft_navigations.enabled&&h.feature_flags.includes("soft_nav")),l.denyList=[...h.ajax.deny_list||[],...h.ajax.block_internal?v:[]],l.ptid=e.agentIdentifier,(0,o.V)(e.agentIdentifier,l),e.ee=s.ee.get(e.agentIdentifier),void 0===e.api&&(e.api=_(e.agentIdentifier,n,e.runSoftNavOverSpa)),void 0===e.exposed&&(e.exposed=f),O=!0}},8374:(e,t,r)=>{r.nc=(()=>{try{return document?.currentScript?.nonce}catch(e){}return""})()},860:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{$J:()=>o,K7:()=>n,P3:()=>i});const n={ajax:"ajax",genericEvents:"generic_events",jserrors:"jserrors",logging:"logging",metrics:"metrics",pageAction:"page_action",pageViewEvent:"page_view_event",pageViewTiming:"page_view_timing",sessionReplay:"session_replay",sessionTrace:"session_trace",softNav:"soft_navigations",spa:"spa"},i={[n.pageViewEvent]:1,[n.pageViewTiming]:2,[n.metrics]:3,[n.jserrors]:4,[n.spa]:5,[n.ajax]:6,[n.sessionTrace]:7,[n.softNav]:8,[n.sessionReplay]:9,[n.logging]:10,[n.genericEvents]:11},o={[n.pageViewTiming]:"events",[n.ajax]:"events",[n.spa]:"events",[n.softNav]:"events",[n.metrics]:"jserrors",[n.jserrors]:"jserrors",[n.sessionTrace]:"browser/blobs",[n.sessionReplay]:"browser/blobs",[n.logging]:"browser/logs",[n.genericEvents]:"ins"}}},n={};function i(e){var t=n[e];if(void 0!==t)return t.exports;var o=n[e]={exports:{}};return r[e](o,o.exports,i),o.exports}i.m=r,i.d=(e,t)=>{for(var r in t)i.o(t,r)&&!i.o(e,r)&&Object.defineProperty(e,r,{enumerable:!0,get:t[r]})},i.f={},i.e=e=>Promise.all(Object.keys(i.f).reduce(((t,r)=>(i.f[r](e,t),t)),[])),i.u=e=>"nr-rum-1.274.0.min.js",i.o=(e,t)=>Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,t),e={},t="NRBA-1.274.0.PROD:",i.l=(r,n,o,a)=>{if(e[r])e[r].push(n);else{var s,c;if(void 0!==o)for(var u=document.getElementsByTagName("script"),d=0;d<u.length;d++){var l=u[d];if(l.getAttribute("src")==r||l.getAttribute("data-webpack")==t+o){s=l;break}}if(!s){c=!0;var f={296:"sha512-gkYkZDAwQ9PwaDXs2YM+rNIdRej1Ac1mupWobRJ8eahQcXz6/sunGZCKklrzi5kWxhOGRZr2tn0rEKuLTXzfAA=="};(s=document.createElement("script")).charset="utf-8",s.timeout=120,i.nc&&s.setAttribute("nonce",i.nc),s.setAttribute("data-webpack",t+o),s.src=r,0!==s.src.indexOf(window.location.origin+"/")&&(s.crossOrigin="anonymous"),f[a]&&(s.integrity=f[a])}e[r]=[n];var g=(t,n)=>{s.onerror=s.onload=null,clearTimeout(p);var i=e[r];if(delete e[r],s.parentNode&&s.parentNode.removeChild(s),i&&i.forEach((e=>e(n))),t)return t(n)},p=setTimeout(g.bind(null,void 0,{type:"timeout",target:s}),12e4);s.onerror=g.bind(null,s.onerror),s.onload=g.bind(null,s.onload),c&&document.head.appendChild(s)}},i.r=e=>{"undefined"!=typeof Symbol&&Symbol.toStringTag&&Object.defineProperty(e,Symbol.toStringTag,{value:"Module"}),Object.defineProperty(e,"__esModule",{value:!0})},i.p="https://js-agent.newrelic.com/",(()=>{var e={840:0,374:0};i.f.j=(t,r)=>{var n=i.o(e,t)?e[t]:void 0;if(0!==n)if(n)r.push(n[2]);else{var o=new Promise(((r,i)=>n=e[t]=[r,i]));r.push(n[2]=o);var a=i.p+i.u(t),s=new Error;i.l(a,(r=>{if(i.o(e,t)&&(0!==(n=e[t])&&(e[t]=void 0),n)){var o=r&&("load"===r.type?"missing":r.type),a=r&&r.target&&r.target.src;s.message="Loading chunk "+t+" failed.\n("+o+": "+a+")",s.name="ChunkLoadError",s.type=o,s.request=a,n[1](s)}}),"chunk-"+t,t)}};var t=(t,r)=>{var n,o,[a,s,c]=r,u=0;if(a.some((t=>0!==e[t]))){for(n in s)i.o(s,n)&&(i.m[n]=s[n]);if(c)c(i)}for(t&&t(r);u<a.length;u++)o=a[u],i.o(e,o)&&e[o]&&e[o][0](),e[o]=0},r=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.274.0.PROD"]=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.274.0.PROD"]||[];r.forEach(t.bind(null,0)),r.push=t.bind(null,r.push.bind(r))})(),(()=>{"use strict";i(8374);var e=i(944),t=i(6344),r=i(9566);class n{agentIdentifier;constructor(e=(0,r.LA)(16)){this.agentIdentifier=e}#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}addPageAction(e,t){return this.#e("addPageAction",e,t)}setPageViewName(e,t){return this.#e("setPageViewName",e,t)}setCustomAttribute(e,t,r){return this.#e("setCustomAttribute",e,t,r)}noticeError(e,t){return this.#e("noticeError",e,t)}setUserId(e){return this.#e("setUserId",e)}setApplicationVersion(e){return this.#e("setApplicationVersion",e)}setErrorHandler(e){return this.#e("setErrorHandler",e)}addRelease(e,t){return this.#e("addRelease",e,t)}log(e,t){return this.#e("log",e,t)}}class o extends n{#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}start(){return this.#e("start")}finished(e){return this.#e("finished",e)}recordReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.RECORD)}pauseReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.PAUSE)}addToTrace(e){return this.#e("addToTrace",e)}setCurrentRouteName(e){return this.#e("setCurrentRouteName",e)}interaction(){return this.#e("interaction")}wrapLogger(e,t,r){return this.#e("wrapLogger",e,t,r)}}var a=i(860),s=i(9417);const c=Object.values(a.K7);function u(e){const t={};return c.forEach((r=>{t[r]=function(e,t){return!0===(0,s.gD)(t,"".concat(e,".enabled"))}(r,e)})),t}var d=i(7603);var l=i(1687),f=i(4234),g=i(5289),p=i(6154),h=i(384);const v=e=>p.RI&&!0===(0,s.gD)(e,"privacy.cookies_enabled");function m(e){return!!(0,h.dV)().o.MO&&v(e)&&!0===(0,s.gD)(e,"session_trace.enabled")}var b=i(6389);class y extends f.W{constructor(e,t,r=!0){super(e.agentIdentifier,t),this.auto=r,this.abortHandler=void 0,this.featAggregate=void 0,this.onAggregateImported=void 0,!1===e.init[this.featureName].autoStart&&(this.auto=!1),this.auto?(0,l.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,t):this.ee.on("manual-start-all",(0,b.J)((()=>{(0,l.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),this.auto=!0,this.importAggregator(e)})))}importAggregator(t,r={}){if(this.featAggregate||!this.auto)return;let n;this.onAggregateImported=new Promise((e=>{n=e}));const o=async()=>{let o;try{if(v(this.agentIdentifier)){const{setupAgentSession:e}=await i.e(296).then(i.bind(i,3861));o=e(t)}}catch(t){(0,e.R)(20,t),this.ee.emit("internal-error",[t]),this.featureName===a.K7.sessionReplay&&this.abortHandler?.()}try{if(t.sharedAggregator)await t.sharedAggregator;else{t.sharedAggregator=i.e(296).then(i.bind(i,9337));const{EventAggregator:e}=await t.sharedAggregator;t.sharedAggregator=new e}if(!this.#t(this.featureName,o))return(0,l.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),void n(!1);const{lazyFeatureLoader:e}=await i.e(296).then(i.bind(i,6103)),{Aggregate:a}=await e(this.featureName,"aggregate");this.featAggregate=new a(t,r),n(!0)}catch(t){(0,e.R)(34,t),this.abortHandler?.(),(0,l.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName,!0),n(!1),this.ee&&this.ee.abort()}};p.RI?(0,g.GG)((()=>o()),!0):o()}#t(e,t){switch(e){case a.K7.sessionReplay:return m(this.agentIdentifier)&&!!t;case a.K7.sessionTrace:return!!t;default:return!0}}}var w=i(6630);class A extends y{static featureName=w.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,w.T,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}var R=i(9908),E=i(2843),x=i(3878),_=i(782),N=i(1863);class T extends y{static featureName=_.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,_.T,t),p.RI&&((0,E.u)((()=>(0,R.p)("docHidden",[(0,N.t)()],void 0,_.T,this.ee)),!0),(0,x.sp)("pagehide",(()=>(0,R.p)("winPagehide",[(0,N.t)()],void 0,_.T,this.ee))),this.importAggregator(e))}}var S=i(3969);class j extends y{static featureName=S.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,S.TZ,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}new class extends o{constructor(t,r){super(r),p.gm?(this.features={},(0,h.bQ)(this.agentIdentifier,this),this.desiredFeatures=new Set(t.features||[]),this.desiredFeatures.add(A),this.runSoftNavOverSpa=[...this.desiredFeatures].some((e=>e.featureName===a.K7.softNav)),(0,d.j)(this,t,t.loaderType||"agent"),this.run()):(0,e.R)(21)}get config(){return{info:this.info,init:this.init,loader_config:this.loader_config,runtime:this.runtime}}run(){try{const t=u(this.agentIdentifier),r=[...this.desiredFeatures];r.sort(((e,t)=>a.P3[e.featureName]-a.P3[t.featureName])),r.forEach((r=>{if(!t[r.featureName]&&r.featureName!==a.K7.pageViewEvent)return;if(this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.spa)return;if(!this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.softNav)return;const n=function(e){switch(e){case a.K7.ajax:return[a.K7.jserrors];case a.K7.sessionTrace:return[a.K7.ajax,a.K7.pageViewEvent];case a.K7.sessionReplay:return[a.K7.sessionTrace];case a.K7.pageViewTiming:return[a.K7.pageViewEvent];default:return[]}}(r.featureName).filter((e=>!(e in this.features)));n.length>0&&(0,e.R)(36,{targetFeature:r.featureName,missingDependencies:n}),this.features[r.featureName]=new r(this)}))}catch(t){(0,e.R)(22,t);for(const e in this.features)this.features[e].abortHandler?.();const r=(0,h.Zm)();delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.api,delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.features,delete this.sharedAggregator;return r.ee.get(this.agentIdentifier).abort(),!1}}}({features:[A,T,j],loaderType:"lite"})})()})();</script> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" /> <link rel="profile" href="https://gmpg.org/xfn/11" /> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.powermag.com/wp-content/plugins/ai-osano-integration/assets/js/ai-osano-google-consent.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://cmp.osano.com/AzZnfwU2Pyhgb5yy3/1dc7eeca-3d0c-402f-b6b7-6794f1a1f555/osano.js"></script> <style> .osano-cm-widget{display: none;} /* privacy policy link in modal */ a.osano-cm-storage-policy.osano-cm-content__link.osano-cm-link { color: #36EB9F; text-decoration: none; } /* generic button style */ .osano-cm-button { border: 0; border-radius: .4em !important; } /* add space below toggles */ .osano-cm-list__list-item { margin-bottom: .7em; } </style> <script type="text/javascript"> /* <![CDATA[ */ const AI_OSANO = { 'drawerLinkSelector' : ".cookie-settings-link" }; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript"> /* <![CDATA[ */ document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function() { const osanoConsentLinks = document.querySelectorAll(AI_OSANO.drawerLinkSelector); osanoConsentLinks.forEach((link) => { link.addEventListener('click', function(e) { e.preventDefault(); Osano.cm.showDrawer('osano-cm-dom-info-dialog-open'); }); }); }); /* ]]> */ </script> <meta name='robots' content='index, follow, max-image-preview:large, max-snippet:-1, max-video-preview:-1' />  <script data-cfasync="false" data-pagespeed-no-defer> var gtm4wp_datalayer_name = "dataLayer"; var dataLayer = dataLayer || []; </script>   <title>States, Trade Groups Sue EPA Over New Fossil Fuel Rules</title> <meta name="description" content="More than two dozen states and a handful of trade groups filed separate lawsuits in the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit, challenging parts of" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.powermag.com/states-trade-groups-sue-epa-over-new-fossil-fuel-rules/" /> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:title" content="States, Trade Groups Sue EPA Over New Fossil Fuel Rules" /> <meta property="og:description" content="More than two dozen states and a handful of trade groups filed separate lawsuits in the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit, challenging parts of" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.powermag.com/states-trade-groups-sue-epa-over-new-fossil-fuel-rules/" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="POWER Magazine" /> <meta property="article:publisher" content="https://www.facebook.com/POWERmagazine/?eid=ARCX-gcC19LD579joiuiyNgkMBBj7kFB4ULWl5E82dprwFaEPjW4gngACBc7s40NDsdYvmBn2_R35_59" /> <meta property="article:published_time" content="2024-05-09T22:41:20+00:00" /> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2024-05-09T23:37:57+00:00" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.powermag.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/power-plant-2012377_640.jpg" /> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640" /> <meta property="og:image:height" content="480" /> <meta property="og:image:type" content="image/jpeg" /> <meta name="author" content="Sonal Patel" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:creator" content="@POWERmagazine" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@POWERmagazine" /> <meta name="twitter:label1" content="Written by" /> <meta name="twitter:data1" content="Sonal Patel" /> <meta name="twitter:label2" content="Est. reading time" /> <meta name="twitter:data2" content="8 minutes" /> <script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://www.powermag.com/states-trade-groups-sue-epa-over-new-fossil-fuel-rules/","url":"https://www.powermag.com/states-trade-groups-sue-epa-over-new-fossil-fuel-rules/","name":"States, Trade Groups Sue EPA Over New Fossil Fuel Rules","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://www.powermag.com/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https://www.powermag.com/states-trade-groups-sue-epa-over-new-fossil-fuel-rules/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https://www.powermag.com/states-trade-groups-sue-epa-over-new-fossil-fuel-rules/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https://www.powermag.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/power-plant-2012377_640.jpg","datePublished":"2024-05-09T22:41:20+00:00","dateModified":"2024-05-09T23:37:57+00:00","author":{"@id":"https://www.powermag.com/#/schema/person/f5de5fddf37b39d369b0803a977d02bb"},"description":"More than two dozen states and a handful of trade groups filed separate lawsuits in the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit, challenging parts of","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https://www.powermag.com/states-trade-groups-sue-epa-over-new-fossil-fuel-rules/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https://www.powermag.com/states-trade-groups-sue-epa-over-new-fossil-fuel-rules/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://www.powermag.com/states-trade-groups-sue-epa-over-new-fossil-fuel-rules/#primaryimage","url":"https://www.powermag.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/power-plant-2012377_640.jpg","contentUrl":"https://www.powermag.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/power-plant-2012377_640.jpg","width":640,"height":480,"caption":"Germany coal plant at sunrise. Source: MonicaP/Pixabay"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https://www.powermag.com/states-trade-groups-sue-epa-over-new-fossil-fuel-rules/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https://www.powermag.com/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"States, Trade Groups Sue EPA Over New Fossil Fuel Rules"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://www.powermag.com/#website","url":"https://www.powermag.com/","name":"POWER Magazine","description":"The power industry's trusted source for generation technology, O&M, and legal & regulatory news for coal, gas, nuclear, hydro, wind & solar power plants; power jobs","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https://www.powermag.com/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":"required name=search_term_string"}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https://www.powermag.com/#/schema/person/f5de5fddf37b39d369b0803a977d02bb","name":"Sonal Patel","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://www.powermag.com/#/schema/person/image/","url":"https://www.powermag.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/sonal-patel-2019.jpg","contentUrl":"https://www.powermag.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/sonal-patel-2019.jpg","caption":"Sonal Patel"},"url":"https://www.powermag.com/author/spatel/"}]}</script>  <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//cdn.jsdelivr.net' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//apps.decisionbriefs.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//static.addtoany.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//cdn.parsely.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//cdnjs.cloudflare.com' /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="POWER Magazine » Feed" href="https://www.powermag.com/feed/" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="POWER Magazine » Comments Feed" href="https://www.powermag.com/comments/feed/" /> <meta name="addsearch-custom-field" data-type="date" content="published_date=2024-05-09T18:41:20-04:00" /> <meta name="addsearch-custom-field" data-type="keyword" content="category=Legal & Regulatory;category=Coal;category=Gas;category=Environmental;category=Climate change;category=Technology;category=Markets;category=Business;category=News;category=Full Coverage" /> <meta name="addsearch-custom-field" data-type="keyword" content="tag=states;tag=coal;tag=gas;tag=CCS;tag=EPA;tag=pjm;tag=D.C. Circuit;tag=retirements;tag=reliability;tag=NRECA;tag=NMA;tag=lawsuits" /> <meta name="addsearch-custom-field" data-type="text" content="author=Sonal Patel" /> <meta name="addsearch-custom-field" data-type="keyword" content="content_type=Post" /> <link rel="alternate" type="text/calendar" title="POWER Magazine » iCal Feed" href="https://www.powermag.com/events/?ical=1" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="POWER Magazine » States, Trade Groups Sue EPA Over New Fossil Fuel Rules Comments Feed" href="https://www.powermag.com/states-trade-groups-sue-epa-over-new-fossil-fuel-rules/feed/" /> <script type="text/javascript" id="google-gpt" src="https://securepubads.g.doubleclick.net/tag/js/gpt.js" async="async"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> /* <![CDATA[ */ window.googletag = window.googletag || {cmd: []}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript"> /* <![CDATA[ */ function aiAdMgmtLogSlotStatus(slotId, state) { console.log("AI Ad Mgmt - Ad ID " + slotId + " " + state); } googletag.cmd.push(() => { googletag.pubads().addEventListener("slotRequested", (event) => { aiAdMgmtLogSlotStatus(event.slot.getSlotElementId(), "fetched"); }); googletag.pubads().addEventListener("slotOnload", (event) => { aiAdMgmtLogSlotStatus(event.slot.getSlotElementId(), "rendered"); }); }); /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" id="olytics-js" src="https://www.powermag.com/wp-content/plugins/ai-ad-management/assets/js/olytics.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> /* <![CDATA[ */ googletag.cmd.push(function(){ googletag.pubads().setTargeting('path', '/states-trade-groups-sue-epa-over-new-fo').setTargeting('category', ['legal-regulatory', 'coal', 'gas', 'environmental', 'climate-change', 'technology-2', 'markets', 'business', 'news', 'full-coverage']); }); /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.powermag.com/wp-content/plugins/ai-ad-management/assets/js/olytics.targeting.js?v=2.0.0"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var AIAD_e340f307442066367e6eb877f6c24111, AIAD_1d400c332b44ecd455f08f6d641fb6e1, AIAD_d842683168fa932a62836ab134a898d6, AIAD_b234fc535e6dbeed6d5ba16dec698db4, AIAD_2202ea9ff0b47cb15f4ba276fa2237b4, AIAD_09942de8bfab061a06c6318d8e4fa428, AIAD_0f110fd2d5d9aad5812fe29dc0781637, AIAD_50746085f23c9765ce101e084cd9c66b; googletag.cmd.push(function(){ var AIMAP_e02b89857b91a11b8be92fca409827ba = googletag.sizeMapping() .addSize([980, 100], [[970, 90], [970, 250]]) .addSize([730, 100], [728, 90]) .addSize([500, 100], [468, 60]) .addSize([0, 0], [320, 50]) .build(); AIAD_e340f307442066367e6eb877f6c24111 = googletag.defineSlot('/987/powermag.com/pwr-native-content', 'fluid', 'div-gpt-in-content-repeating').addService(googletag.pubads()); AIAD_1d400c332b44ecd455f08f6d641fb6e1 = googletag.defineSlot('/987/powermag.com/leaderboard2020', [ [970, 90], [728, 90], [970, 250], [468, 60], [320, 50] ], 'div-gpt-top-leaderboard').defineSizeMapping(AIMAP_e02b89857b91a11b8be92fca409827ba).setCollapseEmptyDiv(true).addService(googletag.pubads()); AIAD_d842683168fa932a62836ab134a898d6 = googletag.defineSlot('/987/powermag.com/medrectrightrail2020', [ [300, 600], [300, 250] ], 'div-gpt-medrectrightrail-0').setCollapseEmptyDiv(true).addService(googletag.pubads()); AIAD_b234fc535e6dbeed6d5ba16dec698db4 = googletag.defineSlot('/987/powermag.com/floaterleaderboard2020', [ [970, 90], [728, 90], [970, 250] ], 'div-gpt-floater-leaderboard').defineSizeMapping(AIMAP_e02b89857b91a11b8be92fca409827ba).setCollapseEmptyDiv(true).addService(googletag.pubads()); AIAD_2202ea9ff0b47cb15f4ba276fa2237b4 = googletag.defineSlot('/987/powermag.com/pwr-fluid2020', [ [1, 1], [1024, 768] ], 'div-gpt-fullscreen').setCollapseEmptyDiv(true).addService(googletag.pubads()); AIAD_09942de8bfab061a06c6318d8e4fa428 = googletag.defineSlot('/987/powermag.com/leaderboard728_new0620', [ [970, 90], [728, 90], [970, 250], [468, 60] ], 'div-gpt-leaderboard-728').defineSizeMapping(AIMAP_e02b89857b91a11b8be92fca409827ba).setCollapseEmptyDiv(true).addService(googletag.pubads()); AIAD_0f110fd2d5d9aad5812fe29dc0781637 = googletag.defineSlot('/987/powermag.com/superleaderboard2020', [ [970, 90], [728, 90], [970, 250], [468, 60] ], 'div-gpt-super-leaderboard').defineSizeMapping(AIMAP_e02b89857b91a11b8be92fca409827ba).setCollapseEmptyDiv(true).addService(googletag.pubads()); AIAD_50746085f23c9765ce101e084cd9c66b = googletag.defineSlot('/987/powermag.com/pwr-native-content', 'fluid', 'div-gpt-native').addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag.pubads().enableSingleRequest(); googletag.enableServices(); }); /* ]]> */ </script> <link rel='stylesheet' id='AICMS_Pagination_CSS-css' href='https://www.powermag.com/wp-content/plugins/aicms-article-pagination/css/AICMS_Pagination_CSS.css' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='ai-addsearch-style-css' href='https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/addsearch-search-ui@0.8/dist/addsearch-search-ui.min.css?ver=2.0.2' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='ai-addsearch-custom-style-css' href='https://www.powermag.com/wp-content/plugins/ai-addsearch-integration/assets/css/ui.min.css?ver=2.0.2' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-library-css' href='https://www.powermag.com/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='wp-parsely-recommendations-style-inline-css' type='text/css'> .parsely-recommendations-list-title{font-size:1.2em}.parsely-recommendations-list{list-style:none;padding:unset}.parsely-recommendations-cardbody{overflow:hidden;padding:.8em;text-overflow:ellipsis;white-space:nowrap}.parsely-recommendations-cardmedia{padding:.8em .8em 0} </style> <style id='classic-theme-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> /*! This file is auto-generated */ .wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none} </style> <style id='global-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> :root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square: 1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3: 4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4: 3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2: 3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3: 2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9: 16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16: 9/16;--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}.is-layout-flex > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}.is-layout-grid > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;} :where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;} :where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;} :root :where(.wp-block-pullquote){font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='som_lost_password_style-css' href='https://www.powermag.com/wp-content/plugins/frontend-reset-password/assets/css/password-lost.css' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='ai-social-sharing-css' href='https://www.powermag.com/wp-content/plugins/ai-social-sharing/assets/css/style.css?ver=1.0.2' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='ai-social-sharing-inline-css' type='text/css'> .ai-social-sharing .a2a_kit .a2a_svg { background-color: #1c3144 !important; } </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='theme-css-css' href='https://www.powermag.com/wp-content/themes/powermag-2023/assets/dist/theme.b969435cb903083a42e1.css' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='more-theme-css-css' href='https://www.powermag.com/wp-content/themes/powermag-2023/assets/style/theme.css?ver=1.0' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='ai-ad-olytics-style-css' href='https://olytics.omeda.com/olytics/css/v3/p/olytics.css?ver=2.0.0' type='text/css' media='all' /> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.powermag.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.7.1" id="jquery-core-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.powermag.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery-migrate.min.js?ver=3.4.1" id="jquery-migrate-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.powermag.com/wp-content/plugins/aicms-article-pagination/js/AICMS_Pagination_JS.js" id="AICMS_Pagination_JS-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/combine/npm/addsearch-js-client@0.8/dist/addsearch-js-client.min.js,npm/addsearch-search-ui@0.8/dist/addsearch-search-ui.min.js?ver=2.0.2" id="ai-addsearch-library-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/jquery.cookie@1.4.1/jquery.cookie.min.js?ver=1.4.1" id="jquery-cookie-js" defer="defer" data-wp-strategy="defer"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="ai_core_ip_check-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var AICoreIPAuth = {"ajax_url":"https:\/\/www.powermag.com\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","action":"ai_core_is_ip_authenticated","cachebuster_cookie_name":"NO_CACHE","ip_checked_cookie_name":"ai_core_ip_checked","nonce":{"name":"aicanonce","value":"387fda2592"}}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.powermag.com/wp-content/plugins/ai-core-ip-auth/js/ai-core-ip-check.js?ver=1.5.2" id="ai_core_ip_check-js" defer="defer" data-wp-strategy="defer"></script> <style> .som-password-error-message, .som-password-sent-message { background-color: #dd3333; border-color: #dd3333; } </style> <meta name="tec-api-version" content="v1"><meta name="tec-api-origin" content="https://www.powermag.com"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.powermag.com/wp-json/tribe/events/v1/" />   <script data-cfasync="false" data-pagespeed-no-defer type="text/javascript"> var dataLayer_content = {"pageTitle":"States, Trade Groups Sue EPA Over New Fossil Fuel Rules","pagePostType":"post","pagePostType2":"single-post","pageCategory":["legal-regulatory","coal","gas","environmental","climate-change","technology-2","markets","business","news","full-coverage"],"pageAttributes":["nma","gas-2","ccs","epa","lawsuits","pjm","d-c-circuit","retirements","reliability","nreca","states","coal-2"],"pagePostAuthor":"Sonal Patel","pagePostDate":"May 9, 2024","pagePostDateYear":2024,"pagePostDateMonth":5,"pagePostDateDay":9,"pagePostDateDayName":"Thursday","pagePostDateHour":18,"pagePostDateMinute":41,"pagePostDateIso":"2024-05-09T18:41:20-04:00","pagePostDateUnix":1715280080}; dataLayer.push( dataLayer_content ); </script><script type="text/javascript"> /* <![CDATA[ */ const aiAdMgmtOlytics = { "applicationId" : "powermag-main-site", "behaviorId" : "2238G5785912A4L" }; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.powermag.com/wp-content/plugins/ai-ad-management/assets/js/olytics.tracking.js?v=2.0.0"></script> <script data-cfasync="false"> (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= '//www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-WWWKPH3'); </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"NewsArticle","headline":"States, Trade Groups Sue EPA Over New Fossil Fuel Rules","url":"http:\/\/www.powermag.com\/states-trade-groups-sue-epa-over-new-fossil-fuel-rules\/","mainEntityOfPage":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"http:\/\/www.powermag.com\/states-trade-groups-sue-epa-over-new-fossil-fuel-rules\/"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/www.powermag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/power-plant-2012377_640-150x150.jpg","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.powermag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/power-plant-2012377_640.jpg"},"articleSection":"Legal & Regulatory","author":[{"@type":"Person","name":"Sonal Patel"}],"creator":["Sonal Patel"],"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"POWER Magazine","logo":"https:\/\/www.powermag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/cropped-logo2x.png"},"keywords":["states","coal","gas","ccs","epa","pjm","d.c. circuit","retirements","reliability","nreca","nma","lawsuits"],"dateCreated":"2024-05-09T22:41:20Z","datePublished":"2024-05-09T22:41:20Z","dateModified":"2024-05-09T23:37:57Z"}</script>  <meta name="olyticsTarget" content="met_68" />  <link rel="icon" href="https://www.powermag.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/cropped-p-power-32x32.jpg" sizes="32x32" /> <link rel="icon" href="https://www.powermag.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/cropped-p-power-192x192.jpg" sizes="192x192" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://www.powermag.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/cropped-p-power-180x180.jpg" /> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://www.powermag.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/cropped-p-power-270x270.jpg" /> <style type="text/css" id="wp-custom-css"> .tribe_events-template-default .tribe-events-event-image img { width: 500px; height: auto; margin: 0 auto; max-width: 80vw; } @media (min-width: 768px) { .leaderboard-ad { min-height: 100px; } } .slick-track, .slick-active { width: auto !important; } </style>  <meta name="google-site-verification" content="GT36o_ywMbkd3K_ZYOv1ibiLPt0UrK1JxoZZD6utf-4" />  </head> <body class="post-template-default single single-post postid-219068 single-format-standard tribe-no-js"> <div id="page" class="site"> <header id="site-header" role="banner" class="site-header featured-image"> </header>  <nav class="main-navigation navbar-nav sticky-top bg-light"> <div class="container-fluid"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://www.powermag.com"> <img class="site-logo" src="https://www.powermag.com/wp-content/themes/powermag-2023/assets/images/power-logo.svg" width="225" height="45" alt="POWER Magazine logo"> </a> <div class="d-none d-md-block"> <div class="slogan"> <span>News & Technology </span><span>for the Global Energy Industry</span> </div> <div class="categories-button" role="button" data-bs-toggle="modal" data-bs-target="#categories-modal"> Featured Categories <i class="fa-solid fa-square-caret-down"></i> </div> </div> <div> <div class="login-controls d-none d-md-inline-block"> <a class="btn btn-lg btn-danger px-2 py-1 px-lg-3 py-lg-2" href="/power-membership">Sign up</a> <a class="btn btn-lg btn-primary px-2 py-1 px-lg-3 py-lg-2" href="/login?redirect_to=https://www.powermag.com/states-trade-groups-sue-epa-over-new-fossil-fuel-rules/">Log In</a> </div> <span id="toggle-searchbar" class="toggle-addsearch-autocomplete d-lg-none" role="button" data-bs-scroll="true" data-bs-toggle="offcanvas" data-bs-target="#addsearch-autocomplete-offcanvas" aria-controls="navigation-hamburger" aria-label="Search"><i class="fa-solid fa-search"></i></span> <button class="navbar-toggler" type="button" data-bs-toggle="offcanvas" data-bs-target="#navigation-hamburger" aria-controls="navigation-hamburger"> <span class="navbar-toggler-icon"><span class="visually-hidden">Open Navigation</span><i class="fa-solid fa-bars fa-lg"></i></span> </button> </div> <div class="offcanvas offcanvas-end offcanvas-navigation" tabindex="-1" id="navigation-hamburger"> <div class="offcanvas-header my-3 justify-content-end"> <button type="button" class="btn-close btn-outline-secondary ms-3 me-2" data-bs-dismiss="offcanvas" aria-label="Close"></button> </div> <div class="offcanvas-body px-0 pb-0"> <div class="container-fluid px-4"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-7 navigation-left-column"> <div class="nav-section-header">PAGES</div> <ul id="menu-pages-menu-hamburger" class="navbar-nav nav-section"><li id="menu-item-148975" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom nav-item nav-item-148975"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/content-collection/power-media-kit-gated-2025/" class="nav-link ">Advertise / Media Kit</a></li> <li id="menu-item-42909" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom nav-item nav-item-42909"><a href="/issues/" class="nav-link ">Archives</a></li> <li id="menu-item-156595" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom nav-item nav-item-156595"><a href="/blog" class="nav-link ">Blog</a></li> <li id="menu-item-42913" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom nav-item nav-item-42913"><a href="/partner-content" class="nav-link ">BrandConnect</a></li> <li id="menu-item-178166" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom nav-item nav-item-178166"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/event/" class="nav-link ">Industry Events</a></li> <li id="menu-item-149047" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom nav-item nav-item-149047"><a href="http://fullscreen.powermag.com/?_ga=2.33244030.1947231862.1581287783-1613332836.1553100807" class="nav-link ">Interactive Features</a></li> <li id="menu-item-42915" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom nav-item nav-item-42915"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/careers-in-power" class="nav-link ">Jobs</a></li> <li id="menu-item-205520" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page nav-item nav-item-205520"><a href="https://live-powermag.pantheonsite.io/e-letter-signup/" class="nav-link ">Newsletters</a></li> <li id="menu-item-148974" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category nav-item nav-item-148974"><a href="https://live-powermag.pantheonsite.io/category/power-podcasts/" class="nav-link ">Podcasts</a></li> <li id="menu-item-149048" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom nav-item nav-item-149048"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/power-awards/" class="nav-link ">POWER Awards</a></li> <li id="menu-item-184096" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page nav-item nav-item-184096"><a href="https://live-powermag.pantheonsite.io/power-plant-id/" class="nav-link ">POWER Plant ID</a></li> <li id="menu-item-156596" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom nav-item nav-item-156596"><a href="/press-releases" class="nav-link ">Press Releases</a></li> <li id="menu-item-42923" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom nav-item nav-item-42923"><a href="http://store.powermag.com/?limit=24" class="nav-link ">Store</a></li> <li id="menu-item-148973" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom nav-item nav-item-148973"><a href="/videos/" class="nav-link ">Videos</a></li> <li id="menu-item-42919" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom nav-item nav-item-42919"><a href="/webinars/" class="nav-link ">Webinars</a></li> <li id="menu-item-42917" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom nav-item nav-item-42917"><a href="/white-papers/" class="nav-link ">White Papers</a></li> </ul> <div class="nav-section-header">CATEGORIES</div> <ul id="menu-categories-menu-hamburger" class="navbar-nav nav-section"><li id="menu-item-150436" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page nav-item nav-item-150436"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/power-coverage-of-the-coronavirus-disease-covid-19/" class="nav-link ">COVID-19 Coverage</a></li> <li id="menu-item-148989" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category nav-item nav-item-148989"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/biomass/" class="nav-link ">Biomass</a></li> <li id="menu-item-149006" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category nav-item nav-item-149006"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/business/" class="nav-link ">Business</a></li> <li id="menu-item-148998" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category nav-item nav-item-148998"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/carbon-capture/" class="nav-link ">Carbon Capture</a></li> <li id="menu-item-149010" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category nav-item nav-item-149010"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/climate-change/" class="nav-link ">Climate change</a></li> <li id="menu-item-148982" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category nav-item nav-item-148982"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/coal/" class="nav-link ">Coal</a></li> <li id="menu-item-148976" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category nav-item nav-item-148976"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/connected-plant/" class="nav-link ">Connected Plant</a></li> <li id="menu-item-149014" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category nav-item nav-item-149014"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/courts/" class="nav-link ">Courts</a></li> <li id="menu-item-149001" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category nav-item nav-item-149001"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/cybersecurity-2/" class="nav-link ">Cybersecurity</a></li> <li id="menu-item-148997" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category nav-item nav-item-148997"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/distributed-generation/" class="nav-link ">Distributed Energy</a></li> <li id="menu-item-148980" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category nav-item nav-item-148980"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/distributed-power/" class="nav-link ">Distributed Power</a></li> <li id="menu-item-148978" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category nav-item nav-item-148978"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/electric-vehicles/" class="nav-link ">Electric Vehicles</a></li> <li id="menu-item-148996" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category nav-item nav-item-148996"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/energy-storage-2/" class="nav-link ">Energy Storage</a></li> <li id="menu-item-149009" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category nav-item nav-item-149009"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/environmental/" class="nav-link ">Environmental</a></li> <li id="menu-item-149015" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category nav-item nav-item-149015"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/finance/" class="nav-link ">Finance</a></li> <li id="menu-item-148979" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category nav-item nav-item-148979"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/fuel/" class="nav-link ">Fuel</a></li> <li id="menu-item-148986" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category nav-item nav-item-148986"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/fuel-cells/" class="nav-link ">Fuel Cells</a></li> <li id="menu-item-148983" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category nav-item nav-item-148983"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/gas/" class="nav-link ">Gas</a></li> <li id="menu-item-148992" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category nav-item nav-item-148992"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/geothermal/" class="nav-link ">Geothermal</a></li> <li id="menu-item-149017" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category nav-item nav-item-149017"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/hr/" class="nav-link ">HR</a></li> <li id="menu-item-148988" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category nav-item nav-item-148988"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/hydro/" class="nav-link ">Hydro</a></li> <li id="menu-item-148981" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category nav-item nav-item-148981"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/hydrogen/" class="nav-link ">Hydrogen</a></li> <li id="menu-item-148977" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category nav-item nav-item-148977"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/iiot/" class="nav-link ">IIOT</a></li> <li id="menu-item-149008" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category nav-item nav-item-149008"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/instrumentation-controls/" class="nav-link ">Instrumentation & Controls</a></li> <li id="menu-item-149005" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category nav-item nav-item-149005"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/international/" class="nav-link ">International</a></li> <li id="menu-item-149013" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category nav-item nav-item-149013"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/legal-regulatory/" class="nav-link ">Legal & Regulatory</a></li> <li id="menu-item-149012" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category nav-item nav-item-149012"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/legislative/" class="nav-link ">Legislative</a></li> <li id="menu-item-149011" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category nav-item nav-item-149011"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/markets/" class="nav-link ">Markets</a></li> <li id="menu-item-149018" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category nav-item nav-item-149018"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/marmaduke/" class="nav-link ">Marmaduke</a></li> <li id="menu-item-148984" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category nav-item nav-item-148984"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/nuclear/" class="nav-link ">Nuclear</a></li> <li id="menu-item-148987" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category nav-item nav-item-148987"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/oceanmarine/" class="nav-link ">Ocean/Marine</a></li> <li id="menu-item-149019" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category nav-item nav-item-149019"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/om/" class="nav-link ">O&M</a></li> <li id="menu-item-149002" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category nav-item nav-item-149002"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/physical-security/" class="nav-link ">Physical security</a></li> <li id="menu-item-149020" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category nav-item nav-item-149020"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/plant-design/" class="nav-link ">Plant Design</a></li> <li id="menu-item-149003" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category nav-item nav-item-149003"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/power-demand/" class="nav-link ">Power Demand</a></li> <li id="menu-item-148985" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category nav-item nav-item-148985"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/renewables/" class="nav-link ">Renewables</a></li> <li id="menu-item-149004" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category nav-item nav-item-149004"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/research-and-development/" class="nav-link ">Research and Development</a></li> <li id="menu-item-149000" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category nav-item nav-item-149000"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/safety/" class="nav-link ">Safety</a></li> <li id="menu-item-149021" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category nav-item nav-item-149021"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/smart-grid/" class="nav-link ">Smart Grid</a></li> <li id="menu-item-148990" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category nav-item nav-item-148990"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/solar/" class="nav-link ">Solar</a></li> <li id="menu-item-149022" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category nav-item nav-item-149022"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/supply-chains/" class="nav-link ">Supply Chains</a></li> <li id="menu-item-148994" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category nav-item nav-item-148994"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/synfuel/" class="nav-link ">Synfuel</a></li> <li id="menu-item-149007" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category nav-item nav-item-149007"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/technology-2/" class="nav-link ">Technology</a></li> <li id="menu-item-148993" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category nav-item nav-item-148993"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/tidal-power/" class="nav-link ">Tidal Power</a></li> <li id="menu-item-149016" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category nav-item nav-item-149016"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/top-plant/" class="nav-link ">Top Plant</a></li> <li id="menu-item-149023" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category nav-item nav-item-149023"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/td/" class="nav-link ">T&D</a></li> <li id="menu-item-148995" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category nav-item nav-item-148995"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/waste-to-energy/" class="nav-link ">Waste to Energy</a></li> <li id="menu-item-149024" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category nav-item nav-item-149024"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/water/" class="nav-link ">Water</a></li> <li id="menu-item-148991" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category nav-item nav-item-148991"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/wind/" class="nav-link ">Wind</a></li> <li id="menu-item-148999" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category nav-item nav-item-148999"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/workforce/" class="nav-link ">Workforce</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-5 navigation-right-column"> <div class="sticky-top"> <a class="btn btn-primary" href="/login?redirect_to=https://www.powermag.com/states-trade-groups-sue-epa-over-new-fossil-fuel-rules/">Log In</a> <div class="widget-current-issue position-navigation"> <div class="section-heading">Current POWER Magazine Issue</div> <a class="issue-cta" href="https://www.powermag.com/issues/power-11192024/"> <img src="https://www.powermag.com/wp-content/themes/powermag-2023/assets/images/group319.png" width="80" height="55" alt="View the latest issue on all your devices" /> <div class="issue-date"> <span>Issue </span>| Nov 19  <i class="fa-solid fa-chevron-right"></i> </div> </a> </div> <div class="widget-start-subscription position-navigation my-4 my-md-0"> <div class="btn-wrapper"> <p class="we-are-first fw-normal fs-6"><i>POWER</i> is at the forefront of the global power market, providing in-depth news and insight on the end-to-end electricity system and the ongoing energy transition. We strive to be the “go-to” resource for power professionals, offering a wealth of information on innovative business practices, sound safety measures, useful productivity enhancements, and much more.</p> <a class="btn" href="https://www.powermag.com/power-membership/"> Start your subscription </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container-fullwidth hamburger-footer px-4 pb-1 pb-md-5"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="footer-nav-links"> <ul id="menu-footer-links" class="navbar-nav nav-section"><li id="menu-item-213927" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page nav-item nav-item-213927"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/about-us/" class="nav-link ">About POWER</a></li> <li id="menu-item-213928" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page nav-item nav-item-213928"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/contact-us/" class="nav-link ">Contact Us</a></li> <li id="menu-item-213929" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page nav-item nav-item-213929"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/privacy-policy-terms-conditions/" class="nav-link ">Privacy Policy</a></li> <li id="menu-item-218948" class="cookie-settings-link menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom nav-item nav-item-218948"><a href="#" class="nav-link ">Cookie Settings</a></li> <li id="menu-item-213930" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom nav-item nav-item-213930"><a href="https://www.accessintel.com/diversity-inclusion-and-equity/" class="nav-link ">Diversity, Equity, Inclusion & Belonging</a></li> <li id="menu-item-213931" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom nav-item nav-item-213931"><a href="https://www.accessintel.com/accessibility-statement/" class="nav-link ">Accessibility Statement</a></li> <li id="menu-item-213932" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page nav-item nav-item-213932"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/sitemap/" class="nav-link ">Site Map</a></li> </ul> <div class="copyright">© 2024<a href="https://www.accessintel.com/"> Access Intelligence</a>, LLC - All Rights Reserved.</div> <div id="ai_ad_widget-4" class="text-center widget widget_ai_ad_widget"> <div id="div-gpt-floater-leaderboard"> <script>googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-floater-leaderboard'); });</script> </div> </div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="nav-featured-items px-3"> <ul id="menu-horizontal-cat" class="navbar-nav featured-links"><li id="menu-item-184097" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page nav-item nav-item-184097"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/power-plant-id/" class="nav-link ">POWER Plant ID</a></li> <li id="menu-item-177994" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-tribe_events_cat nav-item nav-item-177994"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/events/category/power-events/" class="nav-link ">POWER Events</a></li> <li id="menu-item-148970" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category nav-item nav-item-148970"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/business/" class="nav-link ">Business</a></li> <li id="menu-item-148942" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category nav-item nav-item-148942"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/coal/" class="nav-link ">Coal</a></li> <li id="menu-item-148968" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category nav-item nav-item-148968"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/connected-plant/" class="nav-link ">Connected Plant</a></li> <li id="menu-item-148971" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category nav-item nav-item-148971"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/distributed-generation/" class="nav-link ">Distributed Energy</a></li> <li id="menu-item-148966" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category nav-item nav-item-148966"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/gas/" class="nav-link ">Gas</a></li> <li id="menu-item-148969" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category nav-item nav-item-148969"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/international/" class="nav-link ">International</a></li> <li id="menu-item-148967" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category nav-item nav-item-148967"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/nuclear/" class="nav-link ">Nuclear</a></li> <li id="menu-item-148972" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category nav-item nav-item-148972"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/om/" class="nav-link ">O&M</a></li> <li id="menu-item-149127" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category nav-item nav-item-149127"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/renewables/" class="nav-link ">Renewables</a></li> </ul> <div class="d-flex"> <div class="categories-button" role="button" data-bs-toggle="modal" data-bs-target="#categories-modal"> <span class="visually-hidden">Categories</span><i class="fa-solid fa-square-caret-down"></i> </div> <div class="mx-2"> | </div> <span id="toggle-searchbar" role="button" data-bs-toggle="offcanvas" data-bs-target="#addsearch-autocomplete-offcanvas" aria-controls="addsearch-autocomplete-offcanvas" aria-label="Search"><i class="fa-solid fa-search"></i></span> </div> </div>  <div class="offcanvas offcanvas-end offcanvas-navigation" tabindex="-1" id="addsearch-autocomplete-offcanvas"> <div class="offcanvas-header my-3 justify-content-end"> <button type="button" class="btn-close btn-outline-secondary ms-3 me-2" data-bs-dismiss="offcanvas" aria-label="Close"></button> </div> <div class="offcanvas-body"> <div class="adds-components"> <div class="adds-top-wrapper">  <div id="global-searchfield-container"></div>  <div id="global-autocomplete-container"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="ai_ad_widget-5" class="widget widget_ai_ad_widget"> <div id="div-gpt-fullscreen"> <script>googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-fullscreen'); });</script> </div> </div> <div id="ai_ad_widget-2" class="py-1 mt-3 d-flex align-items-center justify-content-center leaderboard-ad widget widget_ai_ad_widget"> <div id="div-gpt-top-leaderboard"> <script>googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-top-leaderboard'); });</script> </div> </div> <div class="categories-modal modal fade" id="categories-modal" aria-labelledby="categories-modal-header" tabindex="-1"> <div class="modal-dialog modal-lg"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header "> <span class="modal-title" id="categories-modal-header">Category</span> <button type="button" class="btn-close" data-bs-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"></button> </div> <div class="modal-body pb-4"> <ul id="menu-categories-menu-hamburger-1" class="navbar-nav me-auto mb-2 mb-md-0 nav-section"><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page nav-item nav-item-150436"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/power-coverage-of-the-coronavirus-disease-covid-19/" class="nav-link ">COVID-19 Coverage</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category nav-item nav-item-148989"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/biomass/" class="nav-link ">Biomass</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category nav-item nav-item-149006"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/business/" class="nav-link ">Business</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category nav-item nav-item-148998"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/carbon-capture/" class="nav-link ">Carbon Capture</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category nav-item nav-item-149010"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/climate-change/" class="nav-link ">Climate change</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category nav-item nav-item-148982"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/coal/" class="nav-link ">Coal</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category nav-item nav-item-148976"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/connected-plant/" class="nav-link ">Connected Plant</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category nav-item nav-item-149014"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/courts/" class="nav-link ">Courts</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category nav-item nav-item-149001"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/cybersecurity-2/" class="nav-link ">Cybersecurity</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category nav-item nav-item-148997"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/distributed-generation/" class="nav-link ">Distributed Energy</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category nav-item nav-item-148980"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/distributed-power/" class="nav-link ">Distributed Power</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category nav-item nav-item-148978"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/electric-vehicles/" class="nav-link ">Electric Vehicles</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category nav-item nav-item-148996"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/energy-storage-2/" class="nav-link ">Energy Storage</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category nav-item nav-item-149009"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/environmental/" class="nav-link ">Environmental</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category nav-item nav-item-149015"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/finance/" class="nav-link ">Finance</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category nav-item nav-item-148979"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/fuel/" class="nav-link ">Fuel</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category nav-item nav-item-148986"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/fuel-cells/" class="nav-link ">Fuel Cells</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category nav-item nav-item-148983"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/gas/" class="nav-link ">Gas</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category nav-item nav-item-148992"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/geothermal/" class="nav-link ">Geothermal</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category nav-item nav-item-149017"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/hr/" class="nav-link ">HR</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category nav-item nav-item-148988"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/hydro/" class="nav-link ">Hydro</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category nav-item nav-item-148981"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/hydrogen/" class="nav-link ">Hydrogen</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category nav-item nav-item-148977"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/iiot/" class="nav-link ">IIOT</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category nav-item nav-item-149008"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/instrumentation-controls/" class="nav-link ">Instrumentation & Controls</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category nav-item nav-item-149005"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/international/" class="nav-link ">International</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category nav-item nav-item-149013"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/legal-regulatory/" class="nav-link ">Legal & Regulatory</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category nav-item nav-item-149012"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/legislative/" class="nav-link ">Legislative</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category nav-item nav-item-149011"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/markets/" class="nav-link ">Markets</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category nav-item nav-item-149018"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/marmaduke/" class="nav-link ">Marmaduke</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category nav-item nav-item-148984"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/nuclear/" class="nav-link ">Nuclear</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category nav-item nav-item-148987"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/oceanmarine/" class="nav-link ">Ocean/Marine</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category nav-item nav-item-149019"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/om/" class="nav-link ">O&M</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category nav-item nav-item-149002"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/physical-security/" class="nav-link ">Physical security</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category nav-item nav-item-149020"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/plant-design/" class="nav-link ">Plant Design</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category nav-item nav-item-149003"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/power-demand/" class="nav-link ">Power Demand</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category nav-item nav-item-148985"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/renewables/" class="nav-link ">Renewables</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category nav-item nav-item-149004"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/research-and-development/" class="nav-link ">Research and Development</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category nav-item nav-item-149000"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/safety/" class="nav-link ">Safety</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category nav-item nav-item-149021"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/smart-grid/" class="nav-link ">Smart Grid</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category nav-item nav-item-148990"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/solar/" class="nav-link ">Solar</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category nav-item nav-item-149022"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/supply-chains/" class="nav-link ">Supply Chains</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category nav-item nav-item-148994"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/synfuel/" class="nav-link ">Synfuel</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category nav-item nav-item-149007"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/technology-2/" class="nav-link ">Technology</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category nav-item nav-item-148993"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/tidal-power/" class="nav-link ">Tidal Power</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category nav-item nav-item-149016"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/top-plant/" class="nav-link ">Top Plant</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category nav-item nav-item-149023"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/td/" class="nav-link ">T&D</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category nav-item nav-item-148995"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/waste-to-energy/" class="nav-link ">Waste to Energy</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category nav-item nav-item-149024"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/water/" class="nav-link ">Water</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category nav-item nav-item-148991"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/wind/" class="nav-link ">Wind</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category nav-item nav-item-148999"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/workforce/" class="nav-link ">Workforce</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="modal-footer px-4"> <div class="footer-nav-links"> <ul id="menu-footer-links" class="navbar-nav nav-section"><li id="menu-item-213927" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page nav-item nav-item-213927"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/about-us/" class="nav-link ">About POWER</a></li> <li id="menu-item-213928" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page nav-item nav-item-213928"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/contact-us/" class="nav-link ">Contact Us</a></li> <li id="menu-item-213929" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page nav-item nav-item-213929"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/privacy-policy-terms-conditions/" class="nav-link ">Privacy Policy</a></li> <li id="menu-item-218948" class="cookie-settings-link menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom nav-item nav-item-218948"><a href="#" class="nav-link ">Cookie Settings</a></li> <li id="menu-item-213930" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom nav-item nav-item-213930"><a href="https://www.accessintel.com/diversity-inclusion-and-equity/" class="nav-link ">Diversity, Equity, Inclusion & Belonging</a></li> <li id="menu-item-213931" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom nav-item nav-item-213931"><a href="https://www.accessintel.com/accessibility-statement/" class="nav-link ">Accessibility Statement</a></li> <li id="menu-item-213932" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page nav-item nav-item-213932"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/sitemap/" class="nav-link ">Site Map</a></li> </ul> <div class="copyright">© 2024<a href="https://www.accessintel.com/"> Access Intelligence</a>, LLC - All Rights Reserved.</div> <div id="ai_ad_widget-4" class="text-center widget widget_ai_ad_widget"> <div id="div-gpt-floater-leaderboard"> <script>googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-floater-leaderboard'); });</script> </div> </div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  <div id="page-wrapper"> <main role="main"> <section class="container-fluid"> <div class="row justify-content-between">  <aside class="col-lg-3 pe-lg-4 order-2 order-lg-1 pb-4"> <div class="author-info-wrapper mb-5"> <img src="https://www.powermag.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/sonal-patel-2019-150x150.jpg" width="80" height="80" alt="Sonal Patel" class="avatar avatar-80 custom-default-user-avatar custom-default-user-avatar-80 alignnone photo" /> <div class="aside-line"> May 9, 2024 </div> <a href="https://www.powermag.com/author/spatel/" class="author-byline"> by Sonal Patel </a> </div> <div class="widget-related-stories my-4"> <h2 class="section-heading">Also In This Issue</h2> <p class="date aside-line">May 9, 2024</p> <ul> <li class="post-container"> <div class="post-date-and-cat aside-line"> <span> <a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/energy-security/">Energy Security</a> |  </span> May 16, 2024 </div> <div class="article-title"> <a href="https://www.powermag.com/nerc-summer-grid-outlook-improved-but-still-vulnerable-to-extreme-weather-demand-growth-spikes/">NERC: Summer Grid Outlook Improved But Still Vulnerable to Extreme Weather, Demand Growth Spikes</a> </div> <div class="post-byline aside-line"> <img src="https://www.powermag.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/sonal-patel-2019-150x150.jpg" width="32" height="32" alt="" class="avatar avatar-32 custom-default-user-avatar custom-default-user-avatar-32 alignnone photo" /> by <a href="https://www.powermag.com/author/spatel/">Sonal Patel</a> </div> </li> <li class="post-container"> <div class="post-date-and-cat aside-line"> <span> <a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/energy-storage-2/">Energy Storage</a> |  </span> May 16, 2024 </div> <div class="article-title"> <a href="https://www.powermag.com/worlds-largest-concrete-thermal-energy-storage-pilot-successfully-tested/">World's Largest Concrete Thermal Energy Storage Pilot Successfully Tested</a> </div> <div class="post-byline aside-line"> <img src="https://www.powermag.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/screen-shot-2020-11-05-at-6-22-02-am-150x150.png" width="32" height="32" alt="" class="avatar avatar-32 custom-default-user-avatar custom-default-user-avatar-32 alignnone photo" /> by <a href="https://www.powermag.com/author/contributor/">Contributed Content</a> </div> </li> <li class="post-container"> <div class="post-date-and-cat aside-line"> <span> <a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/renewables/">Renewables</a> |  </span> May 16, 2024 </div> <div class="article-title"> <a href="https://www.powermag.com/america-exceeds-five-million-solar-installations-nationwide/">America Exceeds Five Million Solar Installations Nationwide</a> </div> <div class="post-byline aside-line"> <img src="https://www.powermag.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/screen-shot-2020-11-05-at-6-22-02-am-150x150.png" width="32" height="32" alt="" class="avatar avatar-32 custom-default-user-avatar custom-default-user-avatar-32 alignnone photo" /> by <a href="https://www.powermag.com/author/contributor/">Contributed Content</a> </div> </li> <li class="post-container"> <div class="post-date-and-cat aside-line"> <span> <a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/energy-storage-2/">Energy Storage</a> |  </span> May 15, 2024 </div> <div class="article-title"> <a href="https://www.powermag.com/borehole-battery-a-promising-solution-for-energy-storage/">Borehole Battery: A Promising Solution for Energy Storage</a> </div> <div class="post-byline aside-line"> <img src="https://www.powermag.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/image002-150x150.png" width="32" height="32" alt="" class="avatar avatar-32 custom-default-user-avatar custom-default-user-avatar-32 alignnone photo" /> by <a href="https://www.powermag.com/author/phil-cruver/">Phil Cruver</a> </div> </li> <li class="post-container"> <div class="post-date-and-cat aside-line"> <span> <a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/energy-storage-2/">Energy Storage</a> |  </span> May 15, 2024 </div> <div class="article-title"> <a href="https://www.powermag.com/bess-failures-study-identifies-opportunities-for-battery-analytics-to-prevent-incidents/">BESS Failures: Study Identifies Opportunities for Battery Analytics to Prevent Incidents</a> </div> <div class="post-byline aside-line"> <img src="https://www.powermag.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/screen-shot-2020-11-05-at-6-22-02-am-150x150.png" width="32" height="32" alt="" class="avatar avatar-32 custom-default-user-avatar custom-default-user-avatar-32 alignnone photo" /> by <a href="https://www.powermag.com/author/contributor/">Contributed Content</a> </div> </li> <li class="post-container"> <div class="post-date-and-cat aside-line"> <span> <a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/renewables/">Renewables</a> |  </span> May 15, 2024 </div> <div class="article-title"> <a href="https://www.powermag.com/clean-energy-group-receives-financing-for-new-york-community-solar-project/">Clean Energy Group Receives Financing for New York Community Solar Project</a> </div> <div class="post-byline aside-line"> <img src="https://www.powermag.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/screen-shot-2020-11-05-at-6-22-02-am-150x150.png" width="32" height="32" alt="" class="avatar avatar-32 custom-default-user-avatar custom-default-user-avatar-32 alignnone photo" /> by <a href="https://www.powermag.com/author/contributor/">Contributed Content</a> </div> </li> <li class="post-container"> <div class="post-date-and-cat aside-line"> <span> <a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/sustainability/">Sustainability</a> |  </span> May 14, 2024 </div> <div class="article-title"> <a href="https://www.powermag.com/pge-recognized-for-remote-grid-program/">PG&E Recognized for Remote Grid Program</a> </div> <div class="post-byline aside-line"> <img src="https://www.powermag.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/screen-shot-2020-11-05-at-6-22-02-am-150x150.png" width="32" height="32" alt="" class="avatar avatar-32 custom-default-user-avatar custom-default-user-avatar-32 alignnone photo" /> by <a href="https://www.powermag.com/author/contributor/">Contributed Content</a> </div> </li> <li class="post-container"> <div class="post-date-and-cat aside-line"> <span> <a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/electrification/">Electrification</a> |  </span> May 14, 2024 </div> <div class="article-title"> <a href="https://www.powermag.com/siemens-collaborating-with-kontrolmatik-pomega-on-battery-engineering/">Siemens Collaborating With Kontrolmatik, Pomega on Battery Engineering</a> </div> <div class="post-byline aside-line"> <img src="https://www.powermag.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/screen-shot-2020-11-05-at-6-22-02-am-150x150.png" width="32" height="32" alt="" class="avatar avatar-32 custom-default-user-avatar custom-default-user-avatar-32 alignnone photo" /> by <a href="https://www.powermag.com/author/contributor/">Contributed Content</a> </div> </li> <li class="post-container"> <div class="post-date-and-cat aside-line"> <span> <a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/interview/">Interview</a> |  </span> May 14, 2024 </div> <div class="article-title"> <a href="https://www.powermag.com/the-power-interview-pumped-storage-project-brings-renewable-energy-to-former-coal-mining-site/">The POWER Interview: Pumped Storage Project Brings Renewable Energy to Former Coal Mining Site</a> </div> <div class="post-byline aside-line"> <img src="https://www.powermag.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/darrell-145x150.jpg" width="32" height="32" alt="" class="avatar avatar-32 custom-default-user-avatar custom-default-user-avatar-32 alignnone photo" /> by <a href="https://www.powermag.com/author/dproctor/">Darrell Proctor</a> </div> </li> <li class="post-container"> <div class="post-date-and-cat aside-line"> <span> <a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/legal-regulatory/">Legal & Regulatory</a> |  </span> May 14, 2024 </div> <div class="article-title"> <a href="https://www.powermag.com/how-regulatory-burdens-and-misguided-incentives-are-degrading-power-system-reliability/">How Regulatory Burdens and Misguided Incentives Are Degrading Power System Reliability</a> </div> <div class="post-byline aside-line"> <img src="https://www.powermag.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/aaron-headshot-2024-150x150.jpg" width="32" height="32" alt="" class="avatar avatar-32 custom-default-user-avatar custom-default-user-avatar-32 alignnone photo" /> by <a href="https://www.powermag.com/author/alarson/">Aaron Larson</a> </div> </li> <li class="post-container"> <div class="post-date-and-cat aside-line"> <span> <a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/hydrogen/">Hydrogen</a> |  </span> May 14, 2024 </div> <div class="article-title"> <a href="https://www.powermag.com/multi-module-hydrogen-pilot-plant-opens-in-japan/">Multi-Module Hydrogen Pilot Plant Opens in Japan</a> </div> <div class="post-byline aside-line"> <img src="https://www.powermag.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/screen-shot-2020-11-05-at-6-22-02-am-150x150.png" width="32" height="32" alt="" class="avatar avatar-32 custom-default-user-avatar custom-default-user-avatar-32 alignnone photo" /> by <a href="https://www.powermag.com/author/contributor/">Contributed Content</a> </div> </li> <li class="post-container"> <div class="post-date-and-cat aside-line"> <span> <a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/iiot/iiot-power/">IIOT Power</a> |  </span> May 13, 2024 </div> <div class="article-title"> <a href="https://www.powermag.com/10-reasons-to-attend-a-conference-tailored-to-digitalization-in-the-power-sector/">10 Reasons to Attend a Conference Tailored to Digitalization in the Power Sector</a> </div> <div class="post-byline aside-line"> <img src="https://www.powermag.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/p-power-150x150.jpg" width="32" height="32" alt="" class="avatar avatar-32 custom-default-user-avatar custom-default-user-avatar-32 alignnone photo" /> by <a href="https://www.powermag.com/author/aiwpadmin/">POWER</a> </div> </li> <li class="post-container"> <div class="post-date-and-cat aside-line"> <span> <a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/solar/">Solar</a> |  </span> May 13, 2024 </div> <div class="article-title"> <a href="https://www.powermag.com/first-utility-scale-solar-project-announced-under-tva-generation-flexibility-program/">First Utility-Scale Solar Project Announced Under TVA Generation Flexibility Program</a> </div> <div class="post-byline aside-line"> <img src="https://www.powermag.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/darrell-145x150.jpg" width="32" height="32" alt="" class="avatar avatar-32 custom-default-user-avatar custom-default-user-avatar-32 alignnone photo" /> by <a href="https://www.powermag.com/author/dproctor/">Darrell Proctor</a> </div> </li> <li class="post-container"> <div class="post-date-and-cat aside-line"> <span> <a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/energy-security/">Energy Security</a> |  </span> May 12, 2024 </div> <div class="article-title"> <a href="https://www.powermag.com/historic-solar-storm-spurs-pjm-to-extend-geomagnetic-disturbance-warning/">Historic Solar Storm Spurs PJM to Extend Geomagnetic Disturbance Warning</a> </div> <div class="post-byline aside-line"> <img src="https://www.powermag.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/sonal-patel-2019-150x150.jpg" width="32" height="32" alt="" class="avatar avatar-32 custom-default-user-avatar custom-default-user-avatar-32 alignnone photo" /> by <a href="https://www.powermag.com/author/spatel/">Sonal Patel</a> </div> </li> <li class="post-container"> <div class="post-date-and-cat aside-line"> <span> <a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/legal-regulatory/">Legal & Regulatory</a> |  </span> May 9, 2024 </div> <div class="article-title"> <a href="https://www.powermag.com/states-trade-groups-sue-epa-over-new-fossil-fuel-rules/">States, Trade Groups Sue EPA Over New Fossil Fuel Rules</a> </div> <div class="post-byline aside-line"> <img src="https://www.powermag.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/sonal-patel-2019-150x150.jpg" width="32" height="32" alt="" class="avatar avatar-32 custom-default-user-avatar custom-default-user-avatar-32 alignnone photo" /> by <a href="https://www.powermag.com/author/spatel/">Sonal Patel</a> </div> </li> <li class="post-container"> <div class="post-date-and-cat aside-line"> <span> <a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/business/">Business</a> |  </span> May 9, 2024 </div> <div class="article-title"> <a href="https://www.powermag.com/california-regulators-reject-pge-plan-to-sell-generation-assets/">California Regulators Reject PG&E Plan to Sell Generation Assets</a> </div> <div class="post-byline aside-line"> <img src="https://www.powermag.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/darrell-145x150.jpg" width="32" height="32" alt="" class="avatar avatar-32 custom-default-user-avatar custom-default-user-avatar-32 alignnone photo" /> by <a href="https://www.powermag.com/author/dproctor/">Darrell Proctor</a> </div> </li> <li class="post-container"> <div class="post-date-and-cat aside-line"> <span> <a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/nuclear/">Nuclear</a> |  </span> May 9, 2024 </div> <div class="article-title"> <a href="https://www.powermag.com/britain-announces-facility-to-produce-haleu-fuel-for-nuclear-reactors/">Britain Announces Facility to Produce HALEU Fuel for Nuclear Reactors</a> </div> <div class="post-byline aside-line"> <img src="https://www.powermag.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/darrell-145x150.jpg" width="32" height="32" alt="" class="avatar avatar-32 custom-default-user-avatar custom-default-user-avatar-32 alignnone photo" /> by <a href="https://www.powermag.com/author/dproctor/">Darrell Proctor</a> </div> </li> <li class="post-container"> <div class="post-date-and-cat aside-line"> <span> <a href="https://www.powermag.com/category/nuclear/">Nuclear</a> |  </span> May 9, 2024 </div> <div class="article-title"> <a href="https://www.powermag.com/high-burnup-nuclear-fuel-rods-delivered-for-examination-after-having-completed-three-cycles-of-commercial-operation/">High-Burnup Nuclear Fuel Rods Delivered for Examination After Having Completed Three Cycles of Commercial Operation</a> </div> <div class="post-byline aside-line"> <img src="https://www.powermag.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/screen-shot-2020-11-05-at-6-22-02-am-150x150.png" width="32" height="32" alt="" class="avatar avatar-32 custom-default-user-avatar custom-default-user-avatar-32 alignnone photo" /> by <a href="https://www.powermag.com/author/contributor/">Contributed Content</a> </div> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="widget-start-subscription position-sidebar my-4 my-md-0"> <div class="pb-3 mb-3 border-bottom"> <h1 class="h6 fw-bold mt-0 text-uppercase">Follow Us</h1> <ul class="social-media-links border-0 m-0 p-0"> <li> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/POWERmagazine"> <span class="visually-hidden">Facebook</span> <i class="fa-brands fa-facebook-f"></i> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://twitter.com/POWERmagazine"> <span class="visually-hidden">Twitter</span> <i class="fa-brands fa-x-twitter"></i> </a> </li> <li> <a href="http://www.linkedin.com/groups?gid=4270601&trk=myg_ugrp_ovr"> <span class="visually-hidden">LinkedIn</span> <i class="fa-brands fa-linkedin"></i> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="btn-wrapper"> <p class="we-are-first fw-normal fs-6"><i>POWER</i> is at the forefront of the global power market, providing in-depth news and insight on the end-to-end electricity system and the ongoing energy transition. We strive to be the “go-to” resource for power professionals, offering a wealth of information on innovative business practices, sound safety measures, useful productivity enhancements, and much more.</p> <a class="btn" href="https://www.powermag.com/power-membership/"> Start your subscription </a> </div> </div> </aside>   <div class="col-lg-6 order-1 order-lg-2 pb-4"> <article> <header class="article-header"> <a class="aside-line" href="https://www.powermag.com/category/legal-regulatory/">Legal & Regulatory</a> <h1 class="article-title">States, Trade Groups Sue EPA Over New Fossil Fuel Rules</h1> </header> <div class="article-main"> <p class="p1"><span class="s1">More than two dozen states and a handful of trade groups filed separate lawsuits in the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit, challenging parts of the Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA’s) suite of new final environmental regulations targeting fossil-fired power plants. </span></p> <p class="p1"><span class="s1">The challenges respond to the publication in the <a href="https://www.federalregister.gov/agencies/environmental-protection-agency"><i>Federal Register </i></a></span><span class="s1">on May 9 of four major federal environmental rules, which the EPA rolled out <a href="https://www.powermag.com/epa-unleashes-four-pronged-assault-on-fossil-fuel-power-pollution/">simultaneously</a> on April 25. The rules cover </span><span class="s2">greenhouse gases (GHG), air toxics, wastewater discharges, and coal combustion residuals from fossil fuel-fired power plants. </span></p> <div><script>var AIAD_e340f307442066367e6eb877f6c24111_67422dd3bcfc1;googletag.cmd.push(function(){var AIMAP_e02b89857b91a11b8be92fca409827ba = googletag.sizeMapping().addSize([980, 100], [[970, 90], [970, 250]]).addSize([730, 100], [728, 90]).addSize([500, 100], [468, 60]).addSize([0, 0], [320, 50]).build();AIAD_e340f307442066367e6eb877f6c24111_67422dd3bcfc1 = googletag.defineSlot('/987/powermag.com/pwr-native-content', 'fluid', 'div-gpt-in-content-repeating-67422dd3bcfc2').addService(googletag.pubads()); });</script></div><div style="text-align:center;margin: 20px auto;" class="widget widget_ai_ad_widget"><div id="div-gpt-in-content-repeating-67422dd3bcfc2"><script>googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-in-content-repeating-67422dd3bcfc2'); });</script></div></div><p class="p5"><span class="s1">The <a href="https://www.powermag.com/epa-unleashes-four-pronged-assault-on-fossil-fuel-power-pollution/">EPA’s rules</a> include final Carbon Pollution Standards, which broadly seeks to curb GHG emissions from the nation’s fleet of coal plants and—for the first time—set down GHG emissions limits from new natural gas-fired power plants. The agency also issued an updated and strengthened Mercury and Air Toxics Standards (MATS), which targets coal power emissions of hazardous air pollutants. Separately, the EPA finalized the Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards (ELGs), which aim to drastically reduce pollutants discharged by steam power plants through wastewater. Finally, the suite of regulations includes a final rule governing legacy coal combustion residuals. </span></p> <h2>D.C. Circuit Consolidates Suits from 25 States, Trade Groups</h2> <p class="p6"><span class="s4">On Thursday, </span><span class="s5">a coalition of 23 states led by North Dakota and West Virginia <a href="https://attorneygeneral.nd.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/2053456-Petition-for-Review-89-Fed.-Reg.-38508-D.C.-Cir.-Case-No.-24-1119.pdf"><span class="s1">filed a petition</span></a> for review of the EPA’s final MATS rules. Along with North Dakota and West Virginia, the coalition includes </span><span class="s1">Alaska, Arkansas, Georgia, Idaho, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Oklahoma, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, and Wyoming. </span></p> <p class="p7"><span class="s6">The D.C. Circuit on Thursday afternoon consolidated that case—<i>State of West Virginia, et. al. v. EPA </i>(</span><span class="s1">No. 24-1120)—with a separate petition for review filed jointly earlier in the day by the states of Ohio and Kansas, which challenged the EPA’s GHG rule. </span></p> <div><script>var AIAD_e340f307442066367e6eb877f6c24111_67422dd3bd2cf;googletag.cmd.push(function(){var AIMAP_e02b89857b91a11b8be92fca409827ba = googletag.sizeMapping().addSize([980, 100], [[970, 90], [970, 250]]).addSize([730, 100], [728, 90]).addSize([500, 100], [468, 60]).addSize([0, 0], [320, 50]).build();AIAD_e340f307442066367e6eb877f6c24111_67422dd3bd2cf = googletag.defineSlot('/987/powermag.com/pwr-native-content', 'fluid', 'div-gpt-in-content-repeating-67422dd3bd2d0').addService(googletag.pubads()); });</script></div><div style="text-align:center;margin: 20px auto;" class="widget widget_ai_ad_widget"><div id="div-gpt-in-content-repeating-67422dd3bd2d0"><script>googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-in-content-repeating-67422dd3bd2d0'); });</script></div></div><p class="p7">In addition, the court consolidated two industry petitions for review of the GHG rule into the case <em>State of West Virginia, et al. v. EPA</em>: one filed by the National Rural Electric Cooperative Association (NRECA) and another jointly filed by the National Mining Association (NMA) and America’s Power.</p> <h2>Overwhelmingly at Issue: Overreach</h2> <p class="p8"><span class="s8">NRECA, a national trade association representing nearly 900 local electric cooperatives, in a statement sent to <i>POWER </i>said its petition responds to concerns about the EPA’s overreach of authority and the GHG rule’s impact on reliability and affordability. </span></p> <p class="p8"><span class="s1">“EPA’s power plant rule is unlawful, unreasonable, and unachievable. It exceeds EPA’s authority and poses an immediate threat to the American electric grid,” said NRECA CEO Jim Matheson. “Under the rule, EPA illegally attempts to transform the US energy economy by forcing a shift in electricity generation to the agency’s favored sources.” Matheson added that the rule “recklessly undermines” power reliability because it would force the premature closure of power plants. That will be detrimental “especially as America relies on electricity to power the economy,” he said. </span></p> <div><script>var AIAD_e340f307442066367e6eb877f6c24111_67422dd3bd58f;googletag.cmd.push(function(){var AIMAP_e02b89857b91a11b8be92fca409827ba = googletag.sizeMapping().addSize([980, 100], [[970, 90], [970, 250]]).addSize([730, 100], [728, 90]).addSize([500, 100], [468, 60]).addSize([0, 0], [320, 50]).build();AIAD_e340f307442066367e6eb877f6c24111_67422dd3bd58f = googletag.defineSlot('/987/powermag.com/pwr-native-content', 'fluid', 'div-gpt-in-content-repeating-67422dd3bd590').addService(googletag.pubads()); });</script></div><div style="text-align:center;margin: 20px auto;" class="widget widget_ai_ad_widget"><div id="div-gpt-in-content-repeating-67422dd3bd590"><script>googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-in-content-repeating-67422dd3bd590'); });</script></div></div><p class="p8"><span class="s1">Supportive legal actions already began to trickle on Thursday afternoon. South Carolina’s electric cooperatives, The Electric Cooperatives of South Carolina and Central Electric Power Cooperative, told <i>POWER</i> they filed declarations of support for NRECA and the states’ lawsuits. “While we share the EPA’s goal of protecting the environment, we can’t support a plan that jeopardizes the reliability of South Carolina’s electric grid while driving up power bills,” said Mike Couick, CEO of the Electric Cooperatives of South Carolina. “We need a realistic path forward.”</span></p> <p class="p9"><span class="s9">NMA, a national trade group that </span><span class="s10"> serves as the voice of the U.S. mining industry, and America’s Power, a trade group that advocates on behalf of the U.S. coal fleet and its supply chain, said in their <a href="https://ecf.cadc.uscourts.gov/n/beam/servlet/TransportRoom?servlet=ShowDocMulti&incPdfHeader=Y&pacer=t&CSRF=csrf_294070587528115228&incPdfHeaderDisp=Y&caseId=40875&dktType=dktPublic&outputType=doc&d=2053706&outputForm=view&incPdfFooter=y&dls=8621285%252C8621307"><span class="s1">petition</span></a> said they plan to show the final GHG rule is “</span><span class="s1">in excess of the agency’s statutory authority and is otherwise arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, and not in accordance with law.” The groups urged the court to “hold unlawful and set aside the final rule, and to order such other relief as might be appropriate.”</span></p> <p class="p11"><span class="s11">In a statement, NMA said the new rule was “modeled after the <a href="https://www.powermag.com/the-epas-clean-power-rule-in-three-infographics/"><span class="s12">Clean Power Plan</span></a>,” a <a href="http://powermag.com"><span class="s12">2015 rule promulgated</span></a> by the Obama administration but ultimately </span><span class="s13">stayed and declared unlawful by the <a href="https://www.powermag.com/supreme-court-limits-epa-authority-to-regulate-power-plant-emissions/"><span class="s12">U.S. Supreme Court</span></a> in June 2022. </span></p> <div><script>var AIAD_e340f307442066367e6eb877f6c24111_67422dd3bd86e;googletag.cmd.push(function(){var AIMAP_e02b89857b91a11b8be92fca409827ba = googletag.sizeMapping().addSize([980, 100], [[970, 90], [970, 250]]).addSize([730, 100], [728, 90]).addSize([500, 100], [468, 60]).addSize([0, 0], [320, 50]).build();AIAD_e340f307442066367e6eb877f6c24111_67422dd3bd86e = googletag.defineSlot('/987/powermag.com/pwr-native-content', 'fluid', 'div-gpt-in-content-repeating-67422dd3bd86f').addService(googletag.pubads()); });</script></div><div style="text-align:center;margin: 20px auto;" class="widget widget_ai_ad_widget"><div id="div-gpt-in-content-repeating-67422dd3bd86f"><script>googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-in-content-repeating-67422dd3bd86f'); });</script></div></div><p class="p11"><span class="s14">“By ignoring the differences in generation mix across the country, variations in weather conditions from state to state, and the vast interstate transmission infrastructure that needs to be sited, permitted and built to make renewable generation broadly viable, the EPA has chosen to ignore reality in favor of election-year campaign promises and undemonstrated technologies,” said </span><span class="s13">Rich Nolan, NMA president and CEO.</span></p> <p class="p13"><span class="s9">The 25 states filing petitions for review on May 9 all have Republican administrations, with the exception of Kansas, which is governed by </span><span class="s1">Democrat, Laura Kelly. Reactions so far have been strongly worded and reflective of broader political and ideological divides regarding energy policy in the U.S.</span></p> <p class="p15"><span class="s15">North Dakota Attorney General Wrigley claimed that with the final MATS rule, the Biden administration “</span><span class="s1">pushes a green political agenda with no purpose other than to attack fossil fuels.” He added: “Make no mistake, this rule intentionally sets impossible standards to destroy the coal industry. Yet again, the Biden Administration has ignored its statutory limitations and forced the entire country into an alignment with an activist agenda,” he said. </span></p> <div><script>var AIAD_e340f307442066367e6eb877f6c24111_67422dd3bdaf5;googletag.cmd.push(function(){var AIMAP_e02b89857b91a11b8be92fca409827ba = googletag.sizeMapping().addSize([980, 100], [[970, 90], [970, 250]]).addSize([730, 100], [728, 90]).addSize([500, 100], [468, 60]).addSize([0, 0], [320, 50]).build();AIAD_e340f307442066367e6eb877f6c24111_67422dd3bdaf5 = googletag.defineSlot('/987/powermag.com/pwr-native-content', 'fluid', 'div-gpt-in-content-repeating-67422dd3bdaf6').addService(googletag.pubads()); });</script></div><div style="text-align:center;margin: 20px auto;" class="widget widget_ai_ad_widget"><div id="div-gpt-in-content-repeating-67422dd3bdaf6"><script>googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-in-content-repeating-67422dd3bdaf6'); });</script></div></div><p class="p17"><span class="s1">Wrigley, in addition, asserted that federal agencies must operate within congressional constraints and cannot arbitrarily destroy industries. “North Dakota will keep defending our energy producers and strive for America’s energy independence,” he said. </span></p> <p class="p18"><span class="s14">West Virginia Attorney General Patrick Morrisey echoed that sentiment. “This rule strips the states of important discretion while using technologies that don’t work in the real world—this administration packaged this rule with several other rules aimed at destroying traditional energy providers,” he said. “We are confident we will once again prevail in court against this rogue agency.”</span></p> <h2>PJM: Despite EPA’s Flexibility Measures, Reliability Still a Concern</h2> <p>The EPA in April said it issued the four final rules simultaneously to provide a “predictable regulatory outlook for power companies, including opportunities to reduce compliance complexity and clear signals to create market and price stability.”</p> <div><script>var AIAD_e340f307442066367e6eb877f6c24111_67422dd3bdda9;googletag.cmd.push(function(){var AIMAP_e02b89857b91a11b8be92fca409827ba = googletag.sizeMapping().addSize([980, 100], [[970, 90], [970, 250]]).addSize([730, 100], [728, 90]).addSize([500, 100], [468, 60]).addSize([0, 0], [320, 50]).build();AIAD_e340f307442066367e6eb877f6c24111_67422dd3bdda9 = googletag.defineSlot('/987/powermag.com/pwr-native-content', 'fluid', 'div-gpt-in-content-repeating-67422dd3bddaa').addService(googletag.pubads()); });</script></div><div style="text-align:center;margin: 20px auto;" class="widget widget_ai_ad_widget"><div id="div-gpt-in-content-repeating-67422dd3bddaa"><script>googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-in-content-repeating-67422dd3bddaa'); });</script></div></div><p>The agency told <em>POWER</em> that after it issued its proposal in May 2023, it “<span class="s1">engaged extensively with balancing authorities, power companies, reliability experts, [Federal Energy Regulatory Commission] and the [Department of Energy] as well as regulatory authorities responsible for reliability to understand their concerns and address them in the final rule. We expect this engagement will continue during implementation,” it said. </span></p> <p><em>As POWER</em> has reported, the <span class="s6"><a href="https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2024-04/2024-mats-rtr-final-ria-final.pdf"><span class="s11">EPA’s RIA</span></a> for the MATS rule suggests about 5 GW of operational generating unit capacity will need to comply with the rule in 2028. Another 11.6 GW would either need to improve existing particulate matter (PM) controls or install new PM controls to comply with the rule. The </span><span class="s8">EPA projected, however, that no coal-fired capacity would retire under the final MATS rule.</span></p> <p>The agency’s illustrative analysis for its GHG rule suggests the final rule could result in 14 GW of coal retirements in 2040, along with 6 GW of coal-to-gas conversion and 3 GW of derated capacity. “This results in 19 GW of coal-fired capacity remaining in place,” the EPA told <a href="https://www.powermag.com/epa-unleashes-four-pronged-assault-on-fossil-fuel-power-pollution/"><em>POWER</em> in April</a>. By comparison, without the rule, the EPA’s baseline economic projections suggest that 42 GW of operating coal capacity could be operational by 2040, a figure that also factors in additional projected retirements, capacity derates, and conversions to gas.</p> <div><script>var AIAD_e340f307442066367e6eb877f6c24111_67422dd3be032;googletag.cmd.push(function(){var AIMAP_e02b89857b91a11b8be92fca409827ba = googletag.sizeMapping().addSize([980, 100], [[970, 90], [970, 250]]).addSize([730, 100], [728, 90]).addSize([500, 100], [468, 60]).addSize([0, 0], [320, 50]).build();AIAD_e340f307442066367e6eb877f6c24111_67422dd3be032 = googletag.defineSlot('/987/powermag.com/pwr-native-content', 'fluid', 'div-gpt-in-content-repeating-67422dd3be033').addService(googletag.pubads()); });</script></div><div style="text-align:center;margin: 20px auto;" class="widget widget_ai_ad_widget"><div id="div-gpt-in-content-repeating-67422dd3be033"><script>googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-in-content-repeating-67422dd3be033'); });</script></div></div><p class="p1"><span class="s1">In addition, the EPA noted that it examined the “cumulative impact of the final 111, ELG, MATS, and recently finalized vehicle rules to assess resource adequacy. “</span><span class="s2">This cumulative analysis aligns with recent peer-reviewed research and reports from [the Department of Energy] and [the </span><span class="s3">National Renewable Energy Laboratory]</span><span class="s2"> in showing that the sector can meet growing demand for electricity and provide reliable, affordable electricity at the same time as it reduces pollution to protect health and the planet,” it said. </span></p> <p class="p1"><span class="s2">“Even in the context of higher demand and multiple power sector rules, this sensitivity analysis demonstrates compliance pathways that respect NERC resource adequacy considerations and constraints.” The agency also suggested that it is worthwhile “to note that the cumulative effect of these rules in terms of reduced coal steam electric generating capacity is less than the sum of each of these rules individually.”</span></p> <p class="p20"><span class="s1">Still, at least one grid operator has so far issued a public statement on the GHG rule’s potential impact on grid reliability and resource adequacy.</span></p> <div><script>var AIAD_e340f307442066367e6eb877f6c24111_67422dd3be2d3;googletag.cmd.push(function(){var AIMAP_e02b89857b91a11b8be92fca409827ba = googletag.sizeMapping().addSize([980, 100], [[970, 90], [970, 250]]).addSize([730, 100], [728, 90]).addSize([500, 100], [468, 60]).addSize([0, 0], [320, 50]).build();AIAD_e340f307442066367e6eb877f6c24111_67422dd3be2d3 = googletag.defineSlot('/987/powermag.com/pwr-native-content', 'fluid', 'div-gpt-in-content-repeating-67422dd3be2d4').addService(googletag.pubads()); });</script></div><div style="text-align:center;margin: 20px auto;" class="widget widget_ai_ad_widget"><div id="div-gpt-in-content-repeating-67422dd3be2d4"><script>googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-in-content-repeating-67422dd3be2d4'); });</script></div></div><p class="p18"><span class="s17">PJM Interconnection, the nation’s largest </span><span class="s14">regional transmission organization (RTO), <a href="https://pjm.com/-/media/about-pjm/newsroom/2024-releases/20240508-pjm-statement-on-the-newly-issued-epa-greenhouse-gas-and-related-regulations.ashx"><span class="s18">in a statement on Wednesday</span></a> acknowledged that the EPA’s new rule includes important measures to enhance flexibility measures. However, the grid operator stressed it remained concerned about the final rule’s impact on reliability. </span></p> <p class="p21"><span class="s19">Among its continuing concerns are that the rule’s reliance on </span><span class="s1">carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) technology poses feasibility issues owing to geographical and infrastructural challenges. PJM also suggested that stringent coal and natural gas requirements could lead to their premature retirement amidst rising electricity demands—particularly from data center load, electric vehicles, and increased electric heating load. </span></p> <p class="p9"><span class="s20">Finally, PJM noted the final rule is premised on the availability of increased access to natural gas infrastructure to support a compliance option for coal power. But, the present gas pipeline system is “l</span><span class="s1">argely fully subscribed,” it noted. “The Final Rule, which is premised, in part, on the availability of natural gas for co-firing or full conversion, does not sufficiently take into account these limitations on the development of new pipeline infrastructure,” it said. </span></p> <div><script>var AIAD_e340f307442066367e6eb877f6c24111_67422dd3be550;googletag.cmd.push(function(){var AIMAP_e02b89857b91a11b8be92fca409827ba = googletag.sizeMapping().addSize([980, 100], [[970, 90], [970, 250]]).addSize([730, 100], [728, 90]).addSize([500, 100], [468, 60]).addSize([0, 0], [320, 50]).build();AIAD_e340f307442066367e6eb877f6c24111_67422dd3be550 = googletag.defineSlot('/987/powermag.com/pwr-native-content', 'fluid', 'div-gpt-in-content-repeating-67422dd3be551').addService(googletag.pubads()); });</script></div><div style="text-align:center;margin: 20px auto;" class="widget widget_ai_ad_widget"><div id="div-gpt-in-content-repeating-67422dd3be551"><script>googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-in-content-repeating-67422dd3be551'); });</script></div></div><p class="p23"><span class="s1">—<b><i>Sonal Patel</i></b><i> is a POWER senior editor (</i><a href="https://twitter.com/Sonalcpatel"><span class="s21"><i>@sonalcpatel</i></span></a><i>, </i><a href="https://twitter.com/POWERmagazine"><span class="s21"><i>@POWERmagazine</i></span></a><i>).</i></span></p> </div> </article> <div class="d-flex align-items-center my-3"> <p class="mb-0 pe-2"><strong>SHARE this article</strong></p> <div class="ai-social-sharing ai-social-sharing_shortcode"><div class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 a2a_default_style" "><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_x"></a><a class="a2a_button_linkedin"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a><a class="a2a_dd" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share"></a></div></div></div> <div class="tags-wrapper"> <a href="https://www.powermag.com/tag/nma/">NMA</a> <a href="https://www.powermag.com/tag/gas-2/">gas</a> <a href="https://www.powermag.com/tag/ccs/">CCS</a> <a href="https://www.powermag.com/tag/epa/">EPA</a> <a href="https://www.powermag.com/tag/lawsuits/">lawsuits</a> <a href="https://www.powermag.com/tag/pjm/">pjm</a> <a href="https://www.powermag.com/tag/d-c-circuit/">D.C. Circuit</a> <a href="https://www.powermag.com/tag/retirements/">retirements</a> <a href="https://www.powermag.com/tag/reliability/">reliability</a> <a href="https://www.powermag.com/tag/nreca/">NRECA</a> <a href="https://www.powermag.com/tag/states/">states</a> <a href="https://www.powermag.com/tag/coal-2/">coal</a> </div> </div>   <div class="col-lg-3 ps-lg-4 order-3 pb-4 d-flex flex-column"> <div class="flex-grow-1 mb-2"> <div class="widget-ad sticky-top"> <div id="ai_ad_widget-3" class="text-center widget widget_ai_ad_widget"> <div id="div-gpt-medrectrightrail-0" style="min-height:250px;" > <script>googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-medrectrightrail-0'); });</script> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="flex-grow-1 mb-2"> <div class="widget-ad sticky-top"> <script>var AIAD_d842683168fa932a62836ab134a898d6_67422dd3bee2d; googletag.cmd.push(function(){ var AIMAP_e02b89857b91a11b8be92fca409827ba = googletag.sizeMapping() .addSize([980, 100], [[970, 90], [970, 250]]) .addSize([730, 100], [728, 90]) .addSize([500, 100], [468, 60]) .addSize([0, 0], [320, 50]) .build(); AIAD_d842683168fa932a62836ab134a898d6_67422dd3bee2d = googletag.defineSlot('/987/powermag.com/medrectrightrail2020', [ [300, 600], [300, 250] ], 'div-gpt-medrectrightrail-0-67422dd3bee2e').setCollapseEmptyDiv(true).addService(googletag.pubads()); });</script><div class="text-center widget widget_ai_ad_widget"> <div id="div-gpt-medrectrightrail-0-67422dd3bee2e" style="min-height:250px;" > <script>googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-medrectrightrail-0-67422dd3bee2e'); });</script> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="flex-grow-1 mb-2"> <div class="widget-ad sticky-top"> <script>var AIAD_d842683168fa932a62836ab134a898d6_67422dd3bf0d1; googletag.cmd.push(function(){ var AIMAP_e02b89857b91a11b8be92fca409827ba = googletag.sizeMapping() .addSize([980, 100], [[970, 90], [970, 250]]) .addSize([730, 100], [728, 90]) .addSize([500, 100], [468, 60]) .addSize([0, 0], [320, 50]) .build(); AIAD_d842683168fa932a62836ab134a898d6_67422dd3bf0d1 = googletag.defineSlot('/987/powermag.com/medrectrightrail2020', [ [300, 600], [300, 250] ], 'div-gpt-medrectrightrail-0-67422dd3bf0d2').setCollapseEmptyDiv(true).addService(googletag.pubads()); });</script><div class="text-center widget widget_ai_ad_widget"> <div id="div-gpt-medrectrightrail-0-67422dd3bf0d2" style="min-height:250px;" > <script>googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-medrectrightrail-0-67422dd3bf0d2'); });</script> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  </div> </section> </main> </div> <footer id="colophon" class="site-footer"> <div class="widget-start-subscription position-horizontal-bar my-4 my-md-0"> <div class="btn-wrapper"> <p class="we-are-first fw-normal fs-6"><i>POWER</i> is at the forefront of the global power market, providing in-depth news and insight on the end-to-end electricity system and the ongoing energy transition. We strive to be the “go-to” resource for power professionals, offering a wealth of information on innovative business practices, sound safety measures, useful productivity enhancements, and much more.</p> <a class="btn" href="https://www.powermag.com/power-membership/"> Subscribe Today! </a> </div> </div> <div class="container-fluid"> <div class="row mt-md-2 gy-4 mx-2"> <div class="col-md-4"> <div class="widget-start-subscription position-footer my-4 my-md-0"> <div class="pb-3 mb-3 border-bottom"> <h1 class="h6 fw-bold mt-0 text-uppercase">Follow Us</h1> <ul class="social-media-links border-0 m-0 p-0"> <li> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/POWERmagazine"> <span class="visually-hidden">Facebook</span> <i class="fa-brands fa-facebook-f"></i> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://twitter.com/POWERmagazine"> <span class="visually-hidden">Twitter</span> <i class="fa-brands fa-x-twitter"></i> </a> </li> <li> <a href="http://www.linkedin.com/groups?gid=4270601&trk=myg_ugrp_ovr"> <span class="visually-hidden">LinkedIn</span> <i class="fa-brands fa-linkedin"></i> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="btn-wrapper"> <p class="we-are-first fw-normal fs-6"><i>POWER</i> is at the forefront of the global power market, providing in-depth news and insight on the end-to-end electricity system and the ongoing energy transition. We strive to be the “go-to” resource for power professionals, offering a wealth of information on innovative business practices, sound safety measures, useful productivity enhancements, and much more.</p> <a class="btn" href="https://www.powermag.com/power-membership/"> Start your subscription </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-4"> <div class="widget-top-videos position-footer"> <div class="videos-wrapper"> <div class="mb-2 ratio ratio-4x3"> <iframe loading="lazy" title="High Energy Efficiency Plateflow® Gasketed Plate and Frame Heat Exchangers" width="200" height="150" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Mik6KkduPk4" srcdoc="<style>*{padding:0;margin:0;overflow:hidden}html,body{height:100%}img,span{position:absolute;width:100%;height:100%;top:0;bottom:0;margin:auto}span{height:1.5em;text-align:center;font:48px/1.5 sans-serif;color:white;text-shadow:0 0 0.5em black}</style><a href='https://www.youtube.com/embed/Mik6KkduPk4?autoplay=1'><img width='700' height='393' src='https://www.powermag.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/standard-xchange-xylem-screengrab2.jpg' class='attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail wp-post-image' alt='Standard Xchange_Xylem screengrab2' decoding='async' loading='lazy' srcset='https://www.powermag.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/standard-xchange-xylem-screengrab2.jpg 700w, https://www.powermag.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/standard-xchange-xylem-screengrab2-300x168.jpg 300w' sizes='(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px' /><span>▶</span></a>" allowfullscreen></iframe> </div> <div class="article-title">High Energy Efficiency Plateflow® Gasketed Plate and Frame Heat Exchangers</div> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-4"> <div class="widget-events"> <h1 class="section-heading h3"><i class="fa-solid fa-calendar"></i> POWER Events</h1> <div class="slickunit" data-column-limit="1"> <div class="event-container"> <h2 class="visually-hidden">Experience POWER</h2> <a href="https://www.powermag.com/event/experience-power/" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation"> <img width="600" height="210" src="https://www.powermag.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/experiencepowerlogo.png" class="attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail wp-post-image" alt="ExperiencePOWERlogo" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://www.powermag.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/experiencepowerlogo.png 600w, https://www.powermag.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/experiencepowerlogo-300x105.png 300w" sizes="(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px" /> </a> <p class="event-excerpt my-2"> <strong>Experience POWER</strong> Week brings stakeholders across the entire energy value chain (from generation to transmission, distribution, and supply) together in an intimate, solutions-driven environment to learn how to navigate the energy transition while keeping organizational goals on track. Access education focused on new and emerging trends like decarbonization, distributed energy resources, and the hydrogen economy, as well as traditional electric… </p> <small class="d-block mt-auto mb-3"> <strong>Oct 29 — Oct 31, 2025</strong> <br /> Denver, CO </small> <a class="btn btn-primary w-100" href="https://www.experience-power.com" target="_blank">Visit our site</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="site-info"> <nav class="footer-navigation navbar fixed-bottom bg-light d-none d-md-block" aria-label="Footer Menu"> <div class="container-fluid px-lg-5"> <div class="footer-nav-links"> <ul id="menu-footer-links" class="navbar-nav nav-section"><li id="menu-item-213927" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page nav-item nav-item-213927"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/about-us/" class="nav-link ">About POWER</a></li> <li id="menu-item-213928" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page nav-item nav-item-213928"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/contact-us/" class="nav-link ">Contact Us</a></li> <li id="menu-item-213929" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page nav-item nav-item-213929"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/privacy-policy-terms-conditions/" class="nav-link ">Privacy Policy</a></li> <li id="menu-item-218948" class="cookie-settings-link menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom nav-item nav-item-218948"><a href="#" class="nav-link ">Cookie Settings</a></li> <li id="menu-item-213930" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom nav-item nav-item-213930"><a href="https://www.accessintel.com/diversity-inclusion-and-equity/" class="nav-link ">Diversity, Equity, Inclusion & Belonging</a></li> <li id="menu-item-213931" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom nav-item nav-item-213931"><a href="https://www.accessintel.com/accessibility-statement/" class="nav-link ">Accessibility Statement</a></li> <li id="menu-item-213932" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page nav-item nav-item-213932"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/sitemap/" class="nav-link ">Site Map</a></li> </ul> <div class="copyright">© 2024<a href="https://www.accessintel.com/"> Access Intelligence</a>, LLC - All Rights Reserved.</div> <div id="ai_ad_widget-4" class="text-center widget widget_ai_ad_widget"> <div id="div-gpt-floater-leaderboard"> <script>googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-floater-leaderboard'); });</script> </div> </div></div> </div> </nav>  </div> </footer> </div> <script> ( function ( body ) { 'use strict'; body.className = body.className.replace( /\btribe-no-js\b/, 'tribe-js' ); } )( document.body ); </script>   <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-WWWKPH3" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden" aria-hidden="true"></iframe></noscript> <script> /* <![CDATA[ */var tribe_l10n_datatables = {"aria":{"sort_ascending":": activate to sort column ascending","sort_descending":": activate to sort column descending"},"length_menu":"Show _MENU_ entries","empty_table":"No data available in table","info":"Showing _START_ to _END_ of _TOTAL_ entries","info_empty":"Showing 0 to 0 of 0 entries","info_filtered":"(filtered from _MAX_ total entries)","zero_records":"No matching records found","search":"Search:","all_selected_text":"All items on this page were selected. ","select_all_link":"Select all pages","clear_selection":"Clear Selection.","pagination":{"all":"All","next":"Next","previous":"Previous"},"select":{"rows":{"0":"","_":": Selected %d rows","1":": Selected 1 row"}},"datepicker":{"dayNames":["Sunday","Monday","Tuesday","Wednesday","Thursday","Friday","Saturday"],"dayNamesShort":["Sun","Mon","Tue","Wed","Thu","Fri","Sat"],"dayNamesMin":["S","M","T","W","T","F","S"],"monthNames":["January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"monthNamesShort":["January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"monthNamesMin":["Jan","Feb","Mar","Apr","May","Jun","Jul","Aug","Sep","Oct","Nov","Dec"],"nextText":"Next","prevText":"Prev","currentText":"Today","closeText":"Done","today":"Today","clear":"Clear"}};/* ]]> */ </script><link rel='stylesheet' id='slickslider-css' href='//cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/slick-carousel@1.8.1/slick/slick.min.css?ver=1.8.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='slicktheme-css' href='//cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/slick-carousel@1.8.1/slick/slick-theme.min.css?ver=1.8.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='fontawesome-css' href='//cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/font-awesome/6.5.1/css/all.min.css?ver=6.5.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <script type="text/javascript" id="ai-addsearch-client-js-before"> /* <![CDATA[ */ window.searchResultsPageUrl = '/search-results/'; window.addsearchConfigurationShared = { 'site' : 'powermag', 'sort' : 'relevance', 'indices' : {"adexchanger":"d93b86b9ec321b87ae61beaa1b0a148a","admonsters":"de2a970a3c8c56278e571498d90100a6","cablefax":"87673e9098bccb6938a558d71c702f10","chemengonline":"3225477b71e794c084c201d6b985125e","ormanager":"ecbe7dc49d396658c0d77f993b180baf","powermag":"569de8bb10d82a43dac48c49e6919b4f","prnewsonline":"b05f5f4f87709c2f6dac329f5c90339b","satellitetoday":"686d3bdcaf126d679d3de1efbaf8d17f"} } /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.powermag.com/wp-content/plugins/ai-addsearch-integration/assets/js/ui.min.js?ver=2.0.2" id="ai-addsearch-client-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://apps.decisionbriefs.com/js/custom/bigquery/tracking.v2.min.js?ver=1.0" id="bigquery-tracking-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="bigquery-tracking-js-after"> /* <![CDATA[ */ t_log_action( 'view', //action '663d4c972dcea1fa008b4589', //entity label 'editorial', //entity collection '', //owner null, //distribution id '', //channel '', //widget null, //campaign_id null, //meta null //value ); /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" id="bigquery-tracking-onload-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var AIBQ = {"marketLabel":"power","applicationLabel":"powermag-main-site","brandLabel":"power","ip":"168.91.45.48","sessionId":""}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.powermag.com/wp-content/plugins/aicore-analytics/tracking.onload.min.js?ver=1.0" id="bigquery-tracking-onload-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.powermag.com/wp-content/plugins/frontend-reset-password/assets/js/password-lost.js?ver=1.0.0" id="som_reset_password_script-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://static.addtoany.com/menu/page.js" id="addtoany-js" defer="defer" data-wp-strategy="defer"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.powermag.com/wp-content/plugins/ai-social-sharing/assets/js/ai_social_sharing.js?ver=1.0.2" id="ai-social-sharing-js" defer="defer" data-wp-strategy="defer"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.powermag.com/wp-content/plugins/duracelltomi-google-tag-manager/dist/js/gtm4wp-form-move-tracker.js?ver=1.20.2" id="gtm4wp-form-move-tracker-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.powermag.com/wp-includes/js/dist/hooks.min.js?ver=2810c76e705dd1a53b18" id="wp-hooks-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.powermag.com/wp-includes/js/dist/i18n.min.js?ver=5e580eb46a90c2b997e6" id="wp-i18n-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="wp-i18n-js-after"> /* <![CDATA[ */ wp.i18n.setLocaleData( { 'text direction\u0004ltr': [ 'ltr' ] } ); /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.powermag.com/wp-content/plugins/wp-parsely/build/loader.js?ver=71d37502d12f3838b80d" id="wp-parsely-loader-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="wp-parsely-loader-js-after"> /* <![CDATA[ */ window.wpParselyHooks.addAction("wpParselyOnLoad", "wpParsely", aiAppendParselyIDToFormLinks, 10); function aiAppendParselyIDToFormLinks() { if(! window.PARSELY || ! window.PARSELY.config ) { return; } //get all Omeda subscription links for this page that do not yet contain the pid param (may either be iframes or anchor tags) const links = jQuery("iframe[src*=\"accessintelligence.dragonforms.com\"]:not([src*=\"pid=\"]), iframe[src*=\"ai.omeda.com\"]:not([src*=\"pid=\"]), a[href*=\"accessintelligence.dragonforms.com\"]:not([href*=\"pid=\"]), a[href*=\"ai.omeda.com\"]:not([href*=\"pid=\"])"); //if we're on a page post type, it's most likely a subscription page //in that case, use document.referrer to see which piece of content they came from //otherwise, the subscription link is likely embedded within content, so use window.location.href as the referrer instead const referrer = ( false ? (document.referrer || window.location.href) : window.location.href ); //grab UUID from global PARSELY object and append to each link //UUID example (includes 'pid=' prefix): "pid=XXXXXXXXX-XXXXXXXX-XXXXXXX-XXXXXXX" links.each(function(i, el) { let attr = jQuery(el).is('iframe') ? 'src' : 'href'; let link = jQuery(el).attr(attr); let qMarkOrAmp = link.includes('?') ? '&' : '?'; link = link + qMarkOrAmp + window.PARSELY.config.uuid + '&ref=' + encodeURIComponent(referrer); jQuery(el).attr(attr, link); }); } //handle AJAX-loaded links jQuery(document).on( "ajaxStop", function() { aiAppendParselyIDToFormLinks(); }); /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" data-parsely-site="powermag.com" src="https://cdn.parsely.com/keys/powermag.com/p.js?ver=3.16.2" id="parsely-cfg"></script> <script crossorigin type="text/javascript" src="https://www.powermag.com/wp-content/themes/powermag-2023/assets/dist/theme.a3a8bb20f3e59144634b.js" id="theme-js-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="//cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/slick-carousel@1.8.1/slick/slick.min.js?ver=1.8.1" id="slickslider-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="//cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/font-awesome/6.5.1/js/all.min.js?ver=6.5.1" id="fontawesome-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.powermag.com/wp-content/plugins/page-links-to/dist/new-tab.js?ver=3.3.7" id="page-links-to-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript">window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.info={"beacon":"bam.nr-data.net","licenseKey":"e35bf103e0","applicationID":"198502244","transactionName":"ZgdVNkVVVhZWWxJcCV9NdgFDXVcLGEsPWwFEDlYQ","queueTime":0,"applicationTime":546,"atts":"SkBWQA1PRRg=","errorBeacon":"bam.nr-data.net","agent":""}</script></body> </html>