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mw-first-heading"><i>Ardipithecus ramidus</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardipithecus_ramidus" title="Ardipithecus ramidus – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ardipithecus ramidus" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardipithecus_ramidus" title="Ardipithecus ramidus – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Ardipithecus ramidus" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardipithecus_ramidus" title="Ardipithecus ramidus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ardipithecus ramidus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardipithecus_ramidus" title="Ardipithecus ramidus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ardipithecus ramidus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardipithecus_ramidus" title="Ardipithecus ramidus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ardipithecus ramidus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardipithecus_ramidus" title="Ardipithecus ramidus – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ardipithecus ramidus" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardipithecus_ramidus" title="Ardipithecus ramidus – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ardipithecus ramidus" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardipithecus_ramidus" title="Ardipithecus ramidus – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ardipithecus ramidus" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%DA%A9%D9%BE%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="آردی‌کپی رامید – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آردی‌کپی رامید" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardipithecus_ramidus" title="Ardipithecus ramidus – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ardipithecus ramidus" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%A5%B4%EB%94%94%ED%94%BC%ED%85%8C%EC%BF%A0%EC%8A%A4_%EB%9D%BC%EB%AF%B8%EB%91%90%EC%8A%A4" title="아르디피테쿠스 라미두스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아르디피테쿠스 라미두스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardipithecus_ramidus" title="Ardipithecus ramidus – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ardipithecus ramidus" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A1" title="ארדיפיתקוס רמידוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ארדיפיתקוס רמידוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardipithecus_ramidus" title="Ardipithecus ramidus – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="Ardipithecus ramidus" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australopithecus_ramidus" title="Australopithecus ramidus – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Australopithecus ramidus" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardipithecus_ramidus" title="Ardipithecus ramidus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ardipithecus ramidus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardipithecus_ramidus" title="Ardipithecus ramidus – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ardipithecus ramidus" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardipithecus_ramidus" title="Ardipithecus ramidus – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ardipithecus ramidus" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardipithecus_ramidus" title="Ardipithecus ramidus – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ardipithecus ramidus" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardipithecus_ramidus" title="Ardipithecus ramidus – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ardipithecus ramidus" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardipithecus_ramidus" title="Ardipithecus ramidus – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ardipithecus ramidus" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardipithecus_ramidus" title="Ardipithecus ramidus – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ardipithecus ramidus" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardipithecus_ramidus" title="Ardipithecus ramidus – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Ardipithecus ramidus" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardipithecus_ramidus" title="Ardipithecus ramidus – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ardipithecus ramidus" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a 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width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><i>Ardipithecus ramidus</i><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <a href="/wiki/Zanclean" title="Zanclean">Zanclean</a> <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">4.5–4.32 <a href="/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Ma</a></span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:17.583076923077px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.22px; width:14.807692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:70.027692307692px; width:7.9470769230769px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:77.974769230769px; width:20.564923076923px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.539692307692px; width:20.294153846154px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.732307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:171.56615384615px; width:26.095384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.540307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20184615385px; width:6.9249230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"> <div style="position:absolute; left:218.47692307692px; font-size:50%"><div style="position:relative; left:-0.42em">↓</div></div> </div> </div></span></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ardipithecus_ramidus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A skull" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Ardipithecus_ramidus.jpg/220px-Ardipithecus_ramidus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Ardipithecus_ramidus.jpg/330px-Ardipithecus_ramidus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Ardipithecus_ramidus.jpg/440px-Ardipithecus_ramidus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1212" data-file-height="1348" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><i>A. ramidus</i> at the <a href="/wiki/Museo_Nacional_de_Ciencias_Naturales" title="Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales">Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Ardipithecus" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">Primates</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Suborder: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Haplorhini" title="Haplorhini">Haplorhini</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Infraorder: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Simian" title="Simian">Simiiformes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hominidae" title="Hominidae">Hominidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subfamily: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Homininae" title="Homininae">Homininae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tribe: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hominini" title="Hominini">Hominini</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a href="/wiki/Ardipithecus" title="Ardipithecus"><i>Ardipithecus</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species">†<i><b>A. ramidus</b></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><span style="font-weight:normal;">†</span><i>Ardipithecus ramidus</i></span></b><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Tim_D._White" title="Tim D. White">White</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gen_Suwa" title="Gen Suwa">Suwa</a> & <a href="/wiki/Berhane_Asfaw" title="Berhane Asfaw">Asfaw</a>, 1994)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><i>Australopithecus ramidus</i></li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><i><b>Ardipithecus ramidus</b></i> is a species of <a href="/wiki/Australopithecine" title="Australopithecine">australopithecine</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Afar_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Afar region">Afar region</a> of <a href="/wiki/Early_Pliocene" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Pliocene">Early Pliocene</a> Ethiopia 4.4 million years ago (mya). <i>A. ramidus</i>, unlike modern <a href="/wiki/Hominid" class="mw-redirect" title="Hominid">hominids</a>, has adaptations for both walking on two legs (<a href="/wiki/Biped" class="mw-redirect" title="Biped">bipedality</a>) and life in the trees (<a href="/wiki/Arboreal" class="mw-redirect" title="Arboreal">arboreality</a>). However, it would not have been as efficient at bipedality as <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">humans</a>, nor at arboreality as non-human <a href="/wiki/Great_ape" class="mw-redirect" title="Great ape">great apes</a>. Its discovery, along with <a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a> apes, has reworked academic understanding of the <a href="/wiki/Chimpanzee%E2%80%93human_last_common_ancestor" title="Chimpanzee–human last common ancestor">chimpanzee–human last common ancestor</a> from appearing much like modern-day <a href="/wiki/Chimpanzee" title="Chimpanzee">chimpanzees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orangutan" title="Orangutan">orangutans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gorilla" title="Gorilla">gorillas</a> to being a creature without a modern anatomical cognate. </p><p>The facial anatomy suggests that <i>A. ramidus</i> males were less aggressive than those of modern chimps, which is correlated to increased parental care and <a href="/wiki/Monogamy_in_animals" title="Monogamy in animals">monogamy</a> in primates. It has also been suggested that it was among the earliest of human ancestors to use some proto-language, possibly capable of vocalizing at the same level as a human infant. This is based on evidence of human-like skull architecture, cranial base angle and vocal tract dimensions, all of which in <i>A. ramidus</i> are paedomorphic when compared to chimpanzees and bonobos. This suggests the trend toward paedomorphic or juvenile-like form evident in human evolution, may have begun with <i>A. ramidus</i>. Given these unique features, it has been argued that in <i>A. ramidus</i> we may have the first evidence of human-like forms of social behaviour, vocally mediated sociality as well as increased levels of prosociality via the process of self-domestication—all of which seem to be associated with the same underlying changes in skull architecture. <i>A. ramidus</i> appears to have inhabited <a href="/wiki/Woodland" title="Woodland">woodland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bushland" title="Bushland">bushland</a> corridors between savannas, and was a generalized <a href="/wiki/Omnivore" title="Omnivore">omnivore</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ardipithecus_ramidus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Taxonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_fossil_sites_of_the_earliest_hominids_(35.8-3.3M_BP).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Map_of_the_fossil_sites_of_the_earliest_hominids_%2835.8-3.3M_BP%29.svg/220px-Map_of_the_fossil_sites_of_the_earliest_hominids_%2835.8-3.3M_BP%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Map_of_the_fossil_sites_of_the_earliest_hominids_%2835.8-3.3M_BP%29.svg/330px-Map_of_the_fossil_sites_of_the_earliest_hominids_%2835.8-3.3M_BP%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Map_of_the_fossil_sites_of_the_earliest_hominids_%2835.8-3.3M_BP%29.svg/440px-Map_of_the_fossil_sites_of_the_earliest_hominids_%2835.8-3.3M_BP%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1525" data-file-height="1440" /></a><figcaption>Map showing discovery locations of various <a href="/wiki/Australopithecine" title="Australopithecine">australopithecines</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The first remains were described in 1994 by American anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Tim_D._White" title="Tim D. White">Tim D. White</a>, Japanese paleoanthropologist <a href="/wiki/Gen_Suwa" title="Gen Suwa">Gen Suwa</a>, and Ethiopian paleontologist <a href="/wiki/Berhane_Asfaw" title="Berhane Asfaw">Berhane Asfaw</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Holotype_specimen" class="mw-redirect" title="Holotype specimen">holotype specimen</a>, ARA-VP-6/1, comprised an associated set of 10 teeth; and there were 16 other <a href="/wiki/Paratype" title="Paratype">paratypes</a> identified, preserving also skull and arm fragments. These were unearthed in the 4.4-million-year-old (Ma) deposits of the <a href="/wiki/Afar_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Afar region">Afar region</a> in <a href="/wiki/Aramis,_Ethiopia" title="Aramis, Ethiopia">Aramis, Ethiopia</a> from 1992 to 1993, making them the oldest hominin remains at the time, surpassing <i><a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_afarensis" title="Australopithecus afarensis">Australopithecus afarensis</a></i>. They initially classified it as <i>Australopithecus ramidus</i>, the <a href="/wiki/Species_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Species name">species name</a> deriving from the <a href="/wiki/Afar_language" title="Afar language">Afar language</a> <i>ramid</i> "root".<sup id="cite_ref-White1994_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-White1994-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1995, they made a <a href="/wiki/Corrigendum" class="mw-redirect" title="Corrigendum">corrigendum</a> recommending it be split off into a separate genus, <i>Ardipithecus</i>; the name stems from Afar <i>ardi</i> "ground" or "floor".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 4.4-million-year-old female ARA-VP 6/500 ("<a href="/wiki/Ardi" title="Ardi">Ardi</a>") is the most complete specimen.<sup id="cite_ref-White2015_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-White2015-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fossils from at least nine <i>A. ramidus</i> individuals at <a href="/w/index.php?title=As_Duma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="As Duma (page does not exist)">As Duma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gona,_Ethiopia" title="Gona, Ethiopia">Gona Western Margin</a>, Afar, were unearthed from 1993 to 2003. The fossils were dated to between 4.32 and 4.51 million years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2001, 6.5- to 5.5-million-year-old fossils from the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Awash" title="Middle Awash">Middle Awash</a> were classified as a subspecies of <i>A. ramidus</i> by Ethiopian paleoanthropologist <a href="/wiki/Yohannes_Haile-Selassie" title="Yohannes Haile-Selassie">Yohannes Haile-Selassie</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Haile2001_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haile2001-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2004, Haile-Selassie, Suwa and White split it off into its own species, <i><a href="/wiki/A._kadabba" class="mw-redirect" title="A. kadabba">A. kadabba</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>A. kadabba</i> is considered to have been the direct ancestor of <i>A. ramidus</i>, making <i>Ardipithecus</i> a <a href="/wiki/Chronospecies" title="Chronospecies">chronospecies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lovejoy2014_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lovejoy2014-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The exact <a href="/wiki/Affinity_(taxonomy)" title="Affinity (taxonomy)">affinities</a> of <i>Ardipithecus</i> have been debated. White, in 1994, considered <i>A. ramidus</i> to have been more closely related to <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">humans</a> than chimpanzees, though noting it to be the most <a href="/wiki/Ape" title="Ape">ape</a>-like fossil hominin to date.<sup id="cite_ref-White1994_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-White1994-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2001, French paleontologist <a href="/wiki/Brigitte_Senut" title="Brigitte Senut">Brigitte Senut</a> and colleagues aligned it more closely to <a href="/wiki/Chimpanzee" title="Chimpanzee">chimpanzees</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but this has been refuted.<sup id="cite_ref-Haile2001_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haile2001-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2009, White and colleagues reaffirmed the position of <i>Ardipithecus</i> as more closely related to modern humans based on dental similarity, a short <a href="/wiki/Base_of_the_skull" class="mw-redirect" title="Base of the skull">base of the skull</a>, and adaptations to <a href="/wiki/Biped" class="mw-redirect" title="Biped">bipedality</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AndThePaleobiology_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AndThePaleobiology-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2011, primatologist <a href="/wiki/Esteban_Sarmiento" title="Esteban Sarmiento">Esteban Sarmiento</a> said that there is not enough evidence to assign <i>Ardipithecus</i> to <a href="/wiki/Hominini" title="Hominini">Hominini</a> (comprising both humans and chimps),<sup id="cite_ref-Sarmiento2011_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sarmiento2011-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but its closer affinities to humans have been reaffirmed in following years.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> White and colleagues consider it to have been closely related to or the ancestor of the temporally close <i><a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_anamensis" title="Australopithecus anamensis">Australopithecus anamensis</a></i>, which was the ancestor to <i><a href="/wiki/Au._afarensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Au. afarensis">Au. afarensis</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-White2015_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-White2015-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table border="0" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="0" align="center" style="font-size:smaller;"> <caption style="font-size:larger;"><b>African <a href="/wiki/Hominin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hominin">hominin</a> timeline</b> <small>(in mya)</small><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Template:African_hominin_timeline#References" title="Template:African hominin timeline">View references</a></small> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td> <div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_bzjr3ohria7p49s0i73p1pez4j7lxmu"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/H._sapiens" coords="510,309,601,330" title="H. sapiens" alt="H. sapiens" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/H._naledi" coords="521,293,607,314" title="H. naledi" alt="H. naledi" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/H._rhodesiensis" coords="389,278,508,298" title="H. rhodesiensis" alt="H. rhodesiensis" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/H._ergaster" coords="283,262,380,283" title="H. ergaster" alt="H. ergaster" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Au._sediba" coords="298,246,390,267" title="Au. sediba" alt="Au. sediba" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/P._robustus" coords="283,230,380,251" title="P. robustus" alt="P. robustus" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/P._boisei" coords="279,215,365,235" title="P. boisei" alt="P. boisei" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/H._rudolfensis" coords="170,199,284,220" title="H. rudolfensis" alt="H. rudolfensis" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/H._habilis" coords="236,183,328,204" title="H. habilis" alt="H. habilis" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Au._garhi" coords="254,167,340,188" title="Au. garhi" alt="Au. garhi" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/P._aethiopicus" coords="148,152,261,172" title="P. aethiopicus" alt="P. aethiopicus" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/LD_350%2D1" coords="235,136,315,157" title="LD 350-1" alt="LD 350-1" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/K._platyops" coords="122,120,219,141" title="K. platyops" alt="K. platyops" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Au._bahrelghazali" coords="-4,104,127,125" title="Au. bahrelghazali" alt="Au. bahrelghazali" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Au._deyiremeda" coords="47,89,161,109" title="Au. deyiremeda" alt="Au. deyiremeda" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Au._africanus" coords="40,73,148,94" title="Au. africanus" alt="Au. africanus" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Au._afarensis" coords="13,57,122,78" title="Au. afarensis" alt="Au. afarensis" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Au._anamensis" coords="-22,41,86,62" title="Au. anamensis" alt="Au. anamensis" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Ar._ramidus" coords="-26,26,71,46" title="Ar. ramidus" alt="Ar. ramidus" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Ar._kadabba" coords="77,10,174,31" title="Ar. kadabba" alt="Ar. kadabba" /></map><img usemap="#timeline_bzjr3ohria7p49s0i73p1pez4j7lxmu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/bzjr3ohria7p49s0i73p1pez4j7lxmu.png" /></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> </p><p>Before the discovery of <i>Ardipithecus</i> and other pre-<i>Australopithecus</i> hominins, it was assumed that the <a href="/wiki/Chimpanzee%E2%80%93human_last_common_ancestor" title="Chimpanzee–human last common ancestor">chimpanzee–human last common ancestor</a> and preceding apes appeared much like modern-day <a href="/wiki/Chimpanzee" title="Chimpanzee">chimpanzees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orangutan" title="Orangutan">orangutans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gorilla" title="Gorilla">gorillas</a>, which would have meant these three changed very little over millions of years. Their discovery led to the postulation that modern great apes, much like humans, evolved several specialized adaptations to their environment (have highly derived <a href="/wiki/Synapomorphy_and_apomorphy" class="mw-redirect" title="Synapomorphy and apomorphy">morphologies</a>), and their ancestors were comparatively poorly adapted to <a href="/wiki/Suspensory_behavior" title="Suspensory behavior">suspensory behavior</a> or knuckle walking, and did not have such a specialized diet. Also, the origins of bipedality were thought to have occurred due to a switch from a forest to a savanna environment, but the presence of bipedal pre-<i>Australopithecus</i> hominins in <a href="/wiki/Woodland" title="Woodland">woodlands</a> has called this into question,<sup id="cite_ref-Lovejoy2009c_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lovejoy2009c-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though they inhabited wooded corridors near or between savannas. It is also possible that <i>Ardipithecus</i> and pre-<i>Australopithecus</i> were random offshoots of the hominin line.<sup id="cite_ref-Cerling2010_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cerling2010-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ardipithecus_ramidus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ardipithecus_Gesamt1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Ardipithecus_Gesamt1.jpg/220px-Ardipithecus_Gesamt1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="336" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Ardipithecus_Gesamt1.jpg/330px-Ardipithecus_Gesamt1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Ardipithecus_Gesamt1.jpg/440px-Ardipithecus_Gesamt1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1496" data-file-height="2288" /></a><figcaption>Reconstruction of <i>Ardipithecus</i> skeleton</figcaption></figure> <p>Assuming subsistence was primarily sourced from climbing in trees, <i>A. ramidus</i> may not have exceeded 35–60 kg (77–132 lb). "Ardi," a larger female specimen, was estimated to have stood 117–124 cm (3 ft 10 in – 4 ft 1 in) and weighed 51 kg (112 lb) based on comparisons with large-bodied female apes.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike the later <i>Australopithecus</i> but much like chimps and humans, males and females were about the same size.<sup id="cite_ref-White2015_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-White2015-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>A. ramidus</i> had a small brain, measuring 300–350 cc (18–21 cu in). This is slightly smaller than a modern <a href="/wiki/Bonobo" title="Bonobo">bonobo</a> or chimp brain, but much smaller than the brain of <i><a href="/wiki/Australopithecus" title="Australopithecus">Australopithecus</a>—</i>about 400–550 cc (24–34 cu in)—and roughly 20% the size of the modern human brain. Like chimps, the <i>A. ramidus</i> face was much more pronounced (<a href="/wiki/Prognathism" title="Prognathism">prognathic</a>) than modern humans.<sup id="cite_ref-Suwa_2009_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suwa_2009-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The size of the upper <a href="/wiki/Canine_tooth" title="Canine tooth">canine tooth</a> in <i>A. ramidus</i> males was not distinctly different from that of females (only 12% larger), in contrast to the <a href="/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">sexual dimorphism</a> observed in chimps where males have significantly larger and sharper upper canines than females.<sup id="cite_ref-White2015_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-White2015-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Suwa_2009b_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suwa_2009b-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>A. ramidus</i> feet are better suited for walking than chimps. However, like non-human great apes, but unlike all previously recognized human ancestors, it had a grasping big toe adapted for locomotion in the trees (an <a href="/wiki/Arboreal" class="mw-redirect" title="Arboreal">arboreal</a> lifestyle), though it was likely not as specialized for grasping as it is in modern great apes.<sup id="cite_ref-AndThePaleobiology_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AndThePaleobiology-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lovejoy2009b_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lovejoy2009b-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its <a href="/wiki/Tibia" title="Tibia">tibial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tarsus_(skeleton)" title="Tarsus (skeleton)">tarsal</a> lengths indicate a leaping ability similar to bonobos.<sup id="cite_ref-Sarmiento2011_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sarmiento2011-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It lacks any characters suggestive of specialized <a href="/wiki/Suspensory_behaviour" class="mw-redirect" title="Suspensory behaviour">suspension</a>, vertical climbing, or <a href="/wiki/Knuckle_walking" class="mw-redirect" title="Knuckle walking">knuckle walking</a>; and it seems to have used a method of locomotion unlike any modern great ape, which combined arboreal <a href="/wiki/Palmigrade" title="Palmigrade">palm walking</a> clambering and a form of bipedality more primitive than <i>Australopithecus</i>. The discovery of such unspecialized locomotion led American anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Owen_Lovejoy_(anthropologist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Owen Lovejoy (anthropologist)">Owen Lovejoy</a> and colleagues to postulate that the chimpanzee–human last common ancestor used a similar method of locomotion.<sup id="cite_ref-AndThePaleobiology_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AndThePaleobiology-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The upper pelvis (distance from the <a href="/wiki/Sacrum" title="Sacrum">sacrum</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Hip_joint" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip joint">hip joint</a>) is shorter than in any known ape. It is inferred to have had a long <a href="/wiki/Lumbar_vertebra" class="mw-redirect" title="Lumbar vertebra">lumbar vertebral</a> series, and <a href="/wiki/Lordosis" title="Lordosis">lordosis</a> (human curvature of the spine), which are adaptations for bipedality. However, the legs were not completely aligned with the torso (were anterolaterally displaced), and <i>Ardipithecus</i> may have relied more on its <a href="/wiki/Quadriceps" title="Quadriceps">quadriceps</a> than <a href="/wiki/Hamstrings" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamstrings">hamstrings</a> which is more effective for climbing than walking.<sup id="cite_ref-Lovejoy2014_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lovejoy2014-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lovejoy2009a_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lovejoy2009a-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it lacked <a href="/wiki/Foot_arch" class="mw-redirect" title="Foot arch">foot arches</a> and had to adopt a flat-footed stance. These would have made it less efficient at walking and running than <i>Australopithecus</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Homo" title="Homo">Homo</a></i>. It may not have employed a bipedal gait for very long time intervals.<sup id="cite_ref-White2015_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-White2015-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It may have predominantly used palm walking on the ground,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, <i>A. ramidus</i> still had specialized adaptations for bipedality, such as a robust <a href="/wiki/Fibularis_longus" title="Fibularis longus">fibularis longus</a> muscle used in pushing the foot off the ground while walking (<a href="/wiki/Plantarflexion" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantarflexion">plantarflexion</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-Lovejoy2009b_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lovejoy2009b-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the big toe (though still capable of grasping) was used for pushing off, and the legs were aligned directly over the ankles instead of bowing out like in non-human great apes.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Paleobiology">Paleobiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ardipithecus_ramidus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Paleobiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Modell_eines_Sch%C3%A4dels_des_Pan_troglodytes_(Schimpanse,_weiblich).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Modell_eines_Sch%C3%A4dels_des_Pan_troglodytes_%28Schimpanse%2C_weiblich%29.jpg/220px-Modell_eines_Sch%C3%A4dels_des_Pan_troglodytes_%28Schimpanse%2C_weiblich%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Modell_eines_Sch%C3%A4dels_des_Pan_troglodytes_%28Schimpanse%2C_weiblich%29.jpg/330px-Modell_eines_Sch%C3%A4dels_des_Pan_troglodytes_%28Schimpanse%2C_weiblich%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Modell_eines_Sch%C3%A4dels_des_Pan_troglodytes_%28Schimpanse%2C_weiblich%29.jpg/440px-Modell_eines_Sch%C3%A4dels_des_Pan_troglodytes_%28Schimpanse%2C_weiblich%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="923" /></a><figcaption>Chimp skull (note the large canines and elongated face)</figcaption></figure> <p>The reduced canine size and reduced skull robustness in <i>A. ramidus</i> males (about the same size in males and females) is typically correlated with reduced male–male conflict, increased parental investment, and <a href="/wiki/Monogamy_in_animals" title="Monogamy in animals">monogamy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lovejoy2014_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lovejoy2014-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AndThePaleobiology_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AndThePaleobiology-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of this, it is assumed that <i>A. ramidus</i> lived in a society similar to bonobos and <a href="/wiki/Ateline" class="mw-redirect" title="Ateline">ateline</a> monkeys<sup id="cite_ref-Suwa_2009b_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suwa_2009b-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> due to a process of <a href="/wiki/Self-domestication#in_humans" title="Self-domestication">self domestication</a> (becoming more and more docile which allows for a more gracile build). Because a similar process is thought to have occurred with the comparatively docile bonobos from more aggressive chimps, <i>A. ramidus</i> society may have seen an increase in maternal care and female mate selection compared to its ancestors.<sup id="cite_ref-Clark_&_Henneberg_2015_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clark_&_Henneberg_2015-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alternatively, it is possible that increased male size is a derived trait instead of basal (it evolved later rather than earlier), and is a specialized adaptation in modern great apes as a response to a different and more physically exerting lifestyle in males than females rather than being tied to interspecific conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-Lovejoy2009c_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lovejoy2009c-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Australian anthropologists Gary Clark and <a href="/wiki/Maciej_Henneberg" title="Maciej Henneberg">Maciej Henneberg</a> argued that such shortening of the skull—which may have caused a descension of the <a href="/wiki/Larynx" title="Larynx">larynx</a>—as well as lordosis—allowing better movement of the larynx—increased vocal ability, significantly pushing back the <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_language" title="Origin of language">origin of language</a> to well before the evolution of <i>Homo</i>. They argued that self domestication was aided by the development of vocalization, living in a pro-social society, as a means of non-violently dealing with conflict. They conceded that chimps and <i>A. ramidus</i> likely had the same vocal capabilities, but said that <i>A. ramidus</i> made use of more complex vocalizations, and vocalized at the same level as a human infant due to <a href="/wiki/Selective_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Selective pressure">selective pressure</a> to become more social. This would have allowed their society to become more complex. They also noted that the base of the skull stopped growing with the brain by the end of juvenility, whereas in chimps it continues growing with the rest of the body into adulthood; and considered this evidence of a switch from a gross skeletal anatomy trajectory to a neurological development trajectory due to selective pressure for sociability. Nonetheless, their conclusions are highly speculative.<sup id="cite_ref-Clark_&_Henneberg_2015_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clark_&_Henneberg_2015-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nut_cracking_Ardipithecus.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Nut_cracking_Ardipithecus.png/240px-Nut_cracking_Ardipithecus.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Nut_cracking_Ardipithecus.png/360px-Nut_cracking_Ardipithecus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Nut_cracking_Ardipithecus.png/480px-Nut_cracking_Ardipithecus.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Hypothetical restoration of a female <i>Ardipithecus</i> using a hammer and anvil to crack open a nut</figcaption></figure> <p>American primatologist <a href="/wiki/Craig_Stanford" title="Craig Stanford">Craig Stanford</a> postulated that <i>A. ramidus</i> behaved similarly to chimps, which frequent both the trees and the ground, have a <a href="/wiki/Polygyny_in_animals" title="Polygyny in animals">polygynous</a> society, hunt cooperatively, and are the most <a href="/wiki/Tool_use_by_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Tool use by animals">technologically advanced non-human</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Clark and Henneberg concluded that <i>Ardipithecus</i> cannot be compared to chimps, having been too similar to humans.<sup id="cite_ref-Clark_&_Henneberg_2015_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clark_&_Henneberg_2015-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to French paleoprimatologist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Renaud_Boisserie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Renaud Boisserie (page does not exist)">Jean-Renaud Boisserie</a>, the hands of <i>Ardipithecus</i> would have been dextrous enough to handle basic tools, though it has not been associated with any tools.<sup id="cite_ref-Boisserie2010_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boisserie2010-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The teeth of <i>A. ramidus</i> indicate that it was likely a generalized <a href="/wiki/Omnivore" title="Omnivore">omnivore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frugivore" title="Frugivore">fruit eater</a> which predominantly consumed <a href="/wiki/C3_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="C3 plant">C3 plants</a> in woodlands or <a href="/wiki/Gallery_forest" title="Gallery forest">gallery forests</a>. The teeth lacked adaptations for abrasive foods.<sup id="cite_ref-AndThePaleobiology_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AndThePaleobiology-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sarmiento2011_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sarmiento2011-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Suwa_2009b_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suwa_2009b-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lacking the speed and agility of chimps and baboons, meat intake by <i>Ardipithecus</i>, if done, would have been sourced from only what could have been captured by limited pursuit, or from scavenging carcasses.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The second-to-fourth digit ratios of <i>A. ramidus</i> are low, consistent with high androgenisation and a disposition towards polygyny.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Paleoecology">Paleoecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ardipithecus_ramidus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Paleoecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Half of the large mammal species associated with <i>A. ramidus</i> at Aramis are <a href="/wiki/Spiral-horned_antelope" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiral-horned antelope">spiral-horned antelope</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colobine_monkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Colobine monkey">colobine monkeys</a> (namely <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuseracolobus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuseracolobus (page does not exist)">Kuseracolobus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Pliopapio" title="Pliopapio">Pliopapio</a></i>). There are a few specimens of primitive <a href="/wiki/White_rhinoceros" title="White rhinoceros">white</a> and <a href="/wiki/Black_rhinoceros" title="Black rhinoceros">black</a> rhino species, and elephants, giraffes and hippo specimens are less abundant. These animals indicate that Aramis ranged from wooded grasslands to forests, but <i>A. ramidus</i> likely preferred the closed habitats,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> specifically riverine areas as such water sources may have supported more canopy coverage.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aramis as a whole generally had less than 25% canopy cover.<sup id="cite_ref-Cerling2010_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cerling2010-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were exceedingly high rates of scavenging, indicating a highly competitive environment somewhat like <a href="/wiki/Ngorongoro_Crater" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngorongoro Crater">Ngorongoro Crater</a>. Predators of the area were the hyenas <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ikelohyaena_abronia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ikelohyaena abronia (page does not exist)">Ikelohyaena abronia</a></i> and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crocuta_dietrichi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crocuta dietrichi (page does not exist)">Crocuta dietrichi</a></i>, the bear <i><a href="/wiki/Agriotherium" title="Agriotherium">Agriotherium</a></i>, the cats <i><a href="/wiki/Dinofelis" title="Dinofelis">Dinofelis</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Megantereon" title="Megantereon">Megantereon</a></i>, the dog <i><a href="/wiki/Eucyon" title="Eucyon">Eucyon</a></i>, and crocodiles.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Myrica" title="Myrica">Bayberry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celtis" title="Celtis">hackberry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palm_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Palm tree">palm</a> trees appear to have been common at the time from Aramis to the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aden" title="Gulf of Aden">Gulf of Aden</a>; and botanical evidence suggests a cool, humid climate.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conversely, annual water deficit (the difference between water loss by <a href="/wiki/Evapotranspiration" title="Evapotranspiration">evapotranspiration</a> and water gain by precipitation) at Aramis was calculated to have been about 1,500 mm (59 in), which is seen in some of the hottest, driest parts of East Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-Cerling2010_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cerling2010-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Carbon_isotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon isotope">Carbon isotope</a> analyses of the herbivore teeth from the Gona Western Margin associated with <i>A. ramidus</i> indicate that these herbivores fed mainly on <a href="/wiki/C4_plants" class="mw-redirect" title="C4 plants">C4 plants</a> and grasses rather than forest plants. The area seems to have featured <a href="/wiki/Bushland" title="Bushland">bushland</a> and grasslands.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ardipithecus_ramidus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australopithecus" title="Australopithecus"><i>Australopithecus</i></a> – Genus of hominin ancestral to modern humans</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardi" title="Ardi">Ardi</a> – Designation of the fossilized skeletal remains of an Ardipithecus ramidus</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graecopithecus" title="Graecopithecus"><i>Graecopithecus</i></a> – Extinct genus of hominids</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orrorin" title="Orrorin"><i>Orrorin</i></a> – Postulated early hominin discovered in Kenya</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranthropus" title="Paranthropus"><i>Paranthropus</i></a> – Contested extinct genus of hominins</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahelanthropus" title="Sahelanthropus"><i>Sahelanthropus</i></a> – Extinct hominid from Miocene Africa</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ardipithecus_ramidus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-White1994-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-White1994_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-White1994_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWhiteSuwaAsfaw1994" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tim_D._White" title="Tim D. White">White, T. D.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Gen_Suwa" title="Gen Suwa">Suwa, G.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Berhane_Asfaw" title="Berhane Asfaw">Asfaw, B.</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130413081635/http://www2.ku.edu/~lba/courses/articles/White%20ramadis94.pdf">"<i>Australopithecus ramidus</i>, a new species of early hominid from Aramis, Ethiopia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>371</b> (6495): <span class="nowrap">306–</span>312. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994Natur.371..306W">1994Natur.371..306W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F371306a0">10.1038/371306a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8090200">8090200</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4347140">4347140</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.ku.edu/~lba/courses/articles/White%20ramadis94.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2013-04-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Australopithecus+ramidus%2C+a+new+species+of+early+hominid+from+Aramis%2C+Ethiopia&rft.volume=371&rft.issue=6495&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E306-%3C%2Fspan%3E312&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F371306a0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4347140%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8090200&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1994Natur.371..306W&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=T.+D.&rft.au=Suwa%2C+G.&rft.au=Asfaw%2C+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.ku.edu%2F~lba%2Fcourses%2Farticles%2FWhite%2520ramadis94.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArdipithecus+ramidus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhiteSuwaAsfaw1995" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tim_D._White" title="Tim D. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Herbivore+enamel+carbon+isotopic+composition+and+the+environmental+context+of+Ardipithecus+at+Gona%2C+Ethiopia&rft.btitle=The+Geology+of+Early+Humans+in+the+Horn+of+Africa&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E215-%3C%2Fspan%3E234&rft.pub=Geological+Society+of+America+Special+Paper&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1130%2F2008.2446%2810%29&rft.isbn=9780813724461&rft.aulast=Levin&rft.aufirst=N.+E.&rft.au=Simpson%2C+S.+W.&rft.au=Quade%2C+J.&rft.au=Cerling%2C+T.+E.&rft.au=Frost%2C+S.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArdipithecus+ramidus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ardipithecus_ramidus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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href="http://gurche.com/ardipithecus-ramidus">Reconstruction</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_Gurche" title="John Gurche">John Gurche</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/species/ardipithecus-ramidus">The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130318211338/http://dsc.discovery.com/tv-shows/other-shows/videos/other-shows-discovering-ardi-videos.htm">Discovering Ardi – Discovery Channel</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-evolution-timeline-interactive">Human Timeline (Interactive)</a> – <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="National Museum of Natural History">National Museum of Natural History</a> (August 2016).</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Human_evolution" title="Template:Human evolution"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Human_evolution" title="Template talk:Human evolution"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Human_evolution" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Human evolution"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Human_evolution511" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Human_evolution" title="Human evolution">Human evolution</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_taxonomy" title="Human taxonomy">Taxonomy</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Hominini" title="Hominini">Hominins</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Most_recent_common_ancestor" title="Most recent common ancestor">Last common ancestors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chimpanzee%E2%80%93human_last_common_ancestor" title="Chimpanzee–human last common ancestor">Chimpanzee–human</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorilla%E2%80%93human_last_common_ancestor" title="Gorilla–human last common ancestor">Gorilla–human</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orangutan%E2%80%93human_last_common_ancestor" title="Orangutan–human last common ancestor">Orangutan–human</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibbon%E2%80%93human_last_common_ancestor" title="Gibbon–human last common ancestor">Gibbon–human</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australopithecine" title="Australopithecine">Australopithecines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nakalipithecus" title="Nakalipithecus">Nakalipithecus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orrorin" title="Orrorin">Orrorin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sahelanthropus" title="Sahelanthropus">Sahelanthropus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kenyanthropus" title="Kenyanthropus">Kenyanthropus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><i><a href="/wiki/Ardipithecus" title="Ardipithecus">Ardipithecus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ardipithecus_kadabba" title="Ardipithecus kadabba">A. kadabba</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">A. ramidus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><i><a href="/wiki/Australopithecus" title="Australopithecus">Australopithecus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_afarensis" title="Australopithecus afarensis">A. afarensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_africanus" title="Australopithecus africanus">A. africanus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_anamensis" title="Australopithecus anamensis">A. anamensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_bahrelghazali" title="Australopithecus bahrelghazali">A. bahrelghazali</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_deyiremeda" title="Australopithecus deyiremeda">A. deyiremeda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_garhi" title="Australopithecus garhi">A. garhi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_sediba" title="Australopithecus sediba">A. sediba</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><i><a href="/wiki/Paranthropus" title="Paranthropus">Paranthropus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Paranthropus_aethiopicus" title="Paranthropus aethiopicus">P. aethiopicus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paranthropus_boisei" title="Paranthropus boisei">P. boisei</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paranthropus_robustus" title="Paranthropus robustus">P. robustus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Homo" title="Homo">Humans and<br />proto-humans<br />(<i>Homo</i>)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Proto-humans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_gautengensis" title="Homo gautengensis">H. gautengensis</a></i> (?)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_habilis" title="Homo habilis">H. habilis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_naledi" title="Homo naledi">H. naledi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_rudolfensis" title="Homo rudolfensis">H. rudolfensis</a></i> (?)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Penghu_1" title="Penghu 1">H. tsaichangensis</a></i> (?)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">Homo erectus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Java_Man" title="Java Man">H. e. erectus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dmanisi_hominins" title="Dmanisi hominins">H. e. georgicus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lantian_Man" title="Lantian Man">H. e. lantianensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Man" title="Nanjing Man">H. e. nankinensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peking_Man" title="Peking Man">H. e. pekinensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Solo_Man" title="Solo Man">H. e. soloensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tautavel_Man" title="Tautavel Man">H. e. tautavelensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yuanmou_Man" title="Yuanmou Man">H. e. yuanmouensis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Archaic_humans" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaic humans">Archaic humans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_antecessor" title="Homo antecessor">H. antecessor</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denisovan" title="Denisovan">Denisovans</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_ergaster" title="Homo ergaster">H. ergaster</a></i> (?)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_floresiensis" title="Homo floresiensis">H. floresiensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_heidelbergensis" title="Homo heidelbergensis">H. heidelbergensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_longi" title="Homo longi">H. longi</a></i> (?)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_luzonensis" title="Homo luzonensis">H. luzonensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neanderthal" title="Neanderthal">H. neanderthalensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_rhodesiensis" title="Homo rhodesiensis">H. rhodesiensis</a></i> (?)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">Modern humans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Homo_sapiens26" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><i><a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">Homo sapiens</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_human" title="Early modern human"><i>H. s. sapiens</i> (archaic homo sapiens, anatomically modern humans)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebel_Irhoud" title="Jebel Irhoud">Jebel Irhoud</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Herto_Man" title="Herto Man">H. s. idaltu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cro-Magnon" title="Cro-Magnon">Cro-Magnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manot_1" title="Manot 1">Manot people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tam_Pa_Ling_Cave" title="Tam Pa Ling Cave">Tam Pa Ling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Deer_Cave_people" title="Red Deer Cave people">Red Deer Cave people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_evolution" title="Human evolution">Ancestors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_habilis" title="Homo habilis">Homo habilis</a></i> → <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_ergaster" title="Homo ergaster">Homo ergaster</a></i> / <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">Homo erectus</a></i> (→ <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_antecessor" title="Homo antecessor">Homo antecessor</a></i>)<sup>?</sup> → <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_heidelbergensis" title="Homo heidelbergensis">Homo heidelbergensis</a></i> → <i>archaic Homo sapiens</i> → <i><a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">Homo sapiens</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_hypothesis" title="Hunting hypothesis">Hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gathering_hypothesis" title="Gathering hypothesis">Gathering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endurance_running_hypothesis" title="Endurance running hypothesis">Endurance running</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_ape_hypothesis" title="Aquatic ape hypothesis">Aquatic ape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection_in_humans" title="Sexual selection in humans">Sexual selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-domestication#In_humans" title="Self-domestication">Self-domestication</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specific models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Diet <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Control_of_fire_by_early_humans#The_cooking_hypothesis" title="Control of fire by early humans">Cooking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expensive_tissue_hypothesis" title="Expensive tissue hypothesis">Expensive tissue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_ape_hypothesis#Diet" title="Aquatic ape hypothesis">Shore-based</a></li></ul></li> <li>Drugs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drunken_monkey_hypothesis" title="Drunken monkey hypothesis">Drunken monkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_models_of_human_drug_use" title="Evolutionary models of human drug use">Evolutionary models of human drug use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoned_ape_theory" title="Stoned ape theory">Stoned ape theory</a></li></ul></li> <li>Behavior <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Killer_ape_theory" title="Killer ape theory">Killer ape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative_eye_hypothesis" title="Cooperative eye hypothesis">Cooperative eye</a></li></ul></li> <li>Life history <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grandmother_hypothesis" title="Grandmother hypothesis">Grandmother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_hypothesis" title="Patriarch hypothesis">Patriarch</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics<br /></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_bipedalism_in_humans" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolution of bipedalism in humans">Bipedalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_skeletal_changes_due_to_bipedalism" title="Human skeletal changes due to bipedalism">Skeleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscular_evolution_in_humans" title="Muscular evolution in humans">Muscles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_skin_color" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolution of skin color">Skin color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_hair" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolution of hair">Hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_and_heat_adaptations_in_humans" title="Cold and heat adaptations in humans">Thermoregulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_speech" title="Origin of speech">Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_language" title="Origin of language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_human_intelligence" title="Evolution of human intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_division_of_labour#Hypotheses_for_the_evolutionary_origins_of_SDL" title="Sexual division of labour">Gender roles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_modern_humans" class="mw-redirect" title="Origin of modern humans">Origin of modern humans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Recent_African_origin_of_modern_humans" title="Recent African origin of modern humans">Recent African origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiregional_origin_of_modern_humans" title="Multiregional origin of modern humans">Multiregional origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interbreeding_between_archaic_and_modern_humans" title="Interbreeding between archaic and modern humans">Archaic admixture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_modernity" title="Behavioral modernity">Behavioral modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_human_migrations" title="Early human migrations">Early migrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recent_human_evolution" title="Recent human evolution">Recent evolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Timelines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_human_evolution" title="Timeline of human evolution">Human evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_prehistory" title="Timeline of prehistory">Human prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Human_timeline" title="Template:Human timeline">Human timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_evolution_theorists" title="Category:Human evolution theorists">Theorists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_evolution_books" title="Category:Human evolution books">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_human_evolution_fossils" title="List of human evolution fossils">Fossils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_anthropology" title="Evolutionary anthropology">Evolutionary anthropology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleoanthropology" title="Paleoanthropology">Paleoanthropology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_evolutionary_developmental_biology" title="Human evolutionary developmental biology">Human evolutionary developmental biology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_evolution" title="Category:Human evolution">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Human_evolution" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Human evolution">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Evolutionary_biology" title="Portal:Evolutionary biology">Evolutionary biology Portal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Science_Breakthroughs_of_the_Year112" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Breakthrough_of_the_Year" title="Template:Breakthrough of the Year"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Breakthrough_of_the_Year" title="Template talk:Breakthrough of the Year"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Breakthrough_of_the_Year" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Breakthrough of the Year"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Science_Breakthroughs_of_the_Year112" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Breakthrough_of_the_Year" title="Breakthrough of the Year"><i>Science</i> Breakthroughs of the Year</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i><br />journal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a> understanding</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1997: <a href="/wiki/Dolly_(sheep)" title="Dolly (sheep)">Dolly the sheep</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1998: <a href="/wiki/Accelerating_expansion_of_the_universe" title="Accelerating expansion of the universe">Accelerating universe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1999: <a href="/wiki/Stem_cell" title="Stem cell">Stem cell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2000: <a href="/wiki/Whole_genome_sequencing" title="Whole genome sequencing">Whole genome sequencing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2001: <a href="/wiki/Nanocircuitry" title="Nanocircuitry">Nanocircuits</a> or <a href="/wiki/Molecular_scale_electronics" title="Molecular scale electronics">Molecular circuit</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2002: <a href="/wiki/RNA_interference" title="RNA interference">RNA interference</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2003: <a href="/wiki/Dark_energy" title="Dark energy">Dark energy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2004: <a href="/wiki/Spirit_(rover)" title="Spirit (rover)"><i>Spirit</i> rover</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2005: <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">Evolution</a> in action</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2006: <a href="/wiki/Poincar%C3%A9_conjecture" title="Poincaré conjecture">Poincaré conjecture</a> proof</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2007: <a href="/wiki/Human_genetic_variation" title="Human genetic variation">Human genetic variation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2008: <a href="/wiki/Induced_pluripotent_stem_cell" title="Induced pluripotent stem cell">Cellular reprogramming</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2009: <i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ardipithecus ramidus</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2010: First <a href="/wiki/Quantum_machine" title="Quantum machine">quantum machine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2011: <a href="/wiki/HPTN_052" title="HPTN 052">HPTN 052</a> clinical trial</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2012: <a href="/wiki/Higgs_boson" title="Higgs boson">Higgs boson</a> discovery</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2013: <a href="/wiki/Cancer_immunotherapy" title="Cancer immunotherapy">Cancer immunotherapy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2014: <a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Rosetta (spacecraft)"><i>Rosetta</i> comet mission</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2015: <a href="/wiki/CRISPR_gene_editing" title="CRISPR gene editing">CRISPR genome-editing method</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2016: <a href="/wiki/First_observation_of_gravitational_waves" title="First observation of gravitational waves">First observation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_wave" title="Gravitational wave">gravitational waves</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2017: <a href="/wiki/GW170817" title="GW170817">GW170817</a> (<a href="/wiki/Neutron_star_merger" title="Neutron star merger">neutron star merger</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2018: <a href="/wiki/Single-cell_sequencing" title="Single-cell sequencing">Single-cell sequencing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2019: A <a href="/wiki/Black_hole" title="Black hole">black hole</a> <a href="/wiki/Messier_87" title="Messier 87">made visible</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2020: <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine" title="COVID-19 vaccine">COVID-19 vaccines</a> developed at record speed</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2021: <a href="/wiki/AlphaFold" title="AlphaFold">AI</a> brings <a href="/wiki/Protein_structure_prediction" title="Protein structure prediction">protein structures</a> to all</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2022: <a href="/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="James Webb Space Telescope">James Webb Space Telescope</a> debut</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2023: <a href="/wiki/GLP-1_receptor_agonist" title="GLP-1 receptor agonist">GLP-1 drugs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2024: <a href="/wiki/Lenacapavir" title="Lenacapavir">Lenacapavir</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers2048" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers2048" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Ardipithecus ramidus</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q312222" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q312222">Q312222</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ardipithecus_ramidus" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Ardipithecus ramidus">Ardipithecus ramidus</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">BioLib: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id32369">32369</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/8824355">8824355</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/4827630">4827630</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11300154">11300154</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=3607716">3607716</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=83060">83060</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Australopithecus ramidus</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q63301602" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q63301602">Q63301602</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/4827631">4827631</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11421444">11421444</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=3607716">3607716</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ardipithecus_ramidus&oldid=1268018736">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ardipithecus_ramidus&oldid=1268018736</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a 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