Digit ratios predict polygyny in early apes, Ardipithecus, Neanderthals and early modern humans but not in Australopithecus

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Recent studies have shown that the second-to-fourth digit ratio (2D : 4D), a putative biomar …"><meta name="keywords" content="pmid:21047863, PMC3081742, doi:10.1098/rspb.2010.1740, Historical Article, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, Emma Nelson, Campbell Rolian, Susanne Shultz, Animals, Behavior, Animal, Finger Phalanges / anatomy & histology, Fossils, History, Ancient, Hominidae / anatomy & histology, Hominidae / physiology*, Humans, Marriage / history*, Pair Bond, Sex Characteristics, Social Behavior, PubMed Abstract, NIH, NLM, NCBI, National Institutes of Health, National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, MEDLINE"><meta name="robots" content="index,nofollow,noarchive"><meta property="og:title" content="Digit ratios predict polygyny in early apes, Ardipithecus, Neanderthals and early modern humans but not in Australopithecus - PubMed"><meta property="og:url" content="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21047863/"><meta property="og:description" content="Social behaviour of fossil hominoid species is notoriously difficult to predict owing to difficulties in estimating body size dimorphism from fragmentary remains and, in hominins, low canine size dimorphism. 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new collection</label> </li> <li> <input type="radio" id="collections-action-panel-existing" class="collections-existing" name="collections" value="existing" checked="true" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="collections" data-ga-label="collections_radio_existing"> <label for="collections-action-panel-existing">Add to an existing collection</label> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="controls-wrapper"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap new-collections-controls"> <label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-new" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk"> Name your collection: </label> <input type="text" name="add-to-new-collection" id="collections-action-panel-add-to-new" class="collections-action-add-to-new" pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/" maxlength="100" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="create_collection" data-ga-label="non_favorties_collection"> <div class="collections-new-name-too-long usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Name must be less than 100 characters </div> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap existing-collections-controls"> <label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-label"> Choose a collection: </label> <select id="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-selector collections-action-add-to-existing" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="select_collection" data-ga-label="($('#collections-action-add-to-existing').val() === 'Favorites') ? 'Favorites' : 'non_favorites_collection'"> </select> <div class="collections-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Unable to load your collection due to an error<br> <a href="#">Please try again</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Adding..." data-pinger-ignore data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="collections" data-ga-label="add"> Add </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Add to Collections' panel" ref="linksrc=close_collections_panel" aria-controls="collections-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="collections" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="bibliography-action-panel" class="bibliography-action-panel action-panel in-progress-dots-panel" aria-hidden="true" data-bibliography-open-panel-enabled="false" data-bibliography-open-panel-url-hash="#open-bibliography-panel"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h3 class="action-panel-heading"> Add to My Bibliography </h3> <form id="bibliography-action-panel-form" class="bibliography-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors" data-add-to-bibliography-max-amount="100" data-add-to-bibliography-batch-size="10" data-bibliography-delegates-url="/list-bibliography-delegates/" data-add-to-bibliography-url="/add-to-bibliography/" data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/" data-mybib-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/mybibliography/"> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="VaCL8p4WpUqdAJqc6fEiXAe9Ajfh82gf9AEpQI5mMEN4ZAwvYsvM2gIwlDxE9FRz"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap bibliographies-controls"> <div class="choice-group"> <ul class="bibliographies-action-add radio-group-items"> <li> <input name="bibliography" id="my-bibliography" class="my-bibliography" type="radio" checked/> <label for="my-bibliography">My Bibliography</label> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="bibliographies-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Unable to load your delegates due to an error<br> <a href="#">Please try again</a> </div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Adding..." data-pinger-ignore> Add </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Add to bibliography' panel" ref="linksrc=close_bibliography_panel" aria-controls="bibliography-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="mybib" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="saved-search-action-panel" class="saved-search-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true" data-saved-search-open-panel-enabled="false" data-saved-search-open-panel-url-hash="#open-saved-search-panel"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h2 class="action-panel-heading"> Your saved search </h2> <form id="saved-search-action-panel-form" class="saved-search-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form" data-create-saved-search-url="/create-saved-search/" data-try-search-terms-url="/try-search-term/" data-saved-search-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/searches/"> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="VaCL8p4WpUqdAJqc6fEiXAe9Ajfh82gf9AEpQI5mMEN4ZAwvYsvM2gIwlDxE9FRz"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-name" class="action-panel-label saved-search-name-label required-field-asterisk"> Name of saved search: </label> <input maxlength="200" type="text" name="saved-search-name" id="saved-search-name" class="saved-search-name" value="" required pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/"> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-term" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk"> Search terms: </label> <textarea name="saved-search-term" id="saved-search-term" class="saved-search-term" required></textarea> </div> <div class="test-search-term-wrap"> <a href="#" class="try-search-term">Test search terms</a> </div> <div class="choice-group action-panel-extra-margin-top"> <span class="action-panel-label" id="fieldset-label"> Would you like email updates of new search results? </span> <fieldset id="saved-search-alert" aria-describedby="fieldset-label"> <legend class="usa-sr-only">Saved Search Alert Radio Buttons</legend> <ul class="radio-group-items"> <li> <input type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-yes" class="saved-search-alert-yes" name="saved-search-alert" value="yes" checked> <label for="saved-search-alert-yes" class="action-panel-label">Yes</label> </li> <li> <input aria-label="No radio input" type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-no" class="saved-search-alert-no" name="saved-search-alert" value="no"> <label for="saved-search-alert-no" class="action-panel-label">No</label> </li> </ul> </fieldset> </div> <div class="alert-schedule-wrap"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label class="action-panel-label"> Email: </label> <span aria-label="Email address" id="saved-search-email" class="action-panel-label"><span class="action-panel-label-bold"></span> (<a class="myncbi-account-settings" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/settings/">change</a>)</span> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top"> <label for="saved-search-frequency" class="action-panel-label"> Frequency: </label> <select id="saved-search-frequency" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-frequency"> <option value="monthly">Monthly</option> <option value="weekly">Weekly</option> <option value="daily">Daily</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-monthly-additional"> <label for="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="action-panel-label"> Which day? </label> <select id="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector"> <option value="Sunday">The first Sunday</option> <option value="Monday">The first Monday</option> <option value="Tuesday">The first Tuesday</option> <option value="Wednesday">The first Wednesday</option> <option value="Thursday">The first Thursday</option> <option value="Friday">The first Friday</option> <option value="Saturday">The first Saturday</option> <option value="day">The first day</option> <option value="weekday">The first weekday</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-weekly-additional"> <label for="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="action-panel-label"> Which day? </label> <select id="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-weekly-on-day"> <option value="Sunday">Sunday</option> <option value="Monday">Monday</option> <option value="Tuesday">Tuesday</option> <option value="Wednesday">Wednesday</option> <option value="Thursday">Thursday</option> <option value="Friday">Friday</option> <option value="Saturday">Saturday</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-report" class="action-panel-label"> Report format: </label> <select id="saved-search-report" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-report"> <option value="DocSum">Summary</option> <option value="DocSumText">Summary (text)</option> <option value="Abstract">Abstract</option> <option value="AbstractText">Abstract (text)</option> <option value="MEDLINE">PubMed</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-amount" class="action-panel-label"> Send at most: </label> <select id="saved-search-amount" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-amount"> <option value="1">1 item</option> <option value="5" selected>5 items</option> <option value="10">10 items</option> <option value="20">20 items</option> <option value="50">50 items</option> <option value="100">100 items</option> <option value="200">200 items</option> </select> </div> <div> <input type="checkbox" id="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="saved-search-send-if-no-result" name="saved-search-send-if-no-result"> <label for="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="action-panel-label smaller-checkbox"> Send even when there aren't any new results </label> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap option-text-in-email-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-email-text" class="action-panel-label"> Optional text in email: </label> <textarea name="saved-search-email-text" id="saved-search-email-text" class="saved-search-email-text"></textarea> </div> </div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Saving..." data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="save"> Save </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Your saved search' panel" ref="linksrc=close_saved_search_panel" aria-controls="saved-search-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="citation-manager-action-panel" class="citation-manager-action-panel action-panel" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h2 class="action-panel-heading"> Create a file for external citation management software </h2> <form id="citation-manager-action-panel-form" class="action-panel-content action-form" action="/results-export-ids/" data-by-search-action="/results-export-search-data/" data-by-ids-action="/results-export-ids/" method="post" data-by-search-method="post" data-by-ids-method="post"> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="VaCL8p4WpUqdAJqc6fEiXAe9Ajfh82gf9AEpQI5mMEN4ZAwvYsvM2gIwlDxE9FRz"> <input name="results-format" type="hidden" value="pubmed"/> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Sending..." data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="citation_manager" data-ga-label="save"> Create file </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Send citations to citation manager' panel" ref="linksrc=close_citation_manager_panel" aria-controls="citation-manager-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="citation_manager" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="rss-action-panel" class="rss-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h2 class="action-panel-heading"> Your RSS Feed </h2> <form id="rss-action-panel-form" class="rss-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form" data-create-rss-feed-url="/create-rss-feed-url/" data-search-form-term-value=""> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="VaCL8p4WpUqdAJqc6fEiXAe9Ajfh82gf9AEpQI5mMEN4ZAwvYsvM2gIwlDxE9FRz"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="rss-name" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk"> Name of RSS Feed: </label> <input maxlength="200" placeholder="Name" type="text" name="rss-name" id="rss-name" class="rss-name" value='' required pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/"> </div> <div class="rss-limit-wrap"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top"> <label for="rss-limit" class="action-panel-label"> Number of items displayed: </label> <select id="rss-limit" class="no-border-panel-selector rss-limit"> <option value="5">5</option> <option value="10">10</option> <option value="15" selected="selected">15</option> <option value="20">20</option> <option value="50">50</option> <option value="100">100</option> </select> </div> </div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Creating..." data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="save"> Create RSS </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Your RSS' panel" ref="linksrc=close_rss_panel" aria-controls="rss-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap rss-link-copy-wrap"> <label for="rss-link" class="usa-sr-only">RSS Link</label> <input placeholder="Your RSS Feed Link" type="text" name="rss-link" id="rss-link" class="rss-link" title="RSS Link"> <button type="button" disabled class="rss-link-copy-button disabled" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="rss" data-ga-label="copy"> Copy </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="article-page" id="article-page" data-article-pmid="21047863"> <aside class="page-sidebar"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <div class="full-text-links"> <div class="full-view"> <h3 class="title"> Full text links </h3> <div class="full-text-links-list"> <a class="link-item dialog-focus" href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2010.1740?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub 0pubmed" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=fulltextorjournal_fulltext&is_pmc=False&PrId=4487&itool=Abstract-def&log$=linkouticon&uid=21047863&db=pubmed&nlmid=101245157" title="See full text options at Atypon" data-ga-category="full_text" data-ga-action="Atypon" data-ga-label="21047863" ><img src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/query/egifs/https:--royalsocietypublishing.org-pb-assets-pubmed-rsj-pubmed-full.png" alt="Atypon full text link"><span class="text"> Atypon </span></a><a class="link-item pmc " href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/pmid/21047863/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=fulltextorjournal_fulltext&is_pmc=True&PrId=3494&itool=Abstract-def&log$=linkouticon&uid=21047863&db=pubmed&nlmid=101245157" title="Free full text at PubMed Central" data-ga-category="full_text" data-ga-action="PMC" data-ga-label="21047863" ><span class="text"> Free PMC article </span></a> </div> </div> <div class="short-view"> <a href="#" class="full-text-links-button full-text-links-dialog-trigger"> Full text links </a> </div> </div> <div class="actions-buttons sidebar"><h3 class="title">Actions</h3><div class="inner-wrap"><button class="citation-button citation-dialog-trigger" aria-label="Open dialog with citation text in different styles" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="cite" data-ga-label="open" data-all-citations-url="/21047863/citations/" data-citation-style="nlm" data-pubmed-format-link="/21047863/export/"><span class="button-label">Cite</span></button><link type="text/css" href="ncbi-overlay-block/src/overlay-block.css"><div class="collections-button-container" data-article-id="21047863" data-article-db="pubmed"><button class="collections-button collections-dialog-trigger" aria-label="Save article in MyNCBI collections." data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="click" data-ga-label="collections_button" data-collections-open-dialog-enabled="false" data-collections-open-dialog-url="https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F21047863%2F%23open-collections-dialog" data-in-collections="false"><span class="button-label">Collections</span></button><div class="overlay" role="dialog"><div id="collections-action-dialog" class="dialog collections-dialog" aria-hidden="true"><div class="title">Add to Collections</div><div class="collections-action-panel action-panel"><form id="collections-action-dialog-form" class="collections-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors" data-existing-collections-url="/list-existing-collections/" data-add-to-existing-collection-url="/add-to-existing-collection/" data-create-and-add-to-new-collection-url="/create-and-add-to-new-collection/" data-myncbi-max-collection-name-length="100" data-collections-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/"><input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="VaCL8p4WpUqdAJqc6fEiXAe9Ajfh82gf9AEpQI5mMEN4ZAwvYsvM2gIwlDxE9FRz"><div class="choice-group" role="radiogroup"><ul class="radio-group-items"><li><input type="radio" id="collections-action-dialog-new" class="collections-new" name="collections" value="new" data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="click" data-ga-label="collections_radio_new"><label for="collections-action-dialog-new">Create a new collection</label></li><li><input type="radio" id="collections-action-dialog-existing" class="collections-existing" name="collections" value="existing" checked="true" data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="click" data-ga-label="collections_radio_existing"><label for="collections-action-dialog-existing">Add to an existing collection</label></li></ul></div><div class="controls-wrapper"><div class="action-panel-control-wrap 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data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label='"Proc Biol Sci"[jour]' href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div><span class="period">. </span><span class="cit">2011 May 22;278(1711):1556-63.</span> </div> <span class="citation-doi"> doi: 10.1098/rspb.2010.1740. </span> <span class="secondary-date"> Epub 2010 Nov 3. </span> </div> <h1 class="heading-title"> Digit ratios predict polygyny in early apes, Ardipithecus, Neanderthals and early modern humans but not in Australopithecus </h1> <div class="inline-authors"> <div class="authors"> <div class="authors-list"> <span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Nelson+E&cauthor_id=21047863" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Emma Nelson">Emma Nelson</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="School of Archaeology, Classics and Egyptology, University of Liverpool, Hartley Building, Brownlow Street, Liverpool L69 3GS, UK. enelson@liv.ac.uk" href="#full-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Rolian+C&cauthor_id=21047863" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Campbell Rolian">Campbell Rolian</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Cashmore+L&cauthor_id=21047863" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Lisa Cashmore">Lisa Cashmore</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Shultz+S&cauthor_id=21047863" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Susanne Shultz">Susanne Shultz</a></span> </div> </div> </div> <div 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class="short-citation"> <span class="authors-list"> <span class="authors-list-item "><span class="full-name">Emma Nelson</span><span class="citation-separator"> et al.</span></span> </span> <span class="citation-journal"> Proc Biol Sci<span class="citation-separator">.</span> </span> <span class="date"> <time class="citation-year" datetime="2011">2011</time><span class="citation-separator">.</span> </span> </div> <div class="more-article-details-section with-display-settings"> <button class="more-article-details" id="toggle-article-details" data-alt-text="Hide details" ref="linksrc=toggle_article_details" aria-controls="full-article-details" aria-expanded="false" data-fetch-url="/21047863/long-authors/" data-id-prefix=""> <span class="title">Show details</span> </button> <div class="display-options" data-format-key="format" data-default-format-value="abstract" data-current-format-value="abstract" role="region"> <button class="trigger usa-button" title="Change format" 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data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label='"Proc Biol Sci"[jour]' href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div><span class="period">. </span><span class="cit">2011 May 22;278(1711):1556-63.</span> </div> <span class="citation-doi"> doi: 10.1098/rspb.2010.1740. </span> <span class="secondary-date"> Epub 2010 Nov 3. </span> </div> <div class="expanded-authors" id="short-view-expanded-authors"> <div class="authors"> <h3 class="title"> Authors </h3> <div class="authors-list"> <span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Nelson+E&cauthor_id=21047863" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Emma Nelson">Emma Nelson</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="School of Archaeology, Classics and Egyptology, University of Liverpool, Hartley Building, Brownlow Street, Liverpool L69 3GS, UK. enelson@liv.ac.uk" href="#short-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Rolian+C&cauthor_id=21047863" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Campbell Rolian">Campbell Rolian</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Cashmore+L&cauthor_id=21047863" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Lisa Cashmore">Lisa Cashmore</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Shultz+S&cauthor_id=21047863" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Susanne Shultz">Susanne Shultz</a></span> </div> </div> <div class="affiliations"> <h3 class="title"> Affiliation </h3> <ul class="item-list"> <li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-1" id="short-view-affiliation-1" ><sup class="key">1</sup> School of Archaeology, Classics and Egyptology, University of Liverpool, Hartley Building, Brownlow Street, Liverpool L69 3GS, UK. enelson@liv.ac.uk</li> </ul> </div> </div> <ul class="identifiers" id="short-view-identifiers"> <li> <span class="identifier pubmed"> <span class="id-label"> PMID: </span> <strong class="current-id" title="PubMed ID">21047863</strong> </span> </li> <li> <span class="identifier pmc"> <span class="id-label"> PMCID: </span> <a class="id-link" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=article_id_link&article_id=PMC3081742&id_type=PMC" href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3081742/" data-ga-category="full_text" data-ga-action="PMCID" > PMC3081742 </a> </span> </li> <li> <span class="identifier doi"> <span class="id-label"> DOI: </span> <a class="id-link" target="_blank" rel="noopener" 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take" ref="linksrc=more_actions_btn"></button><div class="display-options" data-format-key="format" data-default-format-value="abstract" data-current-format-value="abstract" role="region"><button class="trigger usa-button" title="Change format" data-ga-category="display_options" data-ga-action="display_options_dialog"><span class="button-label">Display options</span></button><div class="dropdown" hidden><div class="title"> Display options </div><div class="content"><div class="format-container"><span class="option-label"> Format </span><select name="format" data-initial-value="abstract" aria-label="Display format" id="inline-actions-display-format"><option value="abstract">Abstract</option><option value="pubmed">PubMed</option><option value="pmid">PMID</option></select></div></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="abstract" id="abstract"> <h2 class="title"> Abstract </h2> <div class="abstract-content selected" id="eng-abstract"> <p> Social behaviour of fossil hominoid species is notoriously difficult to predict owing to difficulties in estimating body size dimorphism from fragmentary remains and, in hominins, low canine size dimorphism. Recent studies have shown that the second-to-fourth digit ratio (2D : 4D), a putative biomarker for prenatal androgen effects (PAEs), covaries with intra-sexual competition and social systems across haplorrhines; non-pair-bonded polygynous taxa have significantly lower 2D : 4D ratios (high PAE) than pair-bonded monogamous species. Here, we use proximal phalanx ratios of extant and fossil specimens to reconstruct the social systems of extinct hominoids. Pierolapithecus catalaunicus, Hispanopithecus laietanus and Ardipithecus ramidus have ratios consistent with polygynous extant species, whereas the ratio of Australopithecus afarensis is consistent with monogamous extant species. The early anatomically modern human Qafzeh 9 and Neanderthals have lower digit ratios than most contemporary human populations, indicating increased androgenization and possibly higher incidence of polygyny. Although speculative owing to small sample sizes, these results suggest that digit ratios represent a supplementary approach for elucidating the social systems of fossil hominins. </p> </div> </div> <p class="disclaimer" id="disclaimer"> <a href="/disclaimer/" target="_blank" data-ga-category="literature_resources" data-ga-action="disclaimer_link" data-ga-label="under_abstract">PubMed Disclaimer</a> </p> <div class="figures" id="figures"> <h2 class="title"> Figures </h2> <div class="figures-list" id="slides-container" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageGallery"> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="0" data-label-slug="figure-1"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/799c/3081742/4872aaa47af3/rspb20101740-g1.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-0" role="button" data-image-width="538" data-image-height="320" data-image-alt="Figure 1." data-pmc-id="PMC3081742" data-figure-id="RSPB20101740F1"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-0" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/799c/3081742/ddc508b4c2f0/rspb20101740-g1.gif" alt="Figure 1." /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="538"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="320"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 1. </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> ( <i> a </i> ) Histogram of… </p></div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 1. </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> ( <i> a </i> ) Histogram of the frequencies of 2PP : 4PP in the… </p></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-0" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Figure 1. </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">(<i>a</i>) Histogram of the frequencies of 2PP : 4PP in the modern human sample (white arrow; Qafzeh 9) with Neanderthal fossils superimposed as black arrows: 1, Spy; 2, Le Regourdou; 3, Kebara; 4, La Ferrassie; 5, Shanidar. (<i>b</i>) Contemporary humans (10 000 resampled means) with Neanderthal mean 2PP : 4PP (black arrow). Monte Carlo analysis gives a 0.19 per cent probability of drawing a sample of five modern humans with a mean 2PP : 4PP ratio as low as the observed Neanderthal mean.</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="1" data-label-slug="figure-2"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/799c/3081742/702d885902ef/rspb20101740-g2.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-1" role="button" data-image-width="579" data-image-height="439" data-image-alt="Figure 2." data-pmc-id="PMC3081742" data-figure-id="RSPB20101740F2"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-1" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/799c/3081742/047f6ec045b7/rspb20101740-g2.gif" alt="Figure 2." /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="579"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="439"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 2. </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Histogram of variation in extant… </p></div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 2. </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Histogram of variation in extant hominoid 2PP : 4PP with Miocene and Pliocene… </p></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-1" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Figure 2. </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">Histogram of variation in extant hominoid 2PP : 4PP with Miocene and Pliocene fossils transposed. Miocene apes and <i>Ar. ramidus</i> are classified as non-pair-bonded (NPB), while <i>Australopithecus</i> is classified as having a social system that is pair-bonded (PB) monogamous or intermediate (i.e. between pair-bonded and non-pair-bonded). Frequencies of individuals within species are scaled to the same dimensions; for sample sizes, see table 1).</div> </figcaption> </figure> </div>  <div class="pswp figures-dialog" id="figures-dialog" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-hidden="true" data-image-gallery-uid="article-figures" aria-label="Figures Dialog">  <div class="pswp__bg"></div>  <div class="pswp__scroll-wrap">  <div class="pswp__container"> <div class="pswp__item"></div> <div class="pswp__item"></div> <div class="pswp__item"></div> </div>  <div class="pswp__ui pswp__ui--hidden"> <div class="pswp__top-bar">  <div class="pswp__counter"></div> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--close" title="Close (Esc)"></button> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--share" title="Share"></button> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--fs" title="Toggle fullscreen"></button> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--zoom" title="Zoom in/out"></button>   <div class="pswp__preloader"> <div class="pswp__preloader__icn"> <div class="pswp__preloader__cut"> <div class="pswp__preloader__donut"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="pswp__share-modal pswp__share-modal--hidden pswp__single-tap"> <div class="pswp__share-tooltip"></div> </div> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--arrow--left" title="Previous (arrow left)"> </button> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--arrow--right" title="Next (arrow right)"> </button> <div class="pswp__caption"> <div class="pswp__caption__center"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-dialog-caption"> <div class="figure-caption-link-container"> <a class="figure-caption-link" href="#">See this image and copyright information in PMC</a> </div> <div class="figure-caption-center" data-expand-title="click to show full caption" data-collapse-title="click to hide full caption"> </div> <button class="figure-caption-toggle-btn" aria-label="show full caption" data-expand-text="show full caption" data-collapse-text="hide full caption">  </button> </div> </div> <div class="similar-articles" id="similar"> <h2 class="title"> Similar articles </h2> <ul class="articles-list" id="similar-articles-list"> <li class="full-docsum"> <div class="docsum-content" style="display:inline;"> <a class="docsum-title" href="/19862809/" ref="article_id=19862809&linksrc=similar_articles_link&ordinalpos=1" data-ga-category="similar_article" data-ga-action="19862809" data-ga-label=""> Finger length ratios (2D:4D) in anthropoids implicate reduced prenatal androgens in social bonding. </a> <div class="docsum-citation full-citation"> <span class="docsum-authors full-authors">Nelson E, Shultz S.</span> <span class="docsum-authors short-authors">Nelson E, et al.</span> <span class="docsum-journal-citation full-journal-citation">Am J Phys Anthropol. 2010 Mar;141(3):395-405. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.21157.</span> <span class="docsum-journal-citation short-journal-citation">Am J Phys Anthropol. 2010.</span> <span class="citation-part">PMID: <span class="docsum-pmid">19862809</span></span> </div> </div> </li> <li class="full-docsum"> <div class="docsum-content" style="display:inline;"> <a class="docsum-title" href="/34853174/" ref="article_id=34853174&linksrc=similar_articles_link&ordinalpos=2" data-ga-category="similar_article" data-ga-action="34853174" data-ga-label=""> Canine sexual dimorphism in <em>Ardipithecus ramidus</em> was nearly human-like. </a> <div class="docsum-citation full-citation"> <span class="docsum-authors full-authors">Suwa G, Sasaki T, Semaw S, Rogers MJ, Simpson SW, Kunimatsu Y, Nakatsukasa M, Kono RT, Zhang Y, Beyene Y, Asfaw B, White TD.</span> <span class="docsum-authors short-authors">Suwa G, et al.</span> <span class="docsum-journal-citation full-journal-citation">Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2021 Dec 7;118(49):e2116630118. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2116630118.</span> <span class="docsum-journal-citation short-journal-citation">Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2021.</span> <span class="citation-part">PMID: <span class="docsum-pmid">34853174</span></span> <span class="free-resources spaced-citation-item citation-part">Free PMC article.</span> </div> </div> </li> <li class="full-docsum"> <div class="docsum-content" style="display:inline;"> <a class="docsum-title" href="/18222528/" ref="article_id=18222528&linksrc=similar_articles_link&ordinalpos=3" data-ga-category="similar_article" data-ga-action="18222528" data-ga-label=""> Symphyseal shape variation in extant and fossil hominoids, and the symphysis of Australopithecus bahrelghazali. </a> <div class="docsum-citation full-citation"> <span class="docsum-authors full-authors">Guy F, Mackaye HT, Likius A, Vignaud P, Schmittbuhl M, Brunet M.</span> <span class="docsum-authors short-authors">Guy F, et al.</span> <span class="docsum-journal-citation full-journal-citation">J Hum Evol. 2008 Jul;55(1):37-47. doi: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2007.12.003. 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keyword Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-publication-types-1" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't </button><div id="keyword-actions-publication-types-1" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Research+Support%2C+Non-U.S.+Gov%27t%22%5Bpt%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Research+Support%2C+Non-U.S.+Gov%27t%22%5Bpt%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&keyword="Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't"[pt]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="pub_type" data-ga-label="Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Research+Support%2C+Non-U.S.+Gov%27t" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="pub_type_link" data-ga-label="Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't"[pt]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't"[pt]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li></ul> </div> <div id="mesh-terms" class="mesh-terms keywords-section"> <h2 class="title"> MeSH terms </h2> <ul class="keywords-list"><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Animals" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-0" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Animals </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-0" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Animals"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Animals%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Animals%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Animals"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Animals"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Animals" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Animals"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Animals"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Animals"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Behavior, Animal" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-1" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Behavior, Animal </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-1" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Behavior, Animal"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Behavior%2C+Animal%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Behavior%2C+Animal%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Behavior, Animal"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Behavior, Animal"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Behavior%2C+Animal" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Behavior, Animal"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Behavior, Animal"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Behavior, Animal"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Finger Phalanges / anatomy & histology" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-2" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Finger Phalanges / anatomy & histology </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-2" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Finger Phalanges / anatomy & histology"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Finger+Phalanges%2Fanatomy+and+histology%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Finger+Phalanges%2Fanatomy+and+histology%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Finger Phalanges/anatomy and histology"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Finger Phalanges / anatomy & histology"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Finger+Phalanges" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Finger Phalanges / anatomy & histology"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Finger Phalanges/anatomy and histology"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Finger Phalanges/anatomy and histology"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Fossils" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-3" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Fossils </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-3" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Fossils"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Fossils%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Fossils%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Fossils"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Fossils"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Fossils" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Fossils"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Fossils"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Fossils"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword History, Ancient" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-4" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> History, Ancient </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-4" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword History, Ancient"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22History%2C+Ancient%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22History%2C+Ancient%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="History, Ancient"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="History, Ancient"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=History%2C+Ancient" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="History, Ancient"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""History, Ancient"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""History, Ancient"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Hominidae / anatomy & histology" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-5" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Hominidae / anatomy & histology </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-5" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Hominidae / anatomy & histology"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Hominidae%2Fanatomy+and+histology%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Hominidae%2Fanatomy+and+histology%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Hominidae/anatomy and histology"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Hominidae / anatomy & histology"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Hominidae" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Hominidae / anatomy & histology"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Hominidae/anatomy and histology"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Hominidae/anatomy and histology"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link major" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Hominidae / physiology*" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-6" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Hominidae / physiology* </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-6" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Hominidae / physiology*"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Hominidae%2Fphysiology%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Hominidae%2Fphysiology%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Hominidae/physiology"[MAJR]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Hominidae / physiology*"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Hominidae" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Hominidae / physiology*"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Hominidae/physiology"[MAJR]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Hominidae/physiology"[MAJR]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Humans" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-7" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Humans </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-7" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Humans"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Humans%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Humans%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Humans"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Humans"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Humans" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Humans"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Humans"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Humans"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link major" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Marriage / history*" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-8" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Marriage / history* </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-8" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Marriage / history*"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Marriage%2Fhistory%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Marriage%2Fhistory%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Marriage/history"[MAJR]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Marriage / history*"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Marriage" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Marriage / history*"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Marriage/history"[MAJR]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Marriage/history"[MAJR]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Pair Bond" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-9" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Pair Bond </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-9" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Pair Bond"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Pair+Bond%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Pair+Bond%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Pair Bond"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Pair Bond"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Pair+Bond" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Pair Bond"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Pair Bond"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Pair Bond"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Sex Characteristics" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-10" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Sex Characteristics </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-10" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Sex Characteristics"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Sex+Characteristics%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Sex+Characteristics%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Sex Characteristics"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Sex Characteristics"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Sex+Characteristics" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Sex Characteristics"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Sex Characteristics"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Sex Characteristics"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Social Behavior" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-11" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Social Behavior </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-11" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Social Behavior"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Social+Behavior%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Social+Behavior%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Social Behavior"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Social Behavior"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Social+Behavior" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Social Behavior"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Social Behavior"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Social Behavior"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li></ul> </div> <div id="linkout" class="linkout"> <h2 class="title"> LinkOut - more resources </h2> <ul class="linkout-list"><li><h3 class="linkout-category">Full Text Sources</h3><ul class="linkout-category-links"><li><a href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2010.1740?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub 0pubmed" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=linkout_link&PrId=4487&uid=21047863&db=pubmed&itool=Abstract&log$=linkoutlink&nlmid=101245157" data-ga-category="link_out" data-ga-action="Full Text Sources" data-ga-label="Atypon" > Atypon </a></li><li><a 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Digit ratios predict polygyny in early apes, Ardipithecus, Neanderthals and early modern humans but not in Australopithecus - PubMed