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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins_and_growth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins_and_growth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Origins and growth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins_and_growth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formation_of_Paulician_state" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formation_of_Paulician_state"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Formation of Paulician state</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formation_of_Paulician_state-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Destruction_of_Paulician_state_and_displacement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Destruction_of_Paulician_state_and_displacement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Destruction of Paulician state and displacement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Destruction_of_Paulician_state_and_displacement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revival_in_Thrace" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revival_in_Thrace"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Revival in Thrace</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revival_in_Thrace-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Later history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beliefs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beliefs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Beliefs</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Beliefs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Beliefs subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Beliefs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dualism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dualism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Dualism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dualism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Christology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rituals,_practices_and_views_of_scripture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rituals,_practices_and_views_of_scripture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Rituals, practices and views of scripture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rituals,_practices_and_views_of_scripture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Historiography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Paulicianism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 40 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">40 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="بيلكانيون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بيلكانيون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulicianismo" title="Paulicianismo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Paulicianismo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A1%D6%82%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B7%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AA%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Պաւլիկեան շարժում – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Պաւլիկեան շարժում" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavlikanlar_h%C9%99r%C9%99kat%C4%B1" title="Pavlikanlar hərəkatı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Pavlikanlar hərəkatı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Паўлікяне – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Паўлікяне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Павликянство – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Павликянство" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavli%C4%87ani" title="Pavlićani – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Pavlićani" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulicianisme" title="Paulicianisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Paulicianisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauliki%C3%A1ni" title="Paulikiáni – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Paulikiáni" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulikanisme" title="Paulikanisme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Paulikanisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulikianer" title="Paulikianer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Paulikianer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Παυλικιανισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Παυλικιανισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulicianos" title="Paulicianos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Paulicianos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavlikianoj" title="Pavlikianoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pavlikianoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B3%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="پولس‌گرایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پولس‌گرایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulicianisme" title="Paulicianisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Paulicianisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%94%EC%98%A4%EB%A1%9C%ED%8C%8C" title="바오로파 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="바오로파" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B7%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AA%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Պավլիկյան շարժում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պավլիկյան շարժում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulisianisme" title="Paulisianisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Paulisianisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulicianesimo" title="Paulicianesimo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Paulicianesimo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religio_Paulicianorum" title="Religio Paulicianorum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Religio Paulicianorum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulikionai" title="Paulikionai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Paulikionai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauliki%C3%A1nusok" title="Paulikiánusok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Paulikiánusok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paolisianisma" title="Paolisianisma – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Paolisianisma" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%B7%D9%82%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87" title="هرطقة البوليانيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هرطقة البوليانيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulicianen" title="Paulicianen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Paulicianen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%82%A6%E3%83%AD%E6%B4%BE_(%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96)" title="パウロ派 (中世) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="パウロ派 (中世)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulicjanie" title="Paulicjanie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Paulicjanie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulicianismo" title="Paulicianismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Paulicianismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulicianism" title="Paulicianism – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Paulicianism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Павликиане – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Павликиане" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulik%C3%A1nstvo" title="Paulikánstvo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Paulikánstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Павлићани – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Павлићани" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavli%C4%87ani" title="Pavlićani – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pavlićani" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulikiaanit" title="Paulikiaanit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Paulikiaanit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulicianer" title="Paulicianer – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Paulicianer" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavlus%C3%A7uluk" title="Pavlusçuluk – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pavlusçuluk" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Павликіани – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Павликіани" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%82%DB%81" title="پولسی فرقہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پولسی فرقہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E7%BE%85%E6%B4%BE" title="保羅派 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="保羅派" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q334727#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Armenia" title="Category:History of Armenia">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Armenia" title="History of Armenia">History of <span class="fn org label">Armenia</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Armenia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of Arms of Armenia"><img alt="Coat of Arms of Armenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Arms_of_Armenia.svg/80px-Arms_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Arms_of_Armenia.svg/120px-Arms_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Arms_of_Armenia.svg/160px-Arms_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="170" data-file-height="192" /></a><figcaption>Coat of Arms of Armenia</figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee; text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Armenia" title="Prehistoric Armenia">Prehistory</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shulaveri%E2%80%93Shomu_culture" title="Shulaveri–Shomu culture">Shulaveri–Shomu culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kura%E2%80%93Araxes_culture" title="Kura–Araxes culture">Kura–Araxes culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayk" title="Hayk">Legend of Hayk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trialeti%E2%80%93Vanadzor_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Trialeti–Vanadzor culture">Trialeti–Vanadzor culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armani_(kingdom)" title="Armani (kingdom)">Armani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lchashen%E2%80%93Metsamor_culture" title="Lchashen–Metsamor culture">Lchashen–Metsamor culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayasa-Azzi" title="Hayasa-Azzi">Hayasa-Azzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shupria" title="Shupria">Arme–Shupria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushki" title="Mushki">Mushki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urumeans" title="Urumeans">Urumu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nairi" title="Nairi">Nairi Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu (Kingdom of Van)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiuni" title="Etiuni">Etiuni</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee; text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Armenia" title="Ancient Armenia">Antiquity</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satrapy_of_Armenia" title="Satrapy of Armenia">Satrapy of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_Armenia" title="Lesser Armenia">Armenia Minor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Kingdom of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigranes_the_Great" title="Tigranes the Great">Armenian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Armenia" title="Roman Armenia">Roman Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Armenia" title="Christianization of Armenia">Christianization of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sophene" title="Kingdom of Sophene">Kingdom of Sophene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commagene" title="Commagene">Commagene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Armenia" title="Byzantine Armenia">Byzantine Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Armenia" title="Sasanian Armenia">Sasanian Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Armenia" title="Muslim conquest of Armenia">Muslim conquest of Armenia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee; text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Armenia" title="Medieval Armenia">Middle Ages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arminiya" title="Arminiya">Emirate of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Hamamshen" title="Principality of Hamamshen">Principality of Hamamshen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagratid_Armenia" title="Bagratid Armenia">Kingdom of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Vaspurakan" title="Kingdom of Vaspurakan">Kingdom of Vaspurakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tashir-Dzoraget" title="Kingdom of Tashir-Dzoraget">Kingdom of Tashir-Dzoraget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Syunik" title="Kingdom of Syunik">Kingdom of Syunik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Artsakh" title="Kingdom of Artsakh">Kingdom of Artsakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakarid_Armenia" title="Zakarid Armenia">Zakarid Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Khachen" title="Principality of Khachen">Principality of Khachen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Armenia" title="Mongol Armenia">Mongol Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Kingdom of Cilicia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee; text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Armenia#Early_Modern_period" title="History of Armenia">Early modern age</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Armenia_(1502%E2%80%931828)" title="Iranian Armenia (1502–1828)">Iranian Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melikdoms_of_Karabakh" title="Melikdoms of Karabakh">Five Melikdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Armenians in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Armenia" title="Russian Armenia">Russian Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Oblast" title="Armenian Oblast">Armenian Oblast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_question" title="Armenian question">Armenian question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Western_Armenia" title="Occupation of Western Armenia">Western Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_national_movement" title="Armenian national movement">National movement</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee; text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Armenia#20th_century" title="History of Armenia">Modern age</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Armenia" title="First Republic of Armenia">First Republic of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic">Armenian S.S.R.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Mountainous_Armenia" title="Republic of Mountainous Armenia">Republic of Mountainous Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Contemporary Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Artsakh" title="Republic of Artsakh">Republic of Artsakh</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Armenian_history" title="Timeline of Armenian history">Timeline</a> • <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Armenians" title="Origin of the Armenians">Origins</a> • <a href="/wiki/Name_of_Armenia" title="Name of Armenia">Etymology</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Armenia" title="Template:History of Armenia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Armenia" title="Template talk:History of Armenia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Armenia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Armenia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Paulicianism</b> (<a href="/wiki/Classical_Armenian" title="Classical Armenian">Classical Armenian</a>: Պաւղիկեաններ, <span title="Old Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="xcl-Latn">Pawłikeanner</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Greek language">Medieval Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Παυλικιανοί</span>, "The followers of Paul";<sup id="cite_ref-CatholicEncy_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CatholicEncy-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arab</a> sources: <i>Baylakānī</i>, <i>al Bayāliqa</i> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">البيالقة</span></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-Nersessian,_Vrej_1998_p._13_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nersessian,_Vrej_1998_p._13-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a <a href="/wiki/Heresy_in_Christianity" title="Heresy in Christianity">heretical</a> <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">medieval Christian</a> <a href="/wiki/Sect" title="Sect">sect</a> which originated in <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> in the 7th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Fine_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fine-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Followers of the sect were called <b>Paulicians</b> and referred to themselves as <b>Good Christians</b>. Little is known about the Paulician faith and various influences have been suggested, including <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marcionism" title="Marcionism">Marcionism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adoptionism" title="Adoptionism">Adoptionism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with other scholars arguing that doctrinally the Paulicians were a largely conventional Christian reform movement unrelated to any of these currents.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The founder of the Paulicians is traditionally held to have been an Armenian by the name of <a href="/wiki/Constantine-Silvanus" title="Constantine-Silvanus">Constantine</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Brit2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brit2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who hailed from a Syrian community near <a href="/wiki/Samsat" title="Samsat">Samosata</a> in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>. The sect flourished between 650 and 872 around the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>'s frontier with the Arab <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a> in Armenia and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Anatolia_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Anatolia Region">Eastern Anatolia</a>, despite intermittent persecutions and deportations by the imperial authorities in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CatholicEncy_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CatholicEncy-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a period of relative toleration, renewed Byzantine persecution in the mid 9th century prompted the Paulicians to establish a <a href="/wiki/Paulician_principality_of_Tephrike" title="Paulician principality of Tephrike">state centered on Tephrike</a> in the Armenian borderlands under Arab protection.<sup id="cite_ref-SvetlanaXXI_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SvetlanaXXI-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After prolonged warfare, the state of Tephrike was destroyed by the Byzantines in the 870s. Over the next century, some Paulicians migrated further into Armenia, while others were relocated by the imperial authorities to the Empire's Balkan frontier in <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a>. In Armenia, the Paulicians were assimilated into the related religious movement of <a href="/wiki/Tondrakians" title="Tondrakians">Tondrakism</a> over the next century.<sup id="cite_ref-Garsoïan2011_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garsoïan2011-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Thrace, the sect continued practicing their faith for some time, in some places until the 17th–18th centuries, before gradually converting to other religions and are considered to be the ancestors of the modern <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Banat_Bulgarians" title="Banat Bulgarians">Banat Bulgarians</a><sup id="cite_ref-SvetlanaXXI_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SvetlanaXXI-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Muslim <a href="/wiki/Pomaks" title="Pomaks">Pomaks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Selian_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Selian-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The movement may have also been an influence on medieval European Christian <a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heteredox</a> movements such as <a href="/wiki/Bogomilism" title="Bogomilism">Bogomilism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catharism" title="Catharism">Catharism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SvetlanaXXI_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SvetlanaXXI-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paulicianism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Paulicians called themselves "Good Christians"<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or "True Believers",<sup id="cite_ref-Nersessian,_Vrej_1998_p._13_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nersessian,_Vrej_1998_p._13-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and referred to <a href="/wiki/Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Chalcedonian Christianity">orthodox Christians</a> as "Romanists".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name 'Paulician' was used by outsiders to refer to the sect and literally means 'the followers of Paul'. The identity of the Paul for whom the movement was named is disputed.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is most likely to be <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a>, a figure whom the Paulicians are consistently stated as according special veneration from the earliest sources up to their apparent extinction in the early modern period.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CatholicEncy_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CatholicEncy-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SvetlanaXXI_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SvetlanaXXI-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Certain medieval <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Muslim</a> sources associate the sect with the 3rd century <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Antioch" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Antioch">Bishop of Antioch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Samosata" title="Paul of Samosata">Paul of Samosata</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SAE_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SAE-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This may be a conflation with the separate <a href="/wiki/Paulianists" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulianists">Paulianist</a> sect, however,<sup id="cite_ref-L'Huillier1996_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-L'Huillier1996-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the earliest Byzantine source to describe the movement explicitly distinguishes the "Paul of Samosata" supposed to have given the movement its name from the more famous heresiarch.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another possible source is Paul the Armenian, an otherwise obscure Paulician figure said to have led the sect in its migration to Episparis following its persecution by <a href="/wiki/Justinian_II" title="Justinian II">Justinian II</a> at the close of the 7th century.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paulicianism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins_and_growth">Origins and growth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paulicianism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origins and growth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The sources indicate that most Paulician leaders were <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a><sup id="cite_ref-Vrej_Nersessian_1948,_p.53_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vrej_Nersessian_1948,_p.53-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the founder of the sect is said to have been an Armenian by the name of <a href="/wiki/Constantine-Silvanus" title="Constantine-Silvanus">Constantine</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Brit2_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brit2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who hailed from Mananalis, a community near <a href="/wiki/Samosata" class="mw-redirect" title="Samosata">Samosata</a>. He studied the <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Epistle" title="Epistle">Epistles</a>, combined <a href="/wiki/Dualistic_cosmology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dualistic cosmology">dualistic</a> and Christian doctrines and vigorously opposed the <a href="/wiki/Religious_formalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious formalism">formalism</a> of the church. Regarding himself as having been called to restore the pure Christianity of <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a>, he adopted the name <a href="/wiki/Silas" title="Silas">Silvanus</a> (after one of Paul's disciples), and about 660, he founded his first congregation at Kibossa, <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>. Twenty-seven years later, he was arrested by the Imperial authorities, tried for heresy and <a href="/wiki/Stoned_to_death" class="mw-redirect" title="Stoned to death">stoned to death</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brit2_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brit2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CatholicEncy_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CatholicEncy-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Simeon, the court official who executed the order, was himself converted, and adopting the name Titus, became Constantine's successor. He was <a href="/wiki/Burned_to_death" class="mw-redirect" title="Burned to death">burned to death</a>, the punishment pronounced upon the <a href="/wiki/Manichaeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Manichaeans">Manichaeans</a>, in 690.<sup id="cite_ref-CatholicEncy_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CatholicEncy-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The adherents of the sect fled, with their new leader Paul at their head, to Episparis. He died in 715, leaving two sons, Gegnaesius (whom he had appointed his successor) and Theodore. The latter, giving out that he had received the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Ghost" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Ghost">Holy Ghost</a>, protested against the leadership of Gegnaesius but was unsuccessful. Gegnaesius was taken to <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, appeared before Emperor <a href="/wiki/Leo_the_Isaurian" class="mw-redirect" title="Leo the Isaurian">Leo III</a>, was declared innocent of heresy and returned to Episparis, but, fearing danger, went with his adherents to Mananalis in Eastern Anatolia. His death (in 745) was the occasion of a division in the sect. </p><p>In 747, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Constantine_V" title="Constantine V">Constantine V</a> is reported to have moved a significant number of Paulicians from Eastern Anatolia to Thrace to strengthen the Bulgarian frontier, beginning the presence of the sect in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite deportations and continued persecution the sect continued to grow, receiving additions from some of the <a href="/wiki/Ikonoklasm" class="mw-redirect" title="Ikonoklasm">iconoclasts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CatholicEncy_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CatholicEncy-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late eighth century, the Paulicians suffered a schism and split into two groupings; the Baanites (the old party) and the Sergites (the reformed sect). <a href="/wiki/Sergius-Tychicus" title="Sergius-Tychicus">Sergius</a>, the reformed leader, was a zealous and effective converter for his sect; he boasted that he had spread his Gospel "from East to West; from North to South".<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sergius succeeded in supplanting Baanes, the leader of the old party, by 801 and was active for the next thirty-four years. His activity was the occasion of renewed persecutions on the part of <a href="/wiki/Leo_the_Armenian" class="mw-redirect" title="Leo the Armenian">Leo the Armenian</a>. Upon the death of Sergius, the control of the sect was divided between several leaders. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formation_of_Paulician_state">Formation of Paulician state</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paulicianism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Formation of Paulician state"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Persecution_of_Paulicians.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Persecution_of_Paulicians.png/250px-Persecution_of_Paulicians.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Persecution_of_Paulicians.png/375px-Persecution_of_Paulicians.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Persecution_of_Paulicians.png/500px-Persecution_of_Paulicians.png 2x" data-file-width="758" data-file-height="352" /></a><figcaption>The massacre of the Paulicians in 843/844, from the <a href="/wiki/Madrid_Skylitzes" title="Madrid Skylitzes">Madrid Skylitzes</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 843, the Empress <a href="/wiki/Theodora_(wife_of_Theophilos)" title="Theodora (wife of Theophilos)">Theodora</a>, as regent to her son <a href="/wiki/Michael_III" title="Michael III">Michael III</a>, instituted a major persecution against the Paulicians throughout Asia Minor<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which 100,000 adherents in Byzantine Armenia alone were said to have lost their lives or property.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In response to the renewed persecution many Paulicians, under their new leader <a href="/wiki/Karbeas" title="Karbeas">Karbeas</a>, fled across the border to the areas of Armenia under Arab control. Under the protection of <a href="/wiki/Umar_al-Aqta" title="Umar al-Aqta">Umar al-Aqta</a>, the Emir of <a href="/wiki/Melitene" class="mw-redirect" title="Melitene">Melitene</a>, the sect was permitted by the Arabs to build two fortress cities, <a href="/wiki/%C3%96merli,_Halfeti" title="Ömerli, Halfeti">Amara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Divri%C4%9Fi" title="Divriği">Tephrike</a>, and establish an independent state.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Karbeas died in 863 during <a href="/wiki/Michael_III" title="Michael III">Michael III</a>'s campaign against the Arabs and possibly was with Umar at Malakopea before the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lalakaon" title="Battle of Lalakaon">Battle of Lalakaon</a>. </p><p>Karbeas's successor, <a href="/wiki/Chrysocheres" class="mw-redirect" title="Chrysocheres">Chrysocheres</a> ('the goldenhand'), devastated many cities in the continued wars with the Byzantines; in 867, he advanced as far as <a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a>, where he took many priests as prisoners.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 868, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Basil_I" title="Basil I">Basil I</a> dispatched <a href="/wiki/Petrus_Siculus" title="Petrus Siculus">Petrus Siculus</a> to arrange for their exchange. His sojourn of nine months among the Paulicians gave him an opportunity to collect many facts, which he preserved in his <i>History of the empty and vain heresy of the Manichæans, otherwise called Paulicians</i>. The propositions of peace were not accepted, the war was renewed, and Chrysocheres was killed at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bathys_Ryax" title="Battle of Bathys Ryax">Battle of Bathys Ryax</a> in 872 or 878. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Destruction_of_Paulician_state_and_displacement">Destruction of Paulician state and displacement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paulicianism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Destruction of Paulician state and displacement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By 878, the emperor <a href="/wiki/Basil_I" title="Basil I">Basil I</a> had conquered the Paulician strongholds in Asia Minor (including Tephrike) and the survivors from the destruction of the Paulician state were largely displaced.<sup id="cite_ref-Charanis61_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Charanis61-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One group migrated east further into Armenia, where they were assimilated into the emerging <a href="/wiki/Tondrakian" class="mw-redirect" title="Tondrakian">Tondrakian</a> sect throughout the 10th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Garsoïan2011_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garsoïan2011-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others were transferred to the Western frontier of the empire, including a military detachment of some 20,000 Paulicians serving in Byzantine Italy under the general <a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_Phokas_the_Elder" title="Nikephoros Phokas the Elder">Nikephoros Phokas the Elder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Garsoïan2011_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garsoïan2011-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Charanis61_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Charanis61-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 970, 200,000 Paulicians on Byzantine territory were reportedly transferred by the emperor <a href="/wiki/John_Tzimisces" class="mw-redirect" title="John Tzimisces">John Tzimisces</a> to <a href="/wiki/Plovdiv" title="Plovdiv">Philippopolis</a> in Thrace.<sup id="cite_ref-Charanis61_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Charanis61-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a reward for their promise to keep back "the <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a>" (in fact <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">Bulgars</a>), the emperor granted the group toleration to practice their faith unmolested. This marked the start of a revival for the sect in the West. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revival_in_Thrace">Revival in Thrace</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paulicianism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Revival in Thrace"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The policy of transferring Paulicians to the West proved to be harmful for the Byzantines, with the group bringing limited economic and military benefits for the empire's Balkan frontier. The sect also failed to assimilate with the orthodox <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greeks" title="Byzantine Greeks">Roman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bulgarians" title="Bulgarians">Bulgarian</a> inhabitants and are reported to have successfully converted many existing inhabitants of Thrace to their heresy. According to <a href="/wiki/Anna_Komnene" title="Anna Komnene">Anna Komnene</a>, by the end of 11th century Philippopolis and its surroundings were entirely inhabited by Paulicians and were being joined by new groups of Armenian migrants.<sup id="cite_ref-Charanis61_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Charanis61-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <i><a href="/wiki/Annales_Barenses" title="Annales Barenses">Annales Barenses</a></i>, several thousand Paulicians served in the army of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Alexios_I_Komnenos" title="Alexios I Komnenos">Alexios I Komnenos</a> against the Norman <a href="/wiki/Robert_Guiscard" title="Robert Guiscard">Robert Guiscard</a> in 1081 but subsequently deserted the emperor and were imprisoned.<sup id="cite_ref-Garsoïan2011_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garsoïan2011-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Alexiad" title="Alexiad">Alexiad</a>, written by the emperor's daughter <a href="/wiki/Anna_Komnenos" class="mw-redirect" title="Anna Komnenos">Anna</a>, reports that Alexios I succeeded in converting many of the sects around Philippopolis to <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Christian orthodoxy</a>, building a new city of Alexiopolis for the converts.<sup id="cite_ref-CatholicEncy_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CatholicEncy-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/First_Crusade" title="First Crusade">First Crusade</a> some Paulicians, called "Publicani", were present in the Muslim armies although others were reported as assisting the Crusaders.<sup id="cite_ref-Garsoïan2011_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garsoïan2011-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Barbarossa" title="Frederick Barbarossa">Frederick Barbarossa</a> passed near Philippopolis during the <a href="/wiki/Third_Crusade" title="Third Crusade">Third Crusade</a>, on the contrary to the Greek inhabitants, they welcomed him as a liberator. In 1205, the Paulicians cooperated with <a href="/wiki/Kaloyan_of_Bulgaria" title="Kaloyan of Bulgaria">Kaloyan</a> to surrender Philippopolis to the <a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second Bulgarian Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Charanis61_30-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Charanis61-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_history">Later history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paulicianism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Later history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Banat_Bulgarians" title="Banat Bulgarians">Banat Bulgarians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Bulgaria" title="Catholic Church in Bulgaria">Catholic Church in Bulgaria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pomaks" title="Pomaks">Pomaks</a></div> <p>According to the historian Yordan Ivanov, some of the remaining Thracian Paulicians converted to <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox Christianity">Eastern Orthodox Christianity</a> during the Second Bulgarian Empire. After the fall of the Bulgarian Empire and the conquest of Thrace by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, this group then converted with some Bulgarians to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> and became the <a href="/wiki/Pomaks" title="Pomaks">Pomak</a> people.<sup id="cite_ref-SvetlanaXXI_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SvetlanaXXI-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The remaining Thracian Paulicians who still practiced their original faith are said to have eventually converted to <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a> during the 16th or 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-SvetlanaXXI_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SvetlanaXXI-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the end of the 17th century, these Roman Catholic descendants of Paulicians were living around <a href="/wiki/Nikopol,_Bulgaria" title="Nikopol, Bulgaria">Nikopol, Bulgaria</a>, and suffered religious persecution by the Ottomans.<sup id="cite_ref-SvetlanaXXI_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SvetlanaXXI-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the uprising of <a href="/wiki/Chiprovtsi" title="Chiprovtsi">Chiprovtsi</a> in 1688, a large number of this group fled across the Danube, settled in the <a href="/wiki/Banat" title="Banat">Banat</a> region and became known as <a href="/wiki/Banat_Bulgarians" title="Banat Bulgarians">Banat Bulgarians</a>. After Bulgaria's liberation from Ottoman rule in 1878, a number of these Banat Bulgarians resettled in the northern part of <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>, after the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1828%E2%80%931829)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829)">Russo-Turkish War</a> of 1828–1829, communities whose practices were believed to be influenced by the Paulicians or Tondrakians could still be found in the part of <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> controlled by Russia. Documents of their professions of faith and disputations with the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Gregorian</a> bishop about 1837 were later published by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Cornwallis_Conybeare" title="Frederick Cornwallis Conybeare">Frederick Cornwallis Conybeare</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CatholicEncy_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CatholicEncy-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beliefs">Beliefs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paulicianism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Beliefs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Paulicians self-identified as Christians, but much about the nature of their beliefs is disputed. Their beliefs prompted Christian critics to brand them as <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeans</a> but it is likely that their opponents employed these as pejorative appellations meant as terms of abuse, rather than as an accurate reflection of their beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-John_Goulter_Dowling_1835._p._50_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_Goulter_Dowling_1835._p._50-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Controversies about the faith include disputes about their beliefs regarding the nature of God, the nature of Christ and their devotional rituals and practices liturgics protestant.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup"><span title="This sentence is incomprehensible. Please help to fix this. (February 2025)">incomprehensible</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paulicianism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are few sources for the beliefs of the Paulicians except for the reports of opponents and some Paulician material preserved in the <i>History of the Paulician Heresy</i> by <a href="/wiki/Petrus_Siculus" title="Petrus Siculus">Petrus Siculus</a>, comprising certain letters ascribed to <a href="/wiki/Sergius-Tychicus" title="Sergius-Tychicus">Sergius-Tychicus</a> and, seemingly, a reworking of an account of their history composed by the Paulicians themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For some scholars, another major source is <i><a href="/wiki/The_Key_of_Truth" title="The Key of Truth">The Key of Truth</a></i>, a text claimed to be a manual of the medieval <a href="/wiki/Paulician" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulician">Paulician</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tondrakian" class="mw-redirect" title="Tondrakian">Tondrakian</a> church in Armenia. This text was first identified by Armenian ecclesiastical authorities in 1837 while tracing a group of dissidents led by Hovhannes Vartabedian;<sup id="cite_ref-Dixon2022pp25-26_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dixon2022pp25-26-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British Orientalist Frederick Conybeare published a translation and edition of it in 1898.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The manuscript transmission of the <i>Key</i> is traced to the late 18th century, leading historians to raise doubts over its background, with some suggesting that its composition was influenced by <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> missionary activity in Armenia at that time.<sup id="cite_ref-Dixon2022pp25-26_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dixon2022pp25-26-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dualism">Dualism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paulicianism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Dualism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some scholars argue that the Paulician belief system was <a href="/wiki/Dualistic_cosmology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dualistic cosmology">dualistic</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a cosmological system of twin, opposing deities; an Evil <a href="/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">demiurge</a> who is author and lord of the present visible world; and a Good Spirit who is the God of the future world.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SAE_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SAE-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dualist cosmologies were professed by the Near Eastern <a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaean</a> faith, as well as <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">early Christian</a> sects such as the <a href="/wiki/Marcionism" title="Marcionism">Marcionists</a>, and the sect's identification with dualism led the Paulicians to be traditionally labeled as Manichaeans and Marcionists by critics and scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-Garsoïan2011_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garsoïan2011-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eighteenth century scholar <a href="/wiki/Johann_Lorenz_von_Mosheim" title="Johann Lorenz von Mosheim">Johann Lorenz von Mosheim</a> criticised the identification of Paulicians as Manichaeans, and although he agreed both sects were dualistic, he argued that the Paulicians differed on several points and undoubtedly rejected the doctrine of the <a href="/wiki/Mani_(prophet)" title="Mani (prophet)">prophet Mani</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Garsoïan2011_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garsoïan2011-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Johann_Karl_Ludwig_Gieseler" title="Johann Karl Ludwig Gieseler">Johann Karl Ludwig Gieseler</a> and <a href="/wiki/August_Neander" title="August Neander">August Neander</a> saw the sect as deriving from Marcionism, considering them as descendants of a dualistic sect reformed to become closer to <a href="/wiki/Proto-orthodox_Christianity" title="Proto-orthodox Christianity">proto-orthodox</a> Early Christianity yet unable to be freed from <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Garsoïan2011_10-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garsoïan2011-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the mid-19th century the mainstream scholarly theory was that the sect was a non-Manichaean, dualistic Gnostic doctrine with substantial elements of Early Christianity closest to Marcionism, although others disputed this.<sup id="cite_ref-Garsoïan2011_10-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garsoïan2011-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Frederick Conybeare asserted that "The Paulicians are not dualists in any other sense than the New Testament is itself dualistic. Satan is simply the adversary of man and God".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The reports of Catholic missionaries working among the remaining Paulicians in the Balkans during the 16th–18th centuries do not reference dualist beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-Dixon2022pp50-51_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dixon2022pp50-51-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christology">Christology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paulicianism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Christology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Paulicians may have held several unorthodox beliefs about Jesus, including <a href="/wiki/Nontrinitarianism" title="Nontrinitarianism">nontrinitarianism</a> (the belief that Jesus was not coeternal, coequal and indivisibly united in one being with God the Father and the Holy Spirit) and <a href="/wiki/Docetism" title="Docetism">docetism</a> (the belief that Jesus only seemed to be human, and that his human form was an illusion). Nontrinitarian beliefs were held by <a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arian</a> Christians and many early Christian sects such as the <a href="/wiki/Adoptionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Adoptionist">Adoptionists</a>. The identification with nontrinitarianism sometimes led the Paulicians to be labeled as Arians by critics<sup id="cite_ref-John_Goulter_Dowling_1835._p._50_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_Goulter_Dowling_1835._p._50-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Adoptionists by scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-Fine_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fine-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Garsoïan2011_10-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garsoïan2011-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Frederick Conybeare, in his edition of <i>The Key of Truth</i>, concluded that "The word <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a> is nowhere used, and was almost certainly rejected as being unscriptural" and that Paulicians believed that Christ came down from heaven to emancipate humans from the body and from the world.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conybeare also asserted that the movement were survivors of early <a href="/wiki/Adoptionism" title="Adoptionism">Adoptionist Christianity</a> in Armenia rather than dualist or Gnostic sects. Conybeare's theory, part of a broader argument that Adoptionism represented the original form of Christianity that had subsequently been suppressed by the Catholic Church, met a skeptical reception at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1960s, however, <a href="/wiki/Nina_Garso%C3%AFan" title="Nina Garsoïan">Nina Garsoïan</a>, in a comprehensive study of both Greek and Armenian sources, argued in support of a link to Adoptionism, and asserted that Paulicianism independently developed features of docetism and dualism.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a paper presented to the Unitarian Christian Alliance Conference in 2022, Atlanta Bible College adjunct professor Sean Finnegan argued that the Armenian sect which produced <i>The Key of Truth</i>, while nontrinitarian, did not hold an Adoptionist Christology. Evidence against an Adoptionist Christology includes an affirmation of the virgin birth in chapter 23 of <i>The Key of Truth</i>, as well as the use of the phrase "only-born" in <i>The Key of Truth</i> chapters 2, 17, 21, and 22.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rituals,_practices_and_views_of_scripture"><span id="Rituals.2C_practices_and_views_of_scripture"></span>Rituals, practices and views of scripture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paulicianism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Rituals, practices and views of scripture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Paulicians were said to have used a different canon of sacred texts from the orthodox Christian bible. Byzantine scholars claimed that the sect accepted the four <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a> (especially <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">of Luke</a>);<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> fourteen <a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Epistles of Paul</a>; the three <a href="/wiki/Johannine_epistles" title="Johannine epistles">Epistles of John</a>; the epistles of <a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_James" title="Epistle of James">James</a> and <a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Jude" title="Epistle of Jude">Jude</a>; and an <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Laodiceans" title="Epistle to the Laodiceans">Epistle to the Laodiceans</a>, which they professed to have. On the Byzantine account, the Paulicians rejected the <a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Peter" title="First Epistle of Peter">First Epistle of Peter</a> and the whole <a href="/wiki/Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanakh">Tanakh</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also known as the Hebrew Bible or <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a>. </p><p>In common with the <a href="/wiki/Nestorians" class="mw-redirect" title="Nestorians">Nestorians</a>, the Paulicians were said to have rejected the title <i>Theotokos</i> ("Mother of God") for <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Mary</a> and refused all veneration of her.<sup id="cite_ref-SAE_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SAE-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sect's places of worship were apparently called "places of prayer" and were small rooms in modest houses and, despite their potential ascetic tendencies, made no distinction in foods and practiced marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-SvetlanaXXI_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SvetlanaXXI-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to supposed <a href="/wiki/Iconoclasm" title="Iconoclasm">iconoclasm</a> it was asserted that the sect rejected the <a href="/wiki/Christian_cross" title="Christian cross">Christian cross</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rite_(Christianity)" title="Rite (Christianity)">rites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">sacraments</a>, the worship, and the hierarchy of the established Church,<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SvetlanaXXI_9-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SvetlanaXXI-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because of which <a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Edward Gibbon</a> considered them as "worthy precursors of <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Garsoïan2011_10-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garsoïan2011-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some historians have also viewed them as proto-protestants.<sup id="cite_ref-Byron_Rice_2013_p._14_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Byron_Rice_2013_p._14-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the putatively Paulician or Tondrakian work <i>The Key of Truth</i>, copied in the 18th century, the Old Testament, Baptism, Penance, and the Eucharist are all accepted.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early modern Catholic reports of the Paulicians remaining in the Balkans claimed that they were iconoclasts, rejecting the veneration of images and the Cross, that they used fire rather than water in baptism, and that they had a relatively simple conception of priesthood. The practice of baptism by fire by Paulicians in the region before their conversion to Catholicism is corroborated by the contemporary English diplomat <a href="/wiki/Paul_Rycaut" title="Paul Rycaut">Paul Rycaut</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dixon2022pp50-51_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dixon2022pp50-51-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historiography">Historiography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paulicianism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Historiography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1940s, Soviet scholars saw the sect primarily as a product of <a href="/wiki/Proletarian_revolution" title="Proletarian revolution">proletarian revolt</a> which found expression through a theological movement. Garsoïan agreed that this assertion is supported by both Greek and Armenian sources, but held it only a limited description of the sect.<sup id="cite_ref-Garsoïan2011_10-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garsoïan2011-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paulicianism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athinganoi" title="Athinganoi">Athinganoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albigensians" class="mw-redirect" title="Albigensians">Albigensians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banat_Bulgarians" title="Banat Bulgarians">Banat Bulgarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banat_Bulgarian_dialect" title="Banat Bulgarian dialect">Banat Bulgarian dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogomilism" title="Bogomilism">Bogomilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Hamer_Broadbent" title="Edmund Hamer Broadbent">Edmund Hamer Broadbent</a> - The Pilgrim Church</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Codex" title="Novgorod Codex">Novgorod Codex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulician_dialect" title="Paulician dialect">Paulician dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavlikeni" title="Pavlikeni">Pavlikeni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in Bulgaria">Roman Catholicism in Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tondrakians" title="Tondrakians">Tondrakians</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paulicianism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CatholicEncy-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CatholicEncy_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CatholicEncy_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CatholicEncy_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CatholicEncy_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CatholicEncy_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CatholicEncy_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CatholicEncy_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CatholicEncy_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11583b.htm">"Catholic Encyclopedia: Paulicians"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_Advent" title="New Advent">New Advent</a></i>. 1 February 1911<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Advent&rft.atitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia%3A+Paulicians&rft.date=1911-02-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F11583b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaulicianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nersessian,_Vrej_1998_p._13-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nersessian,_Vrej_1998_p._13_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nersessian,_Vrej_1998_p._13_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nersessian, Vrej (1998). The Tondrakian Movement: Religious Movements in the Armenian Church from the 4th to the 10th Centuries. London: RoutledgeCurzon. p. 13. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-900707-92-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-900707-92-5">0-900707-92-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fine-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fine_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fine_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFine1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Van_Antwerp_Fine_Jr." title="John Van Antwerp Fine Jr.">Fine, John Van Antwerp</a> (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y0NBxG9Id58C"><i>The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century</i></a>. Michigan: University of Michigan Press. pp. 173, 299. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-472-08149-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-472-08149-7"><bdi>0-472-08149-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Medieval+Balkans%3A+A+Critical+Survey+from+the+Sixth+to+the+Late+Twelfth+Century&rft.place=Michigan&rft.pages=173%2C+299&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-472-08149-7&rft.aulast=Fine&rft.aufirst=John+Van+Antwerp&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY0NBxG9Id58C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaulicianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_Byzantium" title="Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium">Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium</a> / Editor in chief <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kazhdan" title="Alexander Kazhdan">Alexander P. Kazhan</a>. — Oxford University Press, 1991. — vol. 3. — p. 1606.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Paulicians">"Paulician"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Paulician&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FPaulicians&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaulicianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2009" class="citation journal cs1">Wilson, Joseph (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.equinoxpub.com/JSRNC/article/view/5782">"The Life of the Saint and the Animal: Asian Religious Influence in the Medieval Christian West"</a>. <i>The Journal for the Study of Religion, Nature and Culture</i>. <b>3</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">169–</span>194. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1558%2Fjsrnc.v3i2.169">10.1558/jsrnc.v3i2.169</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+for+the+Study+of+Religion%2C+Nature+and+Culture&rft.atitle=The+Life+of+the+Saint+and+the+Animal%3A+Asian+Religious+Influence+in+the+Medieval+Christian+West&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E169-%3C%2Fspan%3E194&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1558%2Fjsrnc.v3i2.169&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.equinoxpub.com%2FJSRNC%2Farticle%2Fview%2F5782&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaulicianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDixon2022" class="citation book cs1">Dixon, Carl (2022). <i>The Paulicians: Heresy, Persecution and Warfare on the Byzantine Frontier, c.750–880</i>. Koninklijke Brill. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004516540" title="Special:BookSources/9789004516540"><bdi>9789004516540</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Paulicians%3A+Heresy%2C+Persecution+and+Warfare+on+the+Byzantine+Frontier%2C+c.750%E2%80%93880&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Koninklijke+Brill&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9789004516540&rft.aulast=Dixon&rft.aufirst=Carl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaulicianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brit2-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brit2_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brit2_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brit2_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Constantine-Silvanus">"Constantine-Silvanus"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Constantine-Silvanus&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FConstantine-Silvanus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaulicianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SvetlanaXXI-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SvetlanaXXI_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SvetlanaXXI_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SvetlanaXXI_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SvetlanaXXI_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SvetlanaXXI_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SvetlanaXXI_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SvetlanaXXI_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SvetlanaXXI_9-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SvetlanaXXI_9-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNikolin2008" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nikolin, Svetlana (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/5364641">"Pavlikijani ili banatski Bugari"</a> [Paulicians or Banat Bulgarians]. <i>XXI Vek</i> (in Serbo-Croatian). <b>3</b>: <span class="nowrap">15–</span>16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=XXI+Vek&rft.atitle=Pavlikijani+ili+banatski+Bugari&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E15-%3C%2Fspan%3E16&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Nikolin&rft.aufirst=Svetlana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F5364641&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaulicianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Garsoïan2011-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Garsoïan2011_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garsoïan2011_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garsoïan2011_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garsoïan2011_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garsoïan2011_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garsoïan2011_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garsoïan2011_10-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garsoïan2011_10-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garsoïan2011_10-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garsoïan2011_10-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garsoïan2011_10-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garsoïan2011_10-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarsoïan1967" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nina_Garso%C3%AFan" title="Nina Garsoïan">Garsoïan, Nina G.</a> (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sk9Q-A0zwq0C"><i>The Paulician heresy: a study of the origin and development of Paulicianism in Armenia and the Eastern Provinces of the Byzantine empire</i></a>. Walter de Gruyter. pp. <span class="nowrap">13–</span>26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-134452-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-134452-2"><bdi>978-3-11-134452-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Paulician+heresy%3A+a+study+of+the+origin+and+development+of+Paulicianism+in+Armenia+and+the+Eastern+Provinces+of+the+Byzantine+empire&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E13-%3C%2Fspan%3E26&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=978-3-11-134452-2&rft.aulast=Garso%C3%AFan&rft.aufirst=Nina+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dsk9Q-A0zwq0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaulicianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Selian-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Selian_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdouard_Selian2020" class="citation journal cs1">Edouard Selian (January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/6730269">"The Descendants of Paulicians: the Pomaks, Catholics, and Orthodox"</a>. <i>Academia.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Academia.edu&rft.atitle=The+Descendants+of+Paulicians%3A+the+Pomaks%2C+Catholics%2C+and+Orthodox&rft.date=2020-01&rft.au=Edouard+Selian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F6730269&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaulicianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Goulter Dowling. A letter to S. R. Maitland. On the Opinions of the Paulicians, London, 1835. p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaoosa1987" class="citation book cs1">Maoosa, Matti (1987). <i>Extremist Shiites: The Ghulat Sects</i>. Syracuse University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-815-62411-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-815-62411-5"><bdi>0-815-62411-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Extremist+Shiites%3A+The+Ghulat+Sects&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-815-62411-5&rft.aulast=Maoosa&rft.aufirst=Matti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaulicianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dixon 2022, pp. 3–4, 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dixon 2022, pp. 3–4, 64, 114; p. 285 n. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SAE-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SAE_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SAE_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SAE_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Armenian)</span> Melik-Bakhshyan, Stepan. <i>«Պավլիկյան շարժում»</i> (The Paulician movement). <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Soviet_Encyclopedia" title="Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia">Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia</a>. vol. ix. Yerevan, Armenian SSR: Armenian Academy of Sciences, 1983, pp. 140-141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-L'Huillier1996-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-L'Huillier1996_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_L'Huillier1996" class="citation book cs1">Peter L'Huillier (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Umse6CFnt3MC&pg=PA80"><i>The Church of the Ancient Councils: The Disciplinary Work of the First Four Ecumenical Councils</i></a>. St Vladimir's Seminary Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">80–</span>81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88141-007-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88141-007-5"><bdi>978-0-88141-007-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Church+of+the+Ancient+Councils%3A+The+Disciplinary+Work+of+the+First+Four+Ecumenical+Councils&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E80-%3C%2Fspan%3E81&rft.pub=St+Vladimir%27s+Seminary+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-88141-007-5&rft.au=Peter+L%27Huillier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUmse6CFnt3MC%26pg%3DPA80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaulicianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dixon 2022, pp. 3–4: "Our earliest Byzantine source against the heresy claims that they took their name from Paul, a resident of Samosata (Sumaysāṭ) ... however, [it] immediately problematises the link with Paul [the bishop], remarking that the Paulicians anathematise both him and Mani".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dixon 2022, pp. 4, 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vrej_Nersessian_1948,_p.53-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vrej_Nersessian_1948,_p.53_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nersessian, Vrej: The Tondrakian Movement, Princeton Theological Monograph Series, Pickwick Publications, Allison Park, Pennsylvania, 1948, p.53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nersessian, Vrej: The Tondrakian Movement, Princeton Theological Monograph Series, Pickwick Publications, Allison Park, Pennsylvania, 1948, p.51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Petrus Siculus, "Historia Manichaeorum", op. cit., 45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leon Arpee. A History of Armenian Christianity. The Armenian Missionary Association of America, New York, 1946, p. 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Norwich, John Julius: <i>A Short History of Byzantium</i> Knopf, New York, 1997, page 140</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Digenis Akritas: The Two-Blooded Border Lord</i>. Trans. Denison B. Hull. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press, 1972</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asiaminor.ehw.gr/Forms/fLemmaBody.aspx?lemmaid=9146">"Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Μείζονος Ελληνισμού, Μ. Ασία"</a>. <i>Asiaminor.ehw.gr</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-09-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Asiaminor.ehw.gr&rft.atitle=%CE%95%CE%B3%CE%BA%CF%85%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1+%CE%9C%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B6%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82+%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%8D%2C+%CE%9C.+%CE%91%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fasiaminor.ehw.gr%2FForms%2FfLemmaBody.aspx%3Flemmaid%3D9146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaulicianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPanos2011" class="citation web cs1">Panos, Masis (24 April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://understanding-our-past.blogspot.com/2011/04/paulicians-timeline-map.html">"Understanding our past: The Paulicians: A timeline & map"</a>. <i>Understanding-our-past.blogspot.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Understanding-our-past.blogspot.com&rft.atitle=Understanding+our+past%3A+The+Paulicians%3A+A+timeline+%26+map&rft.date=2011-04-24&rft.aulast=Panos&rft.aufirst=Masis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funderstanding-our-past.blogspot.com%2F2011%2F04%2Fpaulicians-timeline-map.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaulicianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.medievalchurch.org.uk/h_paul.php">"Paulicians"</a>. <i>MedievalChurch.org.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MedievalChurch.org.uk&rft.atitle=Paulicians&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.medievalchurch.org.uk%2Fh_paul.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaulicianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelemapedia.org/index.php/Bogomils">"The Encyclopedia of Thelema & Magick | Bogomils"</a>. <i>Thelemapedia.org</i>. 15 July 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Thelemapedia.org&rft.atitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Thelema+%26+Magick+%26%23124%3B+Bogomils&rft.date=2005-07-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thelemapedia.org%2Findex.php%2FBogomils&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaulicianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Charanis61-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Charanis61_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Charanis61_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Charanis61_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Charanis61_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Charanis61_30-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharanis1961" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Charanis" title="Peter Charanis">Charanis, Peter</a> (1961). "The Transfer of Population as a Policy in the Byzantine Empire". <i>Comparative Studies in Society and History</i>. <b>3</b> (2): 142, <span class="nowrap">144–</span>152. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0010417500012093">10.1017/S0010417500012093</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/177624">177624</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145091581">145091581</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Studies+in+Society+and+History&rft.atitle=The+Transfer+of+Population+as+a+Policy+in+the+Byzantine+Empire&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=142%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E144-%3C%2Fspan%3E152&rft.date=1961&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145091581%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F177624%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0010417500012093&rft.aulast=Charanis&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaulicianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kroraina.com/knigi/ji/ji_uvod_5.htm">"Йордан Иванов. Богомилски книги и легенди"</a> (in Bulgarian). Jordan Ivanov. Bogomil Books and Legends, Sofia. 1925. p. 36.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD+%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2.+%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8+%D0%B8+%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Jordan+Ivanov.+Bogomil+Books+and+Legends%2C+Sofia&rft.date=1925&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kroraina.com%2Fknigi%2Fji%2Fji_uvod_5.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaulicianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-John_Goulter_Dowling_1835._p._50-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-John_Goulter_Dowling_1835._p._50_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-John_Goulter_Dowling_1835._p._50_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">John Goulter Dowling. A letter to S. R. Maitland. On the Opinions of the Paulicians, London, 1835. p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dixon 2022, pp. 16–17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dixon2022pp25-26-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dixon2022pp25-26_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dixon2022pp25-26_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dixon 2022, pp. 25–26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/keyoftruthmanual00paul"><i>The Key of Truth, a Manual of the Paulician Church of Armenia, The Armenian Text, Edited and Translated with Illustrative Documents and Introduction by Fred. C. Conybeare, Formerly Fellow of University College Oxford</i></a> (1 ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1898<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Key+of+Truth%2C+a+Manual+of+the+Paulician+Church+of+Armenia%2C+The+Armenian+Text%2C+Edited+and+Translated+with+Illustrative+Documents+and+Introduction+by+Fred.+C.+Conybeare%2C+Formerly+Fellow+of+University+College+Oxford&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1898&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkeyoftruthmanual00paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaulicianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics</i> Part 18 - Page 695 James Hastings, John A. Selbie - 2003 "The possible exception is <i>The Key of Truth</i>, which was discovered by FC Conybeare, translated from the Armenian,... It is a manual of 'Thondrakian' or Paulician teaching and practice, mutilated unfortunately by the removal of almost a ..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOhanjanyan2011" class="citation journal cs1">Ohanjanyan, A. M. (2011). "The Key of Truth and the Problem of the 'Neo-T'ondrakites' at the end of the 19th century". <i>Journal of the Society for Armenian Studies</i>. <b>20</b>. Translated by Cowe, S. P.: <span class="nowrap">131–</span>36.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Society+for+Armenian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Key+of+Truth+and+the+Problem+of+the+%27Neo-T%27ondrakites%27+at+the+end+of+the+19th+century&rft.volume=20&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E131-%3C%2Fspan%3E36&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Ohanjanyan&rft.aufirst=A.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaulicianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTreadgold1997" class="citation book cs1">Treadgold, Warren (1997). <i>A History of the Byzantine State and Society</i>. Stanford: University of Stanford Press. p. 448. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-2630-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-2630-2"><bdi>0-8047-2630-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Byzantine+State+and+Society&rft.place=Stanford&rft.pages=448&rft.pub=University+of+Stanford+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-8047-2630-2&rft.aulast=Treadgold&rft.aufirst=Warren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaulicianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/HistSciTech/HistSciTech-idx?type=turn&entity=HistSciTech.Cyclopaedia02.p0371&id=HistSciTech.Cyclopaedia02&isize=M">"Cyclopædia, or, An universal dictionary of arts and sciences : Arterial - attaching"</a>. <i>digicoll.library.wisc.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-03-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=digicoll.library.wisc.edu&rft.atitle=Cyclop%C3%A6dia%2C+or%2C+An+universal+dictionary+of+arts+and+sciences+%3A+Arterial+-+attaching&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigicoll.library.wisc.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2FHistSciTech%2FHistSciTech-idx%3Ftype%3Dturn%26entity%3DHistSciTech.Cyclopaedia02.p0371%26id%3DHistSciTech.Cyclopaedia02%26isize%3DM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaulicianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConybeare" class="citation book cs1">Conybeare, Frederick. <i>The Key of Truth. A Manual of the Paulician Church of Armenia</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Key+of+Truth.+A+Manual+of+the+Paulician+Church+of+Armenia&rft.aulast=Conybeare&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaulicianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dixon2022pp50-51-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dixon2022pp50-51_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dixon2022pp50-51_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dixon 2022, pp. 50–51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Key of Truth. A Manual of the Paulician Church of Armenia</i>. Page xxxv Frederick Cornwallis Conybeare "The context implies that the Paulicians of Khnus had objected as against those who deified Jesus that a circumcised man could not be God. ... The word Trinity is nowhere used, and was almost certainly rejected as being unscriptural."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dixon 2022, p. 26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToumanoff1969" class="citation journal cs1">Toumanoff, Cyril (1 February 1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/ahr/article-abstract/74/3/961/90950?redirectedFrom=fulltext">"The Paulician Heresy: A Study of the Origin and Development of Paulicianism in Armenia and the Eastern Provinces of the Byzantine Empire (Review)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Historical_Review" title="The American Historical Review">The American Historical Review</a></i>. <b>74</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">961–</span>962. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2Fahr%2F74.3.961">10.1086/ahr/74.3.961</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Paulician+Heresy%3A+A+Study+of+the+Origin+and+Development+of+Paulicianism+in+Armenia+and+the+Eastern+Provinces+of+the+Byzantine+Empire+%28Review%29&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E961-%3C%2Fspan%3E962&rft.date=1969-02-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2Fahr%2F74.3.961&rft.aulast=Toumanoff&rft.aufirst=Cyril&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fahr%2Farticle-abstract%2F74%2F3%2F961%2F90950%3FredirectedFrom%3Dfulltext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaulicianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinnegan2022" class="citation web cs1">Finnegan, Sean (2022-10-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://restitutio.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/The-Key-of-Truth-Final.pdf">"The Key of Truth: A Monument of Armenian Unitarianism"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Restitutio</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Restitutio&rft.atitle=The+Key+of+Truth%3A+A+Monument+of+Armenian+Unitarianism&rft.date=2022-10-14&rft.aulast=Finnegan&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frestitutio.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2022%2F10%2FThe-Key-of-Truth-Final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaulicianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinnegan2022" class="citation web cs1">Finnegan, Sean (2022-10-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://restitutio.org/2022/10/15/the-key-of-truth-a-monument-of-armenian-unitarainism-paper/">"The Key of Truth: A Monument of Armenian Unitarainism (Paper)"</a>. <i>Restitutio</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Restitutio&rft.atitle=The+Key+of+Truth%3A+A+Monument+of+Armenian+Unitarainism+%28Paper%29&rft.date=2022-10-15&rft.aulast=Finnegan&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frestitutio.org%2F2022%2F10%2F15%2Fthe-key-of-truth-a-monument-of-armenian-unitarainism-paper%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaulicianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Byron_Rice_2013_p._14-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Byron_Rice_2013_p._14_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByronRice2013" class="citation book cs1">Byron, R.; Rice, D.T. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cMpiAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA14"><i>The Birth of Western Painting (Routledge Revivals): A History of Colour, Form and Iconography</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-75240-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-75240-7"><bdi>978-1-136-75240-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-05-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Birth+of+Western+Painting+%28Routledge+Revivals%29%3A+A+History+of+Colour%2C+Form+and+Iconography&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-75240-7&rft.aulast=Byron&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=Rice%2C+D.T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcMpiAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaulicianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11583b.htm">"CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Paulicians"</a>. <i>www.newadvent.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-07-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.newadvent.org&rft.atitle=CATHOLIC+ENCYCLOPEDIA%3A+Paulicians&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F11583b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaulicianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See also: Yianni Cartledge & Brenton Griffin, ‘<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ceraejournal.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/8.-Vol.-9-Cartledge-Griffin-pp.-235-271-1.pdf">Sunk in the…Gulf of Perdition’: The ‘Heretical’ Paulician and Tondrakian Movements in the Periphery of the Medieval Byzantine Empire</a>', <i>Cerae</i>, 9, 2022, 235-271.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paulicianism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArpee1906" class="citation journal cs1">Arpee, Leon (April 1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F478607">"Armenian Paulicianism and the Key of Truth"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Journal_of_Theology" class="mw-redirect" title="The American Journal of Theology">The American Journal of Theology</a></i>. <b>10</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>: <span class="nowrap">267–</span>285. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F478607">10.1086/478607</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3153904">3153904</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Theology&rft.atitle=Armenian+Paulicianism+and+the+Key+of+Truth&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E267-%3C%2Fspan%3E285&rft.date=1906-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F478607&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3153904%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Arpee&rft.aufirst=Leon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1086%252F478607&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaulicianism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarsoïan2011" class="citation book cs1">Garsoïan, Nina G. (2011) [1967]. <i>The Paulician Heresy: A Study of the origin and development of Paulicianism in Armenia and the Eastern Provinces of the Byzantine Empire</i>. Publications in Near and Middle East Studies: Series A. Vol. 6. <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>: <a href="/wiki/De_Gruyter" title="De Gruyter">De Gruyter</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783111344522">10.1515/9783111344522</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110992274" title="Special:BookSources/9783110992274"><bdi>9783110992274</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Paulician+Heresy%3A+A+Study+of+the+origin+and+development+of+Paulicianism+in+Armenia+and+the+Eastern+Provinces+of+the+Byzantine+Empire&rft.place=Berlin&rft.series=Publications+in+Near+and+Middle+East+Studies%3A+Series+A&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783111344522&rft.isbn=9783110992274&rft.aulast=Garso%C3%AFan&rft.aufirst=Nina+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaulicianism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRunciman2009" class="citation book cs1">Runciman, Steven (2009) [1982]. "CHAPTER III - The Paulicians". <i>The Medieval Manichee: A Study of the Christian Dualist Heresy</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">26–</span>62. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511599514.003">10.1017/CBO9780511599514.003</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780511599514" title="Special:BookSources/9780511599514"><bdi>9780511599514</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=CHAPTER+III+-+The+Paulicians&rft.btitle=The+Medieval+Manichee%3A+A+Study+of+the+Christian+Dualist+Heresy&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E26-%3C%2Fspan%3E62&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9780511599514.003&rft.isbn=9780511599514&rft.aulast=Runciman&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaulicianism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeyfeli2020" class="citation journal cs1">Seyfeli, Canan (August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/343532484">"Byzantine Paulicians: Beliefs and Practices (Bizans Pavlikyanları: İnanç ve Pratikler)"</a>. <i>ULUM: Journal of Religious Inquiries</i>. <b>3</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a>: ULUM İslami İlimler Eğitim ve Araştırma Merkezi: <span class="nowrap">45–</span>68. <a href="/wiki/EISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="EISSN (identifier)">eISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2645-9132">2645-9132</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2021</span> – via <a href="/wiki/ResearchGate" title="ResearchGate">ResearchGate</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ULUM%3A+Journal+of+Religious+Inquiries&rft.atitle=Byzantine+Paulicians%3A+Beliefs+and+Practices+%28Bizans+Pavlikyanlar%C4%B1%3A+%C4%B0nan%C3%A7+ve+Pratikler%29&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E45-%3C%2Fspan%3E68&rft.date=2020-08&rft.eissn=2645-9132&rft.aulast=Seyfeli&rft.aufirst=Canan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F343532484&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaulicianism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Yianni Cartledge & Brenton Griffin, ‘<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ceraejournal.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/8.-Vol.-9-Cartledge-Griffin-pp.-235-271-1.pdf">Sunk in the…Gulf of Perdition’: The ‘Heretical’ Paulician and Tondrakian Movements in the Periphery of the Medieval Byzantine Empire</a>', <i>Cerae</i>, 9, 2022, 235-271.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paulicianism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Herzog, "Paulicians," Philip Schaff, ed., A Religious Encyclopaedia or Dictionary of Biblical, Historical, Doctrinal, and Practical Theology, 3rd edn, Vol. 2. Toronto, New York & London: Funk & Wagnalls Company, 1894. pp. 1776–1777</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Adontz" title="Nicholas Adontz">Nikoghayos Adontz</a>: <i>Samuel l'Armenien</i>, Roi des Bulgares. Bruxelles, Palais des academies, 1938.</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in Armenian)</span> <a href="/wiki/Hrach_Bartikyan" title="Hrach Bartikyan">Hrach Bartikyan</a>, <i>Quellen zum Studium der Geschichte der paulikianischen Bewegung</i>, <a href="/wiki/Eriwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Eriwan">Eriwan</a> 1961.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/keyoftruthmanual00paul"><i>The Key of Truth, A Manual of the Paulician Church of Armenia</i></a>, edited and translated by <a href="/wiki/F._C._Conybeare" class="mw-redirect" title="F. C. Conybeare">F. C. Conybeare</a>, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1898.</li> <li>S. B. Dadoyan: <i>The Fatimid Armenians: Cultural and Political Interaction in the Near East</i>, Islamic History and Civilization, Studies and Texts 18. Leiden: Brill Publishers, 1997, Pp. 214.</li> <li>Nina G. Garsoian: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sk9Q-A0zwq0C">The Paulician Heresy. A Study in the Origin and Development of Paulicianism in Armenia and the Eastern Provinces of the Byzantine Empire</a></i>. Publications in Near and Middle East Studies. Columbia University, Series A 6. The Hague: Mouton, 1967, 296 pp.</li> <li>Nina G. Garsoian: <i>Armenia between Byzantium and the Sasanians</i>, London: Variorum Reprints, 1985, Pp. 340.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewman1951" class="citation book cs1">Newman, A.H. (1951). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/encyc08.p.v.html">"Paulicians"</a>. In Samuel Macaulay Jackson (ed.). <i>New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge</i>. Vol. VIII. Baker Book House, Michigan. pp. <span class="nowrap">417–</span>418.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Paulicians&rft.btitle=New+Schaff-Herzog+Encyclopedia+of+Religious+Knowledge&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E417-%3C%2Fspan%3E418&rft.pub=Baker+Book+House%2C+Michigan&rft.date=1951&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=A.H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fschaff%2Fencyc08.p.v.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaulicianism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Vahan M. Kurkjian: <i>A History of Armenia</i> (Chapter 37, The Paulikians and the Tondrakians), New York, 1959, 526 pp.</li> <li>A. Lombard: <i>Pauliciens, Bulgares et Bons-hommes</i>, Geneva 1879</li> <li>Vrej Nersessian: <i>The Tondrakian Movement</i>, Princeton Theological Monograph Series, Pickwick Publications, Allison Park, Pennsylvania, 1948, Pp. 145.</li> <li>Edward Gibbon: 'History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire' (Chapter LIV).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDragojlović1974" class="citation journal cs1">Dragojlović, Dragoljub (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ah4XAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA235">"The history of Paulicianism on the Balkan peninsula"</a>. <i>Balcanica</i> (5): <span class="nowrap">235–</span>244.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Balcanica&rft.atitle=The+history+of+Paulicianism+on+the+Balkan+peninsula&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E235-%3C%2Fspan%3E244&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Dragojlovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Dragoljub&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAh4XAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA235&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaulicianism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Yianni Cartledge & Brenton Griffin, ‘<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ceraejournal.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/8.-Vol.-9-Cartledge-Griffin-pp.-235-271-1.pdf">Sunk in the…Gulf of Perdition’: The ‘Heretical’ Paulician and Tondrakian Movements in the Periphery of the Medieval Byzantine Empire</a>', <i>Cerae</i>, 9, 2022, 235-271.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paulicianism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/ArmenianPaulicianismAndTheKeyOfTruth/Arpee_AJT_1906_Paulicians_djvu.txt">Leon Arpee. Armenian Paulicianism and the Key of Truth. The American Journal of Theology, Chicago, 1906, vol. £, p. 267-285</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibbonMilman" class="citation cs2">Gibbon, Edward; Milman, Henry Hart, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/25717">"The Paulician Heresy"</a>, in Widger, David (ed.), <i>The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire</i>, vol. X</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Paulician+Heresy&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Decline+and+Fall+of+the+Roman+Empire&rft.aulast=Gibbon&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft.au=Milman%2C+Henry+Hart&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Febooks%2F25717&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaulicianism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/keyoftruthmanual00paul/keyoftruthmanual00paul_djvu.txt">Full text of "The key of truth, a manual of the Paulician church of Armenia</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History337" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="History of the Byzantine Empire">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal"><div style="float: right;"><b>Preceding</b></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Later_Roman_Empire" title="Later Roman Empire">Later Roman Empire</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal"><div style="float: right;"><b>Early</b> <span style="font-size:85%;">(330–717)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Constantinian_and_Valentinianic_dynasties" title="Byzantine Empire under the Constantinian and Valentinianic dynasties">Constantinian–Valentinianic era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinian_dynasty" title="Constantinian dynasty">Constantinian dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinianic_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Valentinianic dynasty">Valentinianic dynasty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Theodosian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Theodosian dynasty">Theodosian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Leonid_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Leonid dynasty">Leonid era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Justinian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Justinian dynasty">Justinian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Heraclian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Heraclian dynasty">Heraclian era</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Dark_Ages" title="Byzantine Dark Ages">Byzantine Dark Ages</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty_Years%27_Anarchy" title="Twenty Years' Anarchy">Twenty Years' Anarchy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal"><div style="float: right;"><b>Middle</b> <span style="font-size:85%;">(717–1204)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Isaurian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Isaurian dynasty">Isaurian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Nikephorian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Nikephorian dynasty">Nikephorian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Amorian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Amorian dynasty">Amorian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Macedonian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Macedonian dynasty">Macedonian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Doukas_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Doukas dynasty">Doukid era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Komnenos_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Komnenos dynasty">Komnenian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Angelos_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Angelos dynasty">Angelid era</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal"><div style="float: right;"><b>Late</b> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1204–1453)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Constantinople" title="Sack of Constantinople">Sack of Constantinople</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankokratia" title="Frankokratia">Frankokratia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li>Byzantine successor states (<a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Nicaea</a> / <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Epirus</a>–<a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Thessalonica" title="Empire of Thessalonica">Thessalonica</a> / <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_the_Morea" title="Despotate of the Morea">Morea</a> / <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Trebizond</a>–<a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Theodoro" title="Principality of Theodoro">Theodoro</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Palaiologos_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologos dynasty">Palaiologan era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Decline of the Byzantine Empire">Decline of the Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal"><div style="float: right;">By modern region<br />or territory</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Anatolia" title="Byzantine Anatolia">Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Armenia" title="Byzantine Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Corsica" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Corsica">Corsica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Crete" title="Byzantine Crete">Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Dalmatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greece" title="Byzantine Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Italy" title="Byzantine Italy">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Sardinia" title="Byzantine Sardinia">Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Sicily">Sicily</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Maghreb" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Maghreb">Maghreb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Malta" title="Byzantine Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Spain">Spain (Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands)</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Thrace" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Thrace">Thrace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Governance337" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Governance</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_emperors" title="List of Byzantine emperors">Emperors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_Byzantine_emperor" title="Coronation of the Byzantine emperor">Coronation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_Byzantine_emperors" title="Family tree of Byzantine emperors">Family tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses" title="List of Roman and Byzantine empresses">Empresses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_bureaucracy_and_aristocracy" title="Byzantine bureaucracy and aristocracy">Imperial bureaucracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Greek" title="Medieval Greek">Medieval Greek</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Senate">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture" title="Praetorian prefecture">Praetorian prefects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magister_officiorum" title="Magister officiorum">Magister officiorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comes_sacrarum_largitionum" title="Comes sacrarum largitionum">Comes sacrarum largitionum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comes_rerum_privatarum" title="Comes rerum privatarum">Comes rerum privatarum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaestor_sacri_palatii" title="Quaestor sacri palatii">Quaestor sacri palatii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Middle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Logothetes_tou_dromou" title="Logothetes tou dromou">Logothetes tou dromou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakellarios" title="Sakellarios">Sakellarios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logothetes_tou_genikou" title="Logothetes tou genikou">Logothetes tou genikou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logothetes_tou_stratiotikou" title="Logothetes tou stratiotikou">Logothetes tou stratiotikou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakellarios" title="Sakellarios">Chartoularios tou sakelliou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestiarion" title="Vestiarion">Chartoularios tou vestiariou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epi_tou_eidikou" title="Epi tou eidikou">Epi tou eidikou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protasekretis" title="Protasekretis">Protasekretis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epi_ton_deeseon" title="Epi ton deeseon">Epi ton deeseon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Late</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megas_logothetes" title="Megas logothetes">Megas logothetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesazon" title="Mesazon">Mesazon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Subdivisions of the Byzantine Empire">Provincial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture" title="Praetorian prefecture">Praetorian prefectures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_diocese" title="Roman diocese">Dioceses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_province#List_of_Late_Roman_provinces" title="Roman province">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaestura_exercitus" title="Quaestura exercitus">Quaestura exercitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Ravenna" title="Exarchate of Ravenna">Exarchate of Ravenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Africa" title="Exarchate of Africa">Exarchate of Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Middle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theme_(Byzantine_district)" title="Theme (Byzantine district)">Themata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleisoura_(Byzantine_district)" title="Kleisoura (Byzantine district)">Kleisourai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandon_(Byzantine_Empire)" title="Bandon (Byzantine Empire)">Bandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katepano" title="Katepano">Catepanates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Late</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kephale_(Byzantine_Empire)" title="Kephale (Byzantine Empire)">Kephale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despot_(court_title)" title="Despot (court title)">Despotates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign relations of the Byzantine Empire">Foreign relations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Category:Treaties of the Byzantine Empire">Treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_diplomats" title="Category:Byzantine diplomats">Diplomats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_diplomacy" title="Byzantine diplomacy">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_wars" title="List of Byzantine wars">Wars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Military337" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Military</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Army46" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_army" title="Byzantine army">Army</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_battle_tactics" title="Byzantine battle tactics">Battle tactics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_battles" title="List of Byzantine battles">Battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_beacon_system" title="Byzantine beacon system">Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_generals" title="Category:Byzantine generals">Generals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_mercenaries" title="Category:Byzantine mercenaries">Mercenaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_military_manuals" title="Byzantine military manuals">Military manuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_units_and_formations_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Category:Military units and formations of the Byzantine Empire">Military units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_revolts_and_civil_wars" title="List of Byzantine revolts and civil wars">Revolts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Roman_army" title="Late Roman army">Late Roman army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Roman_army" class="mw-redirect" title="East Roman army">East Roman army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foederati" title="Foederati">Foederati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucellarii" title="Bucellarii">Bucellarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholae_Palatinae" title="Scholae Palatinae">Scholae Palatinae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excubitors" title="Excubitors">Excubitors</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Middle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theme_(Byzantine_district)" title="Theme (Byzantine district)">Themata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleisoura_(Byzantine_district)" title="Kleisoura (Byzantine district)">Kleisourai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourma" class="mw-redirect" title="Tourma">Tourma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droungos" title="Droungos">Droungos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandon_(Byzantine_Empire)" title="Bandon (Byzantine Empire)">Bandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagma_(military)" title="Tagma (military)">Tagmata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_of_the_Schools" title="Domestic of the Schools">Domestic of the Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetaireia" title="Hetaireia">Hetaireia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akritai" title="Akritai">Akritai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varangian_Guard" title="Varangian Guard">Varangian Guard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Late</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_army_(Komnenian_era)" title="Byzantine army (Komnenian era)">Komnenian army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pronoia" title="Pronoia">Pronoia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestiaritai" title="Vestiaritai">Vestiaritai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_army_(Palaiologan_era)" title="Byzantine army (Palaiologan era)">Palaiologan army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allagion" title="Allagion">Allagion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramonai" title="Paramonai">Paramonai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_domestic" title="Grand domestic">Grand domestic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_navy" title="Byzantine navy">Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karabisianoi" title="Karabisianoi">Karabisianoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theme_(Byzantine_district)" title="Theme (Byzantine district)">Maritime themata</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cibyrrhaeot_Theme" title="Cibyrrhaeot Theme">Cibyrrhaeot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea_(theme)" title="Aegean Sea (theme)">Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samos_(theme)" title="Samos (theme)">Samos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dromon" title="Dromon">Dromon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_fire" title="Greek fire">Greek fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droungarios_of_the_Fleet" title="Droungarios of the Fleet">Droungarios of the Fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megas_doux" title="Megas doux">Megas doux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_admirals" title="Category:Byzantine admirals">Admirals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Naval_battles_involving_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Category:Naval battles involving the Byzantine Empire">Naval battles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Religion_and_law337" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Religion and law</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Category:Religion in the Byzantine Empire">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesychasm" title="Hesychasm">Hesychasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayhurum" title="Hayhurum">Hayhurum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople">Patriarchate of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_saints" title="Category:Byzantine saints">Saints</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodoxy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_Rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandrian Rite">Alexandrian Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Rite" title="Armenian Rite">Armenian Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miaphysitism" title="Miaphysitism">Miaphysitism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">Ecumenical councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">Monophysitism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paulicianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Great Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogomilism" title="Bogomilism">Bogomilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Athos" title="Mount Athos">Mount Athos</a></li> <li>Missionary activity <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bulgaria" title="Christianization of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Moravia" title="Christianization of Moravia">Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Serbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianization of the Serbs">Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Christianization of Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire">Jews</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_law" title="Byzantine law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Theodosianus" title="Codex Theodosianus">Codex Theodosianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corpus_Juris_Civilis" title="Corpus Juris Civilis">Corpus Juris Civilis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Justinian" title="Code of Justinian">Code of Justinian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecloga" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecloga">Ecloga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilika" title="Basilika">Basilika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Harmenopoulos" title="Constantine Harmenopoulos">Hexabiblos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_mutilation_in_Byzantine_culture" title="Political mutilation in Byzantine culture">Mutilation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Culture_and_society337" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Culture and society</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_architecture" title="Byzantine architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_secular_architecture" title="Category:Byzantine secular architecture">Secular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_sacred_architecture" title="Category:Byzantine sacred architecture">Sacred</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-in-square" title="Cross-in-square">Cross-in-square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_domes" title="History of Roman and Byzantine domes">Domes</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_Cistern" title="Basilica Cistern">Basilica Cistern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baths_of_Zeuxippus" title="Baths of Zeuxippus">Baths of Zeuxippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Blachernae" title="Palace of Blachernae">Blachernae Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chora_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Chora Church">Chora Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walls_of_Constantinople" title="Walls of Constantinople">City Walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Palace_of_Constantinople" title="Great Palace of Constantinople">Great Palace of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagia_Irene" title="Hagia Irene">Hagia Irene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippodrome_of_Constantinople" title="Hippodrome of Constantinople">Hippodrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pammakaristos_Church" title="Pammakaristos Church">Pammakaristos Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_of_Anemas" title="Prison of Anemas">Prison of Anemas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessalonica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Galerius_and_Rotunda" title="Arch of Galerius and Rotunda">Arch of Galerius and Rotunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Bath_(Thessaloniki)" title="Byzantine Bath (Thessaloniki)">Byzantine Bath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia,_Thessaloniki" title="Hagia Sophia, Thessaloniki">Hagia Sophia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagios_Demetrios" title="Hagios Demetrios">Hagios Demetrios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Panagia_Chalkeon" title="Church of Panagia Chalkeon">Panagia Chalkeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walls_of_Thessaloniki" title="Walls of Thessaloniki">Walls of Thessaloniki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_San_Vitale" title="Basilica of San Vitale">San Vitale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Sant%27Apollinare_in_Classe" title="Basilica of Sant'Apollinare in Classe">Sant'Apollinare in Classe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Sant%27Apollinare_Nuovo" title="Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo">Sant'Apollinare Nuovo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Other locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daphni_Monastery" title="Daphni Monastery">Daphni Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosios_Loukas" title="Hosios Loukas">Hosios Loukas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nea_Moni_of_Chios" title="Nea Moni of Chios">Nea Moni of Chios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Metropolis" title="Little Metropolis">Panagia Gorgoepikoos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Catherine%27s_Monastery" title="Saint Catherine's Monastery">Saint Catherine's Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystras" title="Mystras">Mystras</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_art" title="Byzantine art">Art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">Icons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_enamel" title="Byzantine enamel">Enamel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_glass" title="Byzantine glass">Glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic#Byzantine_mosaics" title="Mosaic">Mosaics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Byzantine_mosaics_in_the_Middle_East" title="Early Byzantine mosaics in the Middle East">Early Byzantine mosaics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_painters" title="Category:Byzantine painters">Painters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_art_(Byzantine)" title="Macedonian art (Byzantine)">Macedonian period art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_civilisation_in_the_12th_century" title="Byzantine civilisation in the 12th century">Komnenian renaissance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_economy" title="Byzantine economy">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine agriculture">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_coinage" title="Byzantine coinage">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_mints" title="Byzantine mints">Mints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine trade">Trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_silk" title="Byzantine silk">silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_route_from_the_Varangians_to_the_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks">Varangians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynatoi" title="Dynatoi">Dynatoi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_literature" title="Byzantine literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_novel" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine novel">Novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acritic_songs" title="Acritic songs">Acritic songs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digenes_Akritas" title="Digenes Akritas">Digenes Akritas</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Romance" title="Alexander Romance">Alexander Romance</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_historians" title="Category:Byzantine historians">Historians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Everyday life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_calendar" title="Byzantine calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cities_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Cities in the Byzantine Empire">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_cuisine" title="Byzantine cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_dance" title="Byzantine dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_dress" title="Byzantine dress">Dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_flags_and_insignia" title="Byzantine flags and insignia">Flags and insignia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_gardens" title="Byzantine gardens">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenization_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Hellenization in the Byzantine Empire">Hellenization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_music" title="Byzantine music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_lyra" title="Byzantine lyra">Lyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octoechos" title="Octoechos">Octoechos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_people" title="Category:Byzantine people">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greeks" title="Byzantine Greeks">Byzantine Greeks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Women in the Byzantine Empire">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Slavery in the Byzantine Empire">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Death in the Byzantine Empire">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_units_of_measurement" title="Byzantine units of measurement">Units of measurement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_science" title="Byzantine science">Science</a></li><li>Learning</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_Greek_encyclopedias" title="Category:Byzantine Greek encyclopedias">Encyclopedias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Library_of_Constantinople" title="Imperial Library of Constantinople">Imperial Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_inventions" title="List of Byzantine inventions">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_medicine" title="Byzantine medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_philosophy" title="Byzantine philosophy">Philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_rhetoric" title="Byzantine rhetoric">Rhetoric</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_scholars" title="List of Byzantine scholars">Scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_university" title="Byzantine university">University</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Constantinople" title="University of Constantinople">University of Constantinople</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Impact337" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Impact</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_commonwealth" title="Byzantine commonwealth">Byzantine commonwealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_studies" title="Byzantine studies">Byzantine studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_museums" title="Category:Byzantine museums">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantinism" title="Byzantinism">Byzantinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Revival_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Revival architecture">Neo-Byzantine architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_scholars_in_the_Renaissance" title="Greek scholars in the Renaissance">Greek scholars in the Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Succession of the Roman Empire">Third Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megali_Idea" title="Megali Idea">Megali Idea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Byzantine_Empire%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Byzantine Empire–related articles">Index</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Outline of the Byzantine Empire">Outline</a></li><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Byzantine_Empire" title="Portal:Byzantine Empire">Portal</a></li></ul></div></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Beliefs_condemned_as_heretical_by_the_Catholic_Church_(list)405" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Beliefs_condemned_by_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template:Beliefs condemned by the Catholic Church"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Beliefs_condemned_by_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template talk:Beliefs condemned by the Catholic Church"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Beliefs_condemned_by_the_Catholic_Church" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Beliefs condemned by the Catholic Church"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Beliefs_condemned_as_heretical_by_the_Catholic_Church_(list)405" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Heresy_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Heresy in the Catholic Church">Beliefs condemned as heretical by the Catholic Church</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_heresies_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="List of heresies in the Catholic Church">list</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Antiquity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoptionism" title="Adoptionism">Adoptionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollinarism" title="Apollinarism">Apollinarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anomoeanism" title="Anomoeanism">Anomoeanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-Arianism" title="Semi-Arianism">Semi-Arianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antidicomarianite" class="mw-redirect" title="Antidicomarianite">Antidicomarianites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audianism" title="Audianism">Audianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docetism" title="Docetism">Docetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donatism" title="Donatism">Donatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circumcellions" title="Circumcellions">Circumcellions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collyridianism" title="Collyridianism">Collyridianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualistic_cosmology#In_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Dualistic cosmology">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebionites" title="Ebionites">Ebionites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euchites" title="Euchites">Euchites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paulicianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscillianism" title="Priscillianism">Priscillianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naassenes" title="Naassenes">Naassenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophites" title="Ophites">Ophites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sethianism" title="Sethianism">Sethianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinianism" title="Valentinianism">Valentinianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconoclasm" title="Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucifer_of_Cagliari" title="Lucifer of Cagliari">Luciferianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumatomachi" title="Pneumatomachi">Macedonianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcionism" title="Marcionism">Marcionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athinganoi" title="Athinganoi">Melchisedechians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabellianism" title="Sabellianism">Modalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchianism" title="Monarchianism">Monarchianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athinganoi" title="Athinganoi">Athinganoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modalistic_Monarchianism" title="Modalistic Monarchianism">Modalistic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">Monophysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monothelitism" title="Monothelitism">Monothelitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montanism" title="Montanism">Montanism</a></li> 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typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Titelkupfer_Index_librorum_prohibitorum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="This 1711 illustration for the Index Librorum Prohibitorum depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire."><img alt="This 1711 illustration for the Index Librorum Prohibitorum depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Titelkupfer_Index_librorum_prohibitorum.jpg/100px-Titelkupfer_Index_librorum_prohibitorum.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Titelkupfer_Index_librorum_prohibitorum.jpg/150px-Titelkupfer_Index_librorum_prohibitorum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Titelkupfer_Index_librorum_prohibitorum.jpg/200px-Titelkupfer_Index_librorum_prohibitorum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="1975" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arnoldists" title="Arnoldists">Arnoldism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogomilism" title="Bogomilism">Bogomilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Church" title="Bosnian Church">Bosnian Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catharism" title="Catharism">Catharism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conciliarism" title="Conciliarism">Conciliarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulcinians" title="Dulcinians">Dulcinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraticelli" title="Fraticelli">Fraticelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brethren_of_the_Free_Spirit" title="Brethren of the Free Spirit">Free Spirits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Lausanne" title="Henry of Lausanne">Henricians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humiliati" title="Humiliati">Humiliati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussites" title="Hussites">Hussites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impanation" title="Impanation">Impanation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephines" title="Josephines">Josephines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lollardy" title="Lollardy">Lollardy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migetians" title="Migetians">Migetians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasagians" title="Pasagians">Pasagians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Adoptionism" title="Spanish Adoptionism">Spanish Adoptionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taborites" title="Taborites">Taborites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">Early modernity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a 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(Christian philosophy)">Quietism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern history">Modernity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americanism_(heresy)" title="Americanism (heresy)">Americanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_the_Lady_of_All_Nations" title="Community of the Lady of All Nations">Community of the Lady of All Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feeneyism" title="Feeneyism">Feeneyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indifferentism" title="Indifferentism">Indifferentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Modernism in the Catholic Church">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narco-saint" title="Narco-saint">Narco-saints</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maxim%C3%B3n" title="Maximón">Maximón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Muerte" title="Santa Muerte">Santa Muerte</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_Christianity" title="Positive Christianity">Positive Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reincarnationism" class="mw-redirect" title="Reincarnationism">Reincarnationism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold;background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" 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hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Apostolic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Brotherhood_Church" title="Armenian Brotherhood Church">Armenian Brotherhood Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Evangelical_Church" title="Armenian Evangelical Church">Armenian Evangelical Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Armenia" title="Catholic Church in Armenia">Catholic Church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholic_Church" title="Armenian Catholic Church">Armenian Catholic Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Orthodox_Church_in_Armenia" title="Georgian Orthodox Church in Armenia">Georgian Orthodox Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molokans_in_Armenia" title="Molokans in Armenia">Molokans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other religions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_Armenia" title="Baháʼí Faith in Armenia">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Armenia" title="Buddhism in Armenia">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetanism" title="Hetanism">Hetanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Armenia" title="Islam in Armenia">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Armenia" title="History of the Jews in Armenia">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidis_in_Armenia" title="Yazidis in Armenia">Yazidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Armenia" title="Zoroastrianism in Armenia">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a 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religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_in_the_Caucasus" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in the Caucasus">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in the Caucasus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paulicianism&oldid=1276643344">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paulicianism&oldid=1276643344</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Paulicianism" 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