CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>History of Roman and Byzantine domes - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"27af07ed-c406-4738-bfe9-679175b6b9c6","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"History_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_domes","wgTitle":"History of Roman and Byzantine domes","wgCurRevisionId":1249114449,"wgRevisionId":1249114449,"wgArticleId":45632133,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Good articles","Pages using multiple image with manual scaled images","Commons category link is locally defined","Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference","Ancient Roman architectural elements","Byzantine architecture","Domes","History of structural engineering"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en", "wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"History_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_domes","wgRelevantArticleId":45632133,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":200000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId": "Q19904215","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc" ,"skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Cupola_without_text.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1005"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Cupola_without_text.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="670"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="536"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="History of Roman and Byzantine domes - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_domes"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_domes&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_domes"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-History_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_domes rootpage-History_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_domes skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=History+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=History+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=History+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=History+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Overview </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Late_Republic_and_early_Imperial_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_Republic_and_early_Imperial_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Late Republic and early Imperial period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_Republic_and_early_Imperial_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 First century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Second century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Third century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fourth_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fourth_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Fourth century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fourth_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fifth_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fifth_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Fifth century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fifth_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sixth_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sixth_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Sixth century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sixth_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seventh_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seventh_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Seventh century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seventh_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eighth_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eighth_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 Eighth century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eighth_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ninth_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ninth_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.10 Ninth century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ninth_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tenth_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tenth_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.11 Tenth century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tenth_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eleventh_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eleventh_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.12 Eleventh century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eleventh_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twelfth_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twelfth_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.13 Twelfth century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twelfth_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thirteenth_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thirteenth_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.14 Thirteenth century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thirteenth_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fourteenth_and_fifteenth_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fourteenth_and_fifteenth_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.15 Fourteenth and fifteenth centuries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fourteenth_and_fifteenth_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Influence </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Influence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Influence subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Armenia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armenia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Armenia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armenia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Balkans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Balkans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 The Balkans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Balkans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Rus'" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Rus'"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 The Rus' </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Rus'-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romanesque_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romanesque_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Romanesque Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romanesque_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orthodox_Africa_and_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthodox_Africa_and_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Orthodox Africa and Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orthodox_Africa_and_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italian_Renaissance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italian_Renaissance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Italian Renaissance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italian_Renaissance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ottoman_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Ottoman Empire </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_revival" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_revival"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 Modern revival </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_revival-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">History of Roman and Byzantine domes</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 3 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-3" aria-hidden="true" > 3 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="تاريخ القباب الرومانية والبيزنطية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تاريخ القباب الرومانية والبيزنطية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hist%C3%B2ria_de_les_c%C3%BApules_romanes_antigues_i_medievals" title="Història de les cúpules romanes antigues i medievals – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Història de les cúpules romanes antigues i medievals" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_de_las_c%C3%BApulas_romanas_y_bizantinas" title="Historia de las cúpulas romanas y bizantinas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Historia de las cúpulas romanas y bizantinas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q19904215#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_domes" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:History_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_domes" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_domes">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_domes&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_domes&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_domes">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_domes&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_domes&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/History_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_domes" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/History_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_domes" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_domes&oldid=1249114449" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_domes&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=History_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_domes&id=1249114449&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHistory_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_domes">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHistory_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_domes">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=History_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_domes&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_domes&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Domes" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q19904215" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Dome" title="Dome">Domes</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Cupola_without_text.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Cupola_without_text.png/190px-Cupola_without_text.png" decoding="async" width="190" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Cupola_without_text.png/285px-Cupola_without_text.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Cupola_without_text.png/380px-Cupola_without_text.png 2x" data-file-width="555" data-file-height="465" /></a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid;"> <a href="/wiki/Symbolism_of_domes" title="Symbolism of domes">Symbolism</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid;"> History of</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_early_and_simple_domes" title="History of early and simple domes">Early and simple domes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Persian_domes" title="History of Persian domes">Persian domes</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Roman and Byzantine domes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medieval_Arabic_and_Western_European_domes" title="History of medieval Arabic and Western European domes">Medieval Arabic and Western European domes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_Renaissance_domes" title="History of Italian Renaissance domes">Italian Renaissance domes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_domes_in_South_Asia" title="History of domes in South Asia">South Asian domes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_early_modern_period_domes" title="History of early modern period domes">Early modern period domes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_modern_period_domes" title="History of modern period domes">Modern period domes</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid;"> Styles</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloister_vault" title="Cloister vault">Cloister vault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geodesic_dome" title="Geodesic dome">Geodesic dome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onion_dome" title="Onion dome">Onion dome</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid;"> Elements</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coffer" title="Coffer">Coffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupola" title="Cupola">Cupola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roof_lantern" title="Roof lantern">Lantern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqarnas" title="Muqarnas">Muqarnas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oculus_(architecture)" title="Oculus (architecture)">Oculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendentive" title="Pendentive">Pendentive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotunda_(architecture)" title="Rotunda (architecture)">Rotunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squinch" title="Squinch">Squinch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tholobate" title="Tholobate">Tholobate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whispering_gallery" title="Whispering gallery">Whispering gallery</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Domes" title="Category:Domes">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:P_parthenon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/16px-P_parthenon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/24px-P_parthenon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/32px-P_parthenon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Architecture" title="Portal:Architecture">Architecture portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dome_architecture" title="Template:Dome architecture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dome_architecture" title="Template talk:Dome architecture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dome_architecture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dome architecture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/Domes" class="mw-redirect" title="Domes">Domes</a> were a characteristic element of the architecture of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> and of its medieval continuation, the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>. They had widespread influence on contemporary and later styles, from <a href="/wiki/Russian_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian architecture">Russian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architecture" title="Ottoman architecture">Ottoman architecture</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_architecture" title="Renaissance architecture">Italian Renaissance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Revivalism_(architecture)" title="Revivalism (architecture)">modern revivals</a>. The domes were customarily hemispherical, although octagonal and segmented shapes are also known, and they developed in form, use, and structure over the centuries. Early examples rested directly on the <a href="/wiki/Rotunda_(architecture)" title="Rotunda (architecture)">rotunda</a> walls of round rooms and featured a central <a href="/wiki/Oculus_(architecture)" title="Oculus (architecture)">oculus</a> for ventilation and light. <a href="/wiki/Pendentive" title="Pendentive">Pendentives</a> became common in the Byzantine period, provided support for domes over square spaces. Early wooden domes are known only from a literary source, but the use of wooden <a href="/wiki/Formwork" title="Formwork">formwork</a>, concrete, and unskilled labor enabled domes of monumental size in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">late Republic</a> and early <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Imperial period</a>, such as the so-called "Temple of Mercury" <a href="/wiki/Thermae" title="Thermae">bath</a> hall at <a href="/wiki/Baiae" title="Baiae">Baiae</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a> introduced the dome into Roman palace architecture in the 1st century and such rooms served as state banqueting halls, audience rooms, or throne rooms. The <a href="/wiki/Pantheon,_Rome" title="Pantheon, Rome">Pantheon</a>'s dome, the largest and most famous example, was built of concrete in the 2nd century and may have served as an audience hall for <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a>. Imperial <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum" title="Mausoleum">mausolea</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Saint_Domnius" title="Cathedral of Saint Domnius">Mausoleum of Diocletian</a>, were domed beginning in the 3rd century. Some smaller domes were built with a technique of using ceramic tubes in place of a wooden centering for concrete, or as a permanent structure embedded in the concrete, but light brick became the preferred building material over the course of the 4th and 5th centuries. Brick ribs allowed for a thinner structure and facilitated the use of windows in the supporting walls, replacing the need for an oculus as a light source. Christian <a href="/wiki/Baptistery" title="Baptistery">baptisteries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shrine" title="Shrine">shrines</a> were domed in the 4th century, such as the <a href="/wiki/Lateran_Baptistery" title="Lateran Baptistery">Lateran Baptistery</a> and the likely wooden dome over the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre" title="Church of the Holy Sepulchre">Church of the Holy Sepulchre</a>. Constantine's <a href="/wiki/Domus_Aurea_(Antioch)" title="Domus Aurea (Antioch)">octagonal church in Antioch</a> may have been a precedent for similar buildings for centuries afterward. The first domed <a href="/wiki/Basilica" title="Basilica">basilica</a> may have been built in the 5th century, with a church in southern Turkey being the earliest proposed example, but the 6th century architecture of <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian</a> made domed church architecture standard throughout the Roman east. His <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Apostles" title="Church of the Holy Apostles">Church of the Holy Apostles</a> inspired copies in later centuries. Cruciform churches with domes at their crossings, such as the churches of <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia,_Thessaloniki" title="Hagia Sophia, Thessaloniki">Hagia Sophia in Thessaloniki</a> and <a href="/wiki/St._Nicholas_Church,_Demre" title="St. Nicholas Church, Demre">St. Nicholas at Myra</a>, were typical of 7th and 8th century architecture and bracing a dome with <a href="/wiki/Barrel_vault" title="Barrel vault">barrel vaults</a> on four sides became the standard structural system. Domes over windowed <a href="/wiki/Tholobate" title="Tholobate">drums</a> of cylindrical or polygonal shape were standard after the 9th century. In the empire's later period, smaller churches were built with smaller <a href="/wiki/Diameter" title="Diameter">diameter</a> domes, normally less than 6 meters (20 ft) after the 10th century. Exceptions include the 11th century domed-octagons of Hosios Loukas and <a href="/wiki/Nea_Moni_of_Chios" title="Nea Moni of Chios">Nea Moni</a>, and the 12th century <a href="/wiki/Chora_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Chora Church">Chora Church</a>, among others. The <a href="/wiki/Cross-in-square" title="Cross-in-square">cross-in-square</a> plan, with a single dome at the crossing or five domes in a <a href="/wiki/Quincunx" title="Quincunx">quincunx</a> pattern, as at the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_St._Panteleimon_(Nerezi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of St. Panteleimon (Nerezi)">Church of St. Panteleimon</a>, was the most popular type from the 10th century until the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">fall of Constantinople</a> in 1453. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_domes&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview">edit</a>]</div> Rounded arches, vaults, and domes distinguish <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_architecture" title="Ancient Roman architecture">Roman architecture</a> from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_architecture" title="Ancient Greek architecture">that of Ancient Greece</a> and were facilitated by the use of <a href="/wiki/Roman_concrete" title="Roman concrete">concrete</a> and brick.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlemingHonourPevsner1991366–367-1">[1]</a> By varying the weight of the aggregate material in the concrete, the weight of the concrete could be altered, allowing lighter layers to be laid at the top of concrete domes. But concrete domes also required expensive wooden <a href="/wiki/Formwork" title="Formwork">formwork</a>, also called shuttering, to be built and kept in place during the curing process, which would usually have to be destroyed to be removed. Formwork for brick domes need not be kept in place as long and could be more easily reused.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERothClark201349–50-2">[2]</a> The mortar and aggregate of Roman concrete was built up in horizontal layers laid by hand against wooden form-work with the thickness of the layers determined by the length of the workday, rather than being poured into a mold as concrete is today. Roman concrete domes were thus built similarly to the earlier corbel domes of the Mediterranean region, although they have different structural characteristics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEContiMartinesSinopoli20094–5-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinopoli201021-4">[4]</a> The aggregate used by the Romans was often rubble, but lightweight aggregate in the upper levels served to reduce stresses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkHutchinson198626,_28–29-5">[5]</a> Empty "<a href="/wiki/Amphora" title="Amphora">vases and jugs</a>" could be hidden inside to reduce weight.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrupico20116-6">[6]</a> The dry concrete mixtures used by the Romans were compacted with rams to eliminate voids, and added animal blood acted as a water reducer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAïtcin200728-7">[7]</a> Because Roman concrete was weak in tension, it did not provide any structural advantage over the use of brick or stone. But, because it could be constructed with unskilled slave labor, it provided a constructional advantage and facilitated the building of large-scale domes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkBillington1989303–304,_306-8">[8]</a> Roman domes were used in <a href="/wiki/Thermae" title="Thermae">baths</a>, villas, palaces, and tombs. <a href="/wiki/Oculus_(architecture)" title="Oculus (architecture)">Oculi</a> were common features.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehmann1945247,_254–255-9">[9]</a> They were customarily hemispherical in shape and partially or totally concealed on the exterior. In order to buttress the horizontal thrusts of a large hemispherical masonry dome, the supporting walls were built up beyond the base to at least the haunches of the dome and the dome was then also sometimes covered with a conical or polygonal roof.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith19509-10">[10]</a> A variety of other shapes, including shallow <a href="/wiki/Dome#Saucer_dome" title="Dome">saucer domes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dome#Cloister_vault" title="Dome">segmental domes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dome#Umbrella_dome" title="Dome">ribbed domes</a> were also sometimes used.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumser2010436-11">[11]</a> Stone or brick ribs were usually flush with the inside surface of Roman domes where they would not have been visible.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELancaster200586-12">[12]</a> The audience halls of many imperial palaces were domed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHourihane2012303-13">[13]</a> Domes were "closely associated with senatorial, imperial, and state-sponsored patrons" and proliferated in the capital cities and other cities with imperial affiliations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamerlenghi2019112-14">[14]</a> Domes were also very common over polygonal garden pavilions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHourihane2012304-15">[15]</a> Depictions on late Roman coins suggest that wooden bulbous domes sheathed in metal were used on late Roman towers in the eastern portion of the empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1956190-16">[16]</a> Construction and development of domes declined in the west with the decline and fall of the western portion of the empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelaragno199132-17">[17]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_architecture" title="Byzantine architecture">Byzantine architecture</a>, a supporting structure of four arches with <a href="/wiki/Pendentive" title="Pendentive">pendentives</a> between them allowed the spaces below domes to be opened up. Pendentives allowed for weight loads to be concentrated at just four points on a more practical square <a href="/wiki/Floor_plan" title="Floor plan">plan</a>, rather than a circle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBridgwoodLennie201350-18">[18]</a> Until the 9th century, domes were low with thick buttressing and did not project much into the exterior of their buildings. Drums were cylindrical when used and likewise low and thick. After the 9th century, domes were built higher and used polygonal drums decorated with engaged columns and arcades. Exterior dome decoration was more elaborate by the 12th century and included engaged columns along with niches, blind arcades, and string courses. Multiple domes on a single building were normal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanderpool1936568–569-19">[19]</a> Domes were important elements of <a href="/wiki/Baptistery" title="Baptistery">baptisteries</a>, churches, and tombs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelaragno199135-20">[20]</a> They were normally hemispherical and had, with occasional exceptions, windowed drums. Roofing for domes ranged from simple <a href="/wiki/Roof_tiles" title="Roof tiles">ceramic tile</a> to more expensive, more durable, and more form-fitting lead sheeting.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOusterhout2008a147–149,_208-21">[21]</a> The domes and drums typically incorporated wooden tension rings at several levels to resist deformation in the mortar and allow for faster construction. Metal clamps between stone cornice blocks, metal tie rods, and metal chains were also used to stabilize domed buildings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOusterhout2008a214-22">[22]</a> Timber belts at the bases of domes helped to stabilize the walls below them during earthquakes, but the domes themselves remained vulnerable to collapse.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGavrilovičKelleyŠendova200364-23">[23]</a> The surviving ribbed or pumpkin dome examples in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> are structurally equivalent and those techniques were used interchangeably, with the number of divisions corresponding to the number of windows. Aided by the small scale of churches after the 6th century, such ribbed domes could be built with formwork only for the ribs. Pumpkin domes could have been built in self-supporting rings and small domical vaults were effectively corbelled, dispensing with formwork altogether.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOusterhout2008a208,_230–233-24">[24]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:791px;max-width:791px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:201px;max-width:201px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:132px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Roma_Pantheon_oculo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Close interior photo of the Pantheon's circular oculus opening at the center of the domed ceiling" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Roma_Pantheon_oculo.jpg/199px-Roma_Pantheon_oculo.jpg" decoding="async" width="199" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Roma_Pantheon_oculo.jpg/299px-Roma_Pantheon_oculo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Roma_Pantheon_oculo.jpg/398px-Roma_Pantheon_oculo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1024" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">The circular oculus of the <a href="/wiki/Pantheon,_Rome" title="Pantheon, Rome">Pantheon</a>, at the center of the domed ceiling</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:201px;max-width:201px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:132px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Santa_Costanza._Exterior.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Exterior of the dome of Santa Costanza showing the windows in a cylindrical drum that hides the shape of the dome from view" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Santa_Costanza._Exterior.JPG/199px-Santa_Costanza._Exterior.JPG" decoding="async" width="199" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Santa_Costanza._Exterior.JPG/299px-Santa_Costanza._Exterior.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Santa_Costanza._Exterior.JPG/398px-Santa_Costanza._Exterior.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1024" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">The dome of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Costanza" title="Santa Costanza">Santa Costanza</a> is concealed externally by the buttressing of its cylindrical drum</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:179px;max-width:179px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:132px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:ZeyrekCamii20061230_01_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Exterior of a dome at Zeyrek Mosque showing exposed external dome profile and buttressed windows in a drum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/ZeyrekCamii20061230_01_%28cropped%29.jpg/177px-ZeyrekCamii20061230_01_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="177" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/ZeyrekCamii20061230_01_%28cropped%29.jpg/266px-ZeyrekCamii20061230_01_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/ZeyrekCamii20061230_01_%28cropped%29.jpg/354px-ZeyrekCamii20061230_01_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="554" data-file-height="417" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">A dome of the former <a href="/wiki/Zeyrek_Mosque" title="Zeyrek Mosque">Pantokrator Monastery</a>, showing an exposed external profile and lead roofing</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:132px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Chora.camii,kuppel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Dome of the Parecclesion interior at Chora Church showing ribs, frescos, and a drum with windows" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Chora.camii%2Ckuppel.jpg/200px-Chora.camii%2Ckuppel.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Chora.camii%2Ckuppel.jpg/300px-Chora.camii%2Ckuppel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Chora.camii%2Ckuppel.jpg/400px-Chora.camii%2Ckuppel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="531" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">A dome at <a href="/wiki/Chora_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Chora Church">Chora Church</a>, with ribs from between the drum windows converging on a circular fresco image</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_domes&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_Republic_and_early_Imperial_period">Late Republic and early Imperial period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_domes&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Late Republic and early Imperial period">edit</a>]</div> Roman baths played a leading role in the development of domed construction in general, and monumental domes in particular. Modest domes in baths dating from the 2nd and 1st centuries BC are seen in <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Frigidarium" title="Frigidarium">cold rooms</a> of the Terme Stabiane and the Terme del Foro.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehmann1945249-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinter2006130-26">[26]</a> These domes are very conical in shape, similar to those on an <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Assyrian</a> bas-relief found in <a href="/wiki/Nineveh" title="Nineveh">Nineveh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECreswell1915a147-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumser2010437-28">[28]</a> At a Roman era <a href="/wiki/Tepidarium" title="Tepidarium">tepidarium</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cabrera_de_Mar" title="Cabrera de Mar">Cabrera de Mar</a>, Spain, a dome has been identified from the middle of the 2nd century BC that used a refined version of the parallel arch construction found in an earlier Hellenistic bath dome in Sicily.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELucore200954-29">[29]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Vitruvius" title="Vitruvius">Vitruvius</a>, the temperature and humidity of domed warm rooms could be regulated by raising or lowering bronze discs located under an oculus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinter2006199-30">[30]</a> Domes were particularly well suited to the <a href="/wiki/Caldarium" title="Caldarium">hot rooms</a> of baths circular in plan to facilitate even heating from the walls. However, the extensive use of domes did not occur before the 1st century AD.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELancaster200549-31">[31]</a> <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Terentius_Varro" title="Marcus Terentius Varro">Varro's</a> book on agriculture describes an <a href="/wiki/Aviary" title="Aviary">aviary</a> with a wooden dome decorated with the eight winds that is compared by analogy to the eight winds depicted on the <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_the_Winds" title="Tower of the Winds">Tower of the Winds</a>, which was built in <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> at about the same time. This aviary with its wooden dome may represent a fully developed type. Wooden domes in general would have allowed for very wide spans. Their earlier use may have inspired the development and introduction of large stone domes of previously unprecedented size.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehmann1945249-25">[25]</a> Complex wooden forms were necessary for dome centering and support during construction, and they seem to have eventually become more efficient and standardized over time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELancaster200540-32">[32]</a> The "so-called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tomb_of_Ummidia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tomb of Ummidia (page does not exist)">tomb of Ummidia</a> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mausoleo_di_Ummidia_Quadratilla" class="extiw" title="it:Mausoleo di Ummidia Quadratilla">it</a>]" is a domed Greek cross structure dated to either the 1st century BC or the 1st century AD. The hemispherical dome was made from large stone ashlar blocks pierced by four holes with shafts extending diagonally up to the outside surface.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECigolaGallozziParisChiavoni2018123,_128–129-33">[33]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baia-Complesso_Termal_Romano_2010-by-RaBoe-115.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Bare concrete dome interior today called the Temple of Mercury with two square windows halfway up the dome on the far side, a circular oculus at the top, and a water level that reaches up to the base of the dome" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Baia-Complesso_Termal_Romano_2010-by-RaBoe-115.jpg/220px-Baia-Complesso_Termal_Romano_2010-by-RaBoe-115.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Baia-Complesso_Termal_Romano_2010-by-RaBoe-115.jpg/330px-Baia-Complesso_Termal_Romano_2010-by-RaBoe-115.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Baia-Complesso_Termal_Romano_2010-by-RaBoe-115.jpg/440px-Baia-Complesso_Termal_Romano_2010-by-RaBoe-115.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="786" /></a><figcaption>Flooded ruins of the so-called "Temple of Mercury" in <a href="/wiki/Baiae" title="Baiae">Baiae</a></figcaption></figure> Domes reached monumental size in the Roman <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Imperial period</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehmann1945249-25">[25]</a> Although imprints of the formwork itself have not survived, deformations from the ideal of up to 22 centimeters (8.7 in) at the so-called "Temple of Mercury" in Baiae suggest a centering of eight radiating frames, with horizontal connectors supporting radial formwork for the shallow dome.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELancaster200542-34">[34]</a> The building, actually a concrete <a href="/wiki/Frigidarium" title="Frigidarium">frigidarium</a> pool for a <a href="/wiki/Thermae" title="Thermae">bath</a>, dates to either the late Roman Republic,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarry202163-35">[35]</a> or the reign of the first <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> (27 BC – 14 AD), making it the first large Roman dome. There are five openings in the dome: a circular oculus and four square skylights.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehmann1945249-25">[25]</a> The dome has a span of 21.5 meters (71 ft) and is the largest known dome built before that of the Pantheon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkHutchinson198624-36">[36]</a> It is also the earliest preserved concrete dome.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELancaster200540-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_century">First century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_domes&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: First century">edit</a>]</div> While there are earlier examples in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republican period</a> and early Imperial period, the growth of domed construction increased under <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Emperor Nero</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flavian_dynasty" title="Flavian dynasty">the Flavians</a> in the 1st century AD, and during the 2nd century. Centrally planned halls become increasingly important parts of palace and palace villa layouts beginning in the 1st century, serving as state banqueting halls, audience rooms, or throne rooms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrautheimer198677-37">[37]</a> Formwork was arranged either horizontally or radially, but there is not enough surviving evidence from the 1st and 2nd centuries to say what was typical.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELancaster200540-32">[32]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Domus_Aurea_Octagon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Bare concrete octagonal dome interior at Nero's palace showing flat sections springing from above square doorways and merging into a spherical shape that culminates in a large circular oculus at the top" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Domus_Aurea_Octagon.jpg/220px-Domus_Aurea_Octagon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Domus_Aurea_Octagon.jpg/330px-Domus_Aurea_Octagon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Domus_Aurea_Octagon.jpg/440px-Domus_Aurea_Octagon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>The octagonal domed hall found in Nero's <a href="/wiki/Domus_Aurea" title="Domus Aurea">Domus Aurea</a></figcaption></figure> The opulent palace architecture of the Emperor Nero (54 – 68 AD) marks an important development.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehmann1945248,_250-38">[38]</a> There is evidence of a dome in his <a href="/wiki/Domus_Transitoria" title="Domus Transitoria">Domus Transitoria</a> at the intersection of two corridors, resting on four large <a href="/wiki/Pier_(architecture)" title="Pier (architecture)">piers</a>, which may have had an oculus at the center. In Nero's <a href="/wiki/Domus_Aurea" title="Domus Aurea">Domus Aurea</a>, or "Golden House", planned by Severus and Celer, the walls of a large octagonal room transition to an octagonal domical vault, which then transitions to a dome with an oculus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarden1981271-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESear198397,_101-40">[40]</a> This is the earliest known example of a dome in the city of Rome itself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELancaster200542-34">[34]</a> The Domus Aurea was built after 64 AD and the dome was over 13 meters (43 ft) in diameter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdam2013187-41">[41]</a> This octagonal and semicircular dome is made of concrete and the oculus is made of brick. The radial walls of the surrounding rooms buttress the dome, allowing the octagonal walls directly beneath it to contain large openings under <a href="/wiki/Jack_arch" title="Jack arch">flat arches</a> and for the room itself to be unusually well lit.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEContiMartinesSinopoli20093,_5-42">[42]</a> Because there is no indication that mosaic or other facing material had ever been applied to the surface of the dome, it may have been hidden behind a tent-like fabric canopy like the pavilion tents of Hellenistic (and earlier Persian) rulers. The oculus is unusually large, more than two-fifths the span of the room, and it may have served to support a lightweight lantern structure or <a href="/wiki/Monopteros" title="Monopteros">tholos</a>, which would have covered the opening. Circular channels on the upper surface of the oculus also support the idea that this lantern, perhaps itself domed, was the rotating dome referred to in written accounts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemsoll19897–9,_14-43">[43]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a>, the Domus Aurea had a dome that perpetually rotated on its base in imitation of the sky.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESear1983101-44">[44]</a> It was reported in 2009 that newly discovered foundations of a round room may be those of a rotating domed dining hall.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPisa20091-45">[45]</a> Also reported in contemporary sources is a ceiling over a dining hall in the palace fitted with pipes so that perfume could rain from the ceiling, although it is not known whether this was a feature of the same dome.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehmann1945250–253-46">[46]</a> The expensive and lavish decoration of the palace caused such scandal that it was abandoned soon after Nero's death and public buildings such as the <a href="/wiki/Baths_of_Titus" title="Baths of Titus">Baths of Titus</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Colosseum" title="Colosseum">Colosseum</a> were built at the site.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErdkamp2013147-47">[47]</a> The only intact dome from the reign of <a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Emperor Domitian</a> is a 16.1-meter (53 ft) wide example in what may have been a nymphaeum at his villa at <a href="/wiki/Albano_Laziale" title="Albano Laziale">Albano</a>. It is now the church of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Santa_Maria_della_Rotunda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Santa Maria della Rotunda (page does not exist)">Santa Maria della Rotunda</a> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santuario_di_Santa_Maria_della_Rotonda" class="extiw" title="it:Santuario di Santa Maria della Rotonda">it</a>].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdam2013187-41">[41]</a> Domitian's 92 AD <a href="/wiki/Flavian_Palace" title="Flavian Palace">Domus Augustana</a> established the apsidal <a href="/wiki/Semi-dome" title="Semi-dome">semi-dome</a> as an imperial motif.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHourihane2012303-13">[13]</a> Square chambers in his palace on the Palatine Hill used pendentives to support domes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Camp1990177-48">[48]</a> His palace contained three domes resting over walls with alternating apses and rectangular openings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2001433-49">[49]</a> An octagonal domed hall existed in the domestic wing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelaragno199128-50">[50]</a> Unlike Nero's similar octagonal dome, its segments extended all the way to the oculus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHourihane2012303-13">[13]</a> The dining hall of this private palace, called the Coenatio Jovis, or Dining Hall of Jupiter, contained a rotating ceiling like the one Nero had built, but with stars set into the simulated sky.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDewdney2008278-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_century">Second century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_domes&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Second century">edit</a>]</div> During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Emperor Trajan</a>, domes and semi-domes over <a href="/wiki/Exedra" title="Exedra">exedras</a> were standard elements of Roman architecture, possibly due to the efforts of Trajan's architect, <a href="/wiki/Apollodorus_of_Damascus" title="Apollodorus of Damascus">Apollodorus of Damascus</a>, who was famed for his engineering ability.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdam2013189-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2003192-53">[53]</a> Two rotundas 20 meters (66 ft) in diameter were finished in 109 AD as part of the <a href="/wiki/Baths_of_Trajan" title="Baths of Trajan">Baths of Trajan</a>, built over the Domus Aurea, and exedras 13 and 18 meters (43 and 59 ft) wide were built as part of the <a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Market" title="Trajan's Market">markets north-east of his forum</a>. The architecture of Trajan's successor, Hadrian, continued this style.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdam2013189-52">[52]</a> Three 100-foot (30 m) wide exedras at Trajan's Baths have patterns of coffering that, as in the later Pantheon, align with lower niches only on the axes and diagonals and, also as in the Pantheon, that alignment is sometimes with the ribs between the coffers, rather than with the coffers themselves.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2003192-53">[53]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pantheon,_Rome_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Vertical panorama image of the interior of the Pantheon in Rome from the floor to the ceiling showing also the main apse and the restored section of the attic level" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Pantheon%2C_Rome_2.jpg/220px-Pantheon%2C_Rome_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Pantheon%2C_Rome_2.jpg/330px-Pantheon%2C_Rome_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Pantheon%2C_Rome_2.jpg/440px-Pantheon%2C_Rome_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="531" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>The Pantheon in Rome</figcaption></figure> The Pantheon in Rome, completed by <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Emperor Hadrian</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/Baths_of_Agrippa" title="Baths of Agrippa">Baths of Agrippa</a>, has the most famous, best preserved, and largest Roman dome.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehmann1945255-54">[54]</a> Its diameter was more than twice as wide as any known earlier dome.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELancaster200545-55">[55]</a> Although considered an example of Hadrianic architecture, there is <a href="/wiki/Roman_brick#Ancient_Roman_brick_stamps" title="Roman brick">brickstamp</a> evidence that the rebuilding of the Pantheon in its present form was begun under Trajan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErdkamp2013147-47">[47]</a> Speculation that the architect of the Pantheon was Apollodorus has not been proven, although there are stylistic commonalities between his large coffered half-domes at Trajan's Baths and the dome of the Pantheon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2003192-53">[53]</a> Other indicators that the designer was either Apollodorus or someone in his circle who was "closer in artistic sensibility to Trajan’s era than Hadrian’s" are the monumental size and the incorporation of tiny passages in the structure. The building's dimensions seem to reference <a href="/wiki/Archimedes" title="Archimedes">Archimedes</a>' treatise <a href="/wiki/On_the_Sphere_and_Cylinder" title="On the Sphere and Cylinder">On the Sphere and Cylinder</a>, the dome may use rows of 28 coffers because 28 was considered by the <a href="/wiki/Pythagoreanism" title="Pythagoreanism">Pythagoreans</a> to be a <a href="/wiki/Perfect_number" title="Perfect number">perfect number</a>, and the design balances its complexity with underlying geometrical simplicity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartines2015100–103,_122–123-56">[56]</a> Dating from the 2nd century, it is an unreinforced concrete dome 43.4 meters (142 ft) wide resting on a circular wall, or <a href="/wiki/Rotunda_(architecture)" title="Rotunda (architecture)">rotunda</a>, 6 meters (20 ft) thick. This rotunda, made of brick-faced concrete, contains a large number of <a href="/wiki/Discharging_arch" title="Discharging arch">relieving arches</a> and voids. Seven interior niches and the entrance way divide the wall structurally into eight virtually independent piers. These openings and additional voids account for a quarter of the rotunda wall's volume. The only opening in the dome is the brick-lined oculus at the top, 9 meters (30 ft) in diameter, that provides light and ventilation for the interior.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkHutchinson198632-57">[57]</a> The shallow <a href="/wiki/Coffer" title="Coffer">coffering</a> in the dome accounts for a less than five percent reduction in the dome's mass, and is mostly decorative. The aggregate material hand-placed in the concrete is heaviest at the base of the dome and changes to lighter materials as the height increases, dramatically reducing the stresses in the finished structure. In fact, many commentators have cited the Pantheon as an example of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Architectural_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Architectural Revolution">revolutionary</a> possibilities for <a href="/wiki/Monolithic_architecture" title="Monolithic architecture">monolithic architecture</a> provided by the use of Roman <a href="/wiki/Pozzolana" title="Pozzolana">pozzolana</a> concrete. However, vertical cracks seem to have developed very early, such that in practice the dome acts as an array of arches with a common keystone, rather than as a single unit. The exterior step-rings used to compress the "haunches" of the dome, which would not be necessary if the dome acted as a <a href="/wiki/Monolithic_dome" title="Monolithic dome">monolithic structure</a>, may be an acknowledgement of this by the builders themselves. Such buttressing was common in Roman arch construction.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkHutchinson198632-57">[57]</a> The cracks in the dome can be seen from the upper internal chambers of the rotunda, but have been covered by re-<a href="/wiki/Cement_render" title="Cement render">rendering</a> on the inside surface of the dome and by patching on the outside of the building.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMainstone2013120-58">[58]</a> The Pantheon's roof was originally covered with gilt bronze tiles, but these were removed in 663 by <a href="/wiki/Constans_II" title="Constans II">Emperor Constans II</a> and replaced with lead roofing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumser2010437-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald200218-59">[59]</a> The function of the Pantheon remains an open question. Strangely for a temple, its inscription, which attributes this third building at the site to the builder of the first, <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Vipsanius_Agrippa" title="Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa">Marcus Agrippa</a>, does not mention any god or group of gods. Its name, Pantheon, comes from the Greek for "all gods" but is unofficial, and it was not included in the list of temples restored by Hadrian in the <a href="/wiki/Augustan_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustan History">Historia Augusta</a>. Circular temples were small and rare, and Roman temples traditionally allowed for only one divinity per room. The Pantheon more resembles structures found in imperial palaces and baths. Hadrian is believed to have held court in the rotunda using the main apse opposite the entrance as a <a href="/wiki/Tribune_(architecture)" title="Tribune (architecture)">tribune</a>, which may explain its very large size.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2003177–180-60">[60]</a> Later Roman buildings similar to the Pantheon include a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Temple_to_Asklepios_Soter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Temple to Asklepios Soter (page does not exist)">temple to Asklepios Soter</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asklepieion_(Pergamon)" class="extiw" title="de:Asklepieion (Pergamon)">de</a>] (c. 145) in the old Hellenistic city of <a href="/wiki/Pergamon" title="Pergamon">Pergamon</a> and the so-called "Round Temple" at <a href="/wiki/Ostia_Antica" title="Ostia Antica">Ostia</a> (c. 230–240), which may have been related to the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_cult_(ancient_Rome)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial cult (ancient Rome)">Imperial cult</a>. The Pergamon dome was about 80 <a href="/wiki/Foot_(unit)#Historical_origin" title="Foot (unit)">Roman feet</a> wide, versus about 150 for the Pantheon, and made of brick over a cut stone rotunda. The Ostia dome was 60 Roman feet wide and made of brick-faced concrete.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald200298-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoin201390–91-62">[62]</a> No later dome built in the Imperial era came close to the span of the Pantheon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkHutchinson198634-63">[63]</a> It remained the largest dome in the world for more than a millennium and is still the world's largest <a href="/wiki/Reinforced_concrete" title="Reinforced concrete">unreinforced concrete</a> dome.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson201229-64">[64]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hadrian%27s_villa_near_Tivoli_331.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Half-missing building at Hadrian's Villa showing domed interior composed of orange peal-like sections rising from arched niches and door" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Hadrian%27s_villa_near_Tivoli_331.jpg/220px-Hadrian%27s_villa_near_Tivoli_331.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Hadrian%27s_villa_near_Tivoli_331.jpg/330px-Hadrian%27s_villa_near_Tivoli_331.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Hadrian%27s_villa_near_Tivoli_331.jpg/440px-Hadrian%27s_villa_near_Tivoli_331.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Ruins in the Piazza D'Oro at <a href="/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Villa" title="Hadrian's Villa">Hadrian's Villa</a></figcaption></figure> Use of concrete facilitated the complex geometry of the octagonal domed hall at the 2nd century Small Thermal Baths of <a href="/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Villa" title="Hadrian's Villa">Hadrian's Villa</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tivoli,_Lazio" title="Tivoli, Lazio">Tivoli</a>. The vaulting has collapsed, but a virtual reconstruction suggests that the walls of the octagonal hall, which alternate flat and convex, merged into a spherical cap.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECiprianiFantiniBertacchi20143–4-65">[65]</a> Segmented domes made of radially concave wedges, or of alternating concave and flat wedges, appear under Hadrian in the 2nd century and most preserved examples of the style date from this period. Hadrian's villa has examples at the Piazza D'Oro and in the semidome of the Serapeum. Recorded details of the decoration of the segmented dome at the Piazza D'Oro suggests it was made to evoke a billowing tent, perhaps in imitation of the canopies used by <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic civilization">Hellenistic kings</a>. Other examples exist at the Hadrianic baths of <a href="/wiki/Otricoli" title="Otricoli">Otricoli</a> and the so-called "Temple of Venus" at Baiae. This style of dome required complex centering and radially oriented formwork to create its tight curves, and the earliest surviving direct evidence of radial formwork is found at the caldarium of the Large Baths at Hadrian's villa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELancaster200546,_50-66">[66]</a> Hadrian was an amateur architect and it was apparently domes of Hadrian's like these that Trajan's architect, Apollodorus of Damascus, derisively called "pumpkins" prior to Hadrian becoming emperor. According to <a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Dio Cassius</a>, the memory of this insult contributed to Hadrian as emperor having Apollodorus exiled and killed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKleinerGardner2010189-67">[67]</a> In the middle of the 2nd century, some of the largest domes were built near present-day <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>, as part of large bath complexes taking advantage of the volcanic hot springs in the area. At the bath complex at Baiae, there are remains of a collapsed dome spanning 26.3 meters (86 ft), called the "Temple of Venus", and a larger half-collapsed dome spanning 29.5 meters (97 ft) called the "Temple of Diana". The dome of the "Temple of Diana", which may have been a <a href="/wiki/Nymphaeum" title="Nymphaeum">nymphaeum</a> as part of the bath complex, can be seen to have had an <a href="/wiki/Ogival" class="mw-redirect" title="Ogival">ogival</a> section made of horizontal layers of mortared brick and capped with light tufa. It dates to the second half of the 2nd century and is the third largest dome known from the Roman world. The second largest is the collapsed "Temple of Apollo" built nearby along the shore of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Avernus" title="Lake Avernus">Lake Avernus</a>. The span cannot be precisely measured due to its ruined state, but it was more than 36 meters (118 ft) in diameter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdam2013189–191-68">[68]</a> Octagonal rooms of the <a href="/wiki/Baths_of_Antoninus" title="Baths of Antoninus">Baths of Antoninus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a> were covered with cloister vaults and have been dated to 145–160.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEComo2016333-69">[69]</a> In the second half of the 2nd century in North Africa, a distinctive type of nozzle tube shape was developed in the tradition of the terracotta tube dome at the Hellenistic era baths of Morgantina, an idea that had been preserved in the use of interlocking terracotta pots for kiln roofs. This tube could be mass-produced on potter's wheels and interlocked to form a permanent centering for concrete domes, avoiding the use of wooden centering altogether. This spread mainly in the western Mediterranean.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELancasterUlrich2014189–190-70">[70]</a> Although rarely used, the pendentive dome was known in 2nd century Roman architecture and possibly earlier, in funerary monuments such as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sedia_dei_Diavolo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sedia dei Diavolo (page does not exist)">Sedia dei Diavolo</a> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedia_del_Diavolo" class="extiw" title="it:Sedia del Diavolo">it</a>] and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Torracio_della_Secchina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Torracio della Secchina (page does not exist)">Torracio della Secchina</a> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torraccio_della_Cecchina" class="extiw" title="it:Torraccio della Cecchina">it</a>] on the <a href="/wiki/Via_Nomentana" title="Via Nomentana">Via Nomentana</a>. Pendentive domes would be used much more widely in the Byzantine period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdam2013193-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWard19731-72">[72]</a> A "Roman tomb in Palestine at Kusr-en-Nêuijîs" had a pendentive dome over the square intersection of cruciform barrel vaults and has been dated to the 2nd century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanderpool1936552–553-73">[73]</a> A small dome on spherical pendentives at <a href="/wiki/Beurey-Bauguay" title="Beurey-Bauguay">Beurey-Beauguay</a> on the <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4te-d%27Or" title="Côte-d'Or">Côte-d'Or</a> department of France has been dated to the 2nd or 3rd century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWard19731-72">[72]</a> A stone voussoir dome over the caldarium of the West Bath of <a href="/wiki/Jerash" title="Jerash">Jerash</a> has been dated to the second century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalletti2021258–259-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third_century">Third century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_domes&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Third century">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Villa_Gordiani_-_Park_of_Rome_a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ruined cylindrical brick building exterior with a large section missing showing the hemispherical domed interior with what had been four round windows in the sides of the dome and no oculus at the top" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Villa_Gordiani_-_Park_of_Rome_a.jpg/220px-Villa_Gordiani_-_Park_of_Rome_a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Villa_Gordiani_-_Park_of_Rome_a.jpg/330px-Villa_Gordiani_-_Park_of_Rome_a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Villa_Gordiani_-_Park_of_Rome_a.jpg/440px-Villa_Gordiani_-_Park_of_Rome_a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Ruins at <a href="/wiki/Villa_Gordiani" title="Villa Gordiani">Villa Gordiani</a></figcaption></figure> The large rotunda of the Baths of Agrippa, the oldest public baths in Rome, has been dated to the <a href="/wiki/Severan_dynasty" title="Severan dynasty">Severan period</a> at the beginning of the 3rd century, but it is not known whether this is an addition or simply a reconstruction of an earlier domed rotunda.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdam2013186-75">[75]</a> In the 3rd century, imperial mausolea began to be built as domed rotundas rather than <a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">tumulus</a> structures or other types, following similar monuments by private citizens. Pagan and <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> domed mausolea from this time can be differentiated in that the structures of the buildings also reflect their religious functions. The pagan buildings are typically two story, dimly lit, free-standing structures with a lower crypt area for the remains and an upper area for devotional sacrifice. Christian domed mausolea contain a single well-lit space and are usually attached to a <a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2009196-76">[76]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Old_St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="Old St. Peter's Basilica">first St. Peter's Basilica</a> would later be built near a preexisting early 3rd century domed rotunda that may have been a mausoleum. In the 5th century the rotunda would be dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle" title="Andrew the Apostle">St. Andrew</a> and joined to the <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Honorius" title="Mausoleum of Honorius">Mausoleum of Honorius</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamerlenghi2019116-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGem200537-78">[78]</a> Examples from the 3rd century include the brick dome of the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Saint_Domnius" title="Cathedral of Saint Domnius">Mausoleum of Diocletian</a>, and the mausoleum at <a href="/wiki/Villa_Gordiani" title="Villa Gordiani">Villa Gordiani</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMainstone2013123-79">[79]</a> The Villa Gordiani also contains remains of an oval gored dome.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald19586-80">[80]</a> The Mausoleum of Diocletian uses small arched squinches of brick built up from a circular base in an overlapping scales pattern, called a "stepped squinches dome". The scales pattern was a popular Hellenistic motif adopted by the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_architecture" title="Sasanian architecture">Sasanians</a>, and such domes are likely related to Persian "squinch vaults".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArce2006203–204-81">[81]</a> In addition to the mausoleum, the <a href="/wiki/Diocletian%27s_Palace" title="Diocletian's Palace">Palace of Diocletian</a> also contains a rotunda near the center of the complex that may have served as a throne room. It has side niches similar to those of an octagonal mausoleum but was located at the end of an apparently barrel-vaulted hall like the arrangement found in later Sasanian palaces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwoboda196181,_85-82">[82]</a> Masonry domes were less common in the Roman provinces, although the 3rd century "Temple of Venus" at <a href="/wiki/Baalbek" title="Baalbek">Baalbek</a> was built with a stone dome 10 meters (33 ft) in diameter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHourihane2012304-15">[15]</a> A stone corbelled dome 5.806 meters (19.05 ft) wide, later known as "<a href="/wiki/Arthur%27s_O%27on" title="Arthur's O'on">Arthur's O'on</a>", was located in <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> three kilometers north of the <a href="/wiki/Falkirk" title="Falkirk">Falkirk</a> fort on the <a href="/wiki/Antonine_Wall" title="Antonine Wall">Antonine Wall</a> and may have been a Roman victory monument from the reign of <a href="/wiki/Carausius" title="Carausius">Carausius</a>. It was destroyed in 1743.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreeze201460,_64-83">[83]</a> The technique of building lightweight domes with interlocking hollow ceramic tubes further developed in North Africa and Italy in the late 3rd and early 4th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcClendon200516-84">[84]</a> By the 4th century, the thin and lightweight tubed vaulting had become a vaulting technique in its own right, rather than simply serving as a permanent centering for concrete. It was used in early Christian buildings in Italy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELancasterUlrich2014190-85">[85]</a> Arranging these terracotta tubes in a continuous spiral created a dome that was not strong enough for very large spans, but required only minimal centering and formwork.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMainstone2013121-86">[86]</a> The later dome of the <a href="/wiki/Baptistry_of_Neon" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptistry of Neon">Baptistry of Neon</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a> is an example.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcClendon200516-84">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fourth_century">Fourth century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_domes&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Fourth century">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Esquilino_-_tempio_di_Minerva_medica_-_Horti_liciniani_2059.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Exterior of a ten-sided ruin called today the Temple of Minerva Medica at the intersection of city streets in Rome showing large arched windows in the drum between engaged buttresses and below polygonal step-rings buttresses for the collapsed dome" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Esquilino_-_tempio_di_Minerva_medica_-_Horti_liciniani_2059.JPG/220px-Esquilino_-_tempio_di_Minerva_medica_-_Horti_liciniani_2059.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Esquilino_-_tempio_di_Minerva_medica_-_Horti_liciniani_2059.JPG/330px-Esquilino_-_tempio_di_Minerva_medica_-_Horti_liciniani_2059.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Esquilino_-_tempio_di_Minerva_medica_-_Horti_liciniani_2059.JPG/440px-Esquilino_-_tempio_di_Minerva_medica_-_Horti_liciniani_2059.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>The so-called "<a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Minerva_Medica_(nymphaeum)" title="Temple of Minerva Medica (nymphaeum)">Temple of Minerva Medica</a>" in Rome</figcaption></figure> In the 4th century, Roman domes proliferated due to changes in the way domes were constructed, including advances in <a href="/wiki/Centring" title="Centring">centering</a> techniques and the use of brick <a href="/wiki/Rib_vault" title="Rib vault">ribbing</a>. The so-called "<a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Minerva_Medica_(nymphaeum)" title="Temple of Minerva Medica (nymphaeum)">Temple of Minerva Medica</a>", for example, used brick ribs along with step-rings and lightweight pumice aggregate concrete to form a <a href="/wiki/Decagon" title="Decagon">decagonal</a> dome.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELancaster2005161-87">[87]</a> The material of choice in construction gradually transitioned during the 4th and 5th centuries from stone or concrete to lighter brick in thin shells.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrautheimer1986238-88">[88]</a> The use of ribs stiffened the structure, allowing domes to be thinner with less massive supporting walls. Windows were often used in these walls and replaced the oculus as a source of light, although buttressing was sometimes necessary to compensate for large openings. The <a href="/wiki/Santa_Costanza" title="Santa Costanza">Mausoleum of Santa Costanza</a> has windows beneath the dome and nothing but paired columns beneath that, using a surrounding <a href="/wiki/Barrel_vault" title="Barrel vault">barrel vault</a> to buttress the structure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESear198382–83-89">[89]</a> The 24-meter (79 ft) dome of the <a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Galerius_and_Rotunda#Rotunda_of_Galerius" title="Arch of Galerius and Rotunda">Mausoleum of Galerius</a> was built around 300 AD close to the imperial palace as either a mausoleum or a throne room. It was converted into a church in the 5th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrautheimer198678-90">[90]</a> Also in Thessaloniki, at the <a href="/wiki/Tetrarchy" title="Tetrarchy">Tetrarchic</a> palace, an octagonal building has been excavated with a 24.95 meter span that may have been used as a throne room. It is known not to have been used as a church and was unsuitable as a mausoleum, and was used for some period between about 311 and when it was destroyed before about 450.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVickers1973111,_116,_119–120-91">[91]</a> The octagonal "<a href="/wiki/Domus_Aurea_(Antioch)" title="Domus Aurea (Antioch)">Domus Aurea</a>", or "Golden Octagon", built by <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Emperor Constantine</a> in 327 at the imperial palace of <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a> likewise had a domical roof, presumably of wood and covered with gilded lead.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith195029–30-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrautheimer198676-93">[93]</a> It was dedicated two years after the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Council of Nicea</a> to "Harmony, the divine power that unites Universe, Church, and Empire". It may have been both the cathedral of Antioch as well as the court church of Constantine, and the precedent for the later octagonal plan churches near palaces of <a href="/wiki/Little_Hagia_Sophia" title="Little Hagia Sophia">Saints Sergius and Bacchus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a> by Justinian and <a href="/wiki/Aachen_Cathedral" title="Aachen Cathedral">Aachen Cathedral</a> by Charlemagne.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrautheimer198676–78-94">[94]</a> The dome was rebuilt by 537–8 with <a href="/wiki/Cypress" title="Cypress">cypress</a> wood from Daphne after being destroyed in a fire. Most domes on churches in the Syrian region were built of wood, like that of the later <a href="/wiki/Dome_of_the_Rock" title="Dome of the Rock">Dome of the Rock</a> in Jerusalem, and the dome of the Domus Aurea survived a series of earthquakes in the 6th century that destroyed the rest of the building. There is no record of the church being rebuilt after the earthquake of 588, perhaps due to the general abandonment of many public buildings in what was no longer a capital of the Empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2006185,_187-95">[95]</a> Constantine built the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Nativity" title="Church of the Nativity">Church of the Nativity</a> in Bethlehem around 333 as a large basilica with an octagonal structure at the eastern end, over the cave said to be the birthplace of Jesus. The domed octagon had an external diameter of 18 meters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShalev-Hurvitz2015192-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvner201035-97">[97]</a> It was later destroyed and when rebuilt by Justinian the octagon was replaced with a tri-apsidal structure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShalev-Hurvitz2015192-96">[96]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:StGeorgeRotundaSofia.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/StGeorgeRotundaSofia.JPG/220px-StGeorgeRotundaSofia.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/StGeorgeRotundaSofia.JPG/330px-StGeorgeRotundaSofia.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/StGeorgeRotundaSofia.JPG/440px-StGeorgeRotundaSofia.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_St._George,_Sofia" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of St. George, Sofia">St. George Rotunda</a> and some remains of <a href="/wiki/Serdica" class="mw-redirect" title="Serdica">Serdica</a> can be seen in the foreground</figcaption></figure> Centralized buildings of circular or octagonal plan also became used for baptistries and <a href="/wiki/Reliquary" title="Reliquary">reliquaries</a> due to the suitability of those shapes for assembly around a single object.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENuttgens1997121-98">[98]</a> Baptisteries began to be built in the manner of domed mausolea during the 4th century in Italy. The octagonal <a href="/wiki/Lateran_Baptistery" title="Lateran Baptistery">Lateran Baptistery</a> or the baptistery of the Holy Sepulchre may have been the first, and the style spread during the 5th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith195056-99">[99]</a> In the second half of the fourth century, domed octagonal baptisteries similar to the form of contemporary imperial mausolea developed in the region of North Italy near Milan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrandt20111593-100">[100]</a> Examples include the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Baptistery_of_San_Giovanni_in_Fonte_in_Milan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baptistery of San Giovanni in Fonte in Milan (page does not exist)">Baptistery of San Giovanni in Fonte in Milan</a> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battistero_di_San_Giovanni_alle_Fonti" class="extiw" title="it:Battistero di San Giovanni alle Fonti">it</a>] (late 4th century), a <a href="/wiki/Baptistery_of_San_Giovanni_in_Fonte,_Naples" title="Baptistery of San Giovanni in Fonte, Naples">domed baptistery in Naples</a> (4th to 6th centuries), and a baptistery in <a href="/wiki/Aquileia" title="Aquileia">Aquileia</a> (late 4th century).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamerlenghi2019113–114-101">[101]</a> Part of a baths complex begun in the early 4th century, the brick <a href="/wiki/Church_of_St._George,_Sofia" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of St. George, Sofia">Church of St. George</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Caldarium" title="Caldarium">caldarium</a> that was converted in the middle of the fifth century. It is a rotunda with four apse niches in the corners.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEДе_Сена2014388–389-102">[102]</a> The best preserved example of Roman architecture in the city, it has been used as a baptistery, church, mosque, and mausoleum over the centuries. The dome rises to about 14 m from the floor with a diameter of about 9.5 m.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEbulgariatravel-103">[103]</a> Its original function as a <a href="/wiki/Hypocaust" title="Hypocaust">hypocaust</a> hall is disputed and, based on its form, the building may originally have been a Christian martyrium. It was half-destroyed by the <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a> in 447 and was rebuilt in the 11th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEulpiaserdica-104">[104]</a> In the middle of the 4th century in Rome, domes were built as part of the <a href="/wiki/Baths_of_Constantine_(Rome)" title="Baths of Constantine (Rome)">Baths of Constantine</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Baths_of_Helena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baths of Helena (page does not exist)">Baths of Helena</a> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terme_Eleniane" class="extiw" title="it:Terme Eleniane">it</a>]. Domes over the calderia, or hot rooms, of the older <a href="/wiki/Baths_of_Agrippa" title="Baths of Agrippa">Baths of Agrippa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Baths_of_Caracalla" title="Baths of Caracalla">Baths of Caracalla</a> were also rebuilt at this time. Between the second half of the 4th century and the middle of the 5th century, domed mausolea for wealthy families were built attached to a new type of martyrial basilica before burials within the basilica itself, closer to the martyr's remains, made such attached buildings obsolete.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamerlenghi2019107,_109–110-105">[105]</a> A pagan rotunda from this period located on the <a href="/wiki/Via_Sacra" title="Via Sacra">Via Sacra</a> was later incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Santi_Cosma_e_Damiano,_Rome" title="Santi Cosma e Damiano, Rome">Basilica of Saints Cosmas and Damian</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Vestibule_(architecture)" title="Vestibule (architecture)">vestibule</a> around 526.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamerlenghi2019116-77">[77]</a> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chapel_of_S._Satiro_in_Milan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chapel of S. Satiro in Milan (page does not exist)">chapel of S. Satiro in Milan</a> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacello_di_San_Vittore_in_ciel_d%27oro" class="extiw" title="it:Sacello di San Vittore in ciel d'oro">it</a>] was built with a dome using the pottery technique of Ravenna, and was later connected to the Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorter191750-106">[106]</a> Christian mausolea and <a href="/wiki/Shrine" title="Shrine">shrines</a> developed into the "centralized church" type, often with a dome over a raised central space.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENuttgens1997121-98">[98]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Apostles#Constantine's_building" title="Church of the Holy Apostles">Church of the Holy Apostles</a>, or Apostoleion, probably planned by Constantine but built by his successor <a href="/wiki/Constantius_II" title="Constantius II">Constantius</a> in the new capital city of Constantinople, combined the congregational basilica with the centralized shrine. With a similar plan to that of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Simeon_Stylites" title="Church of Saint Simeon Stylites">Church of Saint Simeon Stylites</a>, four naves projected from a central rotunda containing Constantine's tomb and spaces for the tombs of the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Apostles" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelve Apostles">twelve Apostles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENuttgens1997122-107">[107]</a> Above the center may have been a <a href="/wiki/Clerestory" title="Clerestory">clerestory</a> with a wooden dome roofed with bronze sheeting and gold accents.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith195033-108">[108]</a> The oblong decagon of today's <a href="/wiki/St._Gereon%27s_Basilica,_Cologne" title="St. Gereon's Basilica, Cologne">St. Gereon's Basilica</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a>, Germany, was built upon an extraordinary and richly decorated 4th century Roman building with an apse, semi-domed niches, and dome. A church built in the city's northern cemetery, its original dedication is unknown.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECleary2013176–177-109">[109]</a> It may have been built by <a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julianus</a>, the governor of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Gaul" title="Roman Gaul">Gaul</a> from 355 to 360 who would later become emperor, as a mausoleum for his family.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHourihane2012172-110">[110]</a> The oval space may have been patterned after imperial audience halls or buildings such as the Temple of Minerva Medica.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilburn1988116–117-111">[111]</a> The largest centrally planned <a href="/wiki/Early_Christian_art_and_architecture" title="Early Christian art and architecture">Early Christian</a> church, <a href="/wiki/Mediolanum" title="Mediolanum">Milan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_San_Lorenzo,_Milan" title="Basilica of San Lorenzo, Milan">San Lorenzo Maggiore</a>, was built in the middle of the 4th century while that city served as the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a> and may have been domed with a light material, such as timber or cane.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesMurrayMurray2013512-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKleinbauer19675-113">[113]</a> There are two theories about the shape of this dome: a Byzantine-style dome on spherical pendentives with a ring of windows similar to domes of the later Justinian era, or an octagonal cloister vault following Roman trends and like the vaulting over the site's contemporary <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_San_Lorenzo,_Milan#Chapel_of_Saint_Aquilino" title="Basilica of San Lorenzo, Milan">chapel of Saint Aquiline</a>, possibly built with vaulting tubes, pieces of which had been found in excavations. Although these tubes have been shown to date from a medieval reconstruction, there is evidence supporting the use of Roman concrete in the original.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavanZaniniSarantis2007429-114">[114]</a> Alternatively, the central covering may have been a square <a href="/wiki/Groin_vault" title="Groin vault">groin vault</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKleinbauer19764-115">[115]</a> The building may have been the church of the nearby imperial palace and a proposed construction between 355 and 374 under the <a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arian</a> bishop <a href="/wiki/Auxentius_of_Milan" title="Auxentius of Milan">Auxentius of Milan</a>, who later "suffered a kind of <a href="/wiki/Damnatio_memoriae" title="Damnatio memoriae">damnatio memoriae</a> at the hands of his orthodox successors", may explain the lack of records about it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinney1972102–103,_107-116">[116]</a> Fires in 1071 and 1075 damaged the building and the central covering collapsed in 1103. It was rebuilt with a <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque</a> dome that lasted until 1573, when it collapsed and was replaced by the present structure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKleinbauer19671-117">[117]</a> The original vaulting was concealed by a square drum externally rather than the octagon of today, which dates from the 16th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrautheimer198681-118">[118]</a> Fluted or coffered domed structures appear in art with greater frequency from the late 4th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlovsdotter2019147-119">[119]</a> The early <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_St._John" title="Basilica of St. John">church of St. John at Ephesus</a> mentioned in a late fourth century account by <a href="/wiki/Egeria_(pilgrim)" title="Egeria (pilgrim)">Etheria</a> appears to have been a timber-roofed cruciform building with arms of roughly equal length and four central piers supporting a dome approximately 3.5 meters wide.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarydis201611–12-120">[120]</a> <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Emperor Theodosius</a> completed an octagonal domed church dedicated to <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Bak%C4%B1rk%C3%B6y" title="Bakırköy">Hebdomon</a> suburb of Constantinople around 392. It contained the relic of the head of John the Baptist and served as a coronation site for a series of emperors. The remains were destroyed in 1965 and the exact layout is not known, but it may have been a double-shell octagon similar to the Basilica of San Vitale in Ravenna.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis1973211-121">[121]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre" title="Church of the Holy Sepulchre">Church of the Holy Sepulchre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> was likely built with a wooden dome over the shrine by the end of the 4th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith195016–22-122">[122]</a> The rotunda, 33.7 meters (111 ft) in diameter and centered on the tomb of <a href="/wiki/Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ">Christ</a>, consisted of a domed center room surrounded by an ambulatory. The dome rose over a ground floor, gallery, and clerestory and may have had an oculus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrautheimer198674-123">[123]</a> The dome was about 21 meters (69 ft) wide.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrupico20112-124">[124]</a> Razed to the ground in 1009 by <a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah" title="Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah">the Fatimid Caliph</a>, it was rebuilt in 1048 by Emperor <a href="/wiki/Constantine_IX_Monomachos" title="Constantine IX Monomachos">Constantine IX Monomachos</a>, reportedly with a mosaic depicting Christ and the Twelve Apostles. The current dome is a 1977 renovation in thin reinforced concrete.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreeman-Grenville1987192–193,_195-125">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fifth_century">Fifth century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_domes&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Fifth century">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Galla_Placidia_Ravenna_06.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Interior image of the relatively small sail vault ceiling at the cross intersection of the Mausoleum of Galla Placidia with intact mosaic decoration of gold stars on a blue background and a gold cross at the center" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Galla_Placidia_Ravenna_06.JPG/220px-Galla_Placidia_Ravenna_06.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Galla_Placidia_Ravenna_06.JPG/330px-Galla_Placidia_Ravenna_06.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Galla_Placidia_Ravenna_06.JPG/440px-Galla_Placidia_Ravenna_06.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3568" data-file-height="2368" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Galla_Placidia" title="Mausoleum of Galla Placidia">Mausoleum of Galla Placidia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a></figcaption></figure> By the 5th century, structures with small-scale domed cross plans existed across the Christian world. Examples include the <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Galla_Placidia" title="Mausoleum of Galla Placidia">Mausoleum of Galla Placidia</a>, the martyrium attached to the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_San_Simpliciano" title="Basilica of San Simpliciano">Basilica of San Simpliciano</a>, and churches in <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">Macedonia</a> and on the coast of <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Asia Minor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrautheimer1986239-126">[126]</a> In Italy, the <a href="/wiki/Baptistery_of_San_Giovanni_in_Fonte,_Naples" title="Baptistery of San Giovanni in Fonte, Naples">Baptistery of San Giovanni</a> in Naples and the <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiesa_di_Santa_Maria_della_Croce_(Casarano)" class="extiw" title="it:Chiesa di Santa Maria della Croce (Casarano)">Church of Santa Maria della Croce</a> in Casarano have surviving early Christian domes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIncertiLavorattiD’AmicoGiannetti2018184-127">[127]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Tolentino" title="Tolentino">Tolentino</a>, the mausoleum of <a href="/wiki/Catervus" title="Catervus">Catervus</a> was modeled on the Pantheon, but at one-quarter scale and with three protruding apses, around 390–410. The <a href="/wiki/Ravenna_Baptistery_of_Neon" class="mw-redirect" title="Ravenna Baptistery of Neon">Baptistery of Neon in Ravenna</a> was completed in the middle of the 5th century and there were 5th century domes in the baptisteries at <a href="/wiki/Padula" title="Padula">Padula</a> and <a href="/wiki/Novara" title="Novara">Novara</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamerlenghi2019113–114-101">[101]</a> Small brick domes are also found in towers of <a href="/wiki/Walls_of_Constantinople" title="Walls of Constantinople">Constantinople's early 5th century land walls</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBardill2008341-128">[128]</a> Underground cisterns in Constantinople, such as the <a href="/wiki/Cistern_of_Philoxenos" title="Cistern of Philoxenos">Cistern of Philoxenos</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_Cistern" title="Basilica Cistern">Basilica Cistern</a>, were composed of a grid of columns supporting small domes, rather than <a href="/wiki/Groin_vault" title="Groin vault">groin vaults</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpiers1911958-129">[129]</a> The square bay with an overhead sail vault or dome on pendentives became the basic unit of architecture in the early Byzantine centuries, found in a variety of combinations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrautheimer1986239-126">[126]</a> Early examples of Byzantine domes existed over the hexagonal hall of the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Antiochos" title="Palace of Antiochos">Palace of Antiochos</a>, the hexagon at <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BClhane_Park" title="Gülhane Park">Gülhane</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Martyrion_of_Hagios_Karpos_and_Papylos_(Constantinople)" class="mw-redirect" title="Martyrion of Hagios Karpos and Papylos (Constantinople)">martyium of Sts. Karpos and Papylos</a>, and the rotunda at the <a href="/wiki/Bodrum_Mosque" title="Bodrum Mosque">Myrelaion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBardill2008341-128">[128]</a> The timber-roofed <a href="/w/index.php?title=Basilica_of_Ilissos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Basilica of Ilissos (page does not exist)">basilica of Ilissos</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilisos-Basilika" class="extiw" title="de:Ilisos-Basilika">de</a>] in Athens had a dome over its sanctuary.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarydis201612-130">[130]</a> The 5th century <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Mary" title="Church of Mary">St. Mary's church in Ephesus</a> had small rectangular side rooms with sail vaults made of arched brick courses. The brick dome of the baptistery at St. Mary's was composed of a series of tightly arched <a href="/wiki/Meridian_(astronomy)" title="Meridian (astronomy)">meridional</a> sections.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarydis2012372–375-131">[131]</a> The Church of Saint Simeon Stylites likely had a wooden polygonal dome over its central 27-meter (89 ft) wide octagon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBardill2008342-132">[132]</a> In the city of Rome, at least 58 domes in 44 buildings are known to have been built before domed construction ended in the middle of the 5th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamerlenghi2019105-133">[133]</a> The last imperial domed mausoleum in the city was <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Honorius" title="Mausoleum of Honorius">that of Emperor Honorius</a>, built in 415 next to <a href="/wiki/Old_St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="Old St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a>. It was demolished in 1519 as part of the rebuilding of St. Peter's, but had a dome 15.7 meters wide and its appearance is known from some images.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamerlenghi2019109-134">[134]</a> The last domed church in the city of Rome for centuries was <a href="/wiki/Santo_Stefano_al_Monte_Celio" title="Santo Stefano al Monte Celio">Santo Stefano al Monte Celio</a> around 460. It had an unusual centralized plan and a 22 meter wide dome made with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vaulting_tubes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vaulting tubes (page does not exist)">vaulting tubes</a> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubi_fittili" class="extiw" title="it:Tubi fittili">it</a>], a technique that may have been imported from the new western capital of Ravenna.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamerlenghi2019109–110,_112,_128-135">[135]</a> Although they continued to be built elsewhere in Italy, domes would not be built again within Rome until 1453.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamerlenghi2019112,_132-136">[136]</a> Other 5th century Italian domes may include <a href="/w/index.php?title=A_church_at_Casaranello&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A church at Casaranello (page does not exist)">a church at Casaranello</a> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiesa_di_Santa_Maria_della_Croce_(Casarano)" class="extiw" title="it:Chiesa di Santa Maria della Croce (Casarano)">it</a>] (first half of the 5th century), the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chapel_of_San_Vittore_in_Milan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chapel of San Vittore in Milan (page does not exist)">chapel of San Vittore in Milan</a> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacello_di_San_Vittore_in_ciel_d%27oro" class="extiw" title="it:Sacello di San Vittore in ciel d'oro">it</a>] at the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Sant%27Ambrogio" title="Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio">Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio</a>, the chapel of St. Maria Mater Domini in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_San_Felice_and_Fortunato_in_Vicenza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Church of San Felice and Fortunato in Vicenza (page does not exist)">church of San Felice and Fortunato in Vicenza</a> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_dei_Santi_Felice_e_Fortunato" class="extiw" title="it:Basilica dei Santi Felice e Fortunato">it</a>], and Sicily's <a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Byzantine cuba (page does not exist)">Cuba</a> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba_bizantina" class="extiw" title="it:Cuba bizantina">it</a>] of Malvagna (5th or 6th century) and San Pietro ad Baias (5th or 6th century).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamerlenghi2019114-137">[137]</a> In Jerusalem, <a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_the_Dormition#History_of_creation" title="Abbey of the Dormition">Sion Church</a> was built with a wooden dome between 456 and 460.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshkanAhmad2010288-138">[138]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Seat_of_Mary" title="Church of the Seat of Mary">Church of the Kathisma</a> was built along the road from Jerusalem to Bethlehem around 456 with an octagonal plan. It was built over the site of a rock said to be used as a seat by the Virgin Mary as she traveled to Bethlehem while pregnant with Jesus, corresponding to a story told in the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_James" title="Gospel of James">Protoevangelium of James</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvner201037-139">[139]</a> The outer diameter was similar to that of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre at 26–27 meters, and the innermost octagon supported a dome 15.5 meters wide.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShalev-Hurvitz2015181-140">[140]</a> With the end of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a>, domes became a signature feature of the church architecture of the surviving <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpiers1911958-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosser20111-141">[141]</a> A transition from timber-roofed basilicas to vaulted churches seems to have occurred there between the late 5th century and the 7th century, with early examples in Constantinople, Asia Minor, and <a href="/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia">Cilicia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarydis2012357–358-142">[142]</a> The first known domed basilica may have been a church at Meriamlik in southern Turkey, dated to between 471 and 494, although the ruins do not provide a definitive answer. It is possible earlier examples existed in Constantinople, where it has been suggested that the plan for the Meriamlik church itself was designed, but no domed basilica has been found there before the 6th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrautheimer1986219-143">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sixth_century">Sixth century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_domes&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sixth century">edit</a>]</div> The 6th century marks a turning point for domed church architecture. Centrally planned domed churches had been built since the 4th century for very particular functions, such as palace churches or martyria, with a slight widening of use around 500 AD, but most church buildings were timber-roofed halls on the basilica plan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrautheimer1986202–203-144">[144]</a> Under <a href="/wiki/Justin_I" title="Justin I">Justin I</a> in the 520s, Justinian seems to have razed the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_St._John" title="Basilica of St. John">Basilica of St. John</a> in Ephesus and replaced it with a greek cross cruciform building with five domes similar to his later Church of the Holy Apostles in Constantinople. This version of the building was <a href="/wiki/Procopius#The_Buildings" title="Procopius">described by Procopius in The Buildings</a>. Justinian would later replace the western arm of this building, likely in the 550s, expanding it from one domed bay to two domed bays.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarydis201623-145">[145]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_St._Polyeuctus" title="Church of St. Polyeuctus">Church of St. Polyeuctus</a> in Constantinople (524–527) may have been built as a large and lavish domed basilica similar to the Meriamlik church of fifty years before—and to the later <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Irene" title="Hagia Irene">Hagia Irene</a> of Emperor Justinian—by <a href="/wiki/Anicia_Juliana" title="Anicia Juliana">Anicia Juliana</a>, a descendant of the former imperial house, although the linear walls suggest a timber roof, rather than a brick dome.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrautheimer1986219-143">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBardill2017121-146">[146]</a> There is a story that she used the contribution to public funds that she had promised Justinian on his ascension to the throne to roof her church in gold.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison1983278–279-147">[147]</a> The church included an inscription praising Juliana for having "surpassed Solomon" with the building, and it may have been with this in mind that Justinian would later say of his Hagia Sophia, "Solomon, I have vanquished thee!".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland199919-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreelyÇakmak200484-149">[149]</a> In the second third of the 6th century, church building by the <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Emperor Justinian</a> used the domed cross unit on a monumental scale, in keeping with Justinian's emphasis on bold architectural innovation. His church architecture emphasized the central dome and his architects made the domed brick-vaulted central plan standard throughout the Roman east. This divergence with the Roman west from the second third of the 6th century may be considered the beginning of a "Byzantine" architecture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrautheimer1986203,_242-150">[150]</a> Timber-roofed basilicas, which had previously been the standard church form, would continue to be so in the medieval west.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELymberopoulouDuits201328-151">[151]</a> The earliest existing of Justinian's domed buildings may be the central plan <a href="/wiki/Little_Hagia_Sophia" title="Little Hagia Sophia">Church of Saints Sergius and Bacchus</a> in Constantinople, completed by 536. It is called the "Little Hagia Sophia" mosque today, but may have been begun five years earlier than that building. The dome rests on an octagonal base created by eight arches on piers and is divided into sixteen sections. Those sections above the flat sides of the octagon are flat and contain a window at their base, alternating with sections from the corners of the octagon that are scalloped, creating an unusual kind of pumpkin dome.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreelyÇakmak2004130–131,_136-152">[152]</a> Its dates of construction are disputed and may have begun in 532. The alternating scalloped and flat surfaces of the current dome resemble those in Hadrian's half-dome Serapeum in Tivoli, but may have replaced an original drum and dome similar to that over the Basilica of San Vitale in Ravenna.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBardill201762,_108,_114-153">[153]</a> The building was built within the precinct of the <a href="/wiki/Boukoleon_Palace" title="Boukoleon Palace">Palace of Hormistas</a>, the residence of Justinian before his ascension to the throne in 527, and includes an inscription mentioning the "<a href="/wiki/Sceptre" title="Sceptre">sceptered</a> Justinian" and "God-crowned <a href="/wiki/Theodora_(6th_century)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodora (6th century)">Theodora</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchibille201485–86-154">[154]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Istanbul_036_(6498284165).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Vertical interior image of the long vaulted ceiling of the nave of Hagia Sophia showing the central ribbed dome with a ring of windows at its base, four pendentives between the four large arches supporting that main dome, two large semi-domes filling the near and far arches (with the other two arches being filled by flat walls with windows, and smaller niche semi-domes in the far large semi-dome" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Istanbul_036_%286498284165%29.jpg/220px-Istanbul_036_%286498284165%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Istanbul_036_%286498284165%29.jpg/330px-Istanbul_036_%286498284165%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Istanbul_036_%286498284165%29.jpg/440px-Istanbul_036_%286498284165%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1620" /></a><figcaption>The Hagia Sophia in Istanbul (<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Istanbul_036_(6498284165).jpg" class="extiw" title="commons:File:Istanbul 036 (6498284165).jpg">annotations</a>).</figcaption></figure> After the <a href="/wiki/Nika_riots" title="Nika riots">Nika Revolt</a> destroyed much of the city of Constantinople in 532, including the churches of Hagia Sophia ("Holy Wisdom") and Hagia Irene ("Holy Peace"), Justinian had the opportunity to rebuild. Both had been basilica plan churches and both were rebuilt as domed basilicas, although the Hagia Sophia was rebuilt on a much grander scale.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreelyÇakmak200483–84-155">[155]</a> Built by <a href="/wiki/Anthemius_of_Tralles" title="Anthemius of Tralles">Anthemius of Tralles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Miletus" title="Isidore of Miletus">Isidore of Miletus</a> in Constantinople between 532 and 537, the Hagia Sophia has been called the greatest building in the world. It is an original and innovative design with no known precedents in the way it covers a basilica plan with dome and semi-domes. Periodic earthquakes in the region have caused three partial collapses of the dome and necessitated repairs. The precise shape of the original central dome completed in 537 was significantly different from the current one and, according to contemporary accounts, much bolder.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreelyÇakmak200462,_90–93,_95–96-156">[156]</a> <a href="/wiki/Procopius" title="Procopius">Procopius</a> wrote that the original dome seemed "not to rest upon solid masonry, but to cover the space with its golden dome suspended from heaven." Byzantine chronicler <a href="/wiki/John_Malalas" title="John Malalas">John Malalas</a> reported that this dome was 20 byzantine feet lower than its replacement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreelyÇakmak200495,_127-157">[157]</a> One theory is that the original dome continued the curve of the existing pendentives (which were partially reconstructed after its collapse), creating a massive sail vault pierced with a ring of windows.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchibille201455,_57-158">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrautheimer1986206-159">[159]</a> This vault would have been part of a theoretical sphere 46 meters (151 ft) in diameter (the distance of the diagonal of the square bay defined by the pendentives), 7 percent greater than the span of the Pantheon's dome.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkBillington1989308-160">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMark1994149-161">[161]</a> Another theory raises the shallow cap of this dome (the portion above what are today the pendentives) on a relatively short recessed drum containing the windows.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreelyÇakmak2004127-162">[162]</a> This first dome partially collapsed due to an earthquake in 558 and the design was then revised to the present profile. Earthquakes also caused partial collapses of the dome in 989 and 1346, so that the present dome consists of portions dating from the 6th century, on the north and south sides, and portions from the 10th and 14th centuries on the west and east sides, respectively. There are irregularities where these sectors meet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreelyÇakmak200495–96,_126–127-163">[163]</a> The current central dome, above the pendentives, is about 750 millimeters (30 in) thick.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHourihane2012301-164">[164]</a> It is about 32 meters (105 ft) wide and contains 40 radial ribs that spring from between the 40 windows at its base. Four of the windows were blocked as part of repairs in the 10th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreelyÇakmak2004126-165">[165]</a> The ring of windows at the base of the central dome are in the portion where the greatest hoop tension would have been expected and so they may have been used to help alleviate cracking along the meridians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkBillington1989307-166">[166]</a> Iron cramps between the marble blocks of its cornice helped to reduce outward thrusts at the base and limit cracking, like the wooden tension rings used in other Byzantine brick domes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMainstone2013123-79">[79]</a> The dome and pendentives are supported by four large arches springing from four piers. Additionally, two huge semi-domes of similar proportion are placed on opposite sides of the central dome and themselves contain smaller semi-domes between an additional four piers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreelyÇakmak200495,_105-167">[167]</a> The Hagia Sophia, as both the cathedral of Constantinople and the church of the adjacent <a href="/wiki/Great_Palace_of_Constantinople" title="Great Palace of Constantinople">Great Palace of Constantinople</a>, has a form of octagonal plan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrautheimer1986230-168">[168]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Basilica_di_San_Vitale_cupola_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Interior of the octagonal room of the Basilica of San Vitale in Ravenna showing the hemispherical dome, windows in the drum beneath it, and several of the eight tall arches niches with small semi-domes aligned with those windows" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Basilica_di_San_Vitale_cupola_2.jpg/220px-Basilica_di_San_Vitale_cupola_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Basilica_di_San_Vitale_cupola_2.jpg/330px-Basilica_di_San_Vitale_cupola_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Basilica_di_San_Vitale_cupola_2.jpg/440px-Basilica_di_San_Vitale_cupola_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4912" data-file-height="7360" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_San_Vitale" title="Basilica of San Vitale">Basilica of San Vitale</a> in Ravenna</figcaption></figure> The city of Ravenna, Italy, had served as the capital of the Western Roman Empire after Milan from 402 and the capital of the subsequent kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Odoacer" title="Odoacer">Odoacer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">of Theodoric</a> until <a href="/wiki/Gothic_War_(535%E2%80%93554)" title="Gothic War (535–554)">Justinian's reconquest</a> in 540. An octagonal building in Ravenna, begun under Theodoric in 525, was completed under the Byzantines in 547 as the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_San_Vitale" title="Basilica of San Vitale">Basilica of San Vitale</a> and contains a <a href="/wiki/Terracotta" title="Terracotta">terracotta</a> dome.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERingSalkin1995554,_556-169">[169]</a> It may belong to a school of architecture from 4th and 5th century Milan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBayet201435-170">[170]</a> The building is similar to the Byzantine Church of Saints Sergius and Bacchus and the later <a href="/wiki/Chrysotriklinos" title="Chrysotriklinos">Chrysotriklinos</a>, or throne hall and palace church of Constantinople, and it would be used as the model for <a href="/wiki/Palatine_Chapel,_Aachen" title="Palatine Chapel, Aachen">Charlemagne's palace chapel</a> at <a href="/wiki/Aachen" title="Aachen">Aix-la-Chapelle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFichtenau195767–68-171">[171]</a> Hollow <a href="/wiki/Amphora" title="Amphora">amphorae</a> were fitted inside one another to provide a lightweight structure for the dome and avoid additional buttressing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephensonHammondDavi2005165-172">[172]</a> It is 18 meters (59 ft) in diameter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHourihane2012304-15">[15]</a> The amphorae were arranged in a continuous spiral, which required minimal centering and formwork but was not strong enough for large spans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMainstone2013121-86">[86]</a> The dome was covered with a timber roof, which would be the favored practice for later medieval architects in Italy although it was unusual at the time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephensonHammondDavi2005165-172">[172]</a> In Constantinople, Justinian also tore down the aging Church of the Holy Apostles and <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Apostles#Justinian's_building" title="Church of the Holy Apostles">rebuilt it on a grander scale</a> between 536 and 550.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2009134-173">[173]</a> The original building was a <a href="/wiki/Cruciform" title="Cruciform">cruciform</a> basilica with a central domed mausoleum. Justinian's replacement was apparently likewise cruciform but with a central dome and four flanking domes. The central dome over the <a href="/wiki/Crossing_(architecture)" title="Crossing (architecture)">crossing</a> had pendentives and windows in its base, while the four domes over the arms of the cross had pendentives but no windows.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreelyÇakmak2004146-174">[174]</a> The domes appear to have been radically altered between 944 and 985 by the addition of windowed drums beneath all five domes and by raising the central dome higher than the others.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckwith1993222-175">[175]</a> The second most important church in the city after the Hagia Sophia, it fell into disrepair after the <a href="/wiki/Latin_occupation" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin occupation">Latin occupation</a> of Constantinople between 1204 and 1261 and it was razed to the ground by <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_the_Conqueror" class="mw-redirect" title="Mehmed the Conqueror">Mehmed the Conqueror</a> in 1461 to build his <a href="/wiki/Fatih_Mosque,_Istanbul" title="Fatih Mosque, Istanbul">Fatih Mosque</a> on the site.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEpstein198384,_89-176">[176]</a> Justinian's <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_St._John" title="Basilica of St. John">Basilica of St. John</a> at Ephesus and Venice's <a href="/wiki/St_Mark%27s_Basilica" title="St Mark's Basilica">St Mark's Basilica</a> are derivative of Holy Apostles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreelyÇakmak2004146-174">[174]</a> More loosely, the <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9rigueux_Cathedral" title="Périgueux Cathedral">Cathedral of St. Front</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint_Anthony_of_Padua" title="Basilica of Saint Anthony of Padua">Basilica of Saint Anthony of Padua</a> are also derived from this church.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMainstone2013216-177">[177]</a> The sacristy of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Basilica_of_Saints_Felice_and_Fortunato&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Basilica of Saints Felice and Fortunato (page does not exist)">Basilica of Saints Felice and Fortunato</a> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_dei_Santi_Felice_e_Fortunato" class="extiw" title="it:Basilica dei Santi Felice e Fortunato">it</a>] in <a href="/wiki/Vicenza" title="Vicenza">Vicenza</a>, Italy, is part of an older cruciform domed church built by General <a href="/wiki/Narses" title="Narses">Narses</a> in 554. The style of the church was characteristic of the Byzantine churches of Ravenna.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorter191750-106">[106]</a> Justinian and his successors modernized frontier fortifications throughout the century. The example at <a href="/wiki/Qasr_ibn_Wardan" class="mw-redirect" title="Qasr ibn Wardan">Qasr ibn Wardan</a> (564) in the desert of eastern Syria is particularly impressive, containing a governor's palace, barracks, and a church built with techniques and to plans possibly imported from Constantinople.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrautheimer1986247–249,_258–259-178">[178]</a> The church dome is unusual in that the pendentives sprang from an octagonal drum, rather than the four main arches, and in that it was made of brick, which was rare in Syria.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBardill2008341-128">[128]</a> The Golden Triclinium, or Chrysotriklinos, of the Great Palace of Constantinople served as an audience hall for the Emperor as well as a palace chapel. Nothing of it has survived except descriptions, which indicate that it had a pumpkin dome containing sixteen windows in its webs and that the dome was supported by the arches of eight niches connecting to adjoining rooms in the building's likely circular plan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrautheimer198677–78-179">[179]</a> Alternatively, the building may have been octagonal in plan, rather than circular.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECormack2009305-180">[180]</a> The building was not free-standing and was located at the intersection of the public and private parts of the palace. Smaller windows filled with thin sheets of <a href="/wiki/Alabaster" title="Alabaster">alabaster</a> may have existed over each of the curtain-covered side niches and below the cornice at the base of the dome.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeatherstone2005833,_835-181">[181]</a> The dome seems to have had webs that alternated straight and concave, like those of the dome of Justinian's Church of Saints Sergius and Bacchus, and may have been built about 40 years after that church.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrautheimer1986230–231-182">[182]</a> It was begun under <a href="/wiki/Justin_II" title="Justin II">Emperor Justin II</a>, completed by his successor <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_II_Constantine" title="Tiberius II Constantine">Tiberius II</a>, and continued to be improved by subsequent rulers. It was connected to the imperial living quarters and was a space used for assembly before religious festivals, high promotions and consultations, as a banqueting hall, a chapel for the emperor, and a throne room. Never fully described in any of its frequent mentions in Byzantine texts, the room was restricted to members of the court and the "most highly rated foreigners". In the 10th century, the throne in the east niche chamber was directly below an <a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">icon</a> of an <a href="/wiki/Christ_in_Majesty" title="Christ in Majesty">enthroned Christ</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECormack2009304–306-183">[183]</a> Other 6th century examples of domed constructions may include <a href="/wiki/Nostra_Segnora_de_Mesumundu" title="Nostra Segnora de Mesumundu">Nostra Segnora de Mesumundu</a> in <a href="/wiki/Siligo" title="Siligo">Siligo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a> (before 534), <a href="/wiki/San_Michele_Arcangelo,_Perugia" title="San Michele Arcangelo, Perugia">Sant’Angelo</a> in <a href="/wiki/Perugia" title="Perugia">Perugia</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=San_Miserino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="San Miserino (page does not exist)">San Miserino</a> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempietto_di_San_Miserino" class="extiw" title="it:Tempietto di San Miserino">it</a>] near <a href="/wiki/San_Donaci" title="San Donaci">San Donaci</a> (6th or 7th century), and the Trigona of Cittadella near <a href="/wiki/Noto" title="Noto">Noto</a> (6th or 7th century).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamerlenghi2019114-137">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seventh_century">Seventh century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_domes&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Seventh century">edit</a>]</div> The period of <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a>, roughly corresponding to the 7th to 9th centuries, is poorly documented but can be considered a transitional period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOusterhout2008b358-184">[184]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Saint_Sofia_Church,_Sofia" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Sofia Church, Sofia">cathedral of Sofia</a> has an unsettled date of construction, ranging from the last years of Justinian to the middle of the 7th century, as the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> were lost to the <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bulgars" title="Bulgars">Bulgars</a>. It combines a barrel-vaulted cruciform basilica plan with a <a href="/wiki/Crossing_(architecture)" title="Crossing (architecture)">crossing</a> dome hidden externally by the drum. It resembles some Romanesque churches of later centuries, although the type would not be popular in later Byzantine architecture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrautheimer1986255,_257-185">[185]</a> Destruction by earthquakes or invaders in the seventh to ninth centuries seems to have encouraged the development of masonry domes and vaulting experimentation over basilicas in <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Kizil_Kilise" title="Kizil Kilise">Sivrihisar Kizil Kilise</a> has a dome over an octagonal drum with windows on a square platform and was built around 600, before the battles in the region in the 640s. The domed <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Mary" title="Church of Mary">Church of Mary</a> in Ephesus may have been built in the late sixth or first half of the seventh century with reused bricks. The smaller Church of the Dormition of the Monastery of Hyacinth in <a href="/wiki/Nicaea" title="Nicaea">Nicaea</a> had a dome supported on four narrow arches and dates prior to 727. The lobed dome of the Church of St. Clement at <a href="/wiki/Ancyra" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancyra">Ancyra</a> was supported by pendentives that also included squinch-like arches, a possible indication of unfamiliarity with pendentives by the builders. The upper portion of the <a href="/wiki/St._Nicholas_Church,_Demre" title="St. Nicholas Church, Demre">Church of St. Nicholas</a> at Myra was destroyed, but it had a dome on pendentives over the nave that might have been built between 602 and 655, although it has been attributed to the late eighth or early ninth centuries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchwaldSavage2017137–139-186">[186]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eighth_century">Eighth century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_domes&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Eighth century">edit</a>]</div> Part of the fifth-century basilica of St. Mary at Ephesus seems to have been rebuilt in the eighth century as a cross-domed church, a development typical of the seventh to eighth centuries and similar to the cross-domed examples of <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia,_Thessaloniki" title="Hagia Sophia, Thessaloniki">Hagia Sophia in Thessaloniki</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Nicholas_Church,_Demre" title="St. Nicholas Church, Demre">St. Nicholas at Myra</a>, St. Clement's at <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a>, and the church of the <a href="/wiki/Koimisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Koimisis">Koimesis</a> at <a href="/wiki/Nicaea" title="Nicaea">Nicaea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarydis2012371,_375–377-187">[187]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hagia_Eirene_Constantinople_2007_002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Bare interior of the former church of Hagia Irene in Istanbul showing the convergence of four short barrel vaults at the pendentives, windowed drum, and main dome" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Hagia_Eirene_Constantinople_2007_002.jpg/220px-Hagia_Eirene_Constantinople_2007_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Hagia_Eirene_Constantinople_2007_002.jpg/330px-Hagia_Eirene_Constantinople_2007_002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Hagia_Eirene_Constantinople_2007_002.jpg/440px-Hagia_Eirene_Constantinople_2007_002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Irene" title="Hagia Irene">Hagia Irene</a> in Istanbul</figcaption></figure> With the decline in the empire's resources following <a href="/wiki/Plague_of_Justinian" title="Plague of Justinian">losses in population</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Arab_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine–Arab Wars">territory</a>, domes in Byzantine architecture were used as part of more modest new buildings. The large-scale churches of Byzantium were, however, kept in good repair. The upper portion of the Church of Hagia Irene was thoroughly rebuilt after the <a href="/wiki/740_Constantinople_earthquake" title="740 Constantinople earthquake">740 Constantinople earthquake</a>. The nave was re-covered with an elliptical domical vault hidden externally by a low cylinder on the roof, in place of the earlier barrel vaulted ceiling, and the original central dome from the Justinian era was replaced with one raised upon a high windowed drum. The barrel vaults supporting these two new domes were also extended out over the side aisles, creating cross-domed units.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2009133–134-188">[188]</a> By bracing the dome with broad arches on all four sides, the cross-domed unit provided a more secure structural system.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOusterhout2008b358-184">[184]</a> These units, with most domes raised on drums, became a standard element on a smaller scale in later Byzantine church architecture, and all domes built after the transitional period were braced with bilateral symmetry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOusterhout2008a202-189">[189]</a> The dome over the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_the_Archangels,_Mudanya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Church of the Archangels, Mudanya (page does not exist)">Church of the Archangels</a> [<a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%C5%9Fmelekler_Kilisesi" class="extiw" title="tr:Başmelekler Kilisesi">tr</a>] at <a href="/wiki/Kumyaka,_Mudanya" title="Kumyaka, Mudanya">Sige</a> was replaced in the 19th century, but the original was dated in the 18th century to 780.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchwaldSavage2017140-190">[190]</a> A small, unisex monastic community in <a href="/wiki/Bithynia" title="Bithynia">Bithynia</a>, near Constantinople, may have developed the <a href="/wiki/Cross-in-square" title="Cross-in-square">cross-in-square</a> plan church during the Iconoclastic period, which would explain the plan's small scale and unified <a href="/wiki/Cella#Christian_churches" title="Cella">naos</a>. The ruined church of St. John at <a href="/wiki/Pelekete_monastery" title="Pelekete monastery">Pelekete monastery</a> is an early example.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOusterhout2008a17-191">[191]</a> Monks had supported the use of icons, unlike the government-appointed <a href="/wiki/Secular_clergy" title="Secular clergy">secular clergy</a>, and monasticism would become increasingly popular. A new type of privately funded urban monastery developed from the 9th century on, which may help to explain the small size of subsequent building.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarling2004xliii-192">[192]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ninth_century">Ninth century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_domes&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Ninth century">edit</a>]</div> Timber-roofed basilicas, which had been the standard form until the 6th century, would be displaced by domed churches from the 9th century onward.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELymberopoulouDuits201328-151">[151]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Middle_byzantine_art#Periods" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle byzantine art">Middle Byzantine period</a> (c. 843 – 1204), domes were normally built to emphasize separate functional spaces, rather than as the modular ceiling units they had been earlier.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOusterhout2008a121-193">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOusterhout2008b358-184">[184]</a> Resting domes on circular or polygonal drums pierced with windows eventually became the standard style, with regional characteristics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrautheimer1986379-194">[194]</a> Single and multi-domed basilicas on Cyprus proposed to date from the ninth or tenth centuries include the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_Saint_Photios_of_Gialousa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Church of Saint Photios of Gialousa (page does not exist)">Church of Saint Photios of Gialousa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Karpasia_(town)" title="Karpasia (town)">Karpasia</a>), the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_Saint_George_of_Afentrika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Church of Saint George of Afentrika (page does not exist)">Church of Saint George of Afentrika</a> (<a href="/wiki/Karpasia_(town)" title="Karpasia (town)">Karpasia</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_Saint_Barnabas" title="Monastery of Saint Barnabas">Monastery of Saint Barnabas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Salamis,_Cyprus" title="Salamis, Cyprus">Salamis</a>), the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_Saint_Paraskeva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Church of Saint Paraskeva (page does not exist)">Church of Saint Paraskeva</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%8B_(%D0%95%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%83)" class="extiw" title="ru:Церковь Святой Параскевы (Ероскипу)">ru</a>] (<a href="/wiki/Geroskipou" title="Geroskipou">Geroskipou</a>), and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_Saints_Hilarion_and_Barnabas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Church of Saints Hilarion and Barnabas (page does not exist)">Church of Saints Hilarion and Barnabas</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirche_der_Heiligen_Hilarion_und_Barnabas_(Peristerona)" class="extiw" title="de:Kirche der Heiligen Hilarion und Barnabas (Peristerona)">de</a>] (<a href="/wiki/Peristerona" title="Peristerona">Peristerona</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorsterNicolaouRogge201874-195">[195]</a> The cross-in-square plan, with a single dome at the crossing or five domes in a <a href="/wiki/Quincunx" title="Quincunx">quincunx</a> pattern, became widely popular in the Middle Byzantine period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrautheimer1986340-196">[196]</a> Examples include an early 9th century church in <a href="/wiki/Tirilye" title="Tirilye">Tirilye</a>, now called the <a href="/wiki/Fatih_Mosque,_Tirilye" title="Fatih Mosque, Tirilye">Fatih Mosque</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOusterhout2008b358–359-197">[197]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Nea_Ekklesia" title="Nea Ekklesia">Nea Ekklesia</a> of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Basil_I" title="Basil I">Basil I</a> was built in Constantinople around 880 as part of a substantial building renovation and construction program during his reign. It had five domes, which are known from literary sources, but different arrangements for them have been proposed under at least four different plans. One has the domes arranged in a cruciform pattern like those of the contemporaneous Church of St. Andrew at <a href="/wiki/Peristeri" title="Peristeri">Peristerai</a> or the much older Church of the Holy Apostles in Constantinople. Others arrange them in a quincunx pattern, with four minor domes in the corners of a square and a larger fifth in the center, as part of a cross-domed or cross-in-square plan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOusterhout1998118–124-198">[198]</a> It is often suggested that the five-domed design of <a href="/wiki/Church_of_St._Panteleimon_(Nerezi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of St. Panteleimon (Nerezi)">St. Panteleimon at Nerezi</a>, from 1164, is based on that of the Nea Ekklesia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOusterhout2008a120-199">[199]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tenth_century">Tenth century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_domes&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Tenth century">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hosios_Loukas_-_interior_(October,_2014)_by_shakko_19.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Interior of the Panagia church at the monastery of Hosios Loukas, showing the central dome supported on four columns" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Hosios_Loukas_-_interior_%28October%2C_2014%29_by_shakko_19.JPG/220px-Hosios_Loukas_-_interior_%28October%2C_2014%29_by_shakko_19.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Hosios_Loukas_-_interior_%28October%2C_2014%29_by_shakko_19.JPG/330px-Hosios_Loukas_-_interior_%28October%2C_2014%29_by_shakko_19.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Hosios_Loukas_-_interior_%28October%2C_2014%29_by_shakko_19.JPG/440px-Hosios_Loukas_-_interior_%28October%2C_2014%29_by_shakko_19.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Hosios_Loukas" title="Hosios Loukas">Hosios Loukas</a> Panagia church near <a href="/wiki/Distomo" title="Distomo">Distomo</a>, Greece</figcaption></figure> In the Middle Byzantine period, more complex plans emerge, such as the integrated chapels of <a href="/wiki/Fenari_Isa_Mosque" title="Fenari Isa Mosque">Theotokos of Lips</a>, a monastic church in Constantinople that was built around 907. It included four small chapels on its second floor gallery level that may have been domed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOusterhout2008a359-200">[200]</a> The cross-in-square is the most common church plan from the 10th century until the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">fall of Constantinople</a> in 1453.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosser2011137-201">[201]</a> This type of plan, with four columns supporting the dome at the crossing, was best suited for domes less than 7 meters (23 ft) wide and, from the 10th to the 14th centuries, a typical Byzantine dome measured less than 6 meters (20 ft) in diameter. For domes beyond that width, variations in the plan were required such as using piers in place of the columns and incorporating further buttressing around the core of the building.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOusterhout2008a201–202-202">[202]</a> The palace chapel of the Myrelaion in Constantinople was built around 920 as a cross-in-square church and remains a good example. The earliest cross-in-square in Greece is the Panagia church at the monastery of <a href="/wiki/Hosios_Loukas" title="Hosios Loukas">Hosios Loukas</a>, dated to the late 10th century, but variations of the type can be found from southern Italy to Russia and Anatolia. They served in a wide variety of church roles, including domestic, parish, monastic, palatial, and funerary.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOusterhout2008a359-200">[200]</a> The distinctive rippling eaves design for the roofs of domes began in the 10th century. In mainland Greece, circular or octagonal drums became the most common.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrautheimer1986379-194">[194]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eleventh_century">Eleventh century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_domes&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Eleventh century">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hosios_Loukas_Katholikon_20091116-33.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Interior of the central naos of the katholikon at the monastery of Hosias Loukas, showing the large dome and fresco of Christ Pantokrator with a ring of windows in the base of the dome and pendentives formed by the eight supporting arches, four of which contain squinches that rest on the four corners of the square walls of the space" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Hosios_Loukas_Katholikon_20091116-33.JPG/220px-Hosios_Loukas_Katholikon_20091116-33.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Hosios_Loukas_Katholikon_20091116-33.JPG/330px-Hosios_Loukas_Katholikon_20091116-33.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Hosios_Loukas_Katholikon_20091116-33.JPG/440px-Hosios_Loukas_Katholikon_20091116-33.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3744" data-file-height="5616" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Katholikon" title="Katholikon">katholikon</a> of the monastery of Hosios Loukas near <a href="/wiki/Distomo" title="Distomo">Distomo</a>, Greece</figcaption></figure> In Constantinople, drums with twelve or fourteen sides were popular beginning in the 11th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrautheimer1986379-194">[194]</a> The 11th century rock-cut churches of Cappadocia, such as <a href="/wiki/Churches_of_G%C3%B6reme,_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Churches of Göreme, Turkey">Karanlik Kilise and Elmali Kilise in Göreme</a>, have shallow domes without drums due to the dim natural lighting of cave interiors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOusterhout20054,_157-203">[203]</a> The domed-octagon plan is a variant of the cross-in-square plan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarling2004xliii-192">[192]</a> The earliest extant example is the <a href="/wiki/Katholikon" title="Katholikon">katholikon</a> at the monastery of Hosios Loukas, with a 9-meter (30 ft) wide dome built in the first half of the 11th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2009136-204">[204]</a> This hemispherical dome was built without a drum and supported by a remarkably open structural system, with the weight of the dome distributed on eight piers, rather than four, and corbelling used to avoid concentrating weight on their corners. The use of squinches to transition from those eight supports to the base of the dome has led to speculation of a design origin in Arab, Sasanian, or Caucasian architecture, although with a Byzantine interpretation. Similar openness in design was used in the earlier Myrelaion church, as originally built, but the katholikon of Hosios Loukas is perhaps the most sophisticated design since the Hagia Sophia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOusterhout2008a204,_206,_208-205">[205]</a> The smaller <a href="/wiki/Daphni_Monastery" title="Daphni Monastery">monastic church at Daphni</a>, c. 1080, uses a simpler version of this plan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrautheimer1986390-206">[206]</a> The katholikon of <a href="/wiki/Nea_Moni_of_Chios" title="Nea Moni of Chios">Nea Moni</a>, a monastery on the island of <a href="/wiki/Chios" title="Chios">Chios</a>, was built some time between 1042 and 1055 and featured a nine sided, ribbed dome rising 15.62 meters (51.2 ft) above the floor (this collapsed in 1881 and was replaced with the slightly taller present version). The transition from the square naos to the round base of the drum is accomplished by eight conches, with those above the flat sides of the naos being relatively shallow and those in the corners of the being relatively narrow. The novelty of this technique in Byzantine architecture has led to it being dubbed the "island octagon" type, in contrast to the "mainland octagon" type of Hosios Loukas. Speculation on design influences have ranged from Arab influence transmitted via the recently built domed octagon chapels at the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem or the <a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_Mosque" title="Al-Hakim Mosque">Al-Hakim Mosque</a> in Islamic Cairo, to Caucasian buildings such as the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Cathedral_of_the_Holy_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Cathedral of the Holy Cross">Armenian Cathedral of the Holy Cross</a>. Later copies of the Nea Moni, with alterations, include the churches of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Agios_Georgios_Sykousis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agios Georgios Sykousis (page does not exist)">Agios Georgios Sykousis</a> [<a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%86%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%93%CE%B5%CF%8E%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%A3%CF%85%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%83%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A7%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85" class="extiw" title="el:Άγιος Γεώργιος Συκούσης Χίου">el</a>], Agioi Apostoli at <a href="/wiki/Pyrgi,_Greece" title="Pyrgi, Greece">Pyrghi</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Panagia_Krina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Panagia Krina (page does not exist)">Panagia Krina</a> [<a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%B7_%CE%9A%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B1" class="extiw" title="el:Παναγία η Κρίνα">el</a>], and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_the_Metamorphosis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Church of the Metamorphosis (page does not exist)">Church of the Metamorphosis</a> [<a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0_%E2%80%9E%D0%A1%D0%B2._%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%E2%80%9C_-_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%87" class="extiw" title="mk:Црква „Св. Преображение“ - Хортач">mk</a>] in <a href="/wiki/Chortiatis" title="Chortiatis">Chortiatis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOusterhout199248,_50,_52,_58–59-207">[207]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twelfth_century">Twelfth century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_domes&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Twelfth century">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kalenderhane_Camii_SE_Istanbul_cropped_on_dome.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Exterior view of the central dome of Kalenderhane Mosque in Istanbul" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Kalenderhane_Camii_SE_Istanbul_cropped_on_dome.jpg/220px-Kalenderhane_Camii_SE_Istanbul_cropped_on_dome.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Kalenderhane_Camii_SE_Istanbul_cropped_on_dome.jpg/330px-Kalenderhane_Camii_SE_Istanbul_cropped_on_dome.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Kalenderhane_Camii_SE_Istanbul_cropped_on_dome.jpg/440px-Kalenderhane_Camii_SE_Istanbul_cropped_on_dome.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1049" data-file-height="918" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kalenderhane_Mosque" title="Kalenderhane Mosque">Kalenderhane Mosque</a> in Istanbul</figcaption></figure> The larger scale of some Byzantine buildings of the 12th century required a more stable support structure for domes than the four slender columns of the cross-in-square type could provide. The Byzantine churches today called <a href="/wiki/Kalenderhane_Mosque" title="Kalenderhane Mosque">Kalenderhane Mosque</a>, <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCl_Mosque" title="Gül Mosque">Gül Mosque</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Enez" title="Enez">Enez</a> Fatih mosque all had domes greater than 7 meters (23 ft) in diameter and used piers as part of large cruciform plans, a practice that had been out of fashion for several centuries. A variant of the cross-in-square, the "so-called atrophied Greek cross plan", also provides greater support for a dome than the typical cross-in-square plan by using four piers projecting from the corners of an otherwise square naos, rather than four columns. This design was used in the Chora Church of Constantinople in the 12th century after the previous cross-in-square structure was destroyed by an earthquake.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOusterhout2008a202–203-208">[208]</a> The 12th century <a href="/wiki/Zeyrek_Mosque" title="Zeyrek Mosque">Pantokrator monastic complex</a> (1118–36) was built with imperial sponsorship as three adjoining churches.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOusterhout2008b360-209">[209]</a> The south church, a cross-in-square, has a ribbed dome over the naos, domical vaults in the corners, and a pumpkin dome over the narthex gallery. The north church is also a cross-in-square plan. The middle church, the third to be built, fills the long space between the two earlier churches with two oval domes of the pumpkin and ribbed types over what appear to be separate functional spaces. The western space was an imperial mausoleum, whereas the eastern dome covered a liturgical space.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOusterhout2008a121,_208-210">[210]</a> There is a written account by <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Mesarites" title="Nicholas Mesarites">Nicholas Mesarites</a> of a Persian-style muqarnas dome built as part of a late 12th century imperial palace in Constantinople.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrabar199019-211">[211]</a> Called the "Mouchroutas Hall", it may have been built as part of an easing in tensions between the court of <a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_Komnenos" title="Manuel I Komnenos">Manuel I Komnenos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kilij_Arslan_II" title="Kilij Arslan II">Kilij Arslan II</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Rum" title="Sultanate of Rum">Sultanate of Rum</a> around 1161, evidence of the complex nature of the relations between the two states. The account, written by <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Mesarites" title="Nicholas Mesarites">Nicholas Mesarites</a> shortly before the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a>, is part of a description of the coup attempt by <a href="/wiki/John_Komnenos_the_Fat" title="John Komnenos the Fat">John Komnenos</a> in 1200, and may have been mentioned as a rhetorical device to disparage him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker2012144–146-212">[212]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thirteenth_century">Thirteenth century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_domes&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Thirteenth century">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arta_122.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Exterior of the Church of the Parigoritissa, showing the five domes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Arta_122.jpg/220px-Arta_122.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Arta_122.jpg/330px-Arta_122.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Arta_122.jpg/440px-Arta_122.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Parigoritissa" title="Church of the Parigoritissa">Church of the Parigoritissa</a> in <a href="/wiki/Arta,_Greece" title="Arta, Greece">Arta</a>, Greece</figcaption></figure> The Late Byzantine Period, from 1204 to 1453, has an unsettled chronology of buildings, especially during the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin Occupation</a>. The fragmentation of the empire, <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Constantinople_(1204)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Constantinople (1204)">beginning in 1204</a>, is reflected in a fragmentation of church design and regional innovations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOusterhout2008b361-213">[213]</a> The church of <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia,_Trabzon" title="Hagia Sophia, Trabzon">Hagia Sophia</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Empire of Trebizond</a> dates to between 1238 and 1263 and has a variation on the quincunx plan. Heavy with traditional detailing from Asia Minor, and possibly <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Armenia" title="Medieval Armenia">Armenian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgian</a> influence, the brick pendentives and drum of the dome remain Byzantine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrautheimer1986418,_420-214">[214]</a> <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Palaiologos_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologos dynasty">After 1261</a>, new church architecture in Constantinople consisted mainly of additions to existing monastic churches, such as the <a href="/wiki/Fenari_Isa_Mosque" title="Fenari Isa Mosque">Monastery of Lips</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pammakaristos_Church" title="Pammakaristos Church">Pammakaristos Church</a>, and as a result the building complexes are distinguished in part by an asymmetric array of domes on their roofs. This effect may have been in imitation of the earlier triple-church Pantokrator monastic complex.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOusterhout2008b361–362-215">[215]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Despotate of Epirus</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Parigoritissa" title="Church of the Parigoritissa">Church of the Parigoritissa</a> (1282–9) is the most complex example, with a domed octagon core and domed ambulatory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOusterhout2008b362-216">[216]</a> Built in the capital of <a href="/wiki/Arta,_Greece" title="Arta, Greece">Arta</a>, its external appearance resembles a cubic palace. The upper level narthex and galleries have five domes, with the middle dome of the narthex an open lantern. This Greek-cross octagon design, similar to the earlier example at Daphni, is one of several among the various Byzantine principalities. Another is found in the Hagia Theodoroi at Mistra (1290–6).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrautheimer1986417–418-217">[217]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fourteenth_and_fifteenth_centuries">Fourteenth and fifteenth centuries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_domes&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Fourteenth and fifteenth centuries">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gra%C4%8Danica_Monastery,_Kosovo.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Exterior of the Gračanica monastery from the front, showing the tall and narrow central drum and dome and two of the four tall and narrow corner drums and domes of the square plan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Gra%C4%8Danica_Monastery%2C_Kosovo.JPG/220px-Gra%C4%8Danica_Monastery%2C_Kosovo.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Gra%C4%8Danica_Monastery%2C_Kosovo.JPG/330px-Gra%C4%8Danica_Monastery%2C_Kosovo.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Gra%C4%8Danica_Monastery%2C_Kosovo.JPG/440px-Gra%C4%8Danica_Monastery%2C_Kosovo.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2332" data-file-height="1664" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Gra%C4%8Danica_monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Gračanica monastery">Gračanica monastery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a>, built under the medieval <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia_(medieval)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Serbia (medieval)">Kingdom of Serbia</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Mystras" title="Mystras">Mistra</a> was ruled from Constantinople after 1262, then was the <a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">suzerain</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_the_Morea" title="Despotate of the Morea">Despotate of the Morea</a> from 1348 to 1460.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrautheimer1986418-218">[218]</a> In Mistra, there are several basilica plan churches with domed galleries that create a five-domed cross-in-square over a ground-level basilica plan. The Aphentiko at <a href="/wiki/Brontochion_Monastery" title="Brontochion Monastery">Brontochion Monastery</a> was built c. 1310–22 and the later church of the <a href="/wiki/Pantanassa_Monastery" title="Pantanassa Monastery">Pantanassa Monastery</a> (1428) is of the same type.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOusterhout2008b362-216">[216]</a> The Aphentiko may have been originally planned as a cross-in-square church, but has a blend of longitudinal and central plan components, with an interior divided into nave and aisles like a basilica. The barrel-vaulted nave and cross arms have a dome at their crossing, and the corner bays of the galleries are also domed to form a quincunx pattern. A remodeling of the Metropolis church in Mistra created an additional example. The Pantanassa incorporates Western elements in that domes in its colonnaded porch are hidden externally, and its domes have ribs of rectangular section similar to those of <a href="/wiki/Salerno" title="Salerno">Salerno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ravello" title="Ravello">Ravello</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrautheimer1986423,_428-219">[219]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a>, a distinctive type of church dome developed in the first two decades of the 14th century. It is characterized by a polygonal drum with rounded colonnettes at the corners, all brick construction, and faces featuring three arches stepped back within one another around a narrow "single-light window".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEĆurčić200371-220">[220]</a> One of the hallmarks of Thessalonian churches was the plan of a domed naos with a peristoon wrapped around three sides.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEĆurčić200374-221">[221]</a> The churches of <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Panteleimon_(Thessaloniki)" title="Church of Saint Panteleimon (Thessaloniki)">Hagios Panteleimon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Catherine,_Thessaloniki" title="Church of Saint Catherine, Thessaloniki">Hagia Aikaterine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Apostles_(Thessaloniki)" title="Church of the Holy Apostles (Thessaloniki)">Hagioi Apostoloi</a> have domes on these ambulatory <a href="/wiki/Portico" title="Portico">porticoes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOusterhout2008b362-216">[216]</a> The five domes of the Hagioi Apostoloi, or Church of the Holy Apostles, in Thessaloniki (c. 1329) makes it an example of a five-domed cross-in-square church in the Late Byzantine style, as is the <a href="/wiki/Gra%C4%8Danica_monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Gračanica monastery">Gračanica monastery</a>, built around 1311 in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia_(medieval)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Serbia (medieval)">Serbia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosser2011137-201">[201]</a> The architect and artisans of the Gračanica monastery church probably came from Thessaloniki and its style reflects Byzantine cultural influence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosser2011215-222">[222]</a> The church has been said to represent "the culmination of Late Byzantine architectural design."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOusterhout2008b362-216">[216]</a> A 15th-century account of a Russian traveler to Constantinople mentions an abandoned hall, presumably domed, "in which the sun, the moon, and the stars succeeded each other as in heaven."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrabar199019-211">[211]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence">Influence</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_domes&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Influence">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Armenia">Armenia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_domes&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Armenia">edit</a>]</div> Constantinople's cultural influence extended from Sicily to Russia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephensonHammondDavi2005164-223">[223]</a> <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>, as a border state between the Roman-Byzantine and Sasanian empires, was influenced by both.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrautheimer1986321-224">[224]</a> The exact relationship between Byzantine architecture and that of the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> is unclear. <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> and Armenia produced many central planned, domed buildings in the 7th century and, after a lull during the Arab invasions, the architecture flourished again in the Middle Byzantine Period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOusterhout2008b358-184">[184]</a> Armenian church domes were initially wooden structures. <a href="/wiki/Etchmiadzin_Cathedral" title="Etchmiadzin Cathedral">Etchmiadzin Cathedral</a> (c. 483) originally had a wooden dome covered by a wooden pyramidal roof before this was replaced with stone construction in 618. Churches with stone domes became the standard type after the 7th century, perhaps benefiting from a possible exodus of <a href="/wiki/Stonemasonry" title="Stonemasonry">stonecutters</a> from Syria, but the long traditions of wooden construction carried over stylistically. Some examples in stone as late as the 12th century are detailed imitations of clearly wooden prototypes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith195037-225">[225]</a> Armenian church building was prolific in the late 6th and 7th centuries and, by the 7th century, the churches tend to be either central plans or combinations of central and longitudinal plans. Domes were supported by either squinches (which were used in the Sasanian Empire but rarely in the Byzantine) or pendentives like those of the Byzantine empire, and the combination of domed-cross plan with the hall-church plan could have been influenced by the architecture of Justinian. Domes and cross arms were added to the longitudinal <a href="/wiki/Dvin_(ancient_city)#Cathedral_of_St._Grigor" title="Dvin (ancient city)">cathedral of Dvin</a> from 608 to 615 and a <a href="/wiki/Tekor_Basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="Tekor Basilica">church in Tekor</a>. Other domed examples include <a href="/wiki/Ptghnavank" title="Ptghnavank">Ptghnavank</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ptghni" title="Ptghni">Ptghni</a> (c. 600), a <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Talin" title="Cathedral of Talin">church in T'alinn</a> (662-85), the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Mren" title="Cathedral of Mren">Cathedral of Mren</a> (629-40), and the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_John,_Mastara" title="Church of Saint John, Mastara">Mastara Church</a> (9th and 10th centuries).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrautheimer1986321,_323,_326–327-226">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwoboda196188-227">[227]</a> An 11th-century Armenian source names an Armenian architect, <a href="/wiki/Trdat_(architect)" title="Trdat (architect)">Trdat</a>, as responsible for the rebuilding of the dome of Hagia Sophia in Constantinople after the 989 earthquake caused a partial collapse of the central dome. Although squinches were the more common supporting system used to support Armenian domes, pendentives are always used beneath the domes attributed to Trdat, which include the 10th-century monasteries of <a href="/wiki/Marmashen_Monastery" title="Marmashen Monastery">Marmasen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanahin_Monastery" title="Sanahin Monastery">Sanahin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Haghpat_Monastery" title="Haghpat Monastery">Helpat</a>, as well as the patriarchal cathedral of <a href="/wiki/Argina,_Armenia" title="Argina, Armenia">Argina</a> (c. 985), the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Ani" title="Cathedral of Ani">Cathedral of Ani</a> (989-1001), and the palace chapel of <a href="/wiki/Gagik_II_of_Armenia" title="Gagik II of Armenia">King Gagik II</a> (c. 1001–1005).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaranci2003294–295,_297,_303-228">[228]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Balkans">The Balkans</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_domes&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: The Balkans">edit</a>]</div> In the Balkans, where Byzantine rule weakened in the 7th and 8th centuries, domed architecture may represent Byzantine influence or, in the case of the centrally planned churches of 9th-century <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a>, the revival of earlier Roman mausoleum types. An interest in Roman models may have been an expression of the religious maneuvering of the region between the Church of Constantinople and that of Rome. Examples include the Church of Sv. Luka in <a href="/wiki/Kotor" title="Kotor">Kotor</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Holy_Trinity,_Split" title="Church of Holy Trinity, Split">Church of Sv. Trojce</a> near Split, and the early 9th century <a href="/wiki/Church_of_St._Donatus" title="Church of St. Donatus">Church of Sv. Donat</a> in <a href="/wiki/Zadar" title="Zadar">Zadar</a>. The Church of Sv. Donat, originally domed, may have been built next to a palace and resembles palace churches in the Byzantine tradition. The architectural chronology of the central and eastern Balkans is unsettled during the period of the <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First Bulgarian Empire</a>, in part because of similarity between Justinian-era churches from the 6th century and what may have been a revival of that style in the late 9th and early 10th centuries under the <a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bulgaria" title="Christianization of Bulgaria">Christianized Bulgarian tsars</a>. Remains of the <a href="/wiki/Round_Church,_Preslav" title="Round Church, Preslav">Round Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Veliki_Preslav" title="Veliki Preslav">Preslav</a>, a building traditionally associated with the rule of <a href="/wiki/Simeon_I_of_Bulgaria" title="Simeon I of Bulgaria">Tsar Simeon</a> (893–927), indicate that it was a domed palace chapel. Its construction features, however, resemble instead 3rd and 4th century Roman mausolea, perhaps due to the association of those structures with the imperial idea.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrautheimer1986309–312,_318–321-229">[229]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Rus'">The Rus'</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_domes&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: The Rus'">edit</a>]</div> Byzantine architecture was introduced to the <a href="/wiki/Rus%27_people" title="Rus' people">Rus' people</a> in the 10th century, with churches after the conversion of <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_the_Great" title="Vladimir the Great">Prince Vladimir of Kiev</a> being modeled after those of Constantinople, but made of wood. The Russian <a href="/wiki/Onion_dome" title="Onion dome">onion dome</a> was a later development.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephensonHammondDavi2005168-230">[230]</a> The earliest architecture of <a href="/wiki/Kiev" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiev">Kiev</a>, the vast majority of which was made of wood, has been lost to fire, but by the 12th century masonry domes on low drums in Kiev and <a href="/wiki/Vladimir-Suzdal" title="Vladimir-Suzdal">Vladimir-Suzdal</a> were little different than Byzantine domes, although modified toward the "helmet" type with a slight point. The <a href="/wiki/Saint_Sophia%27s_Cathedral,_Kiev" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Sophia's Cathedral, Kiev">Cathedral of St. Sophia in Kiev</a> (1018–37) was distinctive in having thirteen domes, for <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Apostles" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelve Apostles">Twelve Apostles</a>, but they have since been remodeled in the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Baroque" title="Ukrainian Baroque">Baroque style</a> and combined with an additional eight domes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton198325,_27,_35,_42-231">[231]</a> The pyramidal arrangement of the domes was a Byzantine characteristic, although, as the largest and perhaps most important 11th century building in the Byzantine tradition, many of the details of this building have disputed origins.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShvidkovskiĭ200718-232">[232]</a> Bulbous onion domes on tall drums were a development of northern Russia, perhaps due to the demands of heavy ice and snowfall along with the more rapid innovation permitted by the <a href="/wiki/Veliky_Novgorod" title="Veliky Novgorod">Novgorod</a> region's emphasis on wooden architecture. The central dome of the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_St._Sophia,_Novgorod" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral of St. Sophia, Novgorod">Cathedral of St. Sophia</a> (1045–62) in Novgorod dates from the 12th century and shows a transitional stage. Other churches built around this time are those <a href="/wiki/Saint_Nicholas_Cathedral,_Novgorod" title="Saint Nicholas Cathedral, Novgorod">of St. Nicholas</a> (1113), the <a href="/wiki/Katholikon_of_the_Antoniev_Monastery" title="Katholikon of the Antoniev Monastery">Nativity of the Virgin</a> (1117), and <a href="/wiki/Yuriev_Monastery" title="Yuriev Monastery">St. George</a> (1119–30).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton198342–43-233">[233]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:793px;max-width:793px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader" style="text-align:center"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Eastern European and Orthodox examples</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:205px;max-width:205px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:138px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE-%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_2_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Exterior picture of the domes of Saint Nicholas Cathedral in Novgorod" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE-%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_2_%28cropped%29.jpg/203px-%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE-%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_2_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="203" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE-%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_2_%28cropped%29.jpg/305px-%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE-%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_2_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE-%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_2_%28cropped%29.jpg/406px-%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE-%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_2_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1720" data-file-height="1175" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Nicholas_Cathedral,_Novgorod" title="Saint Nicholas Cathedral, Novgorod">Saint Nicholas Cathedral, Novgorod</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:187px;max-width:187px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:138px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Church_of_Christ_Pantocrator,_Nesebar_13.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Exterior picture of the dome of Church of Christ Pantocrator in Nesebar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Church_of_Christ_Pantocrator%2C_Nesebar_13.JPG/185px-Church_of_Christ_Pantocrator%2C_Nesebar_13.JPG" decoding="async" width="185" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Church_of_Christ_Pantocrator%2C_Nesebar_13.JPG/278px-Church_of_Christ_Pantocrator%2C_Nesebar_13.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Church_of_Christ_Pantocrator%2C_Nesebar_13.JPG/370px-Church_of_Christ_Pantocrator%2C_Nesebar_13.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Christ_Pantocrator,_Nesebar" title="Church of Christ Pantocrator, Nesebar">Church of Christ Pantocrator, Nesebar</a>, Bulgaria</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:190px;max-width:190px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:138px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Manastir_Ravanica_sa_zidinama_(cropped).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Exterior picture of the domes of Ravanica Monastery in Serbia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Manastir_Ravanica_sa_zidinama_%28cropped%29.JPG/188px-Manastir_Ravanica_sa_zidinama_%28cropped%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="188" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Manastir_Ravanica_sa_zidinama_%28cropped%29.JPG/282px-Manastir_Ravanica_sa_zidinama_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Manastir_Ravanica_sa_zidinama_%28cropped%29.JPG/376px-Manastir_Ravanica_sa_zidinama_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1126" data-file-height="830" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Ravanica" title="Ravanica">Ravanica Monastery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:203px;max-width:203px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:138px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Moscow_Kremlin_Assumption_Cathedral_01_(4105520442)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Exterior picture of the domes of Dormition Cathedral in Moscow" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Moscow_Kremlin_Assumption_Cathedral_01_%284105520442%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/201px-Moscow_Kremlin_Assumption_Cathedral_01_%284105520442%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="201" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Moscow_Kremlin_Assumption_Cathedral_01_%284105520442%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/302px-Moscow_Kremlin_Assumption_Cathedral_01_%284105520442%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Moscow_Kremlin_Assumption_Cathedral_01_%284105520442%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/402px-Moscow_Kremlin_Assumption_Cathedral_01_%284105520442%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2386" data-file-height="1646" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Dormition_Cathedral,_Moscow" title="Dormition Cathedral, Moscow">Cathedral of the Assumption</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romanesque_Europe">Romanesque Europe</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_domes&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Romanesque Europe">edit</a>]</div> In Romanesque Italy, Byzantine influence can most clearly be seen in Venice's St Mark's Basilica, from about 1063, but also in the domed churches of southern Italy, such as <a href="/wiki/Canosa_di_Puglia#Cathedral_of_San_Sabino" title="Canosa di Puglia">Canosa Cathedral</a> (1071) and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Cathedral_of_Molfetta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Old Cathedral of Molfetta (page does not exist)">old Cathedral of Molfetta</a> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duomo_di_San_Corrado" class="extiw" title="it:Duomo di San Corrado">it</a>] (c. 1160).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlemingHonourPevsner1991233–234-234">[234]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Norman Sicily</a>, architecture was a fusion of Byzantine, Islamic, and Romanesque forms, but the dome of the <a href="/wiki/Cappella_Palatina" title="Cappella Palatina">Palatine Chapel</a> (1132–43) at <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a> was decorated with Byzantine mosaic, as was that of the church of <a href="/wiki/Martorana" class="mw-redirect" title="Martorana">Santa Maria dell'Ammiraglio</a> (1140s).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatkin2005105–106-235">[235]</a> The unusual use of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Arabic_and_Western_European_domes#Kingdom_of_France_and_the_Angevin_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Arabic and Western European domes">domes on pendentives in a series of seventy Romanesque churches</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Aquitaine" title="Aquitaine">Aquitaine</a> region of France strongly suggests a Byzantine influence. St. Mark's Basilica was modeled on the now-lost Byzantine Church of the Holy Apostles in Constantinople, and <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9rigueux_Cathedral" title="Périgueux Cathedral">Périgueux Cathedral</a> in Aquitaine (c. 1120) likewise has five domes on pendentives in a Greek cross arrangement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoffettFazioWodehouse2003218-236">[236]</a> Other examples include the domed naves of <a href="/wiki/Angoul%C3%AAme_Cathedral" title="Angoulême Cathedral">Angoulême Cathedral</a> (1105–28), <a href="/wiki/Cahors_Cathedral" title="Cahors Cathedral">Cahors Cathedral</a> (c. 1100–1119), and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abbey_church_of_Sainte-Marie_in_Souillac&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abbey church of Sainte-Marie in Souillac (page does not exist)">Abbey church of Sainte-Marie in Souillac</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbaye_Sainte-Marie_de_Souillac" class="extiw" title="fr:Abbaye Sainte-Marie de Souillac">fr</a>] (c. 1130).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatkin2005106-237">[237]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orthodox_Africa_and_Europe">Orthodox Africa and Europe</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_domes&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Orthodox Africa and Europe">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Throne_Hall_of_Dongola" title="Throne Hall of Dongola">Throne Hall of Dongola</a>, built in the 9th century at <a href="/wiki/Old_Dongola" title="Old Dongola">Old Dongola</a>, was used by the kings of <a href="/wiki/Makuria" title="Makuria">Makuria</a>, the most powerful kingdom in medieval Africa, for 450 years until 1317. The upper floor contained a likely cruciform room with a small dome at the center, in imitation of the audience halls of the Byzantine emperors. Bulgarian tsars had similar halls.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEObłuskiGodlewskiKołątajMedeksza2013248,_260–261-238">[238]</a> Byzantium's neighboring <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox</a> powers in Europe emerged as architectural centers in their own right during the Late Byzantine Period. The <a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Bulgarian</a> churches of <a href="/wiki/Nesebar" title="Nesebar">Nesebar</a> are similar to those in Constantinople at this time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOusterhout2008b362-216">[216]</a> The style and vaulting in the Nesebar cross-in-square churches of <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Christ_Pantocrator,_Nesebar" title="Church of Christ Pantocrator, Nesebar">Christ Pantocrator</a> and <a href="/wiki/Church_of_St_John_Aliturgetos" title="Church of St John Aliturgetos">St John Aliturgetos</a>, for example, are similar to examples in Constantinople.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOusterhout201983-239">[239]</a> Following the construction of Gračanica monastery, the architecture of <a href="/wiki/Serbia_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Serbia in the Middle Ages">Serbia</a> used the "so-called Athonite plan", for example at <a href="/wiki/Ravanica" title="Ravanica">Ravanica</a> (1375–7). In Romania, <a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachia</a> was influenced by Serbian architecture and <a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a> was more original, such as in the <a href="/wiki/Vorone%C8%9B_Monastery" title="Voroneț Monastery">Voroneț Monastery</a> with its small dome.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOusterhout2008b362-216">[216]</a> Moscow emerged as the most important center of architecture following the fall of Constantinople in 1453.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOusterhout2008b363-240">[240]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Dormition_Cathedral,_Moscow" title="Dormition Cathedral, Moscow">Cathedral of the Assumption</a> (1475–79), built in the Kremlin to house the <a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">icon</a> of <a href="/wiki/Theotokos_of_Vladimir" class="mw-redirect" title="Theotokos of Vladimir">Our Lady of Vladimir</a>, was designed in a traditional Russian style by an Italian architect.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephensonHammondDavi2005168–169-241">[241]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italian_Renaissance">Italian Renaissance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_domes&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Italian Renaissance">edit</a>]</div> Italian Renaissance architecture combined Roman and Romanesque practices with Byzantine structures and decorative elements, such as domes with pendentives over square bays.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalvanThapa2000176-242">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWertheimer200456-243">[243]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Subiaco_Cassinese_Congregation" title="Subiaco Cassinese Congregation">Cassinese Congregation</a> used windowed domes in the Byzantine style, and often also in a quincunx arrangement, in their churches built between 1490 and 1546, such as the <a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_Santa_Giustina" title="Abbey of Santa Giustina">Abbey of Santa Giustina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul2012124–125,_127-244">[244]</a> The technique of using wooden tension rings at several levels within domes and drums to resist deformation, frequently said to be a later invention of <a href="/wiki/Filippo_Brunelleschi" title="Filippo Brunelleschi">Filippo Brunelleschi</a>, was common practice in Byzantine architecture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOusterhout2008a214-22">[22]</a> The technique of using double shells for domes, although revived in the Renaissance, originated in Byzantine practice.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWittkower1963185-245">[245]</a> The dome of the Pantheon, as a symbol of Rome and its monumental past, was particularly celebrated and imitated, although copied only loosely. Studied in detail from the early Renaissance on, it was an explicit point of reference for the dome of <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a> and inspired the construction of domed rotundas with temple-front porches throughout western architecture into the modern era. Examples include <a href="/wiki/Villa_Barbaro#Church_.28Tempietto_Barbaro.29" title="Villa Barbaro">Palladio's chapel at Maser</a> (1579–80), <a href="/wiki/Gian_Lorenzo_Bernini" title="Gian Lorenzo Bernini">Bernini</a>'s church of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_Assunta,_Ariccia" title="Santa Maria Assunta, Ariccia">S. Maria dell'Assunzione</a> (1662-4), the <a href="/wiki/The_Rotunda_(University_of_Virginia)" title="The Rotunda (University of Virginia)">Library Rotunda of the University of Virginia</a> (1817–26), and the <a href="/wiki/Rotunda_of_Mosta" title="Rotunda of Mosta">church of St. Mary</a> in <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> (1833–60).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald200294–95,_112,_117,_119–123,_125,_130–131-246">[246]</a> Other examples include the church of <a href="/wiki/San_Simeone_Piccolo" title="San Simeone Piccolo">San Simeone Piccolo</a> in Venice (1718–38), the church of <a href="/wiki/Gran_Madre_di_Dio,_Turin" title="Gran Madre di Dio, Turin">Gran Madre di Dio</a> in Turin (1818–31), and the church of <a href="/wiki/San_Francesco_di_Paola,_Naples" title="San Francesco di Paola, Naples">San Francesco di Paola, Naples</a> in Naples (19th century).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECennamoCusano20191,_4-247">[247]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman_Empire">Ottoman Empire</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_domes&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Ottoman Empire">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architecture" title="Ottoman architecture">Ottoman architecture</a> adopted the Byzantine dome form and continued to develop it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeterson199668-248">[248]</a> One type of mosque was modeled after Justinian's Church of Sergius and Bacchus with a dome over an octagon or hexagon contained within a square, such as the <a href="/wiki/%C3%9C%C3%A7_%C5%9Eerefeli_Mosque" title="Üç Şerefeli Mosque">Üç Şerefeli Mosque</a> (1437–47).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreely201122–23-249">[249]</a> The dome and semi-domes of the Hagia Sophia, in particular, were replicated and refined. A "universal mosque design" based upon this development spread throughout the world.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÁgostonMasters2009245-250">[250]</a> The first Ottoman mosque to use a dome and semi-dome nave vaulting scheme like that of Hagia Sophia was the <a href="/wiki/Bayezid_II_Mosque,_Istanbul" title="Bayezid II Mosque, Istanbul">mosque of Beyazit II</a>. Only two others were modeled similarly: <a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1l%C4%B1%C3%A7_Ali_Pasha_Complex" title="Kılıç Ali Pasha Complex">Kılıç Ali Pasha Mosque</a> and the <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleymaniye_Mosque" title="Süleymaniye Mosque">Süleymaniye Mosque</a> (1550–57). Other Ottoman mosques, although superficially similar to Hagia Sophia, have been described as structural criticisms of it. When <a href="/wiki/Mimar_Sinan" title="Mimar Sinan">Mimar Sinan</a> set out to build a dome larger than that of Hagia Sophia with <a href="/wiki/Selimiye_Mosque,_Edirne" title="Selimiye Mosque, Edirne">Selimiye Mosque</a> (1569–74), he used a more stable octagonal supporting structure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban198773,_82,_84,_89-251">[251]</a> The Selimiye Mosque is of the type originating with the Church of Sergius and Bacchus. Three other Imperial mosques in Istanbul built in this "Classical Style" of Hagia Sophia include four large semi-domes around the central dome, rather than two: <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mosque" title="Şehzade Mosque">Şehzade Camii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Ahmed_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan Ahmed Mosque">Sultan Ahmed I Camii</a> (completed in 1616), and the last to be built: <a href="/wiki/New_Mosque_(Istanbul)" class="mw-redirect" title="New Mosque (Istanbul)">Yeni Cami</a> (1597–1663).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreely201121–23-252">[252]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:792px;max-width:792px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader" style="text-align:center"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Western European and Ottoman examples</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:210px;max-width:210px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:277px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Veneto_Venezia2_tango7174.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Interior picture of the central dome of St. Mark's Basilica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Veneto_Venezia2_tango7174.jpg/208px-Veneto_Venezia2_tango7174.jpg" decoding="async" width="208" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Veneto_Venezia2_tango7174.jpg/312px-Veneto_Venezia2_tango7174.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Veneto_Venezia2_tango7174.jpg/416px-Veneto_Venezia2_tango7174.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/St_Mark%27s_Basilica" title="St Mark's Basilica">St Mark's Basilica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:200px;max-width:200px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:277px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:20101213_Suleymaniye_Mosque_Istanbul_inside_vertical_Panorama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Interior picture of the central dome of Süleymaniye Mosque" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/20101213_Suleymaniye_Mosque_Istanbul_inside_vertical_Panorama.jpg/198px-20101213_Suleymaniye_Mosque_Istanbul_inside_vertical_Panorama.jpg" decoding="async" width="198" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/20101213_Suleymaniye_Mosque_Istanbul_inside_vertical_Panorama.jpg/297px-20101213_Suleymaniye_Mosque_Istanbul_inside_vertical_Panorama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/20101213_Suleymaniye_Mosque_Istanbul_inside_vertical_Panorama.jpg/396px-20101213_Suleymaniye_Mosque_Istanbul_inside_vertical_Panorama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2603" data-file-height="3657" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleymaniye_Mosque" title="Süleymaniye Mosque">Süleymaniye Mosque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:187px;max-width:187px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:277px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Baldacchino_del_Bernini_e_cupola_a_San_Pietro_(KAM_0336)_(8652306437).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Interior picture of the central dome of St. Peter's Basilica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Baldacchino_del_Bernini_e_cupola_a_San_Pietro_%28KAM_0336%29_%288652306437%29.jpg/185px-Baldacchino_del_Bernini_e_cupola_a_San_Pietro_%28KAM_0336%29_%288652306437%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="185" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Baldacchino_del_Bernini_e_cupola_a_San_Pietro_%28KAM_0336%29_%288652306437%29.jpg/278px-Baldacchino_del_Bernini_e_cupola_a_San_Pietro_%28KAM_0336%29_%288652306437%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Baldacchino_del_Bernini_e_cupola_a_San_Pietro_%28KAM_0336%29_%288652306437%29.jpg/370px-Baldacchino_del_Bernini_e_cupola_a_San_Pietro_%28KAM_0336%29_%288652306437%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="513" data-file-height="768" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:187px;max-width:187px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:277px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Blue_Mosque_Interior_2_Wikimedia_Commons.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Interior picture of the central dome of Sultan Ahmed Mosque" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Blue_Mosque_Interior_2_Wikimedia_Commons.JPG/185px-Blue_Mosque_Interior_2_Wikimedia_Commons.JPG" decoding="async" width="185" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Blue_Mosque_Interior_2_Wikimedia_Commons.JPG/278px-Blue_Mosque_Interior_2_Wikimedia_Commons.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Blue_Mosque_Interior_2_Wikimedia_Commons.JPG/370px-Blue_Mosque_Interior_2_Wikimedia_Commons.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3888" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Ahmed_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan Ahmed Mosque">Sultan Ahmed Mosque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_revival">Modern revival</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_domes&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Modern revival">edit</a>]</div> A <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Revival_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Revival architecture">Byzantine revival style of architecture</a> occurred in the 19th and 20th centuries. An early example of <a href="/wiki/Neo-Byzantine_architecture_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Neo-Byzantine architecture in the Russian Empire">the revival style in Russia</a> was the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Christ_the_Saviour" title="Cathedral of Christ the Saviour">Cathedral of Christ the Saviour</a> (1839–84), which was approved by the <a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">Tsar</a> to be a model for other churches in <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">the empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECutler197238-253">[253]</a> The style's popularity spread through scholarly publications produced after the <a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">independence of Greece</a> and the Balkans from the Ottoman Empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurlWilson2015136-254">[254]</a> It was used throughout Europe and North America, peaking in popularity between 1890 and 1914. The Greek Orthodox <a href="/wiki/St_Sophia%27s_Cathedral,_London" class="mw-redirect" title="St Sophia's Cathedral, London">St Sophia's Cathedral</a> (1877–79) and Roman Catholic <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Cathedral" title="Westminster Cathedral">Westminster Cathedral</a> (begun 1895), both in London, are examples. The throne room of <a href="/wiki/Neuschwanstein_Castle" title="Neuschwanstein Castle">Neuschwanstein Castle</a> (1885–86) was built by <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_II_of_Bavaria" title="Ludwig II of Bavaria">King Ludwig II</a> in Bavaria.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner200054-255">[255]</a> In the late 19th century, the Hagia Sophia became a widespread model for <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodox</a> churches.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÁgostonMasters2009245-250">[250]</a> In southeastern Europe, monumental national cathedrals built in the capital cities of formerly Ottoman areas used Neo-Classical or Neo-Byzantine styles. <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Nevsky_Cathedral,_Sofia" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Sofia">Sofia's Alexander Nevsky Cathedral</a> and <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Sava" title="Church of Saint Sava">Belgrade's Church of Saint Sava</a> are examples, and used Hagia Sophia as a model due to their large sizes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMakašConley200921,_23–24-256">[256]</a> Synagogues in the United States were built in a variety of styles, as they had been in Europe (and often with a mixture of elements from different styles), but the Byzantine Revival style was the most popular in the 1920s. Domed examples include <a href="/wiki/The_Temple_(Cleveland,_Ohio)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Temple (Cleveland, Ohio)">The Temple</a> of Cleveland (1924), the synagogue of <a href="/wiki/KAM_Isaiah_Israel" title="KAM Isaiah Israel">KAM Isaiah Israel</a> (1924) in Chicago, based upon San Vitale in Ravenna and Hagia Sophia in Istanbul, and the synagogue of <a href="/wiki/Congregation_Emanu-El_(San_Francisco)" title="Congregation Emanu-El (San Francisco)">Congregation Emanu-El</a> (1926) in San Francisco.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaphael201174–76-257">[257]</a> In the United States, Greek Orthodox churches beginning in the 1950s tended to use a large central dome with a ring of windows at its base evocative of the central dome of Hagia Sophia, rather than more recent or more historically common Byzantine types, such as the Greek-cross-octagon or five-domed quincunx plans. Examples include <a href="/wiki/Annunciation_Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Annunciation Greek Orthodox Church">Annunciation Greek Orthodox Church</a>, completed in 1961 but designed by <a href="/wiki/Frank_Lloyd_Wright" title="Frank Lloyd Wright">Frank Lloyd Wright</a> in 1957, <a href="/wiki/Ascension_Greek_Orthodox_Cathedral_of_Oakland" title="Ascension Greek Orthodox Cathedral of Oakland">Ascension Greek Orthodox Cathedral of Oakland</a> (1960), and <a href="/wiki/Annunciation_Greek_Orthodox_Cathedral_(Atlanta)" title="Annunciation Greek Orthodox Cathedral (Atlanta)">Annunciation Greek Orthodox Cathedral</a> in Atlanta (1967).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECutler197239–40-258">[258]</a> The use of a large central dome in American Greek Orthodox churches continued in the 1960s and 1970s before moving toward smaller Middle Byzantine domes, or versions of <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christian</a> basilicas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2004210-259">[259]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_domes&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Domes" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Domes">Domes</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_domes" title="List of Roman domes">List of Roman domes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_architecture" title="History of architecture">History of architecture</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_domes&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_domes&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlemingHonourPevsner1991366–367-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlemingHonourPevsner1991366–367_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlemingHonourPevsner1991">Fleming, Honour & Pevsner 1991</a>, pp. 366–367. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERothClark201349–50-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERothClark201349–50_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRothClark2013">Roth & Clark 2013</a>, pp. 49–50. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEContiMartinesSinopoli20094–5-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEContiMartinesSinopoli20094–5_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFContiMartinesSinopoli2009">Conti, Martines & Sinopoli 2009</a>, pp. 4–5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESinopoli201021-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinopoli201021_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSinopoli2010">Sinopoli 2010</a>, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkHutchinson198626,_28–29-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarkHutchinson198626,_28–29_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarkHutchinson1986">Mark & Hutchinson 1986</a>, pp. 26, 28–29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrupico20116-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrupico20116_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrupico2011">Grupico 2011</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAïtcin200728-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAïtcin200728_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAïtcin2007">Aïtcin 2007</a>, p. 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkBillington1989303–304,_306-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarkBillington1989303–304,_306_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarkBillington1989">Mark & Billington 1989</a>, pp. 303–304, 306. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELehmann1945247,_254–255-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELehmann1945247,_254–255_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLehmann1945">Lehmann 1945</a>, pp. 247, 254–255. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith19509-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith19509_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith1950">Smith 1950</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumser2010436-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumser2010436_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDumser2010">Dumser 2010</a>, p. 436. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELancaster200586-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELancaster200586_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLancaster2005">Lancaster 2005</a>, p. 86. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHourihane2012303-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHourihane2012303_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHourihane2012303_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHourihane2012303_13-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFHourihane2012">Hourihane 2012</a>, p. 303. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECamerlenghi2019112-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamerlenghi2019112_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCamerlenghi2019">Camerlenghi 2019</a>, p. 112. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHourihane2012304-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHourihane2012304_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHourihane2012304_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHourihane2012304_15-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFHourihane2012">Hourihane 2012</a>, p. 304. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1956190-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1956190_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith1956">Smith 1956</a>, p. 190. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelaragno199132-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelaragno199132_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMelaragno1991">Melaragno 1991</a>, p. 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBridgwoodLennie201350-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBridgwoodLennie201350_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBridgwoodLennie2013">Bridgwood & Lennie 2013</a>, p. 50. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanderpool1936568–569-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVanderpool1936568–569_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVanderpool1936">Vanderpool 1936</a>, pp. 568–569. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelaragno199135-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelaragno199135_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMelaragno1991">Melaragno 1991</a>, p. 35. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOusterhout2008a147–149,_208-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOusterhout2008a147–149,_208_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOusterhout2008a">Ousterhout 2008a</a>, pp. 147–149, 208. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOusterhout2008a214-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOusterhout2008a214_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOusterhout2008a214_22-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFOusterhout2008a">Ousterhout 2008a</a>, p. 214. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGavrilovičKelleyŠendova200364-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGavrilovičKelleyŠendova200364_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGavrilovičKelleyŠendova2003">Gavrilovič, Kelley & Šendova 2003</a>, p. 64. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOusterhout2008a208,_230–233-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOusterhout2008a208,_230–233_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOusterhout2008a">Ousterhout 2008a</a>, pp. 208, 230–233. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELehmann1945249-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELehmann1945249_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELehmann1945249_25-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELehmann1945249_25-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELehmann1945249_25-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFLehmann1945">Lehmann 1945</a>, p. 249. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinter2006130-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinter2006130_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWinter2006">Winter 2006</a>, p. 130. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECreswell1915a147-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreswell1915a147_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCreswell1915a">Creswell 1915a</a>, p. 147. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumser2010437-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumser2010437_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumser2010437_28-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDumser2010">Dumser 2010</a>, p. 437. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELucore200954-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELucore200954_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLucore2009">Lucore 2009</a>, p. 54. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinter2006199-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinter2006199_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWinter2006">Winter 2006</a>, p. 199. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELancaster200549-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELancaster200549_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLancaster2005">Lancaster 2005</a>, p. 49. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELancaster200540-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELancaster200540_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELancaster200540_32-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELancaster200540_32-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFLancaster2005">Lancaster 2005</a>, p. 40. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECigolaGallozziParisChiavoni2018123,_128–129-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECigolaGallozziParisChiavoni2018123,_128–129_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCigolaGallozziParisChiavoni2018">Cigola et al. 2018</a>, pp. 123, 128–129. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELancaster200542-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELancaster200542_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELancaster200542_34-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLancaster2005">Lancaster 2005</a>, p. 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarry202163-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarry202163_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarry2021">Barry 2021</a>, p. 63. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkHutchinson198624-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarkHutchinson198624_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarkHutchinson1986">Mark & Hutchinson 1986</a>, p. 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrautheimer198677-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrautheimer198677_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKrautheimer1986">Krautheimer 1986</a>, p. 77. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELehmann1945248,_250-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELehmann1945248,_250_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLehmann1945">Lehmann 1945</a>, pp. 248, 250. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarden1981271-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarden1981271_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWarden1981">Warden 1981</a>, p. 271. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESear198397,_101-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESear198397,_101_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSear1983">Sear 1983</a>, pp. 97, 101. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdam2013187-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdam2013187_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdam2013187_41-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdam2013">Adam 2013</a>, p. 187. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEContiMartinesSinopoli20093,_5-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEContiMartinesSinopoli20093,_5_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFContiMartinesSinopoli2009">Conti, Martines & Sinopoli 2009</a>, pp. 3, 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemsoll19897–9,_14-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemsoll19897–9,_14_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHemsoll1989">Hemsoll 1989</a>, pp. 7–9, 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESear1983101-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESear1983101_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSear1983">Sear 1983</a>, p. 101. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPisa20091-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPisa20091_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPisa2009">Pisa 2009</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELehmann1945250–253-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELehmann1945250–253_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLehmann1945">Lehmann 1945</a>, pp. 250–253. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEErdkamp2013147-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErdkamp2013147_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErdkamp2013147_47-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFErdkamp2013">Erdkamp 2013</a>, p. 147. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Camp1990177-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Camp1990177_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_Camp1990">de Camp 1990</a>, p. 177. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2001433-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson2001433_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilson2001">Wilson 2001</a>, p. 433. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelaragno199128-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelaragno199128_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMelaragno1991">Melaragno 1991</a>, p. 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDewdney2008278-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDewdney2008278_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDewdney2008">Dewdney 2008</a>, p. 278. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdam2013189-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdam2013189_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdam2013189_52-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdam2013">Adam 2013</a>, p. 189. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2003192-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2003192_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2003192_53-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2003192_53-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFJones2003">Jones 2003</a>, p. 192. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELehmann1945255-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELehmann1945255_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLehmann1945">Lehmann 1945</a>, p. 255. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELancaster200545-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELancaster200545_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLancaster2005">Lancaster 2005</a>, p. 45. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartines2015100–103,_122–123-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartines2015100–103,_122–123_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMartines2015">Martines 2015</a>, pp. 100–103, 122–123. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkHutchinson198632-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarkHutchinson198632_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarkHutchinson198632_57-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarkHutchinson1986">Mark & Hutchinson 1986</a>, p. 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMainstone2013120-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMainstone2013120_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMainstone2013">Mainstone 2013</a>, p. 120. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald200218-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald200218_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald2002">MacDonald 2002</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2003177–180-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2003177–180_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJones2003">Jones 2003</a>, pp. 177–180. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald200298-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald200298_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald2002">MacDonald 2002</a>, p. 98. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoin201390–91-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoin201390–91_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoin2013">Boin 2013</a>, pp. 90–91. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkHutchinson198634-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarkHutchinson198634_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarkHutchinson1986">Mark & Hutchinson 1986</a>, p. 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson201229-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson201229_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilkinson2012">Wilkinson 2012</a>, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECiprianiFantiniBertacchi20143–4-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECiprianiFantiniBertacchi20143–4_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCiprianiFantiniBertacchi2014">Cipriani, Fantini & Bertacchi 2014</a>, pp. 3–4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELancaster200546,_50-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELancaster200546,_50_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLancaster2005">Lancaster 2005</a>, pp. 46, 50. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKleinerGardner2010189-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKleinerGardner2010189_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKleinerGardner2010">Kleiner & Gardner 2010</a>, p. 189. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdam2013189–191-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdam2013189–191_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdam2013">Adam 2013</a>, pp. 189–191. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEComo2016333-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEComo2016333_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFComo2016">Como 2016</a>, p. 333. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELancasterUlrich2014189–190-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELancasterUlrich2014189–190_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLancasterUlrich2014">Lancaster & Ulrich 2014</a>, pp. 189–190. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdam2013193-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdam2013193_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdam2013">Adam 2013</a>, p. 193. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWard19731-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWard19731_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWard19731_72-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWard1973">Ward 1973</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanderpool1936552–553-73"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVanderpool1936552–553_73-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVanderpool1936">Vanderpool 1936</a>, pp. 552–553. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalletti2021258–259-74"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalletti2021258–259_74-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGalletti2021">Galletti 2021</a>, pp. 258–259. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdam2013186-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdam2013186_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdam2013">Adam 2013</a>, p. 186. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2009196-76"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson2009196_76-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJohnson2009">Johnson 2009</a>, p. 196. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECamerlenghi2019116-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamerlenghi2019116_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamerlenghi2019116_77-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCamerlenghi2019">Camerlenghi 2019</a>, p. 116. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGem200537-78"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGem200537_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGem2005">Gem 2005</a>, p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMainstone2013123-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMainstone2013123_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMainstone2013123_79-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMainstone2013">Mainstone 2013</a>, p. 123. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald19586-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald19586_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1958">MacDonald 1958</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArce2006203–204-81"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArce2006203–204_81-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFArce2006">Arce 2006</a>, pp. 203–204. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwoboda196181,_85-82"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwoboda196181,_85_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSwoboda1961">Swoboda 1961</a>, pp. 81, 85. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreeze201460,_64-83"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreeze201460,_64_83-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBreeze2014">Breeze 2014</a>, pp. 60, 64. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcClendon200516-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcClendon200516_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcClendon200516_84-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcClendon2005">McClendon 2005</a>, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELancasterUlrich2014190-85"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELancasterUlrich2014190_85-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLancasterUlrich2014">Lancaster & Ulrich 2014</a>, p. 190. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMainstone2013121-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMainstone2013121_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMainstone2013121_86-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMainstone2013">Mainstone 2013</a>, p. 121. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELancaster2005161-87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELancaster2005161_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLancaster2005">Lancaster 2005</a>, p. 161. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrautheimer1986238-88"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrautheimer1986238_88-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKrautheimer1986">Krautheimer 1986</a>, p. 238. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESear198382–83-89"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESear198382–83_89-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSear1983">Sear 1983</a>, pp. 82–83. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrautheimer198678-90"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrautheimer198678_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKrautheimer1986">Krautheimer 1986</a>, p. 78. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVickers1973111,_116,_119–120-91"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVickers1973111,_116,_119–120_91-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVickers1973">Vickers 1973</a>, pp. 111, 116, 119–120. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith195029–30-92"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith195029–30_92-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith1950">Smith 1950</a>, pp. 29–30. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrautheimer198676-93"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrautheimer198676_93-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKrautheimer1986">Krautheimer 1986</a>, p. 76. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrautheimer198676–78-94"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrautheimer198676–78_94-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKrautheimer1986">Krautheimer 1986</a>, pp. 76–78. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2006185,_187-95"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2006185,_187_95-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKennedy2006">Kennedy 2006</a>, pp. 185, 187. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShalev-Hurvitz2015192-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShalev-Hurvitz2015192_96-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShalev-Hurvitz2015192_96-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFShalev-Hurvitz2015">Shalev-Hurvitz 2015</a>, p. 192. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvner201035-97"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvner201035_97-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAvner2010">Avner 2010</a>, p. 35. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENuttgens1997121-98">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENuttgens1997121_98-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENuttgens1997121_98-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNuttgens1997">Nuttgens 1997</a>, p. 121. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith195056-99"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith195056_99-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith1950">Smith 1950</a>, p. 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrandt20111593-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrandt20111593_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrandt2011">Brandt 2011</a>, p. 1593. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECamerlenghi2019113–114-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamerlenghi2019113–114_101-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamerlenghi2019113–114_101-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCamerlenghi2019">Camerlenghi 2019</a>, pp. 113–114. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEДе_Сена2014388–389-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEДе_Сена2014388–389_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFДе_Сена2014">Де Сена 2014</a>, pp. 388–389. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEbulgariatravel-103"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEbulgariatravel_103-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFbulgariatravel">bulgariatravel</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEulpiaserdica-104"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEulpiaserdica_104-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFulpiaserdica">ulpiaserdica</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECamerlenghi2019107,_109–110-105"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamerlenghi2019107,_109–110_105-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCamerlenghi2019">Camerlenghi 2019</a>, pp. 107, 109–110. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorter191750-106">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPorter191750_106-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPorter191750_106-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPorter1917">Porter 1917</a>, p. 50. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENuttgens1997122-107"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENuttgens1997122_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNuttgens1997">Nuttgens 1997</a>, p. 122. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith195033-108"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith195033_108-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith1950">Smith 1950</a>, p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECleary2013176–177-109"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECleary2013176–177_109-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCleary2013">Cleary 2013</a>, pp. 176–177. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHourihane2012172-110"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHourihane2012172_110-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHourihane2012">Hourihane 2012</a>, p. 172. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilburn1988116–117-111"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilburn1988116–117_111-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMilburn1988">Milburn 1988</a>, pp. 116–117. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesMurrayMurray2013512-112"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesMurrayMurray2013512_112-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJonesMurrayMurray2013">Jones, Murray & Murray 2013</a>, p. 512. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKleinbauer19675-113"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKleinbauer19675_113-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKleinbauer1967">Kleinbauer 1967</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELavanZaniniSarantis2007429-114"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELavanZaniniSarantis2007429_114-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLavanZaniniSarantis2007">Lavan, Zanini & Sarantis 2007</a>, p. 429. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKleinbauer19764-115"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKleinbauer19764_115-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKleinbauer1976">Kleinbauer 1976</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinney1972102–103,_107-116"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinney1972102–103,_107_116-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKinney1972">Kinney 1972</a>, pp. 102–103, 107. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKleinbauer19671-117"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKleinbauer19671_117-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKleinbauer1967">Kleinbauer 1967</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrautheimer198681-118"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrautheimer198681_118-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKrautheimer1986">Krautheimer 1986</a>, p. 81. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlovsdotter2019147-119"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlovsdotter2019147_119-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOlovsdotter2019">Olovsdotter 2019</a>, p. 147. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarydis201611–12-120"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarydis201611–12_120-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKarydis2016">Karydis 2016</a>, pp. 11–12. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis1973211-121"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis1973211_121-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLewis1973">Lewis 1973</a>, p. 211. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith195016–22-122"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith195016–22_122-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith1950">Smith 1950</a>, pp. 16–22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrautheimer198674-123"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrautheimer198674_123-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKrautheimer1986">Krautheimer 1986</a>, p. 74. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrupico20112-124"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrupico20112_124-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrupico2011">Grupico 2011</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreeman-Grenville1987192–193,_195-125"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreeman-Grenville1987192–193,_195_125-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFreeman-Grenville1987">Freeman-Grenville 1987</a>, pp. 192–193, 195. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrautheimer1986239-126">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrautheimer1986239_126-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrautheimer1986239_126-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKrautheimer1986">Krautheimer 1986</a>, p. 239. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIncertiLavorattiD’AmicoGiannetti2018184-127"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIncertiLavorattiD’AmicoGiannetti2018184_127-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIncertiLavorattiD’AmicoGiannetti2018">Incerti et al. 2018</a>, p. 184. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBardill2008341-128">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBardill2008341_128-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBardill2008341_128-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBardill2008341_128-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBardill2008">Bardill 2008</a>, p. 341. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpiers1911958-129">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpiers1911958_129-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpiers1911958_129-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSpiers1911">Spiers 1911</a>, p. 958. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarydis201612-130"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarydis201612_130-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKarydis2016">Karydis 2016</a>, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarydis2012372–375-131"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarydis2012372–375_131-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKarydis2012">Karydis 2012</a>, pp. 372–375. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBardill2008342-132"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBardill2008342_132-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBardill2008">Bardill 2008</a>, p. 342. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECamerlenghi2019105-133"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamerlenghi2019105_133-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCamerlenghi2019">Camerlenghi 2019</a>, p. 105. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECamerlenghi2019109-134"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamerlenghi2019109_134-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCamerlenghi2019">Camerlenghi 2019</a>, p. 109. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECamerlenghi2019109–110,_112,_128-135"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamerlenghi2019109–110,_112,_128_135-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCamerlenghi2019">Camerlenghi 2019</a>, pp. 109–110, 112, 128. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECamerlenghi2019112,_132-136"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamerlenghi2019112,_132_136-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCamerlenghi2019">Camerlenghi 2019</a>, pp. 112, 132. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECamerlenghi2019114-137">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamerlenghi2019114_137-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamerlenghi2019114_137-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCamerlenghi2019">Camerlenghi 2019</a>, p. 114. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshkanAhmad2010288-138"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshkanAhmad2010288_138-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAshkanAhmad2010">Ashkan & Ahmad 2010</a>, p. 288. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvner201037-139"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvner201037_139-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAvner2010">Avner 2010</a>, p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShalev-Hurvitz2015181-140"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShalev-Hurvitz2015181_140-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShalev-Hurvitz2015">Shalev-Hurvitz 2015</a>, p. 181. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERosser20111-141"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosser20111_141-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRosser2011">Rosser 2011</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarydis2012357–358-142"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarydis2012357–358_142-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKarydis2012">Karydis 2012</a>, pp. 357–358. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrautheimer1986219-143">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrautheimer1986219_143-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrautheimer1986219_143-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKrautheimer1986">Krautheimer 1986</a>, p. 219. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrautheimer1986202–203-144"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrautheimer1986202–203_144-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKrautheimer1986">Krautheimer 1986</a>, pp. 202–203. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarydis201623-145"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarydis201623_145-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKarydis2016">Karydis 2016</a>, p. 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBardill2017121-146"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBardill2017121_146-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBardill2017">Bardill 2017</a>, p. 121. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison1983278–279-147"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison1983278–279_147-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarrison1983">Harrison 1983</a>, pp. 278–279. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland199919-148"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland199919_148-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGarland1999">Garland 1999</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreelyÇakmak200484-149"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreelyÇakmak200484_149-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFreelyÇakmak2004">Freely & Çakmak 2004</a>, p. 84. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrautheimer1986203,_242-150"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrautheimer1986203,_242_150-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKrautheimer1986">Krautheimer 1986</a>, pp. 203, 242. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELymberopoulouDuits201328-151">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELymberopoulouDuits201328_151-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELymberopoulouDuits201328_151-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLymberopoulouDuits2013">Lymberopoulou & Duits 2013</a>, p. 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreelyÇakmak2004130–131,_136-152"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreelyÇakmak2004130–131,_136_152-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFreelyÇakmak2004">Freely & Çakmak 2004</a>, pp. 130–131, 136. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBardill201762,_108,_114-153"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBardill201762,_108,_114_153-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBardill2017">Bardill 2017</a>, pp. 62, 108, 114. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchibille201485–86-154"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchibille201485–86_154-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchibille2014">Schibille 2014</a>, pp. 85–86. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreelyÇakmak200483–84-155"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreelyÇakmak200483–84_155-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFreelyÇakmak2004">Freely & Çakmak 2004</a>, pp. 83–84. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreelyÇakmak200462,_90–93,_95–96-156"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreelyÇakmak200462,_90–93,_95–96_156-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFreelyÇakmak2004">Freely & Çakmak 2004</a>, pp. 62, 90–93, 95–96. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreelyÇakmak200495,_127-157"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreelyÇakmak200495,_127_157-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFreelyÇakmak2004">Freely & Çakmak 2004</a>, pp. 95, 127. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchibille201455,_57-158"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchibille201455,_57_158-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchibille2014">Schibille 2014</a>, pp. 55, 57. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrautheimer1986206-159"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrautheimer1986206_159-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKrautheimer1986">Krautheimer 1986</a>, p. 206. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkBillington1989308-160"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarkBillington1989308_160-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarkBillington1989">Mark & Billington 1989</a>, p. 308. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMark1994149-161"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMark1994149_161-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMark1994">Mark 1994</a>, p. 149. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreelyÇakmak2004127-162"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreelyÇakmak2004127_162-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFreelyÇakmak2004">Freely & Çakmak 2004</a>, p. 127. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreelyÇakmak200495–96,_126–127-163"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreelyÇakmak200495–96,_126–127_163-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFreelyÇakmak2004">Freely & Çakmak 2004</a>, pp. 95–96, 126–127. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHourihane2012301-164"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHourihane2012301_164-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHourihane2012">Hourihane 2012</a>, p. 301. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreelyÇakmak2004126-165"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreelyÇakmak2004126_165-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFreelyÇakmak2004">Freely & Çakmak 2004</a>, p. 126. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkBillington1989307-166"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarkBillington1989307_166-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarkBillington1989">Mark & Billington 1989</a>, p. 307. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreelyÇakmak200495,_105-167"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreelyÇakmak200495,_105_167-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFreelyÇakmak2004">Freely & Çakmak 2004</a>, pp. 95, 105. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrautheimer1986230-168"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrautheimer1986230_168-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKrautheimer1986">Krautheimer 1986</a>, p. 230. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERingSalkin1995554,_556-169"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERingSalkin1995554,_556_169-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRingSalkin1995">Ring & Salkin 1995</a>, pp. 554, 556. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBayet201435-170"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBayet201435_170-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBayet2014">Bayet 2014</a>, p. 35. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFichtenau195767–68-171"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFichtenau195767–68_171-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFichtenau1957">Fichtenau 1957</a>, pp. 67–68. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephensonHammondDavi2005165-172">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephensonHammondDavi2005165_172-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephensonHammondDavi2005165_172-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFStephensonHammondDavi2005">Stephenson, Hammond & Davi 2005</a>, p. 165. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2009134-173"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2009134_173-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnderson2009">Anderson 2009</a>, p. 134. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreelyÇakmak2004146-174">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreelyÇakmak2004146_174-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreelyÇakmak2004146_174-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFreelyÇakmak2004">Freely & Çakmak 2004</a>, p. 146. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckwith1993222-175"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckwith1993222_175-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeckwith1993">Beckwith 1993</a>, p. 222. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEpstein198384,_89-176"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEpstein198384,_89_176-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEpstein1983">Epstein 1983</a>, pp. 84, 89. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMainstone2013216-177"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMainstone2013216_177-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMainstone2013">Mainstone 2013</a>, p. 216. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrautheimer1986247–249,_258–259-178"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrautheimer1986247–249,_258–259_178-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKrautheimer1986">Krautheimer 1986</a>, pp. 247–249, 258–259. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrautheimer198677–78-179"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrautheimer198677–78_179-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKrautheimer1986">Krautheimer 1986</a>, pp. 77–78. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECormack2009305-180"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECormack2009305_180-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCormack2009">Cormack 2009</a>, p. 305. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeatherstone2005833,_835-181"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeatherstone2005833,_835_181-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFeatherstone2005">Featherstone 2005</a>, pp. 833, 835. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrautheimer1986230–231-182"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrautheimer1986230–231_182-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKrautheimer1986">Krautheimer 1986</a>, pp. 230–231. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECormack2009304–306-183"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECormack2009304–306_183-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCormack2009">Cormack 2009</a>, pp. 304–306. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOusterhout2008b358-184">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOusterhout2008b358_184-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOusterhout2008b358_184-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOusterhout2008b358_184-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOusterhout2008b358_184-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFOusterhout2008b">Ousterhout 2008b</a>, p. 358. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrautheimer1986255,_257-185"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrautheimer1986255,_257_185-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKrautheimer1986">Krautheimer 1986</a>, pp. 255, 257. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchwaldSavage2017137–139-186"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchwaldSavage2017137–139_186-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBuchwaldSavage2017">Buchwald & Savage 2017</a>, pp. 137–139. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarydis2012371,_375–377-187"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarydis2012371,_375–377_187-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKarydis2012">Karydis 2012</a>, pp. 371, 375–377. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2009133–134-188"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2009133–134_188-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnderson2009">Anderson 2009</a>, pp. 133–134. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOusterhout2008a202-189"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOusterhout2008a202_189-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOusterhout2008a">Ousterhout 2008a</a>, p. 202. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchwaldSavage2017140-190"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchwaldSavage2017140_190-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBuchwaldSavage2017">Buchwald & Savage 2017</a>, p. 140. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOusterhout2008a17-191"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOusterhout2008a17_191-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOusterhout2008a">Ousterhout 2008a</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarling2004xliii-192">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarling2004xliii_192-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarling2004xliii_192-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarling2004">Darling 2004</a>, p. xliii. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOusterhout2008a121-193"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOusterhout2008a121_193-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOusterhout2008a">Ousterhout 2008a</a>, p. 121. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrautheimer1986379-194">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrautheimer1986379_194-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrautheimer1986379_194-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrautheimer1986379_194-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFKrautheimer1986">Krautheimer 1986</a>, p. 379. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorsterNicolaouRogge201874-195"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorsterNicolaouRogge201874_195-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHorsterNicolaouRogge2018">Horster, Nicolaou & Rogge 2018</a>, p. 74. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrautheimer1986340-196"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrautheimer1986340_196-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKrautheimer1986">Krautheimer 1986</a>, p. 340. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOusterhout2008b358–359-197"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOusterhout2008b358–359_197-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOusterhout2008b">Ousterhout 2008b</a>, pp. 358–359. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOusterhout1998118–124-198"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOusterhout1998118–124_198-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOusterhout1998">Ousterhout 1998</a>, pp. 118–124. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOusterhout2008a120-199"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOusterhout2008a120_199-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOusterhout2008a">Ousterhout 2008a</a>, p. 120. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOusterhout2008a359-200">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOusterhout2008a359_200-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOusterhout2008a359_200-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFOusterhout2008a">Ousterhout 2008a</a>, p. 359. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERosser2011137-201">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosser2011137_201-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosser2011137_201-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRosser2011">Rosser 2011</a>, p. 137. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOusterhout2008a201–202-202"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOusterhout2008a201–202_202-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOusterhout2008a">Ousterhout 2008a</a>, pp. 201–202. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOusterhout20054,_157-203"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOusterhout20054,_157_203-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOusterhout2005">Ousterhout 2005</a>, pp. 4, 157. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2009136-204"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2009136_204-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnderson2009">Anderson 2009</a>, p. 136. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOusterhout2008a204,_206,_208-205"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOusterhout2008a204,_206,_208_205-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOusterhout2008a">Ousterhout 2008a</a>, pp. 204, 206, 208. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrautheimer1986390-206"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrautheimer1986390_206-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKrautheimer1986">Krautheimer 1986</a>, p. 390. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOusterhout199248,_50,_52,_58–59-207"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOusterhout199248,_50,_52,_58–59_207-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOusterhout1992">Ousterhout 1992</a>, pp. 48, 50, 52, 58–59. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOusterhout2008a202–203-208"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOusterhout2008a202–203_208-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOusterhout2008a">Ousterhout 2008a</a>, pp. 202–203. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOusterhout2008b360-209"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOusterhout2008b360_209-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOusterhout2008b">Ousterhout 2008b</a>, p. 360. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOusterhout2008a121,_208-210"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOusterhout2008a121,_208_210-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOusterhout2008a">Ousterhout 2008a</a>, pp. 121, 208. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrabar199019-211">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrabar199019_211-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrabar199019_211-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrabar1990">Grabar 1990</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker2012144–146-212"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker2012144–146_212-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalker2012">Walker 2012</a>, pp. 144–146. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOusterhout2008b361-213"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOusterhout2008b361_213-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOusterhout2008b">Ousterhout 2008b</a>, p. 361. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrautheimer1986418,_420-214"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrautheimer1986418,_420_214-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKrautheimer1986">Krautheimer 1986</a>, pp. 418, 420. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOusterhout2008b361–362-215"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOusterhout2008b361–362_215-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOusterhout2008b">Ousterhout 2008b</a>, pp. 361–362. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOusterhout2008b362-216">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOusterhout2008b362_216-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOusterhout2008b362_216-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOusterhout2008b362_216-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOusterhout2008b362_216-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOusterhout2008b362_216-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOusterhout2008b362_216-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFOusterhout2008b">Ousterhout 2008b</a>, p. 362. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrautheimer1986417–418-217"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrautheimer1986417–418_217-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKrautheimer1986">Krautheimer 1986</a>, pp. 417–418. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrautheimer1986418-218"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrautheimer1986418_218-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKrautheimer1986">Krautheimer 1986</a>, p. 418. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrautheimer1986423,_428-219"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrautheimer1986423,_428_219-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKrautheimer1986">Krautheimer 1986</a>, pp. 423, 428. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEĆurčić200371-220"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEĆurčić200371_220-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFĆurčić2003">Ćurčić 2003</a>, p. 71. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEĆurčić200374-221"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEĆurčić200374_221-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFĆurčić2003">Ćurčić 2003</a>, p. 74. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERosser2011215-222"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosser2011215_222-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRosser2011">Rosser 2011</a>, p. 215. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephensonHammondDavi2005164-223"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephensonHammondDavi2005164_223-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStephensonHammondDavi2005">Stephenson, Hammond & Davi 2005</a>, p. 164. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrautheimer1986321-224"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrautheimer1986321_224-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKrautheimer1986">Krautheimer 1986</a>, p. 321. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith195037-225"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith195037_225-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith1950">Smith 1950</a>, p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrautheimer1986321,_323,_326–327-226"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrautheimer1986321,_323,_326–327_226-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKrautheimer1986">Krautheimer 1986</a>, pp. 321, 323, 326–327. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwoboda196188-227"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwoboda196188_227-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSwoboda1961">Swoboda 1961</a>, p. 88. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaranci2003294–295,_297,_303-228"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaranci2003294–295,_297,_303_228-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMaranci2003">Maranci 2003</a>, pp. 294–295, 297, 303. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrautheimer1986309–312,_318–321-229"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrautheimer1986309–312,_318–321_229-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKrautheimer1986">Krautheimer 1986</a>, pp. 309–312, 318–321. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephensonHammondDavi2005168-230"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephensonHammondDavi2005168_230-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStephensonHammondDavi2005">Stephenson, Hammond & Davi 2005</a>, p. 168. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton198325,_27,_35,_42-231"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton198325,_27,_35,_42_231-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHamilton1983">Hamilton 1983</a>, pp. 25, 27, 35, 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShvidkovskiĭ200718-232"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShvidkovskiĭ200718_232-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShvidkovskiĭ2007">Shvidkovskiĭ 2007</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton198342–43-233"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton198342–43_233-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHamilton1983">Hamilton 1983</a>, pp. 42–43. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlemingHonourPevsner1991233–234-234"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlemingHonourPevsner1991233–234_234-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlemingHonourPevsner1991">Fleming, Honour & Pevsner 1991</a>, pp. 233–234. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatkin2005105–106-235"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatkin2005105–106_235-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWatkin2005">Watkin 2005</a>, pp. 105–106. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoffettFazioWodehouse2003218-236"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoffettFazioWodehouse2003218_236-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoffettFazioWodehouse2003">Moffett, Fazio & Wodehouse 2003</a>, p. 218. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatkin2005106-237"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatkin2005106_237-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWatkin2005">Watkin 2005</a>, p. 106. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEObłuskiGodlewskiKołątajMedeksza2013248,_260–261-238"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEObłuskiGodlewskiKołątajMedeksza2013248,_260–261_238-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFObłuskiGodlewskiKołątajMedeksza2013">Obłuski et al. 2013</a>, pp. 248, 260–261. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOusterhout201983-239"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOusterhout201983_239-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOusterhout2019">Ousterhout 2019</a>, p. 83. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOusterhout2008b363-240"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOusterhout2008b363_240-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOusterhout2008b">Ousterhout 2008b</a>, p. 363. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephensonHammondDavi2005168–169-241"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephensonHammondDavi2005168–169_241-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStephensonHammondDavi2005">Stephenson, Hammond & Davi 2005</a>, pp. 168–169. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESalvanThapa2000176-242"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalvanThapa2000176_242-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSalvanThapa2000">Salvan & Thapa 2000</a>, p. 176. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWertheimer200456-243"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWertheimer200456_243-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWertheimer2004">Wertheimer 2004</a>, p. 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul2012124–125,_127-244"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul2012124–125,_127_244-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPaul2012">Paul 2012</a>, pp. 124–125, 127. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWittkower1963185-245"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWittkower1963185_245-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWittkower1963">Wittkower 1963</a>, p. 185. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald200294–95,_112,_117,_119–123,_125,_130–131-246"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald200294–95,_112,_117,_119–123,_125,_130–131_246-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald2002">MacDonald 2002</a>, pp. 94–95, 112, 117, 119–123, 125, 130–131. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECennamoCusano20191,_4-247"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECennamoCusano20191,_4_247-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCennamoCusano2019">Cennamo & Cusano 2019</a>, pp. 1, 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeterson199668-248"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeterson199668_248-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPeterson1996">Peterson 1996</a>, p. 68. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreely201122–23-249"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreely201122–23_249-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFreely2011">Freely 2011</a>, pp. 22–23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEÁgostonMasters2009245-250">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÁgostonMasters2009245_250-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÁgostonMasters2009245_250-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFÁgostonMasters2009">Ágoston & Masters 2009</a>, p. 245. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban198773,_82,_84,_89-251"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuban198773,_82,_84,_89_251-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKuban1987">Kuban 1987</a>, pp. 73, 82, 84, 89. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreely201121–23-252"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreely201121–23_252-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFreely2011">Freely 2011</a>, pp. 21–23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECutler197238-253"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECutler197238_253-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCutler1972">Cutler 1972</a>, p. 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurlWilson2015136-254"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurlWilson2015136_254-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCurlWilson2015">Curl & Wilson 2015</a>, p. 136. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner200054-255"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner200054_255-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTurner2000">Turner 2000</a>, p. 54. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMakašConley200921,_23–24-256"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMakašConley200921,_23–24_256-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMakašConley2009">Makaš & Conley 2009</a>, pp. 21, 23–24. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaphael201174–76-257"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaphael201174–76_257-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRaphael2011">Raphael 2011</a>, pp. 74–76. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECutler197239–40-258"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECutler197239–40_258-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCutler1972">Cutler 1972</a>, pp. 39–40. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2004210-259"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson2004210_259-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNelson2004">Nelson 2004</a>, p. 210. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_domes&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAdam2013" class="citation book cs1">Adam, Jean-Pierre (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vchVyCrT9uYC">Roman Building: Materials and Techniques</a>. London, England: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-61869-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-61869-9"><bdi>978-1-134-61869-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Building%3A+Materials+and+Techniques&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-134-61869-9&rft.aulast=Adam&rft.aufirst=Jean-Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvchVyCrT9uYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÁgostonMasters2009" class="citation book cs1">Ágoston, Gábor; Masters, Bruce (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QjzYdCxumFcC">Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire</a>. New York, NY: Facts on File, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-6259-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-6259-1"><bdi>978-0-8160-6259-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Ottoman+Empire&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Facts+on+File%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-6259-1&rft.aulast=%C3%81goston&rft.aufirst=G%C3%A1bor&rft.au=Masters%2C+Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQjzYdCxumFcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAïtcin2007" class="citation book cs1">Aïtcin, Pierre-Claude (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CnWzhS_EvlAC">Binders for Durable and Sustainable Concrete</a>. New York, NY: Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-38588-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-38588-6"><bdi>978-0-415-38588-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Binders+for+Durable+and+Sustainable+Concrete&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-415-38588-6&rft.aulast=A%C3%AFtcin&rft.aufirst=Pierre-Claude&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCnWzhS_EvlAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2009" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, Stanford (2009). Wilson, Colin St. John; Goode, Patrick (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S7iJpekO1G8C">The Oxford Companion to Architecture, Volume 1</a>. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860568-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860568-3"><bdi>978-0-19-860568-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Architecture%2C+Volume+1&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-860568-3&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Stanford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS7iJpekO1G8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArce2006" class="citation conference cs1">Arce, Ignacio (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arct.cam.ac.uk/Downloads/ichs/vol-1-195-220-arce.pdf">Umayyad Arches, Vaults & Domes: Merging and Re-creation. Contributions to Early Islamic Construction History</a> (PDF). Second International Congress on Construction History, Queens' College, Cambridge University; 29/03-02/04/2006. Cambridge, England: University of Cambridge Press. pp. 195–220.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Umayyad+Arches%2C+Vaults+%26+Domes%3A+Merging+and+Re-creation.+Contributions+to+Early+Islamic+Construction+History&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pages=195-220&rft.pub=University+of+Cambridge+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Arce&rft.aufirst=Ignacio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arct.cam.ac.uk%2FDownloads%2Fichs%2Fvol-1-195-220-arce.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvner2010" class="citation journal cs1">Avner, Rina (2010). "The Dome of the Rock in light of the development of concentric martyria in Jerusalem: architecture and architectural iconography". Muqarnas. 27. Brill: 31–49. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25769691">25769691</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Muqarnas&rft.atitle=The+Dome+of+the+Rock+in+light+of+the+development+of+concentric+martyria+in+Jerusalem%3A+architecture+and+architectural+iconography&rft.volume=27&rft.pages=31-49&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25769691%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Avner&rft.aufirst=Rina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshkanAhmad2010" class="citation journal cs1">Ashkan, Maryam; Ahmad, Yahaya (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00004-010-0013-9.pdf">"Discontinuous Double-shell Domes through Islamic eras in the Middle East and Central Asia: History, Morphology, Typologies, Geometry, and Construction"</a> (PDF). Nexus Network Journal. 12 (2). Turin, Italy: Kim Williams Books: 287–319. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00004-010-0013-9">10.1007/s00004-010-0013-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nexus+Network+Journal&rft.atitle=Discontinuous+Double-shell+Domes+through+Islamic+eras+in+the+Middle+East+and+Central+Asia%3A+History%2C+Morphology%2C+Typologies%2C+Geometry%2C+and+Construction&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=287-319&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00004-010-0013-9&rft.aulast=Ashkan&rft.aufirst=Maryam&rft.au=Ahmad%2C+Yahaya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fcontent%2Fpdf%2F10.1007%2Fs00004-010-0013-9.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBardill2008" class="citation book cs1">Bardill, Jonathan (2008). "Chapter II.7.1: Building Materials and Techniques". In Jeffreys, Elizabeth; Haldon, John; Cormack, Robin (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=liFKua_cWL8C">The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies</a>. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-925246-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-925246-6"><bdi>978-0-19-925246-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+II.7.1%3A+Building+Materials+and+Techniques&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Byzantine+Studies&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-925246-6&rft.aulast=Bardill&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DliFKua_cWL8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBardill2017" class="citation journal cs1">Bardill, Jonathan (Spring 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/670875/pdf">"The Date, Dedication, and Design of Sts. Sergius and Bacchus in Constantinople"</a>. Journal of Late Antiquity. 10 (1): 62–130. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjla.2017.0003">10.1353/jla.2017.0003</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Late+Antiquity&rft.atitle=The+Date%2C+Dedication%2C+and+Design+of+Sts.+Sergius+and+Bacchus+in+Constantinople&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=62-130&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjla.2017.0003&rft.aulast=Bardill&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Farticle%2F670875%2Fpdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarry2021" class="citation journal cs1">Barry, Fabio (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27129165">"The Temple of Hercules Victor in Foro Boario (Aedes Aemiliana): Design, Dating, 'Decorated Doric,' and Domes"</a>. Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. 66: 19–91. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F27129165">10.2307/27129165</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Memoirs+of+the+American+Academy+in+Rome&rft.atitle=The+Temple+of+Hercules+Victor+in+Foro+Boario+%28Aedes+Aemiliana%29%3A+Design%2C+Dating%2C+%E2%80%98Decorated+Doric%2C%E2%80%99+and+Domes&rft.volume=66&rft.pages=19-91&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F27129165&rft.aulast=Barry&rft.aufirst=Fabio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27129165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBayet2014" class="citation book cs1">Bayet, Charles (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_smjAwAAQBAJ">Byzantine Art</a>. Translation by Anne Haugen and Jessica Wagner. New York, NY: Parkstone International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78310-385-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78310-385-0"><bdi>978-1-78310-385-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzantine+Art&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Parkstone+International&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-78310-385-0&rft.aulast=Bayet&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_smjAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckwith1993" class="citation book cs1">Beckwith, John (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1kSpN3Kfgc0C">Early Christian and Byzantine Art</a> (2nd ed.). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-05296-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-05296-1"><bdi>978-0-300-05296-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Christian+and+Byzantine+Art&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-300-05296-1&rft.aulast=Beckwith&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1kSpN3Kfgc0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoin2013" class="citation book cs1">Boin, Douglas (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eq4hAwAAQBAJ">Ostia in Late Antiquity</a>. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-32849-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-32849-5"><bdi>978-1-107-32849-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ostia+in+Late+Antiquity&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-107-32849-5&rft.aulast=Boin&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Deq4hAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrandt2011" class="citation book cs1">Brandt, Olof (2011). "Understanding the Structures of Early Christian Baptisteries". Ablution, Initiation, and Baptism. De Gruyter. pp. 1587–1610. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-110-24753-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-110-24753-4"><bdi>978-3-110-24753-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Understanding+the+Structures+of+Early+Christian+Baptisteries&rft.btitle=Ablution%2C+Initiation%2C+and+Baptism&rft.pages=1587-1610&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-3-110-24753-4&rft.aulast=Brandt&rft.aufirst=Olof&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreeze2014" class="citation book cs1">Breeze, David (2014). "Commemorating the Wall: Roman sculpture and inscriptions from Hadrian's Wall". In Collins, Rob; McIntosh, Frances (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=essVBAAAQBAJ">Life in the Limes: Studies of the people and objects of the Roman frontiers</a>. Oxford & Philadelphia: Oxbow Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-782-97254-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-782-97254-9"><bdi>978-1-782-97254-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Commemorating+the+Wall%3A+Roman+sculpture+and+inscriptions+from+Hadrian%27s+Wall&rft.btitle=Life+in+the+Limes%3A+Studies+of+the+people+and+objects+of+the+Roman+frontiers&rft.place=Oxford+%26+Philadelphia&rft.pub=Oxbow+Books&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-782-97254-9&rft.aulast=Breeze&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DessVBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBridgwoodLennie2013" class="citation book cs1">Bridgwood, Barry; Lennie, Lindsay (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nYHcAAAAQBAJ">History, Performance and Conservation</a>. New York, NY: Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-07900-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-07900-1"><bdi>978-1-134-07900-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History%2C+Performance+and+Conservation&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-134-07900-1&rft.aulast=Bridgwood&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft.au=Lennie%2C+Lindsay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnYHcAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCamerlenghi2019" class="citation journal cs1">Camerlenghi, Nicola (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/704636?journalCode=ges">"The Millennial Gap in Dome Construction in Rome"</a>. Gesta. 58 (2). University of Chicago Press: 103–135. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F704636">10.1086/704636</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:211439130">211439130</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gesta&rft.atitle=The+Millennial+Gap+in+Dome+Construction+in+Rome&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=103-135&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F704636&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A211439130%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Camerlenghi&rft.aufirst=Nicola&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1086%2F704636%3FjournalCode%3Dges&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCennamoCusano2019" class="citation journal cs1">Cennamo, Claudia; Cusano, Concetta (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.21625%2Fresourceedings.v2i3.620">"The role of geometry on stability of large domes: Roman Pantheon as cultural emblem and constructive reference"</a>. Resourceedings. 2 (3): 12–19. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.21625%2Fresourceedings.v2i3.620">10.21625/resourceedings.v2i3.620</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Resourceedings&rft.atitle=The+role+of+geometry+on+stability+of+large+domes%3A+Roman+Pantheon+as+cultural+emblem+and+constructive+reference&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=12-19&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.21625%2Fresourceedings.v2i3.620&rft.aulast=Cennamo&rft.aufirst=Claudia&rft.au=Cusano%2C+Concetta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.21625%252Fresourceedings.v2i3.620&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCigolaGallozziParisChiavoni2018" class="citation book cs1">Cigola, Michela; Gallozzi, Arturo; Paris, Leonardo; Chiavoni, Emanuela (2018). "Integrated Methodologies for Knowledge and Valorisation of the Roman Casinum City". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LrETEAAAQBAJ">CAA2016: Oceans of Data: Proceedings of the 44th Conference on Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology</a>. Archaeopress Publishing Limited. pp. 121–134. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-784-91731-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-784-91731-9"><bdi>978-1-784-91731-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Integrated+Methodologies+for+Knowledge+and+Valorisation+of+the+Roman+Casinum+City&rft.btitle=CAA2016%3A+Oceans+of+Data%3A+Proceedings+of+the+44th+Conference+on+Computer+Applications+and+Quantitative+Methods+in+Archaeology&rft.pages=121-134&rft.pub=Archaeopress+Publishing+Limited&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-784-91731-9&rft.aulast=Cigola&rft.aufirst=Michela&rft.au=Gallozzi%2C+Arturo&rft.au=Paris%2C+Leonardo&rft.au=Chiavoni%2C+Emanuela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLrETEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCiprianiFantiniBertacchi2014" class="citation book cs1">Cipriani, Luca; Fantini, Filippo; Bertacchi, Silvia (December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280042453">"Survey and representation of vaults and cupolas: an overview on some relevant Italian UNESCO Sites"</a>. Virtual Systems & Multimedia (VSMM), 2014, Hong Kong. pp. 50–57. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FVSMM.2014.7136682">10.1109/VSMM.2014.7136682</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4799-7227-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4799-7227-2"><bdi>978-1-4799-7227-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22592359">22592359</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Survey+and+representation+of+vaults+and+cupolas%3A+an+overview+on+some+relevant+Italian+UNESCO+Sites&rft.btitle=Virtual+Systems+%26+Multimedia+%28VSMM%29%2C+2014%2C+Hong+Kong&rft.pages=50-57&rft.date=2014-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A22592359%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FVSMM.2014.7136682&rft.isbn=978-1-4799-7227-2&rft.aulast=Cipriani&rft.aufirst=Luca&rft.au=Fantini%2C+Filippo&rft.au=Bertacchi%2C+Silvia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F280042453&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCleary2013" class="citation book cs1">Cleary, Simon Esmonde (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m_0fAwAAQBAJ">The Roman West, AD 200–500: An Archaeological Study</a>. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-32811-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-32811-2"><bdi>978-1-107-32811-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roman+West%2C+AD+200%E2%80%93500%3A+An+Archaeological+Study&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-107-32811-2&rft.aulast=Cleary&rft.aufirst=Simon+Esmonde&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm_0fAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFComo2016" class="citation book cs1">Como, Mario (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hslyCwAAQBAJ">Statics of Historic Masonry Constructions</a> (2, illustrated ed.). Berlin, Germany: Springer. p. 619. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-24569-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-24569-0"><bdi>978-3-319-24569-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Statics+of+Historic+Masonry+Constructions&rft.place=Berlin%2C+Germany&rft.pages=619&rft.edition=2%2C+illustrated&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-3-319-24569-0&rft.aulast=Como&rft.aufirst=Mario&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhslyCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFContiMartinesSinopoli2009" class="citation book cs1">Conti, Cinzia; Martines, Giangiacomo; Sinopoli, Anna (2009). "Constructions Techniques of Roman Vaults: Opus Caementicium and the Octagonal Dome of the Domus Aurea". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923193739/http://www.bma.arch.unige.it/PDF/CONSTRUCTION_HISTORY_2009/VOL1/Conti-Cinzia_Martines-Giangiacomo_Sinopoli-Anna_Paper_layouted.pdf">Proceedings of the Third International Congress on Construction History</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bma.arch.unige.it/PDF/CONSTRUCTION_HISTORY_2009/VOL1/Conti-Cinzia_Martines-Giangiacomo_Sinopoli-Anna_Paper_layouted.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2015-09-23. Retrieved 2015-03-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Constructions+Techniques+of+Roman+Vaults%3A+Opus+Caementicium+and+the+Octagonal+Dome+of+the+Domus+Aurea&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+Third+International+Congress+on+Construction+History&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Conti&rft.aufirst=Cinzia&rft.au=Martines%2C+Giangiacomo&rft.au=Sinopoli%2C+Anna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bma.arch.unige.it%2FPDF%2FCONSTRUCTION_HISTORY_2009%2FVOL1%2FConti-Cinzia_Martines-Giangiacomo_Sinopoli-Anna_Paper_layouted.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCormack2009" class="citation book cs1">Cormack, Robin (2009). "But is it Art?". In Hoffman, Eva R. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cfL1Gyj00jYC">Late Antique and Medieval Art of the Mediterranean World</a>. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-8207-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-8207-2"><bdi>978-1-4051-8207-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=But+is+it+Art%3F&rft.btitle=Late+Antique+and+Medieval+Art+of+the+Mediterranean+World&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+NJ&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-8207-2&rft.aulast=Cormack&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcfL1Gyj00jYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCreswell1915a" class="citation journal cs1">Creswell, K. A. C. (January 1915). "Persian Domes before 1400 A.D". The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs. 26 (142). London, England: The Burlington Magazine Publications, Ltd.: 146–155. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/859853">859853</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Burlington+Magazine+for+Connoisseurs&rft.atitle=Persian+Domes+before+1400+A.D&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=142&rft.pages=146-155&rft.date=1915-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F859853%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Creswell&rft.aufirst=K.+A.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFĆurčić2003" class="citation book cs1">Ćurčić, Slobodan (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140214053355/http://www.doaks.org/resources/publications/dumbarton-oaks-papers/dop57/dp57ch04.pdf">"The Role of Late Byzantine Thessalonike in Church Architecture in the Balkans"</a> (PDF). In <a href="/wiki/Alice-Mary_Talbot" title="Alice-Mary Talbot">Talbot, Alice-Mary</a> (ed.). Dumbarton Oaks Papers, No. 57: Symposium on Late Byzantine Thessalonike. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection. pp. 65–84. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.doaks.org/resources/publications/dumbarton-oaks-papers/dop57/dp57ch04.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2014-02-14. Retrieved 2015-03-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Role+of+Late+Byzantine+Thessalonike+in+Church+Architecture+in+the+Balkans&rft.btitle=Dumbarton+Oaks+Papers%2C+No.+57%3A+Symposium+on+Late+Byzantine+Thessalonike&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pages=65-84&rft.pub=Dumbarton+Oaks+Research+Library+and+Collection&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=%C4%86ur%C4%8Di%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Slobodan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.doaks.org%2Fresources%2Fpublications%2Fdumbarton-oaks-papers%2Fdop57%2Fdp57ch04.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurlWilson2015" class="citation book cs1">Curl, James Stevens; Wilson, Susan (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4Lu6BwAAQBAJ">The Oxford Dictionary of Architecture</a> (3rd ed.). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-967498-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-967498-5"><bdi>978-0-19-967498-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Architecture&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-19-967498-5&rft.aulast=Curl&rft.aufirst=James+Stevens&rft.au=Wilson%2C+Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4Lu6BwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCutler1972" class="citation journal cs1">Cutler, Anthony (March 1972). "The Tyranny of Hagia Sophia: Notes on Greek Orthodox Church Design in the United States". Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians. 31 (1). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press: 38–50. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F988725">10.2307/988725</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/988725">988725</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Society+of+Architectural+Historians&rft.atitle=The+Tyranny+of+Hagia+Sophia%3A+Notes+on+Greek+Orthodox+Church+Design+in+the+United+States&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=38-50&rft.date=1972-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F988725&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F988725%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Cutler&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarling2004" class="citation book cs1">Darling, Janina K. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4F-v35--l_gC">Architecture of Greece</a>. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32152-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32152-8"><bdi>978-0-313-32152-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Architecture+of+Greece&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-313-32152-8&rft.aulast=Darling&rft.aufirst=Janina+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4F-v35--l_gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFДе_Сена2014" class="citation journal cs1">Де Сена, Ерик К. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.19090%2Fi.2014.25.381-399">"Константин У Царској Палати У Сердици"</a>. Istraživanja: Journal of Historical Researches. 25 (25). University of Novi: 381–399. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.19090%2Fi.2014.25.381-399">10.19090/i.2014.25.381-399</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Istra%C5%BEivanja%3A+Journal+of+Historical+Researches&rft.atitle=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD+%D0%A3+%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%98+%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%A3+%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=25&rft.pages=381-399&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.19090%2Fi.2014.25.381-399&rft.aulast=%D0%94%D0%B5+%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0&rft.aufirst=%D0%95%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA+%D0%9A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.19090%252Fi.2014.25.381-399&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDewdney2008" class="citation book cs1">Dewdney, Christopher (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3XzC207BbV4C">Acquainted with the Night: Excursions Through the World After Dark</a>. New York, NY: Bloomsbury Publishing USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59691-768-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59691-768-2"><bdi>978-1-59691-768-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Acquainted+with+the+Night%3A+Excursions+Through+the+World+After+Dark&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing+USA&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-59691-768-2&rft.aulast=Dewdney&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3XzC207BbV4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDumser2010" class="citation book cs1">Dumser, Elisha Ann (2010). "Dome". In Gagarin, Michael; <a href="/wiki/Elaine_Fantham" title="Elaine Fantham">Fantham, Elaine</a> (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lNV6-HsUppsC">The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome</a>. Vol. 1. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, Inc. pp. 436–438. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517072-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517072-6"><bdi>978-0-19-517072-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dome&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+Ancient+Greece+and+Rome&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=436-438&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-517072-6&rft.aulast=Dumser&rft.aufirst=Elisha+Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlNV6-HsUppsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEpstein1983" class="citation journal cs1">Epstein, Ann Wharton (1983). "The Date and Significance of the Cathedral of Canosa in Apulia, South Italy". Dumbarton Oaks Papers. 37. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks: 79–90. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1291478">10.2307/1291478</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1291478">1291478</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dumbarton+Oaks+Papers&rft.atitle=The+Date+and+Significance+of+the+Cathedral+of+Canosa+in+Apulia%2C+South+Italy&rft.volume=37&rft.pages=79-90&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1291478&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1291478%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Epstein&rft.aufirst=Ann+Wharton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErdkamp2013" class="citation book cs1">Erdkamp, Paul (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yaM0AAAAQBAJ">The Cambridge Companion to Ancient Rome</a> (illustrated ed.). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-89629-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-89629-0"><bdi>978-0-521-89629-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Ancient+Rome&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-521-89629-0&rft.aulast=Erdkamp&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyaM0AAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeatherstone2005" class="citation journal cs1">Featherstone, Jeffrey Michael (2005). "The Chrysotriklinos Seen through De Cerimoniis". Zwischen Polis, Provinz und Peripherie. Beiträge zur byzantinischen Geschichte und Kultur: Mainzer Veröffentlichungen zur Byzantinistik (Between Polis, Province and Periphery. Studies of Byzantine History and Culture). 7. Wiesbaden, Germany: Harrassowitz Verlag Publ.: 845–852.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zwischen+Polis%2C+Provinz+und+Peripherie.+Beitr%C3%A4ge+zur+byzantinischen+Geschichte+und+Kultur%3A+Mainzer+Ver%C3%B6ffentlichungen+zur+Byzantinistik+%28Between+Polis%2C+Province+and+Periphery.+Studies+of+Byzantine+History+and+Culture%29&rft.atitle=The+Chrysotriklinos+Seen+through+De+Cerimoniis&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=845-852&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Featherstone&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFichtenau1957" class="citation book cs1">Fichtenau, Heinrich (2000) [1957]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Eo6UrwfmwqUC">The Carolingian Empire</a>. translated by Peter Munz (reprint, revised ed.). Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-6367-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-6367-0"><bdi>978-0-8020-6367-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Carolingian+Empire&rft.place=Toronto%2C+Canada&rft.edition=reprint%2C+revised&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-6367-0&rft.aulast=Fichtenau&rft.aufirst=Heinrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEo6UrwfmwqUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlemingHonourPevsner1991" class="citation book cs1">Fleming, John; Honour, Hugh; Pevsner, Nikolaus, eds. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/penguindictionar00flem">Dictionary of Architecture</a> (4th ed.). London, England: Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-051241-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-051241-0"><bdi>978-0-14-051241-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Architecture&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-14-051241-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpenguindictionar00flem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreelyÇakmak2004" class="citation book cs1">Freely, John; Çakmak, Ahmet S. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SQezPwAACAAJ">Byzantine Monuments of Istanbul</a>. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77257-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77257-0"><bdi>978-0-521-77257-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzantine+Monuments+of+Istanbul&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-521-77257-0&rft.aulast=Freely&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=%C3%87akmak%2C+Ahmet+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSQezPwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreely2011" class="citation book cs1">Freely, John (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vgp46TUFK7wC">A History of Ottoman Architecture</a>. Billerica, MA: WIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84564-506-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84564-506-9"><bdi>978-1-84564-506-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ottoman+Architecture&rft.place=Billerica%2C+MA&rft.pub=WIT+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-84564-506-9&rft.aulast=Freely&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dvgp46TUFK7wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreeman-Grenville1987" class="citation journal cs1">Freeman-Grenville, G. S. P. (1987). "The Basilica of the Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem: History and Future". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. 119 (2). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press: 187–207. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0035869X00140614">10.1017/S0035869X00140614</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25212148">25212148</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland&rft.atitle=The+Basilica+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre%2C+Jerusalem%3A+History+and+Future&rft.volume=119&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=187-207&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0035869X00140614&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25212148%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Freeman-Grenville&rft.aufirst=G.+S.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalletti2021" class="citation journal cs1">Galletti, Sara (2021). "Philibert de L'Orme's Dome in the Chapel of the Château d'Anet: The Role of Stereotomy". Architectural History. 64. The Society of Architectural Historians of Great Britain: 253–284. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Farh.2021.11">10.1017/arh.2021.11</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Architectural+History&rft.atitle=Philibert+de+L%E2%80%99Orme%E2%80%99s+Dome+in+the+Chapel+of+the+Ch%C3%A2teau+d%E2%80%99Anet%3A+The+Role+of+Stereotomy&rft.volume=64&rft.pages=253-284&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Farh.2021.11&rft.aulast=Galletti&rft.aufirst=Sara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarland1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lynda_Garland" title="Lynda Garland">Garland, Lynda</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6JY2fpMTkKwC">Byzantine Empresses: Women and Power in Byzantium AD 527–1204</a> (illustrated ed.). New York, NY: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-14688-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-14688-3"><bdi>978-0-415-14688-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzantine+Empresses%3A+Women+and+Power+in+Byzantium+AD+527%E2%80%931204&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-415-14688-3&rft.aulast=Garland&rft.aufirst=Lynda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6JY2fpMTkKwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGavrilovičKelleyŠendova2003" class="citation journal cs1">Gavrilovič, Predrag; Kelley, Stephen J.; Šendova, Veronika (2003). "A Study of Seismic Protection Techniques for the Byzantine Churches in Macedonia". APT Bulletin. 34 (2). Springfield, IL: Association for Preservation Technology International: 63–69. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1504824">10.2307/1504824</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1504824">1504824</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=APT+Bulletin&rft.atitle=A+Study+of+Seismic+Protection+Techniques+for+the+Byzantine+Churches+in+Macedonia&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=63-69&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1504824&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1504824%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Gavrilovi%C4%8D&rft.aufirst=Predrag&rft.au=Kelley%2C+Stephen+J.&rft.au=%C5%A0endova%2C+Veronika&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGem2005" class="citation journal cs1">Gem, Richard (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/yjba20">"The Vatican Rotunda: A Severan Monument and its Early History, c. 200 to 500"</a>. Journal of the British Archaeological Association. 158 (1). British Archaeological Association: 1–45. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179%2F006812805x73271">10.1179/006812805x73271</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:192067233">192067233</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+British+Archaeological+Association&rft.atitle=The+Vatican+Rotunda%3A+A+Severan+Monument+and+its+Early+History%2C+c.+200+to+500&rft.volume=158&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-45&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1179%2F006812805x73271&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A192067233%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gem&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Floi%2Fyjba20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrabar1990" class="citation journal cs1">Grabar, Oleg (March 1990). "From Dome of Heaven to Pleasure Dome". Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians. 49 (1). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press: 15–21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F990496">10.2307/990496</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/990496">990496</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Society+of+Architectural+Historians&rft.atitle=From+Dome+of+Heaven+to+Pleasure+Dome&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=15-21&rft.date=1990-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F990496&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F990496%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Grabar&rft.aufirst=Oleg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrupico2011" class="citation journal cs1">Grupico, Theresa (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141129024638/http://forumonpublicpolicy.com/vol2011no3/archive/grupico.pdf">"The Dome in Christian and Islamic Sacred Architecture"</a> (PDF). The Forum on Public Policy. 2011 (3). Urbana, IL: 14. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://forumonpublicpolicy.com/vol2011no3/archive/grupico.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on November 29, 2014. Retrieved November 16, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Forum+on+Public+Policy&rft.atitle=The+Dome+in+Christian+and+Islamic+Sacred+Architecture&rft.volume=2011&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=14&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Grupico&rft.aufirst=Theresa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fforumonpublicpolicy.com%2Fvol2011no3%2Farchive%2Fgrupico.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton1983" class="citation book cs1">Hamilton, George Heard (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p6Fwr_e56d4C">The Art and Architecture of Russia</a> (illustrated ed.). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-05327-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-05327-2"><bdi>978-0-300-05327-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+and+Architecture+of+Russia&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-300-05327-2&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=George+Heard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp6Fwr_e56d4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrison1983" class="citation journal cs1">Harrison, R. M. (1983). "The Church of St. Polyeuktos in Istanbul and the Temple of Solomon". Harvard Ukrainian Studies. 7. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute: 276–279. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41036097">41036097</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Ukrainian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Church+of+St.+Polyeuktos+in+Istanbul+and+the+Temple+of+Solomon&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=276-279&rft.date=1983&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41036097%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=R.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHemsoll1989" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Hemsoll" title="David Hemsoll">Hemsoll, David</a> (1989). "Reconstructing the Octagonal Dining Room of Nero's Golden House". Architectural History. 32. Cardiff, Wales: SAHGB Publications Ltd.: 1–17. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1568558">10.2307/1568558</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1568558">1568558</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Architectural+History&rft.atitle=Reconstructing+the+Octagonal+Dining+Room+of+Nero%27s+Golden+House&rft.volume=32&rft.pages=1-17&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1568558&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1568558%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hemsoll&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorsterNicolaouRogge2018" class="citation book cs1">Horster, Marietta; Nicolaou, Doria; Rogge, Sabine, eds. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2nZSDwAAQBAJ">Church Building in Cyprus (Fourth to Seventh Centuries): A Mirror of Intercultural Contacts in the Eastern Mediterranean</a>. Münster, Germany: Waxmann Verlag GmbH. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-830-98791-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-830-98791-8"><bdi>978-3-830-98791-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Church+Building+in+Cyprus+%28Fourth+to+Seventh+Centuries%29%3A+A+Mirror+of+Intercultural+Contacts+in+the+Eastern+Mediterranean&rft.place=M%C3%BCnster%2C+Germany&rft.pub=Waxmann+Verlag+GmbH&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-3-830-98791-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2nZSDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHourihane2012" class="citation book cs1">Hourihane, Colum, ed. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FtlMAgAAQBAJ">The Grove Encyclopedia of Medieval Art and Architecture</a>. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-539536-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-539536-5"><bdi>978-0-19-539536-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Grove+Encyclopedia+of+Medieval+Art+and+Architecture&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-539536-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFtlMAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIncertiLavorattiD’AmicoGiannetti2018" class="citation journal cs1">Incerti, M.; Lavoratti, G.; D’Amico, S.; Giannetti, S. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190801071806/http://maajournal.com/Issues/2018/Vol18-4/22_Incerti%20et%20al%2018(4).pdf">"RSURVEY, ARCHAEOASTRONOMY AND COMMUNICATION: THE MAUSOLEUM OF GALLA PLACIDIA IN RAVENNA (ITALY)"</a> (PDF). Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry. 18 (4). Greece: MAA: 181–189. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.1478672">10.5281/zenodo.1478672</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://maajournal.com/Issues/2018/Vol18-4/22_Incerti%20et%20al%2018(4).pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2019-08-01. Retrieved 2019-09-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mediterranean+Archaeology+and+Archaeometry&rft.atitle=RSURVEY%2C+ARCHAEOASTRONOMY+AND+COMMUNICATION%3A+THE+MAUSOLEUM+OF+GALLA+PLACIDIA+IN+RAVENNA+%28ITALY%29&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=181-189&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5281%2Fzenodo.1478672&rft.aulast=Incerti&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Lavoratti%2C+G.&rft.au=D%E2%80%99Amico%2C+S.&rft.au=Giannetti%2C+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmaajournal.com%2FIssues%2F2018%2FVol18-4%2F22_Incerti%2520et%2520al%252018%284%29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2009" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Mark J. (2009). The Roman Imperial Mausoleum in Late Antiquity (1st ed.). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-51371-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-51371-5"><bdi>978-0-521-51371-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roman+Imperial+Mausoleum+in+Late+Antiquity&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-521-51371-5&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Mark+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2003" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Mark Wilson (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lq8Pz4Ga7OwC">Principles of Roman Architecture</a>. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10202-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10202-4"><bdi>978-0-300-10202-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+Roman+Architecture&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-300-10202-4&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Mark+Wilson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlq8Pz4Ga7OwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonesMurrayMurray2013" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Tom Devonshire; Murray, Linda; Murray, Peter, eds. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Te2dAAAAQBAJ">The Oxford Dictionary of Christian Art and Architecture</a> (illustrated ed.). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-968027-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-968027-6"><bdi>978-0-19-968027-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Christian+Art+and+Architecture&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-968027-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTe2dAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarydis2012" class="citation journal cs1">Karydis, Nikolaos D. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150529085801/https://kar.kent.ac.uk/44236/1/LAAJ_009_11-Karydis.pdf">"The Early Byzantine Domed Basilicas of West Asia Minor. An Essay in Graphic Reconstruction"</a> (PDF). Late Antique Archaeology. 9 (1). Leiden, The Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill, NV: 357–381. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22134522-12340013">10.1163/22134522-12340013</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004309777" title="Special:BookSources/9789004309777"><bdi>9789004309777</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kar.kent.ac.uk/44236/1/LAAJ_009_11-Karydis.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on May 29, 2015. Retrieved May 29, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Late+Antique+Archaeology&rft.atitle=The+Early+Byzantine+Domed+Basilicas+of+West+Asia+Minor.+An+Essay+in+Graphic+Reconstruction&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=357-381&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F22134522-12340013&rft.isbn=9789004309777&rft.aulast=Karydis&rft.aufirst=Nikolaos+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkar.kent.ac.uk%2F44236%2F1%2FLAAJ_009_11-Karydis.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarydis2016" class="citation journal cs1">Karydis, Nikolaos D. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kar.kent.ac.uk/58612/">"The Evolution of the Church of St. John at Ephesos during the Early Byzantine Period"</a>. Jahreshefte des Österreichischen Archäologischen Institutes in Wien. 84 (84). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0078-3579">0078-3579</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jahreshefte+des+%C3%96sterreichischen+Arch%C3%A4ologischen+Institutes+in+Wien&rft.atitle=The+Evolution+of+the+Church+of+St.+John+at+Ephesos+during+the+Early+Byzantine+Period&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=84&rft.date=2016&rft.issn=0078-3579&rft.aulast=Karydis&rft.aufirst=Nikolaos+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkar.kent.ac.uk%2F58612%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy2006" class="citation book cs1">Kennedy, Hugh N. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XdFqgSBTYeYC">The Byzantine and Early Islamic Near East</a>. Aldershot, England: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-5909-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-5909-9"><bdi>978-0-7546-5909-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Byzantine+and+Early+Islamic+Near+East&rft.place=Aldershot%2C+England&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-5909-9&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Hugh+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXdFqgSBTYeYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKinney1972" class="citation journal cs1">Kinney, Dale (1972). "The Evidence for the Dating of S. Lorenzo in Milan". Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians. 31 (2). University of California Press on behalf of the Society of Architectural Historians: 92–107. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/988683">988683</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Society+of+Architectural+Historians&rft.atitle=The+Evidence+for+the+Dating+of+S.+Lorenzo+in+Milan&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=92-107&rft.date=1972&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F988683%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kinney&rft.aufirst=Dale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKleinbauer1967" class="citation journal cs1">Kleinbauer, W. Eugene (1967). "Some renaissance views of Early Christian and Romanesque San Lorenzo in Milan". Arte Lombarda. 12 (2). Milan, Italy: Vita e Pensiero – Pubblicazioni dell’Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore: 1–10. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43105465">43105465</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arte+Lombarda&rft.atitle=Some+renaissance+views+of+Early+Christian+and+Romanesque+San+Lorenzo+in+Milan&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=1-10&rft.date=1967&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43105465%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kleinbauer&rft.aufirst=W.+Eugene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKleinbauer1976" class="citation journal cs1">Kleinbauer, W. Eugene (1976). "'Aedita in Turribus': The Superstructure of the Early Christian Church of S. Lorenzo in Milan". Gesta. 15 (1/2, Essays in Honor of Sumner McKnight Crosby). The University of Chicago Press on behalf of the International Center of Medieval Art: 1–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F766745">10.2307/766745</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/766745">766745</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:190792043">190792043</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gesta&rft.atitle=%27Aedita+in+Turribus%27%3A+The+Superstructure+of+the+Early+Christian+Church+of+S.+Lorenzo+in+Milan&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1%2F2%2C+Essays+in+Honor+of+Sumner+McKnight+Crosby&rft.pages=1-9&rft.date=1976&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A190792043%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F766745%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F766745&rft.aulast=Kleinbauer&rft.aufirst=W.+Eugene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKleinerGardner2010" class="citation book cs1">Kleiner, Fred S.; Gardner, Helen (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yfUFAAAAQBAJ">Gardner's Art Through the Ages: The Western Perspective, Volume I</a> (13th ed.). New York, NY: Cengage Learning. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-111-78475-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-111-78475-1"><bdi>978-1-111-78475-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gardner%27s+Art+Through+the+Ages%3A+The+Western+Perspective%2C+Volume+I&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.edition=13th&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-111-78475-1&rft.aulast=Kleiner&rft.aufirst=Fred+S.&rft.au=Gardner%2C+Helen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyfUFAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrautheimer1986" class="citation book cs1">Krautheimer, Richard (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WXwX7fQ2DkUC">Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture</a> (4th ed.). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-05294-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-05294-7"><bdi>978-0-300-05294-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Christian+and+Byzantine+Architecture&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-300-05294-7&rft.aulast=Krautheimer&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWXwX7fQ2DkUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuban1987" class="citation journal cs1">Kuban, Doğan (1987). "The Style of Sinan's Domed Structures". Muqarnas. 4. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill: 72–97. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1523097">10.2307/1523097</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1523097">1523097</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Muqarnas&rft.atitle=The+Style+of+Sinan%27s+Domed+Structures&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=72-97&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1523097&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1523097%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kuban&rft.aufirst=Do%C4%9Fan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLancaster2005" class="citation book cs1">Lancaster, Lynne C. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NsuQIZUDv7sC">Concrete Vaulted Construction in Imperial Rome: Innovations in Context</a> (illustrated ed.). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84202-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84202-0"><bdi>978-0-521-84202-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concrete+Vaulted+Construction+in+Imperial+Rome%3A+Innovations+in+Context&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-521-84202-0&rft.aulast=Lancaster&rft.aufirst=Lynne+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNsuQIZUDv7sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLancasterUlrich2014" class="citation book cs1">Lancaster, Lynne C.; Ulrich, Roger B. (2014). "Materials and Techniques". In Ulrich, Roger Bradley; Quenemoen, Caroline K. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LQRRAQAAQBAJ">A Companion to Roman Architecture</a>. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Blackwell. pp. 157–192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-9964-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-9964-3"><bdi>978-1-4051-9964-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Materials+and+Techniques&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Roman+Architecture&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+NJ&rft.pages=157-192&rft.pub=Wiley+Blackwell&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-9964-3&rft.aulast=Lancaster&rft.aufirst=Lynne+C.&rft.au=Ulrich%2C+Roger+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLQRRAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLavanZaniniSarantis2007" class="citation book cs1">Lavan, Luke; Zanini, Enrico; Sarantis, Alexander Constantine, eds. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LAgxAJNXhFwC">Technology in Transition: A.D. 300–650</a> (illustrated ed.). Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16549-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16549-6"><bdi>978-90-04-16549-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Technology+in+Transition%3A+A.D.+300%E2%80%93650&rft.place=Leiden%2C+The+Netherlands&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-90-04-16549-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLAgxAJNXhFwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLehmann1945" class="citation book cs1">Lehmann, Karl (1945). "The Dome of Heaven". In Kleinbauer, W. Eugène (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LTKSh3gXYFAC&q=modern+perspectives+in+western+art+history">Modern Perspectives in Western Art History: An Anthology of Twentieth-Century Writings on the Visual Arts (Medieval Academy Reprints for Teaching)</a>. Vol. 25. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press (published 1989). pp. 227–270. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-6708-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-6708-1"><bdi>978-0-8020-6708-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Dome+of+Heaven&rft.btitle=Modern+Perspectives+in+Western+Art+History%3A+An+Anthology+of+Twentieth-Century+Writings+on+the+Visual+Arts+%28Medieval+Academy+Reprints+for+Teaching%29&rft.place=Toronto%2C+Canada&rft.pages=227-270&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1945&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-6708-1&rft.aulast=Lehmann&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLTKSh3gXYFAC%26q%3Dmodern%2Bperspectives%2Bin%2Bwestern%2Bart%2Bhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1973" class="citation journal cs1">Lewis, Suzanne (1973). "San Lorenzo Revisited: A Theodosian Palace Church at Milan". Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians. 32 (Oct.). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press on behalf of the Society of Architectural Historians: 197–222. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/988792">988792</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Society+of+Architectural+Historians&rft.atitle=San+Lorenzo+Revisited%3A+A+Theodosian+Palace+Church+at+Milan&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=Oct.&rft.pages=197-222&rft.date=1973&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F988792%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Suzanne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLucore2009" class="citation book cs1">Lucore, Sandra K. (2009). "Archimedes, the North Baths at Morgantina, and Early Developments in Vaulted Construction". In Kosso, Cynthia; Scott, Anne (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UTkXFLfmLTkC">The Nature and Function of Water, Baths, Bathing, and Hygiene from Antiquity Through the Renaissance</a>. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. pp. 43–59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17357-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17357-6"><bdi>978-90-04-17357-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Archimedes%2C+the+North+Baths+at+Morgantina%2C+and+Early+Developments+in+Vaulted+Construction&rft.btitle=The+Nature+and+Function+of+Water%2C+Baths%2C+Bathing%2C+and+Hygiene+from+Antiquity+Through+the+Renaissance&rft.place=Leiden%2C+The+Netherlands&rft.pages=43-59&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-90-04-17357-6&rft.aulast=Lucore&rft.aufirst=Sandra+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUTkXFLfmLTkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLymberopoulouDuits2013" class="citation book cs1">Lymberopoulou, Angeliki; Duits, Rembrandt, eds. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s7SOUj-xMUcC">Byzantine Art and Renaissance Europe</a> (illustrated ed.). Farnham, England: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-2038-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-2038-5"><bdi>978-1-4094-2038-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzantine+Art+and+Renaissance+Europe&rft.place=Farnham%2C+England&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4094-2038-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds7SOUj-xMUcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacDonald1958" class="citation journal cs1">MacDonald, William (1958). "Some Implications of Later Roman Construction". Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians. 17 (4). Oakland, California: University of California Press: 2–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F987944">10.2307/987944</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/987944">987944</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Society+of+Architectural+Historians&rft.atitle=Some+Implications+of+Later+Roman+Construction&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=2-8&rft.date=1958&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F987944&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F987944%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=MacDonald&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacDonald2002" class="citation book cs1">MacDonald, William L. (2002) [1976]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vjKDS_XoPXQC">The Pantheon: Design, Meaning, and Progeny</a> (illustrated, reprint ed.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01019-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01019-2"><bdi>978-0-674-01019-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pantheon%3A+Design%2C+Meaning%2C+and+Progeny&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.edition=illustrated%2C+reprint&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-674-01019-2&rft.aulast=MacDonald&rft.aufirst=William+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvjKDS_XoPXQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMainstone2013" class="citation book cs1">Mainstone, Rowland J. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3dIrBgAAQBAJ">Developments in Structural Form</a> (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-14305-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-14305-3"><bdi>978-1-135-14305-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Developments+in+Structural+Form&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-135-14305-3&rft.aulast=Mainstone&rft.aufirst=Rowland+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3dIrBgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMakašConley2009" class="citation book cs1">Makaš, Emily Gunzburger; Conley, Tanja Damljanović (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M_aMAgAAQBAJ">Capital Cities in the Aftermath of Empires: Planning in Central and Southeastern Europe</a> (e-book ed.). New York, NY: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-85983-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-85983-4"><bdi>978-0-203-85983-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Capital+Cities+in+the+Aftermath+of+Empires%3A+Planning+in+Central+and+Southeastern+Europe&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.edition=e-book&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-203-85983-4&rft.aulast=Maka%C5%A1&rft.aufirst=Emily+Gunzburger&rft.au=Conley%2C+Tanja+Damljanovi%C4%87&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM_aMAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaranci2003" class="citation journal cs1">Maranci, Christina (September 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3592516">"The Architect Trdat: Building Practices and Cross-Cultural Exchange in Byzantium and Armenia"</a>. Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians. 62 (3). University of California Press: 294–305. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3592516">10.2307/3592516</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3592516">3592516</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Society+of+Architectural+Historians&rft.atitle=The+Architect+Trdat%3A+Building+Practices+and+Cross-Cultural+Exchange+in+Byzantium+and+Armenia&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=294-305&rft.date=2003-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3592516&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3592516%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Maranci&rft.aufirst=Christina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2307%252F3592516&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkHutchinson1986" class="citation journal cs1">Mark, Robert; Hutchinson, Paul (March 1986). "On the Structure of the Roman Pantheon". The Art Bulletin. 68 (1). New York, NY: College Art Association: 24–34. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3050861">10.2307/3050861</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3050861">3050861</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Art+Bulletin&rft.atitle=On+the+Structure+of+the+Roman+Pantheon&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=24-34&rft.date=1986-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3050861&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3050861%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Mark&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Hutchinson%2C+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkBillington1989" class="citation journal cs1">Mark, Robert; Billington, David P. (April 1989). "Structural Imperative and the Origin of New Form". Technology and Culture. 30 (2). Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 300–329. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3105106">10.2307/3105106</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3105106">3105106</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Technology+and+Culture&rft.atitle=Structural+Imperative+and+the+Origin+of+New+Form&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=300-329&rft.date=1989-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3105106&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3105106%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Mark&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Billington%2C+David+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark1994" class="citation book cs1">Mark, Robert (2010) [1994]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-m9OAAAAYAAJ&q=%22The+pendentives+have+the+form+of+equilateral+triangles+on+a+common+sphere+whose+equator+adjoins+the+lower+angles+of+the+pendentive+surfaces%22+%22The+diameter+of+this+sphere%2C+taken+as+the+length+of+a+diagonal+across+the+inside+corners+of+an+opposite+set+of+piers%2C+is+46+meters.%22">Architectural Technology up to the Scientific Revolution: the Art and Structure of Large-scale Buildings</a> (reprint, illustrated ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-13287-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-13287-9"><bdi>978-0-262-13287-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Architectural+Technology+up+to+the+Scientific+Revolution%3A+the+Art+and+Structure+of+Large-scale+Buildings&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.edition=reprint%2C+illustrated&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-262-13287-9&rft.aulast=Mark&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-m9OAAAAYAAJ%26q%3D%2522The%2Bpendentives%2Bhave%2Bthe%2Bform%2Bof%2Bequilateral%2Btriangles%2Bon%2Ba%2Bcommon%2Bsphere%2Bwhose%2Bequator%2Badjoins%2Bthe%2Blower%2Bangles%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bpendentive%2Bsurfaces%2522%2B%2522The%2Bdiameter%2Bof%2Bthis%2Bsphere%252C%2Btaken%2Bas%2Bthe%2Blength%2Bof%2Ba%2Bdiagonal%2Bacross%2Bthe%2Binside%2Bcorners%2Bof%2Ban%2Bopposite%2Bset%2Bof%2Bpiers%252C%2Bis%2B46%2Bmeters.%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartines2015" class="citation book cs1">Martines, Giangiacomo (2015). "Four - The Conception and Construction of Drum and Dome". In Marder, Tod A.; Jones, Mark Wilson (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://moodle2.units.it/pluginfile.php/307649/mod_resource/content/1/Conception%20and%20construction%20of%20the%20drum%20and%20the%20dome.pdf">The Pantheon: From Antiquity to the Present</a> (PDF). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. pp. 99–131. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9781139015974.005">10.1017/CBO9781139015974.005</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-01597-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-01597-4"><bdi>978-1-139-01597-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Four+-+The+Conception+and+Construction+of+Drum+and+Dome&rft.btitle=The+Pantheon%3A+From+Antiquity+to+the+Present&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pages=99-131&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9781139015974.005&rft.isbn=978-1-139-01597-4&rft.aulast=Martines&rft.aufirst=Giangiacomo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmoodle2.units.it%2Fpluginfile.php%2F307649%2Fmod_resource%2Fcontent%2F1%2FConception%2520and%2520construction%2520of%2520the%2520drum%2520and%2520the%2520dome.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcClendon2005" class="citation book cs1">McClendon, Charles B. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P572amlqdksC">The Origins of Medieval Architecture: Building in Europe, A.D 600–900</a> (illustrated ed.). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10688-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10688-6"><bdi>978-0-300-10688-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Medieval+Architecture%3A+Building+in+Europe%2C+A.D+600%E2%80%93900&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-300-10688-6&rft.aulast=McClendon&rft.aufirst=Charles+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP572amlqdksC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelaragno1991" class="citation book cs1">Melaragno, Michele G. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IzToBwAAQBAJ">An Introduction to Shell Structures: the Art and Science of Vaulting</a> (softcover ed.). New York, New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4757-0225-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4757-0225-5"><bdi>978-1-4757-0225-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Shell+Structures%3A+the+Art+and+Science+of+Vaulting&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.edition=softcover&rft.pub=Van+Nostrand+Reinhold&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-1-4757-0225-5&rft.aulast=Melaragno&rft.aufirst=Michele+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIzToBwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilburn1988" class="citation book cs1">Milburn, Robert (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qIDho9jinAwC">Early Christian Art and Architecture</a> (reprint ed.). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06326-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06326-6"><bdi>978-0-520-06326-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Christian+Art+and+Architecture&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+CA&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-520-06326-6&rft.aulast=Milburn&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqIDho9jinAwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoffettFazioWodehouse2003" class="citation book cs1">Moffett, Marian; Fazio, Michael W.; Wodehouse, Lawrence (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IFMohetegAcC&q=pendentives+byzantine+influence">A World History of Architecture</a> (illustrated ed.). London, England: Laurence King Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85669-371-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85669-371-4"><bdi>978-1-85669-371-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+World+History+of+Architecture&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Laurence+King+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-85669-371-4&rft.aulast=Moffett&rft.aufirst=Marian&rft.au=Fazio%2C+Michael+W.&rft.au=Wodehouse%2C+Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIFMohetegAcC%26q%3Dpendentives%2Bbyzantine%2Binfluence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson2004" class="citation book cs1">Nelson, Robert S. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r-OsEpcTYpMC">Hagia Sophia, 1850–1950: Holy Wisdom Modern Monument</a> (illustrated ed.). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-57171-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-57171-3"><bdi>978-0-226-57171-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hagia+Sophia%2C+1850%E2%80%931950%3A+Holy+Wisdom+Modern+Monument&rft.place=Chicago%2C+IL&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-226-57171-3&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Robert+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr-OsEpcTYpMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuchwaldSavage2017" class="citation book cs1">Buchwald, Hans; Savage, Matthew (2017). "Churches". In Niewohner, Philipp (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cAUmDwAAQBAJ">The Archaeology of Byzantine Anatolia: From the End of Late Antiquity until the Coming of the Turks</a>. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-190-61047-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-190-61047-0"><bdi>978-0-190-61047-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Churches&rft.btitle=The+Archaeology+of+Byzantine+Anatolia%3A+From+the+End+of+Late+Antiquity+until+the+Coming+of+the+Turks&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-190-61047-0&rft.aulast=Buchwald&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft.au=Savage%2C+Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcAUmDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNuttgens1997" class="citation book cs1">Nuttgens, Patrick (1997). The Story of Architecture. London, England: Phaidon Press Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7148-3616-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7148-3616-4"><bdi>978-0-7148-3616-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Architecture&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pub=Phaidon+Press+Limited&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-7148-3616-4&rft.aulast=Nuttgens&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObłuskiGodlewskiKołątajMedeksza2013" class="citation journal cs1">Obłuski, Artur; Godlewski, Włodzimierz; Kołątaj, Wojciech; Medeksza, Stanisław; Calaforra-Rzepka, Cristobal (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pcma.uw.edu.pl/wp-content/uploads/pam/PAM_2010_XXII/PAM_22_Dongola_Obluski_Godlewski_et_alii.pdf">"The Mosque Building in Old Dongola. Conservation and revitalization project"</a> (PDF). Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean. 22. University of Warsaw (PCMA UW), Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego (WUW): Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology: 248–272.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Polish+Archaeology+in+the+Mediterranean&rft.atitle=The+Mosque+Building+in+Old+Dongola.+Conservation+and+revitalization+project&rft.volume=22&rft.pages=248-272&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Ob%C5%82uski&rft.aufirst=Artur&rft.au=Godlewski%2C+W%C5%82odzimierz&rft.au=Ko%C5%82%C4%85taj%2C+Wojciech&rft.au=Medeksza%2C+Stanis%C5%82aw&rft.au=Calaforra-Rzepka%2C+Cristobal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcma.uw.edu.pl%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fpam%2FPAM_2010_XXII%2FPAM_22_Dongola_Obluski_Godlewski_et_alii.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlovsdotter2019" class="citation book cs1">Olovsdotter, Cecilia (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/61732279/_9783110546842_-_7._Architecture_and_the_Spheres_of_the_Universe_in_Late_Antique_Art_-libre.pdf?1578600108=&response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DArchitecture_and_the_spheres_of_the_univ.pdf&Expires=1716011843&Signature=gPol3HcJNlB90muDmvO~qIcJjMa4IZL3auitn~OT5i3KMtQ4mppiVa9KQ4AgAwdcGFrHKv7Jd10U5t7n3J3HT8KRASBJdATlY3XzByr~1~2c2TtGo4Wq5v16Xtm-cjAHG1yjrxNdrW85gb~JSKNWOkZbJvD2RMXqNtLfXSFF7WsqzOJok1JYtDFOLosYojsa4NezRRM6-7yt2JfL5pnOK43OVlvGiECyPTfY0g~cmizh18xMCsl4SnHcZT4xrjJ7RuiOMJCqk8-eB82D~OMd9lM6fRAYfPLgPB6doOEeI3d6UaQesbOUTAMAzDepHTacyV3Twtlo4b~KbDAvEuYwfw__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA">"7 Architecture and the Spheres of the Universe in Late Antique Art"</a> (PDF). In Olovsdotter, Cecilia (ed.). Envisioning Worlds in Late Antique Art. New Perspectives on Abstraction and Symbolism in Late-Roman and Early-Byzantine Visual Culture (c. 300–600). De Gruyter. pp. 137–177. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-110-54684-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-110-54684-2"><bdi>978-3-110-54684-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=7+Architecture+and+the+Spheres+of+the+Universe+in+Late+Antique+Art&rft.btitle=Envisioning+Worlds+in+Late+Antique+Art.+New+Perspectives+on+Abstraction+and+Symbolism+in+Late-Roman+and+Early-Byzantine+Visual+Culture+%28c.+300%E2%80%93600%29&rft.pages=137-177&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-3-110-54684-2&rft.aulast=Olovsdotter&rft.aufirst=Cecilia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fd1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net%2F61732279%2F_9783110546842_-_7._Architecture_and_the_Spheres_of_the_Universe_in_Late_Antique_Art_-libre.pdf%3F1578600108%3D%26response-content-disposition%3Dinline%253B%2Bfilename%253DArchitecture_and_the_spheres_of_the_univ.pdf%26Expires%3D1716011843%26Signature%3DgPol3HcJNlB90muDmvO~qIcJjMa4IZL3auitn~OT5i3KMtQ4mppiVa9KQ4AgAwdcGFrHKv7Jd10U5t7n3J3HT8KRASBJdATlY3XzByr~1~2c2TtGo4Wq5v16Xtm-cjAHG1yjrxNdrW85gb~JSKNWOkZbJvD2RMXqNtLfXSFF7WsqzOJok1JYtDFOLosYojsa4NezRRM6-7yt2JfL5pnOK43OVlvGiECyPTfY0g~cmizh18xMCsl4SnHcZT4xrjJ7RuiOMJCqk8-eB82D~OMd9lM6fRAYfPLgPB6doOEeI3d6UaQesbOUTAMAzDepHTacyV3Twtlo4b~KbDAvEuYwfw__%26Key-Pair-Id%3DAPKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOusterhout1992" class="citation journal cs1">Ousterhout, Robert (March 1992). "Originality in Byzantine Architecture: The Case of Nea Moni". Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians. 51 (1). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press: 48–60. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F990640">10.2307/990640</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/990640">990640</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Society+of+Architectural+Historians&rft.atitle=Originality+in+Byzantine+Architecture%3A+The+Case+of+Nea+Moni&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=48-60&rft.date=1992-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F990640&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F990640%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Ousterhout&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOusterhout1998" class="citation book cs1">Ousterhout, Robert G. (1998). "Reconstructing Ninth-Century Constantinople". In Brubaker, Leslie (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1000&context=histart_papers">Ninth Century Constantinople, Dead or Alive?</a>. Farnham, England: Ashgate. pp. 115–130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86078-686-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86078-686-3"><bdi>978-0-86078-686-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Reconstructing+Ninth-Century+Constantinople&rft.btitle=Ninth+Century+Constantinople%2C+Dead+or+Alive%3F&rft.place=Farnham%2C+England&rft.pages=115-130&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-86078-686-3&rft.aulast=Ousterhout&rft.aufirst=Robert+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frepository.upenn.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1000%26context%3Dhistart_papers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOusterhout2005" class="citation book cs1">Ousterhout, Robert G. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Mll-78X14KYC">A Byzantine Settlement in Cappadocia</a> (illustrated ed.). Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88402-310-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88402-310-4"><bdi>978-0-88402-310-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Byzantine+Settlement+in+Cappadocia&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Dumbarton+Oaks&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-88402-310-4&rft.aulast=Ousterhout&rft.aufirst=Robert+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMll-78X14KYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOusterhout2008a" class="citation book cs1">Ousterhout, Robert G. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/masterbuildersof2008oust">Master Builders of Byzantium</a> (paperback ed.). Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-934536-03-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-934536-03-2"><bdi>978-1-934536-03-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Master+Builders+of+Byzantium&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+PA&rft.edition=paperback&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Museum+of+Archaeology+and+Anthropology&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-934536-03-2&rft.aulast=Ousterhout&rft.aufirst=Robert+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmasterbuildersof2008oust&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOusterhout2008b" class="citation book cs1">Ousterhout, Robert (2008). "Chapter II.7.2: Churches and Monasteries". In Jeffreys, Elizabeth; Haldon, John; Cormack, Robin (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=liFKua_cWL8C">The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies</a>. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-925246-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-925246-6"><bdi>978-0-19-925246-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+II.7.2%3A+Churches+and+Monasteries&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Byzantine+Studies&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-925246-6&rft.aulast=Ousterhout&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DliFKua_cWL8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOusterhout2019" class="citation book cs1">Ousterhout, Robert (2019). "Constantinople, Bithynia, and Regional Developments in Later Palaeologan Architecture". In Ćurčić, Slobodan; Mouriki, Doula (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZEaHDwAAQBAJ">The Twilight of Byzantium: Political, Spiritual, and Cultural Life in Byzantium during the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries</a>. Princeton University Press. pp. 75–110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-19804-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-19804-0"><bdi>978-0-691-19804-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Constantinople%2C+Bithynia%2C+and+Regional+Developments+in+Later+Palaeologan+Architecture&rft.btitle=The+Twilight+of+Byzantium%3A+Political%2C+Spiritual%2C+and+Cultural+Life+in+Byzantium+during+the+Fourteenth+and+Fifteenth+Centuries&rft.pages=75-110&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-691-19804-0&rft.aulast=Ousterhout&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZEaHDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul2012" class="citation book cs1">Paul, Benjamin (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-Yn27a1vGR8C">Nuns and Reform Art in Early Modern Venice: The Architecture of Santi Cosma E Damiano and Its Decoration from Tintoretto to Tiepolo</a> (illustrated ed.). Aldershot, England: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-1186-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-1186-4"><bdi>978-1-4094-1186-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nuns+and+Reform+Art+in+Early+Modern+Venice%3A+The+Architecture+of+Santi+Cosma+E+Damiano+and+Its+Decoration+from+Tintoretto+to+Tiepolo&rft.place=Aldershot%2C+England&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4094-1186-4&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-Yn27a1vGR8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeterson1996" class="citation book cs1">Peterson, Andrew (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eIaEAgAAQBAJ">The Dictionary of Islamic Architecture</a>. New York, NY: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-61366-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-61366-3"><bdi>978-1-134-61366-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dictionary+of+Islamic+Architecture&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-134-61366-3&rft.aulast=Peterson&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeIaEAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPisa2009" class="citation web cs1">Pisa, Nick (September 30, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.standard.co.uk/news/remains-of-neros-rotating-dining-area-found-in-ruins-of-his-rome-pleasure-dome-6795548.html">"Remains of Nero's Rotating Dining Area Found in Ruins of his Rome Pleasure Dome"</a>. London Evening Standard. Evening Standard Ltd. Retrieved October 22, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=London+Evening+Standard&rft.atitle=Remains+of+Nero%27s+Rotating+Dining+Area+Found+in+Ruins+of+his+Rome+Pleasure+Dome&rft.date=2009-09-30&rft.aulast=Pisa&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.standard.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fremains-of-neros-rotating-dining-area-found-in-ruins-of-his-rome-pleasure-dome-6795548.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorter1917" class="citation book cs1">Porter, Arthur Kingsley (1917). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vGrqAAAAMAAJ">Lombard Architecture, Volume 1</a>. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/17009830">17009830</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lombard+Architecture%2C+Volume+1&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1917&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F17009830&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=Arthur+Kingsley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvGrqAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaphael2011" class="citation book cs1">Raphael, Marc Lee (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gfqgBwAAQBAJ">The Synagogue in America: A Short History</a>. New York, NY: New York University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-7704-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-7704-6"><bdi>978-0-8147-7704-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Synagogue+in+America%3A+A+Short+History&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-7704-6&rft.aulast=Raphael&rft.aufirst=Marc+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgfqgBwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRingSalkin1995" class="citation book cs1">Ring, Trudy; Salkin, Robert M. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qcr9AQAAQBAJ">International Dictionary of Historic Places, Volume 3: Southern Europe</a>. New York, NY: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-25958-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-25958-8"><bdi>978-1-134-25958-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Dictionary+of+Historic+Places%2C+Volume+3%3A+Southern+Europe&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-134-25958-8&rft.aulast=Ring&rft.aufirst=Trudy&rft.au=Salkin%2C+Robert+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQcr9AQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosser2011" class="citation book cs1">Rosser, John H. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1AXBIPOJ9lgC">Historical Dictionary of Byzantium</a> (2nd ed.). Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7477-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7477-0"><bdi>978-0-8108-7477-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Byzantium&rft.place=Lanham%2C+MD&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-7477-0&rft.aulast=Rosser&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1AXBIPOJ9lgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRothClark2013" class="citation book cs1">Roth, Leland M.; Clark, Amanda C. Roth (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZLo_BAAAQBAJ">Understanding Architecture: Its Elements, History, and Meaning</a> (3rd ed.). Boulder, CO: Westview Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-4903-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-4903-9"><bdi>978-0-8133-4903-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Architecture%3A+Its+Elements%2C+History%2C+and+Meaning&rft.place=Boulder%2C+CO&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-8133-4903-9&rft.aulast=Roth&rft.aufirst=Leland+M.&rft.au=Clark%2C+Amanda+C.+Roth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZLo_BAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalvanThapa2000" class="citation book cs1">Salvan, George S.; Thapa, Sudhir (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wX81V7fo5GUC">Architectural & Construction Data</a> (1st ed.). Quezon City, Philippines: JMC Press, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-11-1042-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-11-1042-0"><bdi>978-971-11-1042-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Architectural+%26+Construction+Data&rft.place=Quezon+City%2C+Philippines&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=JMC+Press%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-971-11-1042-0&rft.aulast=Salvan&rft.aufirst=George+S.&rft.au=Thapa%2C+Sudhir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwX81V7fo5GUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchibille2014" class="citation book cs1">Schibille, Nadine (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I-kWBgAAQBAJ">Hagia Sophia and the Byzantine Aesthetic Experience</a> (illustrated ed.). Farnham, England: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4724-3758-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4724-3758-7"><bdi>978-1-4724-3758-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hagia+Sophia+and+the+Byzantine+Aesthetic+Experience&rft.place=Farnham%2C+England&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4724-3758-7&rft.aulast=Schibille&rft.aufirst=Nadine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI-kWBgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSear1983" class="citation book cs1">Sear, Frank (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/romanarchitectur0000sear">Roman Architecture</a> (revised ed.). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-9245-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-9245-7"><bdi>978-0-8014-9245-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Architecture&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+NY&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-9245-7&rft.aulast=Sear&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fromanarchitectur0000sear&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShalev-Hurvitz2015" class="citation book cs1">Shalev-Hurvitz, Vered (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3bq6BwAAQBAJ">Holy Sites Encircled: The Early Byzantine Concentric Churches of Jerusalem</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-199-65377-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-199-65377-5"><bdi>978-0-199-65377-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holy+Sites+Encircled%3A+The+Early+Byzantine+Concentric+Churches+of+Jerusalem&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-199-65377-5&rft.aulast=Shalev-Hurvitz&rft.aufirst=Vered&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3bq6BwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShvidkovskiĭ2007" class="citation book cs1">Shvidkovskiĭ, Dmitriĭ Olegovich (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LQy9TJ2yOQEC">Russian Architecture and the West</a> (illustrated ed.). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10912-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10912-2"><bdi>978-0-300-10912-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russian+Architecture+and+the+West&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-300-10912-2&rft.aulast=Shvidkovski%C4%AD&rft.aufirst=Dmitri%C4%AD+Olegovich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLQy9TJ2yOQEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinopoli2010" class="citation journal cs1">Sinopoli, Anna (2010). "No Tension behaviour and Best Shape of Pseudo-Vaults". Construction History. 25. The Construction History Society: 21–51. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41613958">41613958</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Construction+History&rft.atitle=No+Tension+behaviour+and+Best+Shape+of+Pseudo-Vaults&rft.volume=25&rft.pages=21-51&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41613958%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Sinopoli&rft.aufirst=Anna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1950" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Earl Baldwin (1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CSJwQgAACAAJ">The Dome: A Study in the History of Ideas</a>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-03875-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-03875-9"><bdi>978-0-691-03875-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dome%3A+A+Study+in+the+History+of+Ideas&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1950&rft.isbn=978-0-691-03875-9&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Earl+Baldwin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCSJwQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1956" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Earl Baldwin (1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bMpBPQAACAAJ">Architectural Symbolism of Imperial Rome and the Middle Ages</a>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-758-15747-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-758-15747-8"><bdi>978-0-758-15747-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Architectural+Symbolism+of+Imperial+Rome+and+the+Middle+Ages&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1956&rft.isbn=978-0-758-15747-8&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Earl+Baldwin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbMpBPQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpiers1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Phen%C3%A9_Spiers" title="Richard Phené Spiers">Spiers, Richard Phené</a> (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Vault">"Vault" </a>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 956–961.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Vault&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=956-961&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Spiers&rft.aufirst=Richard+Phen%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Camp1990" class="citation book cs1">Sprague de Camp, Lyon (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cauMt9vJLs0C">The Ancient Engineers</a> (illustrated ed.). New York, NY: Barnes & Noble Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88029-456-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88029-456-0"><bdi>978-0-88029-456-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Engineers&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Barnes+%26+Noble+Publishing&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-88029-456-0&rft.aulast=Sprague+de+Camp&rft.aufirst=Lyon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcauMt9vJLs0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephensonHammondDavi2005" class="citation book cs1">Stephenson, Davis; Hammond, Victoria; Davi, Keith F. (2005). Visions of Heaven: the Dome in European Architecture (illustrated ed.). New York, NY: Princeton Architectural Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56898-549-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56898-549-7"><bdi>978-1-56898-549-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Visions+of+Heaven%3A+the+Dome+in+European+Architecture&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Princeton+Architectural+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-56898-549-7&rft.aulast=Stephenson&rft.aufirst=Davis&rft.au=Hammond%2C+Victoria&rft.au=Davi%2C+Keith+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwoboda1961" class="citation journal cs1">Swoboda, Karl M. (May 1961). "The Problem of the Iconography of Late Antique and Early Mediaeval Palaces". Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians. 20 (2). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press: 78–89. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F988105">10.2307/988105</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/988105">988105</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Society+of+Architectural+Historians&rft.atitle=The+Problem+of+the+Iconography+of+Late+Antique+and+Early+Mediaeval+Palaces&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=78-89&rft.date=1961-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F988105&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F988105%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Swoboda&rft.aufirst=Karl+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurner2000" class="citation book cs1">Turner, Jane (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6BIXXNwEOv8C">The Grove Dictionary of Art: From Renaissance to Impressionism: Styles and Movements in Western Art, 1400–1900</a> (illustrated ed.). New York, NY: St. Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-22975-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-22975-7"><bdi>978-0-312-22975-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Grove+Dictionary+of+Art%3A+From+Renaissance+to+Impressionism%3A+Styles+and+Movements+in+Western+Art%2C+1400%E2%80%931900&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-312-22975-7&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6BIXXNwEOv8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVanderpool1936" class="citation journal cs1">Vanderpool, James Grote (December 1936). "A Comparison of Byzantine Planning at Constantinople and in Greece". The Art Bulletin. 18 (4). CAA: 552–569. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3045654">3045654</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Art+Bulletin&rft.atitle=A+Comparison+of+Byzantine+Planning+at+Constantinople+and+in+Greece&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=552-569&rft.date=1936-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3045654%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Vanderpool&rft.aufirst=James+Grote&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVickers1973" class="citation journal cs1">Vickers, Michael (1973). "Observations on the Octagon at Thessaloniki". The Journal of Roman Studies. 63. Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies: 111–120. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F299170">10.2307/299170</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/299170">299170</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Roman+Studies&rft.atitle=Observations+on+the+Octagon+at+Thessaloniki&rft.volume=63&rft.pages=111-120&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F299170&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F299170%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Vickers&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker2012" class="citation book cs1">Walker, Alicia (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HcRkAwAAQBAJ">The Emperor and the World: Exotic Elements and the Imaging of Middle Byzantine Imperial Power, Ninth to Thirteenth Centuries C.E.</a> Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-316-02569-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-316-02569-7"><bdi>978-1-316-02569-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emperor+and+the+World%3A+Exotic+Elements+and+the+Imaging+of+Middle+Byzantine+Imperial+Power%2C+Ninth+to+Thirteenth+Centuries+C.E.&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-316-02569-7&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Alicia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHcRkAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard1973" class="citation book cs1">Ward, Clarence (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0zIRAQAAMAAJ">Mediaeval Church Vaulting</a> (illustrated, reprint ed.). AMS Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-404-06836-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-404-06836-3"><bdi>978-0-404-06836-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mediaeval+Church+Vaulting&rft.edition=illustrated%2C+reprint&rft.pub=AMS+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-404-06836-3&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Clarence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0zIRAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarden1981" class="citation journal cs1">Warden, P. Gregory (December 1981). "The Domus Aurea Reconsidered". Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians. 40 (4). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press: 271–278. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F989644">10.2307/989644</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/989644">989644</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Society+of+Architectural+Historians&rft.atitle=The+Domus+Aurea+Reconsidered&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=271-278&rft.date=1981-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F989644&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F989644%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Warden&rft.aufirst=P.+Gregory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatkin2005" class="citation book cs1">Watkin, David (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=39T1zElEBrQC">A History of Western Architecture</a> (4th ed.). London, England: Laurence King Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85669-459-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85669-459-9"><bdi>978-1-85669-459-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Western+Architecture&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Laurence+King+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-85669-459-9&rft.aulast=Watkin&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D39T1zElEBrQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWertheimer2004" class="citation book cs1">Wertheimer, Lester (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jeSoxaoOqOQC">Architectural History</a> (illustrated ed.). Chicago, IL: Kaplan AEC Architecture. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7931-9380-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7931-9380-6"><bdi>978-0-7931-9380-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Architectural+History&rft.place=Chicago%2C+IL&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Kaplan+AEC+Architecture&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7931-9380-6&rft.aulast=Wertheimer&rft.aufirst=Lester&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjeSoxaoOqOQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson2012" class="citation book cs1">Wilkinson, Philip (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aRsGFSNXJ4AC">Great Buildings: The World's Architectural Masterpieces Explained and Explored</a>. New York, NY: DK Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7566-9829-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7566-9829-4"><bdi>978-0-7566-9829-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Buildings%3A+The+World%27s+Architectural+Masterpieces+Explained+and+Explored&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=DK+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7566-9829-4&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaRsGFSNXJ4AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2001" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, R. J. A. (2001). "Roman Art and Architecture". In Boardman, John; Griffin, Jasper; Murray, Oswyn (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nUgLVyPlO7EC">The Oxford History of the Roman World</a> (illustrated ed.). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280203-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280203-3"><bdi>978-0-19-280203-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Roman+Art+and+Architecture&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+the+Roman+World&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280203-3&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=R.+J.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnUgLVyPlO7EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinter2006" class="citation book cs1">Winter, Frederick E. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=03UNLhtEP1oC">Studies in Hellenistic Architecture</a> (illustrated ed.). Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-3914-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-3914-9"><bdi>978-0-8020-3914-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Hellenistic+Architecture&rft.place=Toronto%2C+Canada&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-3914-9&rft.aulast=Winter&rft.aufirst=Frederick+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D03UNLhtEP1oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWittkower1963" class="citation book cs1">Wittkower, Rudolf (1963). "S. Maria della Salute: Scenographic Architecture and the Venetian Baroque". In Kleinbauer, W. Eugène (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LTKSh3gXYFAC&q=modern+perspectives+in+western+art+history">Modern Perspectives in Western Art History: An Anthology of Twentieth-Century Writings on the Visual Arts (Medieval Academy Reprints for Teaching)</a>. Vol. 25. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press (published 1989). pp. 165–192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-6708-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-6708-1"><bdi>978-0-8020-6708-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=S.+Maria+della+Salute%3A+Scenographic+Architecture+and+the+Venetian+Baroque&rft.btitle=Modern+Perspectives+in+Western+Art+History%3A+An+Anthology+of+Twentieth-Century+Writings+on+the+Visual+Arts+%28Medieval+Academy+Reprints+for+Teaching%29&rft.place=Toronto%2C+Canada&rft.pages=165-192&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1963&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-6708-1&rft.aulast=Wittkower&rft.aufirst=Rudolf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLTKSh3gXYFAC%26q%3Dmodern%2Bperspectives%2Bin%2Bwestern%2Bart%2Bhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFbulgariatravel" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140520044543/http://bulgariatravel.org/en/object/344/Rotonda_Sveti_Georgi">"The Rotunda St. George - Sofia"</a>. Multimedia Catalogue of the Tourist Sites and Electronic Marketing of Destination Bulgaria. European Regional Development Fund. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bulgariatravel.org/en/object/344/Rotonda_Sveti_Georgi">the original</a> on May 20, 2014. Retrieved September 1, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Multimedia+Catalogue+of+the+Tourist+Sites+and+Electronic+Marketing+of+Destination+Bulgaria&rft.atitle=The+Rotunda+St.+George+-+Sofia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbulgariatravel.org%2Fen%2Fobject%2F344%2FRotonda_Sveti_Georgi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFulpiaserdica" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ulpiaserdica.com/r_george_en.html">"St. George Rotunda"</a>. Ulpia Serdica. Culture Programme of Sofia Municipality. Retrieved May 22, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ulpia+Serdica&rft.atitle=St.+George+Rotunda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fulpiaserdica.com%2Fr_george_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+domes" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_Rome_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Rome_topics" title="Template:Ancient Rome topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Rome_topics" title="Template talk:Ancient Rome topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Rome_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Rome topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Rome_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_ancient_Rome" title="Outline of ancient Rome">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Roman_history" title="Timeline of Roman history">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rome" title="History of Rome">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Founding_of_Rome" title="Founding of Rome">Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overthrow_of_the_Roman_monarchy" title="Overthrow of the Roman monarchy">overthrow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="History of the Roman Empire">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Romana" title="Pax Romana">Pax Romana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Principate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominate" title="Dominate">Dominate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">fall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Historiography of the fall of the Western Roman Empire">historiography of the fall</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Decline of the Byzantine Empire">decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">fall</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Roman_Empire" title="Later Roman Empire">Later Roman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Later_Roman_Empire" title="History of the Later Roman Empire">History</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Constitution" title="Roman Constitution">Constitution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Roman_Constitution" title="History of the Roman Constitution">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Kingdom" title="Constitution of the Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Republic" title="Constitution of the Roman Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Constitution of the Roman Empire">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Late_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the Late Roman Empire">Late Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_assemblies" title="Roman assemblies">Legislative assemblies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curiate_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Curiate Assembly">Curiate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centuriate_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Centuriate Assembly">Centuriate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal Assembly">Tribal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plebeian_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebeian Council">Plebeian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_magistrate" title="Roman magistrate">Executive magistrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPQR" title="SPQR">SPQR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Tables" title="Twelve Tables">Twelve Tables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mos_maiorum" title="Mos maiorum">Mos maiorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_citizenship" title="Roman citizenship">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auctoritas" title="Auctoritas">Auctoritas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperium" title="Imperium">Imperium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_in_Roman_legal_system" title="Status in Roman legal system">Status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_litigation" title="Roman litigation">Litigation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_institutions_of_ancient_Rome" title="Political institutions of ancient Rome">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curia" title="Curia">Curia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_(Roman)" title="Forum (Roman)">Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursus_honorum" title="Cursus honorum">Cursus honorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegiality#In_the_Roman_Republic" title="Collegiality">Collegiality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Legatus">Legatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dux" title="Dux">Dux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Officium_(ancient_Rome)" title="Officium (ancient Rome)">Officium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praefectus" title="Praefectus">Praefectus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicarius" title="Vicarius">Vicarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigintisexviri" title="Vigintisexviri">Vigintisexviri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lictor" title="Lictor">Lictor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magister_militum" title="Magister militum">Magister militum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator">Imperator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeps_senatus" title="Princeps senatus">Princeps senatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifex_maximus" title="Pontifex maximus">Pontifex maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(title)" title="Augustus (title)">Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrarchy" title="Tetrarchy">Tetrarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optimates_and_populares" title="Optimates and populares">Optimates and populares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Province</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_magistrate" title="Roman magistrate">Magistrates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Ordinary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">Consul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_censor" title="Roman censor">Censor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praetor" title="Praetor">Praetor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribune" title="Tribune">Tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribune_of_the_plebs" title="Tribune of the plebs">Tribune of the plebs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_tribune" title="Military tribune">Military tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaestor" title="Quaestor">Quaestor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aedile" title="Aedile">Aedile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promagistrate" title="Promagistrate">Promagistrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_governor" title="Roman governor">Governor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Extraordinary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Rome" title="King of Rome">Rex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interrex" title="Interrex">Interrex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_dictator" title="Roman dictator">Dictator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magister_equitum" title="Magister equitum">Magister equitum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decemviri" title="Decemviri">Decemviri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribuni_militum_consulari_potestate" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribuni militum consulari potestate">Consular tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triumvirate_(ancient_Rome)" title="Triumvirate (ancient Rome)">Triumvir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_ancient_Rome" title="Military of ancient Rome">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_ancient_Rome" title="Military history of ancient Rome">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Borders of the Roman Empire">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_establishment_of_the_Roman_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Military establishment of the Roman Republic">Establishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Structural history of the Roman military">Structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Campaign history of the Roman military">Campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Political history of the Roman military">Political control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategy_of_the_Roman_military" title="Strategy of the Roman military">Strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_engineering" title="Roman military engineering">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_frontiers_and_fortifications" title="Roman military frontiers and fortifications">Frontiers and fortifications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castra" title="Castra">castra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Technological history of the Roman military">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_army" title="Roman army">Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_legion" title="Roman legion">Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_infantry_tactics" title="Roman infantry tactics">Infantry tactics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_personal_equipment" title="Roman military personal equipment">Personal equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_siege_engines" title="Roman siege engines">Siege engines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_(Roman_history)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege (Roman history)">Siege in Ancient Rome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_navy" title="Roman navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxilia" title="Auxilia">Auxiliaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_decorations_and_punishments" title="Roman military decorations and punishments">Decorations and punishments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippika_gymnasia" title="Hippika gymnasia">Hippika gymnasia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_economy" title="Roman economy">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Rome" title="Agriculture in ancient Rome">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_during_the_Roman_period" title="Deforestation during the Roman period">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_commerce" title="Roman commerce">Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_finance" title="Roman finance">Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_currency" title="Roman currency">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republican_currency" title="Roman Republican currency">Republican currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Imperial_currency" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Imperial currency">Imperial currency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_ancient_Rome" title="Culture of ancient Rome">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_architecture" title="Ancient Roman architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_art" title="Roman art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_bathing" title="Ancient Roman bathing">Bathing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_calendar" title="Roman calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Rome" title="Clothing in ancient Rome">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmetics_in_ancient_Rome" title="Cosmetics in ancient Rome">Cosmetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_cuisine" title="Ancient Roman cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_ancient_Rome" title="Education in ancient Rome">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_folklore" title="Roman folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_hairstyles" title="Roman hairstyles">Hairstyles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_literature" title="Latin literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_ancient_Rome" title="Music of ancient Rome">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_mythology" title="Roman mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_deities" title="List of Roman deities">Deities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_(cultural)" title="Romanization (cultural)">Romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_people" title="Roman people">Romans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_ancient_Rome" title="Sexuality in ancient Rome">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectacles_in_ancient_Rome" title="Spectacles in ancient Rome">Spectacles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Rome" title="Theatre of ancient Rome">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toys_and_games_in_ancient_Rome" title="Toys and games in ancient Rome">Toys and games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome_and_wine" title="Ancient Rome and wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_ancient_Rome" title="Social class in ancient Rome">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">Patricians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plebeians" title="Plebeians">Plebs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_the_Orders" title="Conflict of the Orders">Conflict of the Orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secessio_plebis" title="Secessio plebis">Secessio plebis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equites" title="Equites">Equites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gens" title="Gens">Gens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_tribe" title="Roman tribe">Tribes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal Assembly">Assembly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patronage_in_ancient_Rome" title="Patronage in ancient Rome">Patronage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_naming_conventions" title="Roman naming conventions">Naming conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demography_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Demography of the Roman Empire">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_ancient_Rome" title="Women in ancient Rome">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_ancient_Rome" title="Marriage in ancient Rome">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_in_ancient_Rome" title="Adoption in ancient Rome">Adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Rome" title="Slavery in ancient Rome">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagaudae" title="Bagaudae">Bagaudae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_technology" title="Ancient Roman technology">Technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_amphitheatre" title="Roman amphitheatre">Amphitheatres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_aqueduct" title="Roman aqueduct">Aqueducts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_bridge" title="Roman bridge">Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_circus" title="Roman circus">Circuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_engineering" title="Ancient Roman engineering">Civil engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_concrete" title="Roman concrete">Concrete</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Domes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_metallurgy" title="Roman metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_roads" title="Roman roads">Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitation_in_ancient_Rome" title="Sanitation in ancient Rome">Sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ships_of_ancient_Rome" title="Ships of ancient Rome">Ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_temple" title="Roman temple">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_theatre_(structure)" title="Roman theatre (structure)">Theatres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermae" title="Thermae">Thermae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Latin" title="History of Latin">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Alphabet</a></li> <li>Versions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Latin" title="Old Latin">Old</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin" title="Classical Latin">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Latin" title="Late Latin">Late</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Latin" title="Renaissance Latin">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Latin" title="Neo-Latin">Neo-Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Latin" title="Contemporary Latin">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Latin" title="Ecclesiastical Latin">Ecclesiastical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_literature" title="Latin literature">Latin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aelius_Donatus" title="Aelius Donatus">Aelius Donatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammianus_Marcellinus" title="Ammianus Marcellinus">Ammianus Marcellinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apuleius" title="Apuleius">Appuleius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Asconius_Pedianus" title="Quintus Asconius Pedianus">Asconius Pedianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelius_Victor" title="Aurelius Victor">Aurelius Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ausonius" title="Ausonius">Ausonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boëthius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catullus" title="Catullus">Catullus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassiodorus" title="Cassiodorus">Cassiodorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorinus" title="Censorinus">Censorinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudian" title="Claudian">Claudian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columella" title="Columella">Columella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Nepos" title="Cornelius Nepos">Cornelius Nepos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ennius" title="Ennius">Ennius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutropius_(historian)" title="Eutropius (historian)">Eutropius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Fabius_Pictor" title="Quintus Fabius Pictor">Fabius Pictor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sextus_Pompeius_Festus" title="Sextus Pompeius Festus">Sextus Pompeius Festus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festus_(historian)" title="Festus (historian)">Rufus Festus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_attributed_to_Florus" class="mw-redirect" title="Works attributed to Florus">Florus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontinus" title="Frontinus">Frontinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Cornelius_Fronto" title="Marcus Cornelius Fronto">Fronto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabius_Planciades_Fulgentius" title="Fabius Planciades Fulgentius">Fulgentius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aulus_Gellius" title="Aulus Gellius">Gellius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace" title="Horace">Horace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydatius" title="Hydatius">Hydatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Hyginus" title="Gaius Julius Hyginus">Hyginus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanes" title="Jordanes">Jordanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Paulus" title="Julius Paulus">Julius Paulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_(historian)" title="Justin (historian)">Justin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juvenal" title="Juvenal">Juvenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucan" title="Lucan">Lucan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucretius" title="Lucretius">Lucretius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrobius" title="Macrobius">Macrobius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcellus_Empiricus" title="Marcellus Empiricus">Marcellus Empiricus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Manilius" title="Marcus Manilius">Manilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial" title="Martial">Martial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_of_Damascus" title="Nicolaus of Damascus">Nicolaus Damascenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonius_Marcellus" title="Nonius Marcellus">Nonius Marcellus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Obsequens" title="Julius Obsequens">Obsequens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orosius" title="Orosius">Orosius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petronius" title="Petronius">Petronius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaedrus_(fabulist)" title="Phaedrus (fabulist)">Phaedrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plautus" title="Plautus">Plautus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Younger" title="Pliny the Younger">Pliny the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomponius_Mela" title="Pomponius Mela">Pomponius Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscian" title="Priscian">Priscian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propertius" title="Propertius">Propertius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Claudius_Quadrigarius" title="Quintus Claudius Quadrigarius">Quadrigarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintilian" title="Quintilian">Quintilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Curtius_Rufus" title="Quintus Curtius Rufus">Quintus Curtius Rufus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sallust" title="Sallust">Sallust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Elder" title="Seneca the Elder">Seneca the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurus_Servius_Honoratus" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurus Servius Honoratus">Servius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidonius_Apollinaris" title="Sidonius Apollinaris">Sidonius Apollinaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silius_Italicus" title="Silius Italicus">Silius Italicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statius" title="Statius">Statius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Aurelius_Symmachus" title="Quintus Aurelius Symmachus">Symmachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terence" title="Terence">Terence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibullus" title="Tibullus">Tibullus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerius_Antias" title="Valerius Antias">Valerius Antias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerius_Maximus" title="Valerius Maximus">Valerius Maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Terentius_Varro" title="Marcus Terentius Varro">Varro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velleius_Paterculus" title="Velleius Paterculus">Velleius Paterculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verrius_Flaccus" title="Verrius Flaccus">Verrius Flaccus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Vergil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitruvius" title="Vitruvius">Vitruvius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Greek</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Aelianus" title="Claudius Aelianus">Aelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C3%ABtius_of_Amida" title="Aëtius of Amida">Aëtius of Amida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appian" title="Appian">Appian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrian" title="Arrian">Arrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogenes_La%C3%ABrtius" class="mw-redirect" title="Diogenes Laërtius">Diogenes Laërtius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus" title="Dionysius of Halicarnassus">Dionysius of Halicarnassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedanius_Dioscorides" title="Pedanius Dioscorides">Dioscorides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius of Caesaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galen" title="Galen">Galen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodian" title="Herodian">Herodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libanius" title="Libanius">Libanius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philostratus" title="Philostratus">Philostratus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phlegon_of_Tralles" title="Phlegon of Tralles">Phlegon of Tralles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyaenus" title="Polyaenus">Polyaenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(philosopher)" title="Porphyry (philosopher)">Porphyrius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscus" title="Priscus">Priscus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procopius" title="Procopius">Procopius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplicius_of_Cilicia" title="Simplicius of Cilicia">Simplicius of Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sozomen" title="Sozomen">Sozomen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephanus_of_Byzantium" title="Stephanus of Byzantium">Stephanus Byzantinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Themistius" title="Themistius">Themistius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodoret" title="Theodoret">Theodoret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joannes_Zonaras" title="Joannes Zonaras">Zonaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zosimus_(historian)" title="Zosimus (historian)">Zosimus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquileia" title="Aquileia">Aquileia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berytus" title="Berytus">Berytus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bononia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eboracum" title="Eboracum">Eboracum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leptis_Magna" title="Leptis Magna">Leptis Magna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Londinium" title="Londinium">Londinium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugdunum" title="Lugdunum">Lugdunum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutetia" title="Lutetia">Lutetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediolanum" title="Mediolanum">Mediolanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smyrna" title="Smyrna">Smyrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vindobona" title="Vindobona">Vindobona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volubilis" title="Volubilis">Volubilis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists and other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_founded_by_the_Romans" title="List of cities founded by the Romans">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_ancient_Rome" title="Climate of ancient Rome">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_consuls" title="List of Roman consuls">Consuls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_dictators" title="List of Roman dictators">Dictators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_women" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Roman women">Distinguished women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_dynasties" title="List of Roman dynasties">Dynasties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors" title="List of Roman emperors">Emperors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses" title="List of Roman and Byzantine empresses">Empresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiction_set_in_ancient_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiction set in ancient Rome">Fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_set_in_ancient_Rome" title="List of films set in ancient Rome">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_generals" title="List of Roman generals">Generals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_gentes" title="List of Roman gentes">Gentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Graeco-Roman_geographers" title="List of Graeco-Roman geographers">Geographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_institutions_of_ancient_Rome" title="Political institutions of ancient Rome">Institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_laws" title="List of Roman laws">Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Legacy of the Roman Empire">Legacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_legions" title="List of Roman legions">Legions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_dictators" title="List of Roman dictators">Magistri equitum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_nomina" title="List of Roman nomina">Nomina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pontifices_maximi" title="List of pontifices maximi">Pontifices maximi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_praetors" title="List of Roman praetors">Praetors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_quaestors" title="List of Roman quaestors">Quaestors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_tribunes" title="List of Roman tribunes">Tribunes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Iranian_relations" title="Roman–Iranian relations">Roman–Iranian relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_external_wars_and_battles" title="List of Roman external wars and battles">External wars and battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_civil_wars_and_revolts" title="List of Roman civil wars and revolts">Civil wars and revolts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Byzantine_Empire_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks plainlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Byzantine_Empire_topics" title="Template:Byzantine Empire topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Byzantine_Empire_topics" title="Template talk:Byzantine Empire topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Byzantine_Empire_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Byzantine Empire topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Byzantine_Empire_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="History of the Byzantine Empire">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal"><div style="float: right;">Preceding</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Later_Roman_Empire" title="Later Roman Empire">Later Roman Empire</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal"><div style="float: right;">Early (330–717)</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Constantinian_and_Valentinianic_dynasties" title="Byzantine Empire under the Constantinian and Valentinianic dynasties">Constantinian–Valentinianic era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinian_dynasty" title="Constantinian dynasty">Constantinian dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinianic_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Valentinianic dynasty">Valentinianic dynasty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Theodosian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Theodosian dynasty">Theodosian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Leonid_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Leonid dynasty">Leonid era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Justinian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Justinian dynasty">Justinian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Heraclian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Heraclian dynasty">Heraclian era</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Dark_Ages" title="Byzantine Dark Ages">Byzantine Dark Ages</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty_Years%27_Anarchy" title="Twenty Years' Anarchy">Twenty Years' Anarchy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal"><div style="float: right;">Middle (717–1204)</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Isaurian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Isaurian dynasty">Isaurian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Nikephorian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Nikephorian dynasty">Nikephorian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Amorian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Amorian dynasty">Amorian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Macedonian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Macedonian dynasty">Macedonian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Doukas_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Doukas dynasty">Doukid era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Komnenos_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Komnenos dynasty">Komnenian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Angelos_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Angelos dynasty">Angelid era</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal"><div style="float: right;">Late (1204–1453)</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Constantinople" title="Sack of Constantinople">Sack of Constantinople</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankokratia" title="Frankokratia">Frankokratia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li>Byzantine successor states (<a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Nicaea</a> / <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Epirus</a>–<a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Thessalonica" title="Empire of Thessalonica">Thessalonica</a> / <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_the_Morea" title="Despotate of the Morea">Morea</a> / <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Trebizond</a>–<a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Theodoro" title="Principality of Theodoro">Theodoro</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Palaiologos_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologos dynasty">Palaiologan era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Decline of the Byzantine Empire">Decline of the Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal"><div style="float: right;">By modern region or territory</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Anatolia" title="Byzantine Anatolia">Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Armenia" title="Byzantine Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Corsica" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Corsica">Corsica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Crete" title="Byzantine Crete">Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Dalmatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greece" title="Byzantine Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Italy" title="Byzantine Italy">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Sardinia" title="Byzantine Sardinia">Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Sicily">Sicily</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Maghreb" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Maghreb">Maghreb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Malta" title="Byzantine Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Spain">Spain (Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands)</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Thrace" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Thrace">Thrace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Governance" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Governance</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_emperors" title="List of Byzantine emperors">Emperors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_Byzantine_emperor" title="Coronation of the Byzantine emperor">Coronation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_Byzantine_emperors" title="Family tree of Byzantine emperors">Family tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses" title="List of Roman and Byzantine empresses">Empresses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_bureaucracy_and_aristocracy" title="Byzantine bureaucracy and aristocracy">Imperial bureaucracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Greek" title="Medieval Greek">Medieval Greek</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Senate">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture" title="Praetorian prefecture">Praetorian prefects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magister_officiorum" title="Magister officiorum">Magister officiorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comes_sacrarum_largitionum" title="Comes sacrarum largitionum">Comes sacrarum largitionum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comes_rerum_privatarum" title="Comes rerum privatarum">Comes rerum privatarum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaestor_sacri_palatii" title="Quaestor sacri palatii">Quaestor sacri palatii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Middle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Logothetes_tou_dromou" title="Logothetes tou dromou">Logothetes tou dromou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakellarios" title="Sakellarios">Sakellarios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logothetes_tou_genikou" title="Logothetes tou genikou">Logothetes tou genikou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logothetes_tou_stratiotikou" title="Logothetes tou stratiotikou">Logothetes tou stratiotikou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakellarios" title="Sakellarios">Chartoularios tou sakelliou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestiarion" title="Vestiarion">Chartoularios tou vestiariou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epi_tou_eidikou" title="Epi tou eidikou">Epi tou eidikou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protasekretis" title="Protasekretis">Protasekretis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epi_ton_deeseon" title="Epi ton deeseon">Epi ton deeseon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Late</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megas_logothetes" title="Megas logothetes">Megas logothetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesazon" title="Mesazon">Mesazon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Subdivisions of the Byzantine Empire">Provincial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture" title="Praetorian prefecture">Praetorian prefectures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_diocese" title="Roman diocese">Dioceses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_province#List_of_Late_Roman_provinces" title="Roman province">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaestura_exercitus" title="Quaestura exercitus">Quaestura exercitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Ravenna" title="Exarchate of Ravenna">Exarchate of Ravenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Africa" title="Exarchate of Africa">Exarchate of Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Middle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theme_(Byzantine_district)" title="Theme (Byzantine district)">Themata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleisoura_(Byzantine_district)" title="Kleisoura (Byzantine district)">Kleisourai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandon_(Byzantine_Empire)" title="Bandon (Byzantine Empire)">Bandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katepano" title="Katepano">Catepanates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Late</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kephale_(Byzantine_Empire)" title="Kephale (Byzantine Empire)">Kephale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despot_(court_title)" title="Despot (court title)">Despotates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign relations of the Byzantine Empire">Foreign relations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Category:Treaties of the Byzantine Empire">Treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_diplomats" title="Category:Byzantine diplomats">Diplomats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_diplomacy" title="Byzantine diplomacy">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_wars" title="List of Byzantine wars">Wars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Military" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Military</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Army" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_army" title="Byzantine army">Army</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_battle_tactics" title="Byzantine battle tactics">Battle tactics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_battles" title="List of Byzantine battles">Battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_beacon_system" title="Byzantine beacon system">Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_generals" title="Category:Byzantine generals">Generals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_mercenaries" title="Category:Byzantine mercenaries">Mercenaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_military_manuals" title="Byzantine military manuals">Military manuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_units_and_formations_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Category:Military units and formations of the Byzantine Empire">Military units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_revolts_and_civil_wars" title="List of Byzantine revolts and civil wars">Revolts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Roman_army" title="Late Roman army">Late Roman army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Roman_army" class="mw-redirect" title="East Roman army">East Roman army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foederati" title="Foederati">Foederati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucellarii" title="Bucellarii">Bucellarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholae_Palatinae" title="Scholae Palatinae">Scholae Palatinae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excubitors" title="Excubitors">Excubitors</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Middle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theme_(Byzantine_district)" title="Theme (Byzantine district)">Themata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleisoura_(Byzantine_district)" title="Kleisoura (Byzantine district)">Kleisourai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourma" class="mw-redirect" title="Tourma">Tourma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droungos" title="Droungos">Droungos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandon_(Byzantine_Empire)" title="Bandon (Byzantine Empire)">Bandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagma_(military)" title="Tagma (military)">Tagmata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_of_the_Schools" title="Domestic of the Schools">Domestic of the Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetaireia" title="Hetaireia">Hetaireia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akritai" title="Akritai">Akritai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varangian_Guard" title="Varangian Guard">Varangian Guard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Late</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_army_(Komnenian_era)" title="Byzantine army (Komnenian era)">Komnenian army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pronoia" title="Pronoia">Pronoia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestiaritai" title="Vestiaritai">Vestiaritai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_army_(Palaiologan_era)" title="Byzantine army (Palaiologan era)">Palaiologan army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allagion" title="Allagion">Allagion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramonai" title="Paramonai">Paramonai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_domestic" title="Grand domestic">Grand domestic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_navy" title="Byzantine navy">Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karabisianoi" title="Karabisianoi">Karabisianoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theme_(Byzantine_district)" title="Theme (Byzantine district)">Maritime themata</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cibyrrhaeot_Theme" title="Cibyrrhaeot Theme">Cibyrrhaeot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea_(theme)" title="Aegean Sea (theme)">Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samos_(theme)" title="Samos (theme)">Samos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dromon" title="Dromon">Dromon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_fire" title="Greek fire">Greek fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droungarios_of_the_Fleet" title="Droungarios of the Fleet">Droungarios of the Fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megas_doux" title="Megas doux">Megas doux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_admirals" title="Category:Byzantine admirals">Admirals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Naval_battles_involving_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Category:Naval battles involving the Byzantine Empire">Naval battles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Religion_and_law" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Religion and law</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Category:Religion in the Byzantine Empire">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesychasm" title="Hesychasm">Hesychasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayhurum" title="Hayhurum">Hayhurum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople">Patriarchate of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_saints" title="Category:Byzantine saints">Saints</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodoxy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_Rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandrian Rite">Alexandrian Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Rite" title="Armenian Rite">Armenian Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miaphysitism" title="Miaphysitism">Miaphysitism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">Ecumenical councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">Monophysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulicianism" title="Paulicianism">Paulicianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Great Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogomilism" title="Bogomilism">Bogomilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Athos" title="Mount Athos">Mount Athos</a></li> <li>Missionary activity <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bulgaria" title="Christianization of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Moravia" title="Christianization of Moravia">Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Serbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianization of the Serbs">Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Christianization of Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire">Jews</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_law" title="Byzantine law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Theodosianus" title="Codex Theodosianus">Codex Theodosianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corpus_Juris_Civilis" title="Corpus Juris Civilis">Corpus Juris Civilis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Justinian" title="Code of Justinian">Code of Justinian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecloga" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecloga">Ecloga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilika" title="Basilika">Basilika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Harmenopoulos" title="Constantine Harmenopoulos">Hexabiblos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_mutilation_in_Byzantine_culture" title="Political mutilation in Byzantine culture">Mutilation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Culture_and_society" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Culture and society</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_architecture" title="Byzantine architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_secular_architecture" title="Category:Byzantine secular architecture">Secular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_sacred_architecture" title="Category:Byzantine sacred architecture">Sacred</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-in-square" title="Cross-in-square">Cross-in-square</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Domes</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_Cistern" title="Basilica Cistern">Basilica Cistern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baths_of_Zeuxippus" title="Baths of Zeuxippus">Baths of Zeuxippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Blachernae" title="Palace of Blachernae">Blachernae Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chora_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Chora Church">Chora Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walls_of_Constantinople" title="Walls of Constantinople">City Walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Palace_of_Constantinople" title="Great Palace of Constantinople">Great Palace of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagia_Irene" title="Hagia Irene">Hagia Irene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippodrome_of_Constantinople" title="Hippodrome of Constantinople">Hippodrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pammakaristos_Church" title="Pammakaristos Church">Pammakaristos Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_of_Anemas" title="Prison of Anemas">Prison of Anemas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessalonica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Galerius_and_Rotunda" title="Arch of Galerius and Rotunda">Arch of Galerius and Rotunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Bath_(Thessaloniki)" title="Byzantine Bath (Thessaloniki)">Byzantine Bath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia,_Thessaloniki" title="Hagia Sophia, Thessaloniki">Hagia Sophia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagios_Demetrios" title="Hagios Demetrios">Hagios Demetrios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Panagia_Chalkeon" title="Church of Panagia Chalkeon">Panagia Chalkeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walls_of_Thessaloniki" title="Walls of Thessaloniki">Walls of Thessaloniki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_San_Vitale" title="Basilica of San Vitale">San Vitale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Sant%27Apollinare_in_Classe" title="Basilica of Sant'Apollinare in Classe">Sant'Apollinare in Classe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Sant%27Apollinare_Nuovo" title="Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo">Sant'Apollinare Nuovo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Other locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daphni_Monastery" title="Daphni Monastery">Daphni Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosios_Loukas" title="Hosios Loukas">Hosios Loukas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nea_Moni_of_Chios" title="Nea Moni of Chios">Nea Moni of Chios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Metropolis" title="Little Metropolis">Panagia Gorgoepikoos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Catherine%27s_Monastery" title="Saint Catherine's Monastery">Saint Catherine's Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystras" title="Mystras">Mystras</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_art" title="Byzantine art">Art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">Icons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_enamel" title="Byzantine enamel">Enamel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_glass" title="Byzantine glass">Glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic#Byzantine_mosaics" title="Mosaic">Mosaics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Byzantine_mosaics_in_the_Middle_East" title="Early Byzantine mosaics in the Middle East">Early Byzantine mosaics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_painters" title="Category:Byzantine painters">Painters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_art_(Byzantine)" title="Macedonian art (Byzantine)">Macedonian period art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_civilisation_in_the_12th_century" title="Byzantine civilisation in the 12th century">Komnenian renaissance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_economy" title="Byzantine economy">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine agriculture">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_coinage" title="Byzantine coinage">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_mints" title="Byzantine mints">Mints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine trade">Trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_silk" title="Byzantine silk">silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_route_from_the_Varangians_to_the_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks">Varangians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynatoi" title="Dynatoi">Dynatoi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_literature" title="Byzantine literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_novel" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine novel">Novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acritic_songs" title="Acritic songs">Acritic songs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digenes_Akritas" title="Digenes Akritas">Digenes Akritas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Romance" title="Alexander Romance">Alexander Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_historians" title="Category:Byzantine historians">Historians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Everyday life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_calendar" title="Byzantine calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cities_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Cities in the Byzantine Empire">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_cuisine" title="Byzantine cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_dance" title="Byzantine dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_dress" title="Byzantine dress">Dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_flags_and_insignia" title="Byzantine flags and insignia">Flags and insignia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_gardens" title="Byzantine gardens">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenization_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Hellenization in the Byzantine Empire">Hellenization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_music" title="Byzantine music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_lyra" title="Byzantine lyra">Lyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octoechos" title="Octoechos">Octoechos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_people" title="Category:Byzantine people">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greeks" title="Byzantine Greeks">Byzantine Greeks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Women in the Byzantine Empire">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Slavery in the Byzantine Empire">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Death in the Byzantine Empire">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_units_of_measurement" title="Byzantine units of measurement">Units of measurement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_science" title="Byzantine science">Science</a></li><li>Learning</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_Greek_encyclopedias" title="Category:Byzantine Greek encyclopedias">Encyclopedias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Library_of_Constantinople" title="Imperial Library of Constantinople">Imperial Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_inventions" title="List of Byzantine inventions">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_medicine" title="Byzantine medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_philosophy" title="Byzantine philosophy">Philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_rhetoric" title="Byzantine rhetoric">Rhetoric</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_scholars" title="List of Byzantine scholars">Scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_university" title="Byzantine university">University</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Constantinople" title="University of Constantinople">University of Constantinople</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Impact" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Impact</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_commonwealth" title="Byzantine commonwealth">Byzantine commonwealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_studies" title="Byzantine studies">Byzantine studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_museums" title="Category:Byzantine museums">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantinism" title="Byzantinism">Byzantinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Revival_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Revival architecture">Neo-Byzantine architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_scholars_in_the_Renaissance" title="Greek scholars in the Renaissance">Greek scholars in the Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Succession of the Roman Empire">Third Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megali_Idea" title="Megali Idea">Megali Idea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Byzantine_Empire%E2%80%93related_articles" class="mw-redirect" title="Index of Byzantine Empire–related articles">Index</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Outline of the Byzantine Empire">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Byzantine_Empire" title="Portal:Byzantine Empire">Portal</a></li></ul></div></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_domes&oldid=1249114449">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_domes&oldid=1249114449</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Roman_architectural_elements" title="Category:Ancient Roman architectural elements">Ancient Roman architectural elements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_architecture" title="Category:Byzantine architecture">Byzantine architecture</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Domes" title="Category:Domes">Domes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_structural_engineering" title="Category:History of structural engineering">History of structural engineering</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Good_articles" title="Category:Good articles">Good articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_manual_scaled_images" title="Category:Pages using multiple image with manual scaled images">Pages using multiple image with manual scaled images</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_locally_defined" title="Category:Commons category link is locally defined">Commons category link is locally defined</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 3 October 2024, at 07:23 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_domes&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-74cc59cb9d-qg4s6","wgBackendResponseTime":180,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.035","walltime":"3.299","ppvisitednodes":{"value":29325,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":570734,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":34767,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":14,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":26,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":466497,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2666.603 1 -total"," 35.95% 958.512 310 Template:Sfn"," 23.46% 625.574 86 Template:Cite_book"," 9.34% 249.082 38 Template:Cite_journal"," 4.99% 133.146 1 Template:Dome_architecture"," 4.86% 129.597 1 Template:Sidebar"," 4.78% 127.510 13 Template:Navbox"," 4.51% 120.221 338 Template:Main_other"," 4.13% 110.048 1 Template:Short_description"," 3.09% 82.352 1 Template:Byzantine_Empire_topics"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.857","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":11292922,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAdam2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnderson2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArce2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAshkanAhmad2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAvner2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAïtcin2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBardill2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBardill2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarry2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBayet2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeckwith1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoin2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrandt2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBreeze2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBridgwoodLennie2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuchwaldSavage2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCamerlenghi2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCennamoCusano2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCigolaGallozziParisChiavoni2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCiprianiFantiniBertacchi2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCleary2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFComo2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFContiMartinesSinopoli2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCormack2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCreswell1915a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCurlWilson2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCutler1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDarling2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDewdney2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDumser2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEpstein1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErdkamp2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeatherstone2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFichtenau1957\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlemingHonourPevsner1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFreely2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFreelyÇakmak2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFreeman-Grenville1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGalletti2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarland1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGavrilovičKelleyŠendova2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGem2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrabar1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrupico2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamilton1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarrison1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHemsoll1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorsterNicolaouRogge2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHourihane2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIncertiLavorattiD’AmicoGiannetti2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJonesMurrayMurray2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarydis2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarydis2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKennedy2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKinney1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKleinbauer1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKleinbauer1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKleinerGardner2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrautheimer1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuban1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLancaster2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLancasterUlrich2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLavanZaniniSarantis2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLehmann1945\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLucore2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLymberopoulouDuits2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacDonald1958\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacDonald2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMainstone2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMakašConley2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaranci2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMark1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarkBillington1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarkHutchinson1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartines2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcClendon2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMelaragno1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMilburn1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoffettFazioWodehouse2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNelson2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNuttgens1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFObłuskiGodlewskiKołątajMedeksza2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlovsdotter2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOusterhout1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOusterhout1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOusterhout2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOusterhout2008a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOusterhout2008b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOusterhout2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaul2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeterson1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPisa2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPorter1917\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaphael2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRingSalkin1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosser2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRothClark2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalvanThapa2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchibille2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSear1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShalev-Hurvitz2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShvidkovskiĭ2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSinopoli2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1950\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1956\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpiers1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStephensonHammondDavi2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwoboda1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurner2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVanderpool1936\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVickers1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalker2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWard1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWarden1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatkin2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWertheimer2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilkinson2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilson2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinter2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWittkower1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFbulgariatravel\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Camp1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFulpiaserdica\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFÁgostonMasters2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFĆurčić2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFДе_Сена2014\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Ancient Rome topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Byzantine Empire topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Center\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 86,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 38,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 3,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 29,\n [\"Dome architecture\"] = 1,\n [\"Good article\"] = 1,\n [\"Ill\"] = 20,\n [\"Interlanguage link\"] = 4,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 3,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 310,\n [\"SfnRef\"] = 8,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","420","22.1"],["?","260","13.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","200","10.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","160","8.4"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","160","8.4"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","120","6.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","120","6.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","60","3.2"],["list_people \u003CModule:Citation/CS1:1196\u003E","40","2.1"],["type","40","2.1"],["[others]","320","16.8"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6df7948d6c-2lkjd","timestamp":"20241127163730","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"History of Roman and Byzantine domes","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_domes","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q19904215","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q19904215","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2015-03-10T01:07:16Z","dateModified":"2024-10-03T07:23:38Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/4\/40\/Cupola_without_text.png","headline":"aspect of history"}</script> </body> </html>