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id="toc-Forerunners_of_metrication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-France_(1795–1840)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France_(1795–1840)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 France (1795–1840) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France_(1795–1840)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany_(1810–1877)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany_(1810–1877)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Germany (1810–1877) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany_(1810–1877)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy_(1797–1870)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy_(1797–1870)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Italy (1797–1870) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy_(1797–1870)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Netherlands_(1799–1817)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Netherlands_(1799–1817)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Netherlands (1799–1817) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Netherlands_(1799–1817)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Norway_(1875)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Norway_(1875)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Norway (1875) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Norway_(1875)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portugal_(1814)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portugal_(1814)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Portugal (1814) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portugal_(1814)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spain_(1700–1889)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain_(1700–1889)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Spain (1700–1889) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain_(1700–1889)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Switzerland_(1801–1877)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Switzerland_(1801–1877)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Switzerland (1801–1877) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Switzerland_(1801–1877)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom_(1824–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom_(1824–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 United Kingdom (1824–present) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom_(1824–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States_(1830–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_(1830–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.10 United States (1830–present) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_(1830–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_English-speaking_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_English-speaking_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.11 Other English-speaking countries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_English-speaking_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Global_status_of_metrication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global_status_of_metrication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Global status of metrication </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Global_status_of_metrication-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Global status of metrication subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Global_status_of_metrication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Status_by_country/region" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Status_by_country/region"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Status by country/region </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Status_by_country/region-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Methods_of_conversion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methods_of_conversion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Methods of conversion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Methods_of_conversion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industries_and_countries_resistant_to_metrication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industries_and_countries_resistant_to_metrication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Industries and countries resistant to metrication </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Industries_and_countries_resistant_to_metrication-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Industries and countries resistant to metrication subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Industries_and_countries_resistant_to_metrication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Manufacturing_and_engineering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manufacturing_and_engineering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Manufacturing and engineering </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manufacturing_and_engineering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Computers_and_televisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Computers_and_televisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Computers and televisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Computers_and_televisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consumer_goods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consumer_goods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Consumer goods </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consumer_goods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Land,_area_and_distances_on_the_ground" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Land,_area_and_distances_on_the_ground"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Land, area and distances on the ground </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Land,_area_and_distances_on_the_ground-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Road_and_rail_transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Road_and_rail_transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Road and rail transportation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Road_and_rail_transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air_and_sea_transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air_and_sea_transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Air and sea transportation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air_and_sea_transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy_of_previous_units" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy_of_previous_units"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7 Legacy of previous units </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy_of_previous_units-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.8 United Kingdom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.9 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.10 Canada </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Belize" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belize"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.11 Belize </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belize-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metrication_mishaps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metrication_mishaps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Metrication mishaps </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metrication_mishaps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Metrication_by_year_map.svg/220px-Metrication_by_year_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Metrication_by_year_map.svg/330px-Metrication_by_year_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Metrication_by_year_map.svg/440px-Metrication_by_year_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1398" /></a><figcaption>World map, colour-coded to show the years the countries started the process of official conversion to the metric system. Using data from PhD thesis by Hector Vera and NIST.</figcaption></figure> Metrication or metrification is the act or process of converting to the <a href="/wiki/Metric_system" title="Metric system">metric system</a> of measurement.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> All over the world, countries have transitioned from local and traditional <a href="/wiki/Unit_of_measurement" title="Unit of measurement">units of measurement</a> to the metric system. This process began in <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">France during the 1790s</a>, and has persistently advanced over two centuries, accumulating into 95% of the world officially only using the <a href="/wiki/International_System_of_Units" title="International System of Units">modern metric system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:9-2">[2]</a> Nonetheless, this also highlights that certain countries and sectors are either still transitioning or have chosen not to fully adopt the metric system. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Metrication&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview">edit</a>]</div> The process of metrication is typically initiated and overseen by a country's government, generally motivated by the necessity of establishing a uniform measurement system for effective international cooperation in fields like trade and science. Governments achieve metrication through either mandatory changes to existing units within a specified timeframe or through voluntary adoption. While metric use is mandatory in some countries and voluntary in others, all countries have recognised and adopted the SI, albeit to different degrees, including the United States. As of 2011, ninety-five percent of the world's population live in countries where the metric system is the only legal system of measurement.<a href="#cite_note-Vera2011-3">[3]</a>: p. 49, ch 2  According to the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)</a>, there are only three countries that do not have mandatory metric laws (<a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>),<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> however a research paper completed by Vera (2011) stated in practice there were four additional countries (the <a href="/wiki/Compact_of_Free_Association" title="Compact of Free Association">United States COFA</a> countries: <a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a>. <a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a> has since mandated metric trade<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Vera2011-3">[3]</a>: 60, 494–496  In 2018, the Liberia government had pledged to adopt the metric system, but still mainly uses the US customary units.<a href="#cite_note-tlo_20180525-7">[7]</a> In 2013, the Myanmar Ministry of Commerce announced that Myanmar was preparing to adopt the metric system as the country's official system of measurement, and <a href="/wiki/Myanmar_units_of_measurement#Adoption_of_SI_(metric)_system" title="Myanmar units of measurement">metrication in Myanmar</a> began with some progress was made (road signs and temperature are legislated to be in metric), however there had been very little progress in local trade.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> As of 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Metrication&action=edit">[update]</a>, the United States has a national policy of adopting the metric system, and all <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Government">United States Government</a> agencies are required to adopt it.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> The metrication process can take years to implement and complete. For instance <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a>, adopted the metric system in 2002 and was only able to make it mandatory in local trade 2017 after the metric system was fully adopted in schools.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> <a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a>, also officially metric, is moving slowly in its metrication process, with a new push in 2011 for all government agencies to convert by 2013 and the entire country to use the metric system by the first quarter of 2015.<a href="#cite_note-anb-12">[12]</a> Other metric <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> countries, such as <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a> officially metric 2000, are still in the process toward full conversion.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> has officially embraced a dual measurement system. The United Kingdom as of 2007 halted <a href="/wiki/Metrication_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Metrication in the United Kingdom">its metrication process</a>, and retain imperial units of the mile and yard in road markings, <a href="/wiki/Pint" title="Pint">pints</a> for returnable milk containers, and (with Ireland) for the pint for draught beer and cider sold in pubs.<a href="#cite_note-Weights_and_measures:_the_law-14">[14]</a> Throughout the 1990s, the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> helped accelerate the metrication process for member states, for the implemented the <a href="/wiki/European_units_of_measurement_directives" title="European units of measurement directives">Units of Measure Directive</a> to promote trade. This acceleration caused public backlash in the United Kingdom, and in 2007 the United Kingdom announced that it had secured permanent exemptions listed above and, to appease British public opinion and to facilitate trade with the United States, the option to include imperials units alongside metric units could continue indefinitely.<a href="#cite_note-Weights_and_measures:_the_law-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-EUGivesUp-15">[15]</a> The United Kingdom and the United States face ongoing resistance toward metrication, rooted in a belief that their cultural identity is intertwined with the traditional measurement systems they historically have used.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> This has resulted in a review of mandatory sales and trade of metric units by the UK government<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> and active opposition to metrication by some commentators in the US.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Forerunners_of_metrication">Forerunners of metrication</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Metrication&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Forerunners of metrication">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Metric_system_French_adoption_decree_(1795).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Metric_system_French_adoption_decree_%281795%29.jpg/170px-Metric_system_French_adoption_decree_%281795%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Metric_system_French_adoption_decree_%281795%29.jpg/255px-Metric_system_French_adoption_decree_%281795%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Metric_system_French_adoption_decree_%281795%29.jpg/340px-Metric_system_French_adoption_decree_%281795%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="562" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>National Convention decree of April 1795 establishing the metric system</figcaption></figure> The metre was adopted as exclusive measure in 1801 under the <a href="/wiki/French_Consulate" title="French Consulate">French Consulate</a>, then the <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First French Empire</a> until 1812, when <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> decreed the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Mesures_usuelles" title="Mesures usuelles">mesures usuelles</a> which remained in use in France up to 1840 in the reign of <a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_I" title="Louis Philippe I">Louis Philippe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Meanwhile, the metre was adopted by the Republic of Geneva.<a href="#cite_note-:5-20">[20]</a> After the joining of <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Geneva" title="Canton of Geneva">canton of Geneva</a> to Switzerland in 1815, <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Henri_Dufour" title="Guillaume Henri Dufour">Guillaume Henri Dufour</a> published the first Swiss official map for which the metre was adopted as unit of length.<a href="#cite_note-:6-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-22">[22]</a> A Swiss-French binational officer, <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Louis Napoléon Bonaparte</a> was present when a baseline was measured near <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich">Zürich</a> for <a href="/wiki/Topographic_Map_of_Switzerland" title="Topographic Map of Switzerland">Dufour map</a> which would win the gold medal for the national map at the <a href="/wiki/Exposition_Universelle_(1855)" title="Exposition Universelle (1855)">Exposition Universelle of 1855</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Among the scientific instruments calibrated on the metre, which were displayed at the Exposition Universelle, was <a href="/wiki/Jean_Brunner" title="Jean Brunner">Brunner</a> apparatus, a geodetic instrument devised for measuring the central baseline of Spain whose designer, <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Ib%C3%A1%C3%B1ez_e_Ib%C3%A1%C3%B1ez_de_Ibero" title="Carlos Ibáñez e Ibáñez de Ibero">Carlos Ibáñez e Ibáñez de Ibero</a> would represent Spain at the <a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Institute" title="International Statistical Institute">International Statistical Institute</a>. In addition to the Exposition Universelle and the second Statistical Congress held in Paris, an International Association for obtaining a uniform decimal system of measures, weights, and coins was created there in 1855.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Copies of the Spanish standard would be made for Egypt, France and Germany.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> These standards were compared to each other and with Borda apparatus which was the main reference for measuring all geodetic baselines in France.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-34">[34]</a> These comparisons were essential, because of the <a href="/wiki/Thermal_expansion" title="Thermal expansion">expansibility</a> of solid materials with raise in temperature. Indeed, one fact had constantly dominated all the fluctuations of ideas on the measurement of geodesic bases: it was the constant concern to accurately assess the temperature of standards in the field; and the determination of this variable, on which depended the length of the instrument of measurement, had always been considered by <a href="/wiki/Geodesy" title="Geodesy">geodesists</a> as so difficult and so important that one could almost say that the history of measuring instruments is almost identical with that of the precautions taken to avoid temperature errors.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> In 1867, the second general Conference of the <a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Geodesy" title="International Association of Geodesy">European Arc Measurement</a> recommended the adoption of the metre in replacement of the toise. In 1869, the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Russian Academy of Sciences">Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences</a> sent to the <a href="/wiki/French_Academy_of_Sciences" title="French Academy of Sciences">French Academy of Sciences</a> a report drafted by <a href="/wiki/Otto_Wilhelm_von_Struve" title="Otto Wilhelm von Struve">Otto Wilhelm von Struve</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Wild" title="Heinrich von Wild">Heinrich von Wild</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moritz_von_Jacobi" title="Moritz von Jacobi">Moritz von Jacobi</a> inviting his French counterpart to undertake joint action with a view to ensuring the universal use of the <a href="/wiki/Metric_system" title="Metric system">metric system</a> in all scientific work.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> The same year, Napoleon III convened the International Metre Commission which was to meet in Paris in 1870. The <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> broke out, the <a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second French Empire</a> collapsed, but the metre survived.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> During the nineteenth century the metric system of weights and measures proved a convenient political compromise during the unification processes in the Netherlands, Germany and Italy. In 1814, Portugal became the second country not part of the French Empire to officially adopt the metric system. Spain found it expedient in 1849 to follow the French example and within a decade <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a> had also adopted the metric system, or had already adopted the system, such as the case of Chile by 1848. There was considerable resistance to metrication in the United Kingdom and in the United States. Despite this, they were actually the first countries in the World to use a metric standard for cartography.<a href="#cite_note-:2-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France_(1795–1840)">France (1795–1840)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Metrication&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: France (1795–1840)">edit</a>]</div> The introduction of the metric system into France in 1795 was done on a district by district basis with Paris being the first district. By modern standards the transition was poorly managed. Although thousands of pamphlets were distributed, the Agency of Weights and Measures who oversaw the introduction underestimated the work involved. Paris alone needed 500,000 metre sticks, yet one month after the metre became the sole legal unit of measure, they only had 25,000 in store.<a href="#cite_note-Alder-43">[43]</a>: 269  This, combined with the excesses of the Revolution and the high level of illiteracy in 18th century France, made the metric system unpopular. <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> himself ridiculed the metric system but, as an able administrator, recognised the value of a sound basis for a system of measurement. Under the décret impérial du 12 février 1812 (imperial decree of 12 February 1812), a new system of measure – the <a href="/wiki/Mesures_usuelles" title="Mesures usuelles">mesures usuelles</a> ("customary measures") was introduced for use in small retail businesses – all government, legal and similar works still had to use the metric system and the metric system continued to be taught at all levels of education.<a href="#cite_note-Fevier-44">[44]</a> That system reintroduced the names of many units used during the ancient regime, but their values were redefined in terms of metric units. Thus the toise was defined as being two metres, with six pieds making up one toise, twelve pouces making up one pied and twelve lignes making up one pouce. Likewise the livre was defined as being 500 g, each livre comprising sixteen once and each once eight gros and the aune as 120 centimetres.<a href="#cite_note-H&H-45">[45]</a> This intermediate step eased the transition to a metric-based system. By the Loi du 4 juillet 1837 (the law of 4 July 1837), <a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_I" title="Louis Philippe I">Louis Philippe I</a> effectively revoked the use of mesures usuelles by reaffirming the laws of measurement of 1795 and 1799 to be used from 1 May 1840.<a href="#cite_note-histmet-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-crease-47">[47]</a> However, many units of measure, such as the livre (for half a kilogram), remained in everyday use for many years,<a href="#cite_note-crease-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> and to a residual extent up to this day. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fu%C3%9Fma%C3%9Fe1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Fu%C3%9Fma%C3%9Fe1.jpg/170px-Fu%C3%9Fma%C3%9Fe1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Fu%C3%9Fma%C3%9Fe1.jpg/255px-Fu%C3%9Fma%C3%9Fe1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Fu%C3%9Fma%C3%9Fe1.jpg/340px-Fu%C3%9Fma%C3%9Fe1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="693" data-file-height="1188" /></a><figcaption>Conversion table in an 1848 German schoolbook showing the metric equivalent of the foot in use in over two dozen countries, including several German states</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany_(1810–1877)">Germany (1810–1877)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Metrication&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Germany (1810–1877)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baeyer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Baeyer.jpg/185px-Baeyer.jpg" decoding="async" width="185" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Baeyer.jpg/277px-Baeyer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Baeyer.jpg/370px-Baeyer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="444" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption>Johann Jacob Baeyer, founder of the <a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Geodesy" title="International Association of Geodesy">Europäische Gradmessung</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alter_Grenzstein_Pontebba_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Alter_Grenzstein_Pontebba_01.jpg/170px-Alter_Grenzstein_Pontebba_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Alter_Grenzstein_Pontebba_01.jpg/255px-Alter_Grenzstein_Pontebba_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Alter_Grenzstein_Pontebba_01.jpg/340px-Alter_Grenzstein_Pontebba_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3008" /></a><figcaption>Stone marking the <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian</a>/Italian border at <a href="/wiki/Pontebba" title="Pontebba">Pontebba</a> displaying <a href="/wiki/Myriametre" class="mw-redirect" title="Myriametre">myriametres</a> (10 km), a unit used in <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a> in the 19th century<a href="#cite_note-Europa1842-49">[49]</a></figcaption></figure> At the outbreak of the French Revolution, much of modern-day Germany and Austria were part of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> which had become a loose federation of kingdoms, principalities, free cities, bishoprics and other fiefdoms, each with its own system of measurement, though in most cases the systems were loosely derived from the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian" class="mw-redirect" title="Carolingian">Carolingian</a> system instituted by <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> a thousand years earlier. During the Napoleonic era, some of the German states moved to reform their systems of measurement using the prototype metre and kilogram as the basis of the new units. <a href="/wiki/Baden" title="Baden">Baden</a>, in 1810, for example, redefined the Ruthe (rods) as being 3.0 m exactly and defined the subunits of the Ruthe as 1 Ruthe = 10 Fuß (feet) = 100 Zoll (inches) = 1,000 Linie (lines) = 10,000 Punkt (points) (for simplicity at the expense of grammar, these are the singular forms of each name) while the Pfund was defined as 500 g, divided into 30 Loth, each of 16.67 g.<a href="#cite_note-Europa1842-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>, in its reform of 1811, trimmed the Bavarian Pfund from 561.288 g to 560 g exactly, consisting of 32 Loth, each of 17.5 g<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> while the <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussian</a> Pfund remained at 467.711 g.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a> there was a degree of commercial cooperation between the various German states resulting in the German Customs Union (<a href="/wiki/Zollverein" title="Zollverein">Zollverein</a>). There were, however, still many barriers to trade until <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a> took the lead in establishing the General German Commercial Code in 1856. As part of the code the Zollverein introduced the <a href="/wiki/Zollpfund" title="Zollpfund">Zollpfund</a> (Customs Pound) which was defined as exactly 500 g and could be split into 30 'lot'.<a href="#cite_note-Zollmuseum-53">[53]</a> This unit was used for inter-state movement of goods, but was not applied in all states for internal use. In 1832, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss">Carl Friedrich Gauss</a> studied the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_magnetic_field" title="Earth's magnetic field">Earth's magnetic field</a> and proposed adding the <a href="/wiki/Second" title="Second">second</a> to the basic units of the <a href="/wiki/Metre" title="Metre">metre</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kilogram" title="Kilogram">kilogram</a> in the form of the <a href="/wiki/Centimetre%E2%80%93gram%E2%80%93second_system_of_units" title="Centimetre–gram–second system of units">CGS system</a> (<a href="/wiki/Centimetre" title="Centimetre">centimetre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gram" title="Gram">gram</a>, second). In 1836, he founded the Magnetischer Verein, the first international scientific association, in collaboration with <a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt" title="Alexander von Humboldt">Alexander von Humboldt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Eduard_Weber" title="Wilhelm Eduard Weber">Wilhelm Edouard Weber</a>. <a href="/wiki/Geophysics" title="Geophysics">Geophysics</a> (the study of the Earth by the means of <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>) preceded physics[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] and contributed to the development of its methods. It was primarily a <a href="/wiki/Natural_philosophy" title="Natural philosophy">natural philosophy</a> whose object was the study of natural phenomena such as the Earth's magnetic field, <a href="/wiki/Lightning" title="Lightning">lightning</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">gravity</a>. The coordination of the observation of geophysical phenomena in different points of the globe was of paramount importance and was at the origin of the creation of the first international scientific associations. The foundation of the Magnetischer Verein would be followed by that of the Central European Arc Measurement (German: <a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Geodesy" title="International Association of Geodesy">Mitteleuropaïsche Gradmessung</a>) on the initiative of <a href="/wiki/Johann_Jacob_Baeyer" title="Johann Jacob Baeyer">Johann Jacob Baeyer</a> in 1863, and by that of the <a href="/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization" title="World Meteorological Organization">International Meteorological Organisation</a> whose second president, the Swiss <a href="/wiki/Meteorologist" title="Meteorologist">meteorologist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Physicist" title="Physicist">physicist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Wild" title="Heinrich von Wild">Heinrich von Wild</a> represented <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a> at the <a href="/wiki/General_Conference_on_Weights_and_Measures" title="General Conference on Weights and Measures">International Committee for Weights and Measures</a> (CIPM).<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> In 1867, the European Arc Measurement (German: <a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Geodesy" title="International Association of Geodesy">Europäische Gradmessung</a>) called for the creation of a new, international prototype metre (IPM) and the arrangement of a system where national standards could be compared with it. The French government gave practical support to the creation of an International Metre Commission, which met in Paris in 1870 and again in 1872 with the participation of about thirty countries. The <a href="/wiki/Metre_Convention" title="Metre Convention">Metre Convention</a> was signed on 20 May 1875 in Paris and the <a href="/wiki/International_Bureau_of_Weights_and_Measures" title="International Bureau of Weights and Measures">International Bureau of Weights and Measures</a> was created under the supervision of the <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_for_Weights_and_Measures" class="mw-redirect" title="International Committee for Weights and Measures">CIPM</a>. Although the Zollverein collapsed after the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Prussian_War" title="Austro-Prussian War">Austro-Prussian War</a> of 1866, the metric system became the official system of measurement in the newly formed <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> in 1872<a href="#cite_note-Alder-43">[43]</a>: 350  and of Austria in 1875.<a href="#cite_note-PopularScience-57">[57]</a> The Zollpfund ceased to be legal in Germany after 1877.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy_(1797–1870)">Italy (1797–1870)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Metrication&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Italy (1797–1870)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vicopisano-misure_antiche.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Vicopisano-misure_antiche.jpg/170px-Vicopisano-misure_antiche.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Vicopisano-misure_antiche.jpg/255px-Vicopisano-misure_antiche.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Vicopisano-misure_antiche.jpg/340px-Vicopisano-misure_antiche.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Tablet showing conversions of legacy units of weights and measures to metric units, <a href="/wiki/Vicopisano" title="Vicopisano">Vicopisano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Republic" title="Cisalpine Republic">Cisalpine Republic</a>, a North Italian republic set up by Napoleon in 1797 with its capital at <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, first adopted a modified form of the metric system based on the braccio cisalpino (Cisalpine cubit) which was defined to be half a metre.<a href="#cite_note-metricItaly-59">[59]</a> In 1802 the Cisalpine Republic was renamed the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Republic_(Napoleonic)" title="Italian Republic (Napoleonic)">Italian Republic</a>, with Napoleon as its head of state. The following year the Cisalpine system of measure was replaced by the metric system.<a href="#cite_note-metricItaly-59">[59]</a> In 1806, the Italian Republic was replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Kingdom of Italy</a> with Napoleon as its emperor. By 1812, all of Italy from Rome northwards was under the control of Napoleon, either as French Departments or as part of the Kingdom of Italy, ensuring that the metric system was in use throughout this region. After the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a>, the various Italian states reverted to their original systems of measurements, but in 1845 the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Kingdom of Piedmont and Sardinia</a> passed legislation to introduce the metric system within five years. By 1860, most of Italy had been unified under the King of Sardinia <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_II" title="Victor Emmanuel II">Victor Emmanuel II</a>; and under Law 132 of 28 July 1861 the metric system became the official system of measurement throughout the kingdom. Numerous Tavole di ragguaglio (conversion tables) were displayed in shops until 31 December 1870.<a href="#cite_note-metricItaly-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Netherlands_(1799–1817)">Netherlands (1799–1817)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Metrication&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Netherlands (1799–1817)">edit</a>]</div> The Netherlands (as the revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Batavian_Republic" title="Batavian Republic">Batavian Republic</a>) began to use the metric system from 1799 but, as with its co-revolutionaries in France, encountered <a href="/wiki/Mesures_usuelles#Rationale_behind_the_new_system" title="Mesures usuelles">numerous practical difficulties</a>. Subsequently, as part of the <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First French Empire</a> since 1809, the Netherlands used Napoleon's <a href="/wiki/Mesures_usuelles" title="Mesures usuelles">mesures usuelles</a> from their introduction in 1812 until the fall of his Empire in 1815. Under the (Dutch) <a href="/wiki/Weights_and_Measures_Act" title="Weights and Measures Act">Weights and Measures Act</a> of 21 August 1816 and the Royal decree of 27 March 1817 (Koningklijk besluit van den 27 Maart 1817), the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands">Kingdom of the Netherlands</a> abandoned the mesures usuelles in favour of the "Dutch" <a href="/wiki/Metric_system" title="Metric system">metric system</a> (Nederlands metrisch stelsel) in which metric units were simply given the names of units of measure that were then in use: for instance the ons (ounce) was defined as 100 g.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Norway_(1875)">Norway (1875)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Metrication&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Norway (1875)">edit</a>]</div> In 1875, Norway was the first country to ratify the metre convention, and it was seen as an important step towards Norwegian independence. The decision to adopt the metric system is said to have been <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Parliament%27s_adoption_of_the_metric_system" title="Norwegian Parliament's adoption of the metric system">the Norwegian Parliament's fastest decision</a> in peacetime. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portugal_(1814)">Portugal (1814)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Metrication&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Portugal (1814)">edit</a>]</div> In August 1814, Portugal officially adopted the metric system but with the names of the units substituted by <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_customary_units" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese customary units">Portuguese traditional ones</a>. In this system the basic units were the mão-travessa (hand) = 1 <a href="/wiki/Decimetre" title="Decimetre">decimetre</a> (10 mão-travessas = 1 vara (yard) = 1 metre), the <a href="/wiki/Canada_(unit)" title="Canada (unit)">canada</a> = 1 litre and the libra (pound) = 1 kilogram.<a href="#cite_note-Fatima-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spain_(1700–1889)">Spain (1700–1889)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Metrication&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Spain (1700–1889)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:General_Carlos_Ib%C3%A1%C3%B1ez_e_Ib%C3%A1%C3%B1ez_de_Ibero.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/General_Carlos_Ib%C3%A1%C3%B1ez_e_Ib%C3%A1%C3%B1ez_de_Ibero.jpg/170px-General_Carlos_Ib%C3%A1%C3%B1ez_e_Ib%C3%A1%C3%B1ez_de_Ibero.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/General_Carlos_Ib%C3%A1%C3%B1ez_e_Ib%C3%A1%C3%B1ez_de_Ibero.jpg/255px-General_Carlos_Ib%C3%A1%C3%B1ez_e_Ib%C3%A1%C3%B1ez_de_Ibero.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/General_Carlos_Ib%C3%A1%C3%B1ez_e_Ib%C3%A1%C3%B1ez_de_Ibero.jpg/340px-General_Carlos_Ib%C3%A1%C3%B1ez_e_Ib%C3%A1%C3%B1ez_de_Ibero.jpg 2x" data-file-width="599" data-file-height="728" /></a><figcaption>Don Carlos Ibáñez e Ibáñez de Ibero, first president of the <a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Geodesy" title="International Association of Geodesy">International Geodetic Association</a> and of the <a href="/wiki/General_Conference_on_Weights_and_Measures" title="General Conference on Weights and Measures">International Committee for Weights and Measures</a></figcaption></figure> Until the ascent of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">Bourbon</a> monarchy in Spain in 1700, each region of Spain had its own system of measurement. The new Bourbon monarchy tried to centralise control and with it the system of measurement. There were debates regarding the desirability of retaining the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile" title="Kingdom of Castile">Castilian</a> units of measure or, in the interests of harmonisation, adopting the French system.<a href="#cite_note-metricSpain-62">[62]</a> Although Spain assisted <a href="/wiki/Pierre_M%C3%A9chain" title="Pierre Méchain">Méchain</a> in his meridian survey, the Government feared the French revolutionary movement and reinforced the Castilian units of measure to counter such movements. By 1849 however, it proved difficult to maintain the old system and in that year the metric system became the legal system of measure in Spain.<a href="#cite_note-metricSpain-62">[62]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Royal_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Spanish Royal Academy of Sciences">Spanish Royal Academy of Science</a> urged the Government to approve the creation of a large-scale map of <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> in 1852. The following year <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Ib%C3%A1%C3%B1ez_e_Ib%C3%A1%C3%B1ez_de_Ibero" title="Carlos Ibáñez e Ibáñez de Ibero">Carlos Ibáñez e Ibáñez de Ibero</a> was appointed to undertake this task. All the scientific and technical material had to be created. Ibáñez e Ibáñez de Ibero and Saavedra went to <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> to supervise the production by Brunner of a measuring instrument which they had devised and which they later compared with <a href="/wiki/Jean-Charles_de_Borda" title="Jean-Charles de Borda">Borda</a>'s double-toise N°1 which was the main reference for measuring all geodetic bases in France and whose length was by definition 3.8980732 metres at a specified temperature.<a href="#cite_note-:2-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> In 1865 the triangulation of <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> was connected with that of <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> and <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>. In 1866 at the conference of the Association of Geodesy in <a href="/wiki/Neuch%C3%A2tel" title="Neuchâtel">Neuchâtel</a>, Ibáñez announced that <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> would collaborate in remeasuring the <a href="/wiki/Paris_meridian" title="Paris meridian">French meridian arc</a>. In 1879 Ibáñez and <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Perrier_(French_Army_officer)" title="François Perrier (French Army officer)">François Perrier</a> (representing France) completed the junction between the geodetic network of Spain and <a href="/wiki/French_Algeria" title="French Algeria">Algeria</a> and thus completed the measurement of the <a href="/wiki/Paris_meridian" title="Paris meridian">French meridian arc</a> which extended from <a href="/wiki/Shetland" title="Shetland">Shetland</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a>. In 1866, Spain and Portugal joined the Central European Arc Measurement which would become the <a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Geodesy" title="International Association of Geodesy">European Arc Measurement</a> the next year. In 1867 at the second general conference of the geodetic association held in Berlin, the question of an international standard unit of length was discussed in order to combine the measurements made in different countries to determine the size and shape of the Earth. The conference proposed according to recommendations drawn up by a committee chaired by <a href="/wiki/Otto_Wilhelm_von_Struve" title="Otto Wilhelm von Struve">Otto Wilhelm von Struve</a> director of the <a href="/wiki/Pulkovo_Observatory" title="Pulkovo Observatory">Pulkovo Observatory</a> in St. Petersburg the adoption of the <a href="/wiki/Metre" title="Metre">metre</a> and the creation of an international metre commission, after a preliminary discussion held in Neuchâtel between <a href="/wiki/Johann_Jacob_Baeyer" title="Johann Jacob Baeyer">Johann Jacob Baeyer</a> director of the Royal Prussian Geodetic Institute, <a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Hirsch" title="Adolphe Hirsch">Adolphe Hirsch</a> founder of the <a href="/wiki/Neuch%C3%A2tel_Observatory" title="Neuchâtel Observatory">Neuchâtel Observatory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Ib%C3%A1%C3%B1ez_e_Ib%C3%A1%C3%B1ez_de_Ibero" title="Carlos Ibáñez e Ibáñez de Ibero">Carlos Ibáñez e Ibáñez de Ibero</a> Spanish representative, founder and first director of the <a href="/wiki/Instituto_Geogr%C3%A1fico_Nacional_(Spain)" title="Instituto Geográfico Nacional (Spain)">Instituto Geográfico Nacional</a>.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> In November 1869 the French government issued invitations to join this commission. Spain accepted and <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Ib%C3%A1%C3%B1ez_e_Ib%C3%A1%C3%B1ez_de_Ibero" title="Carlos Ibáñez e Ibáñez de Ibero">Carlos Ibáñez e Ibáñez de Ibero</a> took part in the Committee of preparatory research from the first meeting of the International Metre Commission in 1870. He became president of the permanent Committee of the International Metre Commission in 1872. In 1874 he was elected as president of the Permanent Commission of the <a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Geodesy" title="International Association of Geodesy">European Arc Measurement</a>. He also presided the General Conference of the <a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Geodesy" title="International Association of Geodesy">European Arc Measurement</a> held in Paris in 1875, when the association decided the creation of an international geodetic standard for the bases' measurement.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> He represented Spain at the 1875 conference of the <a href="/wiki/Metre_Convention" title="Metre Convention">Metre Convention</a>, which was ratified the same year in Paris. The Spanish geodesist was elected as the first president of the <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_for_Weights_and_Measures" class="mw-redirect" title="International Committee for Weights and Measures">International Committee for Weights and Measures</a>. His activities resulted in the distribution of a platinum and iridium prototype of the <a href="/wiki/Metre" title="Metre">metre</a> to all States parties to the <a href="/wiki/Metre_Convention" title="Metre Convention">Metre Convention</a> during the first meeting of the <a href="/wiki/General_Conference_on_Weights_and_Measures" title="General Conference on Weights and Measures">General Conference on Weights and Measures</a> in 1889. These prototypes defined the metre right up until 1960.<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bulletin_de_la_Soci_neuchloise_des_sciences_naturelles_(1898-)_(20409300876).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Bulletin_de_la_Soci_neuchloise_des_sciences_naturelles_%281898-%29_%2820409300876%29.jpg/170px-Bulletin_de_la_Soci_neuchloise_des_sciences_naturelles_%281898-%29_%2820409300876%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Bulletin_de_la_Soci_neuchloise_des_sciences_naturelles_%281898-%29_%2820409300876%29.jpg/255px-Bulletin_de_la_Soci_neuchloise_des_sciences_naturelles_%281898-%29_%2820409300876%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Bulletin_de_la_Soci_neuchloise_des_sciences_naturelles_%281898-%29_%2820409300876%29.jpg/340px-Bulletin_de_la_Soci_neuchloise_des_sciences_naturelles_%281898-%29_%2820409300876%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1861" data-file-height="2891" /></a><figcaption>Adolphe Hirsch, secretary of the <a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Geodesy" title="International Association of Geodesy">International Geodetic Association</a> and of the <a href="/wiki/General_Conference_on_Weights_and_Measures" title="General Conference on Weights and Measures">International Committee for Weights and Measures</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Switzerland_(1801–1877)">Switzerland (1801–1877)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Metrication&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Switzerland (1801–1877)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guillaume-Henri_Dufour.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Guillaume-Henri_Dufour.jpg/170px-Guillaume-Henri_Dufour.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Guillaume-Henri_Dufour.jpg/255px-Guillaume-Henri_Dufour.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Guillaume-Henri_Dufour.jpg/340px-Guillaume-Henri_Dufour.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="617" /></a><figcaption>Guillaume Henri Dufour, founder of <a href="/wiki/Swisstopo" title="Swisstopo">Swisstopo</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heinrich_Wild.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Heinrich_Wild.jpg/170px-Heinrich_Wild.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Heinrich_Wild.jpg/255px-Heinrich_Wild.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Heinrich_Wild.jpg/340px-Heinrich_Wild.jpg 2x" data-file-width="890" data-file-height="1123" /></a><figcaption>Heinrich von Wild, president of the <a href="/wiki/International_Meteorological_Organization" title="International Meteorological Organization">International Meteorological Organization</a> and member of the <a href="/wiki/General_Conference_on_Weights_and_Measures" title="General Conference on Weights and Measures">International Committee for Weights and Measures</a></figcaption></figure> In 1801, the <a href="/wiki/Helvetic_Republic" title="Helvetic Republic">Helvetic Republic</a> at the instigation of <a href="/wiki/Johann_Georg_Tralles" title="Johann Georg Tralles">Johann Georg Tralles</a> promulgated a law introducing the metric system. However this was never applied, because in 1803 the competence for weights and measures returned to the <a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland" title="Cantons of Switzerland">cantons</a>. On the territory of the current <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Jura" title="Canton of Jura">canton of Jura</a>, then annexed to France (<a href="/wiki/Mont-Terrible" title="Mont-Terrible">Mont-Terrible</a>), the metre was adopted in 1800. The <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Geneva" title="Canton of Geneva">Canton of Geneva</a> adopted the metric system in 1813, the <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Vaud" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton of Vaud">canton of Vaud</a> in 1822, the <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Valais" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton of Valais">canton of Valais</a> in 1824 and the <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Neuch%C3%A2tel" title="Canton of Neuchâtel">canton of Neuchâtel</a> in 1857. In 1835, twelve cantons of the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Plateau" title="Swiss Plateau">Swiss Plateau</a> and the north-east adopted a concordat based on the federal foot (exactly 0.3 m) which entered into force in 1836. The cantons of <a href="/wiki/Central_Switzerland" title="Central Switzerland">central</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Switzerland" title="Eastern Switzerland">eastern Switzerland</a>, as well as the Alpine cantons, continued to use the old measures.<a href="#cite_note-:5-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Henri_Dufour" title="Guillaume Henri Dufour">Guillaume-Henri Dufour</a> founded in 1838 in <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a> a topographic office (the future <a href="/wiki/Swisstopo" title="Swisstopo">Federal Office of topography</a>), which published under his direction, from 1845 to 1864, the first official <a href="/wiki/Topographic_Map_of_Switzerland" title="Topographic Map of Switzerland">map of Switzerland</a>, on the basis of new cantonal measurements. This map at <a href="/wiki/Scale_(map)" title="Scale (map)">1:100,000</a> engraved on copper, suggested the relief by hatching and shadows. The map projection adopted by the commission was the <a href="/wiki/Bonne_projection" title="Bonne projection">Bonne projection</a>, centred on the <a href="/wiki/Bern" title="Bern">Bern</a> Observatory (5° 6' 10.8'' east of <a href="/wiki/Paris_meridian" title="Paris meridian">Paris meridian</a>), although this point was much closer to the western end of Switzerland than to its eastern end. But its position was well known, and there was no more central <a href="/wiki/Observatory" title="Observatory">observatory</a>. The scale was set at 1:100 000 because it was considered more suitable for a country as rugged as Switzerland than the 1:80 000 adopted for the large <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_France" title="Geography of France">map of France</a> and the two maps were in any case inconsistent, as the meridians of the <a href="/wiki/Cartography_of_Switzerland" title="Cartography of Switzerland">map of Switzerland</a> tilted in the opposite direction to those of the map of France. The map commission wanted to adopt decimal measures; and Switzerland did not have an already existing map which, like the <a href="/wiki/Cassini_map" title="Cassini map">Cassini map</a>, used a scale close to 1:86 400, i.e. 1 <a href="/wiki/Line_(unit)" title="Line (unit)">line</a> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>1⁄12 of a French inch) to 100 <a href="/wiki/Toise" title="Toise">toises</a> (i.e. 600 French feet). The <a href="/wiki/Metre" title="Metre">metre</a> was adopted as a linear measure, and the entire map was divided into twenty-five sheets: five east–west and five north–south. Each sheet must have[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] shown two scales, one purely <a href="/wiki/Metric_system" title="Metric system">metric</a>, the other in Swiss <a href="/wiki/League_(unit)" title="League (unit)">leagues</a> 4800 metres in length. The frame would be divided into <a href="/wiki/Degree_(angle)" title="Degree (angle)">sexagesimal</a> <a href="/wiki/Minute_and_second_of_arc" title="Minute and second of arc">minutes</a> and centesimal minutes; the latter, each subdivided into ten parts, had the advantage of showing <a href="/wiki/Kilometre" title="Kilometre">Kilometres</a> in the direction of the <a href="/wiki/Meridian_(geography)" title="Meridian (geography)">meridians</a>; so that there are new scales on the sides of the sheet to appreciate[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] the distances.<a href="#cite_note-:6-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Federal_Constitution" title="Swiss Federal Constitution">1848 Constitution</a> the federal foot was to come into force throughout the country. In <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>, a committee chaired by <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Henri_Dufour" title="Guillaume Henri Dufour">Guillaume Henri Dufour</a> militated in favor of maintaining the decimal metric system in the French-speaking cantons and against the standardization of weights and measures in Switzerland on the basis of the metric foot. In 1868 the metric system was legalized alongside the federal foot, which was a first step towards its definitive introduction. Cantonal calibrators were supervised by a <a href="/wiki/Federal_Institute_of_Metrology" title="Federal Institute of Metrology">Federal Bureau of Verification</a> created in 1862, whose management was entrusted to <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Wild" title="Heinrich von Wild">Heinrich von Wild</a> from 1864. In 1875, the responsibility for weights and measures was transferred back from the cantons to the Confederation, and <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> (represented by <a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Hirsch" title="Adolphe Hirsch">Adolphe Hirsch</a>) joined the <a href="/wiki/Metre_Convention" title="Metre Convention">Metre Convention</a>. The same year a federal law imposed the metric system from 1 January 1877. In 1977, Switzerland joined the <a href="/wiki/International_System_of_Units" title="International System of Units">International System of Units</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:5-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom_(1824–present)">United Kingdom (1824–present)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Metrication&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: United Kingdom (1824–present)">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Metrication_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Metrication in the United Kingdom">Metrication in the United Kingdom</a></div> In 1824, the Weights and Measures Act imposed one standard 'imperial' system of weights and measures on the British Empire.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> The effect of this Act was to standardise existing British units of measure rather than to align them with the metric system. During the next eighty years a number of Parliamentary select committees recommended the adoption of the metric system, each with a greater degree of urgency, but Parliament prevaricated. A Select Committee report of 1862 recommended compulsory metrication, but with an "Intermediate permissive phase"; Parliament responded in 1864 by legalising metric units only for 'contracts and dealings'.<a href="#cite_note-Hyttel-76">[76]</a> The United Kingdom initially declined to sign the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_the_Metre" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of the Metre">Treaty of the Metre</a>, but did so in 1883. Meanwhile, British scientists and technologists were at the forefront of the metrication movement – it was the <a href="/wiki/British_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="British Association for the Advancement of Science">British Association for the Advancement of Science</a> that promoted the <a href="/wiki/CGS_system_of_units" class="mw-redirect" title="CGS system of units">CGS system of units</a> as a coherent system<a href="#cite_note-SIBrochure-77">[77]</a>: 109  and it was the British firm <a href="/wiki/Johnson_Matthey" title="Johnson Matthey">Johnson Matthey</a> that was accepted by the CGPM in 1889 to cast the international prototype metre and kilogram.<a href="#cite_note-CGPMprototypes-78">[78]</a> In 1895, another Parliamentary select committee recommended the compulsory adoption of the metric system after a two-year permissive period. The 1897 Weights and Measures Act legalised the metric units for trade, but did not make them mandatory.<a href="#cite_note-Hyttel-76">[76]</a> A bill to make the metric system compulsory to help the British industrial base fight off the challenge of the nascent German base passed through the House of Lords in 1904, but did not pass in the House of Commons before the next general election was called. Following opposition by the Lancashire cotton industry, a similar bill was defeated in the House of Commons in 1907 by 150 votes to 118.<a href="#cite_note-Hyttel-76">[76]</a> In 1965, the UK began an official programme of metrication, and as of 2024, in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> the metric is the official measurement system for all regulated trading by weight or measure purposes, however imperial <a href="/wiki/Pint" title="Pint">pint</a> remains the sole legal unit for milk in returnable bottles and for draught beer and cider in British pubs. Imperial units are also legally permitted to be used alongside metric units on food packaging and price indications for goods sold loose.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> The UK government undertook a "Choice on units of measurement: consultation response", and found just over 1% of respondents wish to revert to an increase the use of imperial units, and a such kept the current regulations on the sale of goods.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> In addition imperial units may be used exclusively where a product is sold by description, rather than by weight/mass/volume: e.g. television screen and clothing sizes tend to be given in inches only, but a piece of material priced per inch would be unlawful unless the metric price was also shown. The general public still use imperial units in common langange for their height and weight, and imperial units are the norm when discussing longer distances such as journeys by car, but otherwise metric measurements are often used.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_(1830–present)">United States (1830–present)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Metrication&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: United States (1830–present)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Metrication_in_the_United_States" title="Metrication in the United States">Metrication in the United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ferdinand_Randolph_Hassler_LCCN2003655032.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Ferdinand_Randolph_Hassler_LCCN2003655032.jpg/170px-Ferdinand_Randolph_Hassler_LCCN2003655032.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Ferdinand_Randolph_Hassler_LCCN2003655032.jpg/255px-Ferdinand_Randolph_Hassler_LCCN2003655032.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Ferdinand_Randolph_Hassler_LCCN2003655032.jpg/340px-Ferdinand_Randolph_Hassler_LCCN2003655032.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5080" data-file-height="6872" /></a><figcaption>Ferdinand Rudolph Hassler, first superintendent of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_and_Geodetic_Survey" title="United States Coast and Geodetic Survey">United States Coast Survey</a></figcaption></figure> In 1805 a Swiss geodesist <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Rudolph_Hassler" title="Ferdinand Rudolph Hassler">Ferdinand Rudolph Hassler</a> brought copies of the French metre and kilogram to the United States.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-82">[82]</a> In 1830 the Congress decided to create uniform standards for length and weight in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-:0-83">[83]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Rudolph_Hassler" title="Ferdinand Rudolph Hassler">Hassler</a> was mandated to work out the new standards and proposed to adopt the <a href="/wiki/Metric_system" title="Metric system">metric system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-83">[83]</a> The Congress opted for the British Parliamentary Standard from 1758 and the Troy Pound of Great Britain from 1824 as length and weight standards.<a href="#cite_note-:0-83">[83]</a> Nevertheless, the primary baseline of the Survey of the Coast (renamed the United States Coast Survey in 1836 and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_and_Geodetic_Survey" title="United States Coast and Geodetic Survey">United States Coast and Geodetic Survey</a> in 1878) was measured in 1834 at <a href="/wiki/Fire_Island" title="Fire Island">Fire Island</a> using four 2-metre (6 ft 7 in) iron bars constructed after Hassler's specification in the United Kingdom and brought back in the United States in 1815.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-82">[82]</a> All distances measured by the Survey of the Coast, Coast Survey, and Coast and Geodetic Survey were referred to the metre.<a href="#cite_note-:2-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-40">[40]</a> In 1866 the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> passed a bill making it lawful to use the metric system in the United States. The bill, which was permissive rather than mandatory in nature, defined the metric system in terms of <a href="/wiki/United_States_customary_units" title="United States customary units">customary units</a> rather than with reference to the international prototype metre and kilogram.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-Barbrowetal-87">[87]</a>: 10–13  Ferdinand Rudolph Hassler's use of the metre in coastal surveying, which had been an argument for the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Metric_Act_of_1866" title="Metric Act of 1866">Metric Act of 1866</a> allowing the use of the metre in the United States, probably also played a role in the choice of the metre as international scientific unit of length and the proposal by the <a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Geodesy" title="International Association of Geodesy">European Arc Measurement</a> (German: Europäische Gradmessung) to “establish a European <a href="/wiki/International_Bureau_of_Weights_and_Measures" title="International Bureau of Weights and Measures">international bureau for weights and measures</a>”.<a href="#cite_note-:3-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> By 1893, the reference standards for customary units had become unreliable. Moreover, the United States, being a signatory of the <a href="/wiki/Metre_Convention" title="Metre Convention">Metre Convention</a> was in possession of national prototype metres and kilograms that were calibrated against those in use elsewhere in the world. This led to the <a href="/wiki/Mendenhall_Order" title="Mendenhall Order">Mendenhall Order</a> which redefined the customary units by referring to the national metric prototypes, but used the conversion factors of the 1866 act.<a href="#cite_note-Barbrowetal-87">[87]</a>: 16–20  In 1896, a bill that would make the metric system mandatory in the United States was presented to Congress. Twenty-three of the 29 people who gave evidence before the congressional committee who were considering the bill were in favor of it, but six were against. Four of these six dissenters represented manufacturing interests and the other two were from the United States Revenue service. The grounds cited were the cost and inconvenience of the change-over. The bill was not enacted. Subsequent bills suffered a similar fate.<a href="#cite_note-PopularScience-57">[57]</a> The United States mandated the acceptance of the metric system in 1866 for commercial and legal proceedings, without displacing their customary units.<a href="#cite_note-United_States_Metric_Laws_and_Treaties-90">[90]</a> The non-mandatory nature of the adoption of the SI has resulted in a much slower pace of adoption in the US than in other countries.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> In 1971, the US <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">National Bureau of Standards</a> completed a three-year study of the impact of increasing worldwide metric use on the US. The study concluded with a report to Congress entitled <a href="/wiki/A_Metric_America_%E2%80%93_A_Decision_Whose_Time_Has_Come" class="mw-redirect" title="A Metric America – A Decision Whose Time Has Come">A Metric America – A Decision Whose Time Has Come</a>. Since then metric use has increased in the US, principally in the manufacturing and educational sectors. Public Law 93-380, enacted 21 August 1974, states that it is the policy of the US to encourage educational agencies and institutions to prepare students to use the metric system of measurement with ease and facility as a part of the regular education program. On 23 December 1975, President Gerald Ford signed Public Law 94–168, the <a href="/wiki/Metric_Conversion_Act" title="Metric Conversion Act">Metric Conversion Act</a> of 1975. This act declares a national policy of coordinating the increasing use of the metric system in the US. It established a US Metric Board whose functions as of 1 October 1982 were transferred to the Dept of Commerce, Office of Metric Programs, to coordinate the voluntary conversion to the metric system.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> In January 2007 <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> decided to use metric units for all future Moon missions, in line with the practice of other space agencies.<a href="#cite_note-MetricMoon-93">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_English-speaking_countries">Other English-speaking countries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Metrication&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Other English-speaking countries">edit</a>]</div> The British metrication programme signalled the start of metrication programmes elsewhere in the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a>, though India had started its programme in 1959, six years before the United Kingdom. South Africa (then not a member of the Commonwealth) set up a Metrication Advisory Board in 1967, New Zealand set up its Metric Advisory Board in 1969, Australia passed the Metric Conversion Act in 1970 and Canada appointed a Metrication Commission in 1971. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canadian_canned_food_labels_showing_imperial_and_metric_units_of_measurement.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Canadian_canned_food_labels_showing_imperial_and_metric_units_of_measurement.jpg/300px-Canadian_canned_food_labels_showing_imperial_and_metric_units_of_measurement.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Canadian_canned_food_labels_showing_imperial_and_metric_units_of_measurement.jpg/450px-Canadian_canned_food_labels_showing_imperial_and_metric_units_of_measurement.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Canadian_canned_food_labels_showing_imperial_and_metric_units_of_measurement.jpg/600px-Canadian_canned_food_labels_showing_imperial_and_metric_units_of_measurement.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1162" data-file-height="290" /></a><figcaption>The metric units of measurement on Canadian canned food labels are merely the equivalent of the still widely used imperial units such as the ounce.</figcaption></figure> Metrication in Australia, New Zealand and South Africa was essentially complete within a decade, while in Canada metrication has been halted since the 1970s. In that country, the <a href="/wiki/Square_foot" title="Square foot">square foot</a> is still widespread for commercial and residential advertisements and partially in construction because of the close trade relations with the United States. Metric measurements on food products such as canned food are often merely the equivalent of the still widely used imperial units of measurement such as the ounce and the pound. Butter in Canada is sold in 454 g packagings, which is the equivalent of one pound. The <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Canada" title="Rail transport in Canada">railways of Canada</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_National_Railway" title="Canadian National Railway">Canadian National</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Railway" title="Canadian Pacific Railway">Canadian Pacific</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Commuter_rail" title="Commuter rail">commuter rail</a> services continue to measure their trackage in miles and speed limits in miles per hour because they also operate in the United States (although urban railways including <a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">subways</a> and <a href="/wiki/Light_rail" title="Light rail">light rail</a> have adopted kilometres and kilometres per hour).<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> Canadian railcars show weight figures in both imperial and metric. Most other Commonwealth countries adopted the metric system during the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Apart from the United Kingdom and Canada, which have effectively halted their metrication programs, the great majority of countries using the imperial system have completed official metrication during the second half of the 20th century or the first decade of the 21st century. The most recent to complete this process was the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a>, which began metric conversion in the 1970s and completed it in early 2005.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_units_of_measurement" title="Hong Kong units of measurement">Hong Kong uses three systems</a> (Chinese, imperial, and metric) and all three are permitted for use in trade.<a href="#cite_note-Ordinance-97">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Global_status_of_metrication">Global status of metrication</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Metrication&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Global status of metrication">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Status_by_country/region">Status by country/region</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Metrication&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Status by country/region">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Metric_and_imperial_systems_(2019).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Metric_and_imperial_systems_%282019%29.svg/750px-Metric_and_imperial_systems_%282019%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="750" height="381" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Metric_and_imperial_systems_%282019%29.svg/1125px-Metric_and_imperial_systems_%282019%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Metric_and_imperial_systems_%282019%29.svg/1500px-Metric_and_imperial_systems_%282019%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1398" /></a><figcaption>Countries by their dominant system of measurement (<a href="/wiki/Metric_system" title="Metric system">metric</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imperial_units" title="Imperial units">imperial</a>, and <a href="/wiki/US_customary" class="mw-redirect" title="US customary">US customary</a>) as of 2023 (based on popular and official usage)</figcaption></figure> Links in the country/region point to articles about metrication in that country/region.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"> <caption>Overview of global metrication </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Year official metrication process started<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> </th> <th scope="col">Country/Region </th> <th scope="col" width="180">Previous system of measure </th> <th scope="col" class="unsortable">Current official status of metrication </th></tr> <tr> <td>1795 </td> <th scope="row">France </th> <td><a href="/wiki/French_units_of_measurement" title="French units of measurement">French</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#CEE6F2" data-sort-value="1blue">Metric </td></tr> <tr> <td>1814 </td> <th scope="row">Portugal<a href="#cite_note-102">[Note 1]</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_customary_units" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese customary units">Portuguese</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#CEE6F2" data-sort-value="1blue">Metric </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1820 </td> <th scope="row">Belgium </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Belgian_units_of_measurement" title="Belgian units of measurement">Belgian</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#CEE6F2" data-sort-value="1blue">Metric </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Netherlands </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Dutch_units_of_measurement" title="Dutch units of measurement">Dutch</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#CEE6F2" data-sort-value="1blue">Metric </td></tr> <tr> <td>1843 </td> <th scope="row">Algeria </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Algerian_units_of_measurement" title="Algerian units of measurement">Algerian</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#CEE6F2" data-sort-value="1blue">Metric </td></tr> <tr> <td>1848 </td> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Metrication_in_Chile" title="Metrication in Chile">Chile</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Chilean_units_of_measurement" title="Chilean units of measurement">Chilean (variants of Spanish)</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#CEE6F2" data-sort-value="1blue">Metric </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1852<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> </td> <th scope="row">Mexico </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Mexican_units_of_measurement" title="Mexican units of measurement">Mexican (variants of Spanish)</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#CEE6F2" data-sort-value="1blue">Metric, (some national and regional units are still in use and some <a href="/wiki/United_States_customary_units" title="United States customary units">United States customary units</a> also in use in some industries) </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Spain </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Spanish_customary_units" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish customary units">Spanish</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#CEE6F2" data-sort-value="1blue">Metric </td></tr> <tr> <td>1860<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> 1906<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> </td> <th scope="row">Philippines </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Philippine_units_of_measurement" title="Philippine units of measurement">Philippine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_customary_units" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish customary units">Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_customary_units" title="United States customary units">US customary</a> and local) </td> <td bgcolor="#CEE6F2" data-sort-value="1blue">Mainly Metric. The Philippines first adopted the metric system in 1860 because of the Spanish Colonial government; imperial units were introduced by the American Colonial government; however, the metric system was made the official system of measurement in 1906 through Act No. 1519, s. 1906. US customary units still in use for body measurements and small products while the metric system is used for larger measurements; e.g. floor area, highway length, tonnage. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1861 </td> <th scope="row">Italy </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Italian_units_of_measurement" title="Italian units of measurement">Italian</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#CEE6F2" data-sort-value="1blue">Metric </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1862<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> </td> <th scope="row">Brazil </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_units_of_measurement" title="Brazilian units of measurement">Brazilian (variants of Portuguese)</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#CEE6F2" data-sort-value="1blue">Metric, but some non-metric units are used for specific areas: rural land – <a href="/wiki/Alqueire" title="Alqueire">alqueire</a>; cattle weight – <a href="/wiki/Arroba" title="Arroba">arroba</a>; screen sizes – polegada; tyre pressure – libra-força por polegada quadrada, but referred by its English abbreviation: psi. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Metrication_in_Peru" title="Metrication in Peru">Peru</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_units_of_measurement" title="Peruvian units of measurement">Peruvian (variants of Spanish)</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#CEE6F2" data-sort-value="1blue">Mainly Metric </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1863 </td> <th scope="row">Uruguay </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_units_of_measurement" title="Uruguayan units of measurement">Uruguayan (variants of Spanish)</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#CEE6F2" data-sort-value="1blue">Metric </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Argentina </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Argentine_units_of_measurement" title="Argentine units of measurement">Argentine (variants of Spanish)</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#CEE6F2" data-sort-value="1blue">Metric </td></tr> <tr> <td>1864 </td> <th scope="row">Romania </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Romanian_units_of_measurement" title="Romanian units of measurement">Romanian</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#CEE6F2" data-sort-value="1blue">Metric </td></tr> <tr> <td>1868 </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Germany"><a href="/wiki/North_German_Confederation" title="North German Confederation">North German Confederation</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/German_units_of_measurement" title="German units of measurement">German</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#CEE6F2" data-sort-value="1blue">Metric </td></tr> <tr> <td>1869 </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Germany"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Germany" title="Southern Germany">South German states</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/German_units_of_measurement" title="German units of measurement">German</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#CEE6F2" data-sort-value="1blue">Metric </td></tr> <tr> <td>1871 </td> <th scope="row">Austria </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Obsolete_Austrian_units_of_measurement" title="Obsolete Austrian units of measurement">Austrian</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#CEE6F2" data-sort-value="1blue">Metric </td></tr> <tr> <td>1872<a href="#cite_note-107">[Note 2]</a> </td> <th scope="row">Germany </th> <td><a href="/wiki/German_units_of_measurement" title="German units of measurement">German</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#CEE6F2" data-sort-value="1blue">Metric </td></tr> <tr> <td>1873<a href="#cite_note-108">[106]</a> </td> <th scope="row">Serbia </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Obsolete_Serbian_units_of_measurement" title="Obsolete Serbian units of measurement">Serbian</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#CEE6F2" data-sort-value="1blue">Metric </td></tr> <tr> <td>1874 </td> <th scope="row">Hungary </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_units_of_measurement" title="Hungarian units of measurement">Hungarian</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#CEE6F2" data-sort-value="1blue">Metric </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1875 </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Turkey">Ottoman Empire/Turkey </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_units_of_measurement" title="Ottoman units of measurement">Ottoman</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#CEE6F2" data-sort-value="1blue">Metric </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Norway<a href="#cite_note-109">[107]</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_units_of_measurement" title="Norwegian units of measurement">Norwegian</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#CEE6F2" data-sort-value="1blue">Metric </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1876 </td> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Metrication_in_Sweden" title="Metrication in Sweden">Sweden</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Swedish_units_of_measurement" title="Swedish units of measurement">Swedish</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#CEE6F2" data-sort-value="1blue">Metric, the previous unit of length <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_mile" title="Scandinavian mile">mil</a>, redefined in 1876 as 10 km, is however still in everyday use e.g. fuel consumption for motor vehicles is always given as "litre per mil", both in everyday speech and in advertising; the mil is even still used in legal texts, despite officially not being a legal unit of length. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Switzerland </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Swiss_units_of_measurement" title="Swiss units of measurement">Swiss</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#CEE6F2" data-sort-value="1blue">Metric </td></tr> <tr> <td>1878 </td> <th scope="row">Mauritius </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Mauritian_units_of_measurement" title="Mauritian units of measurement">Mauritian (English, French)</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#CEE6F2" data-sort-value="1blue">Metric </td></tr> <tr> <td>1886 </td> <th scope="row">Finland<a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Finnish_units_of_measurement" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish units of measurement">Finnish</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#CEE6F2" data-sort-value="1blue">Metric </td></tr> <tr> <td>1895 </td> <th scope="row">Tunisia </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_units_of_measurement" title="Tunisian units of measurement">Tunisian (Arabic, Turc)</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#CEE6F2" data-sort-value="1blue">Metric </td></tr> <tr> <td>1897 </td> <th scope="row">Madagascar </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Malagasy_units_of_measurement" title="Malagasy units of measurement">Malagasy</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#CEE6F2" data-sort-value="1blue">Metric </td></tr> <tr> <td>1899 </td> <th scope="row">Paraguay </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_units_of_measurement" title="Paraguayan units of measurement">Paraguayan (variants of Spanish)</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#CEE6F2" data-sort-value="1blue">Metric </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1907 </td> <th scope="row">Denmark<a href="#cite_note-CGPM-4-82-111">[109]</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Danish_units_of_measurement" title="Danish units of measurement">Danish</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#CEE6F2" data-sort-value="1blue">Metric </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Iceland<a href="#cite_note-CGPM-4-82-111">[109]</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_units_of_measurement" title="Icelandic units of measurement">Icelandic</a> / <a href="/wiki/Danish_units_of_measurement" title="Danish units of measurement">Danish</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#CEE6F2" data-sort-value="1blue">Metric </td></tr> <tr> <td>1908 </td> <th scope="row">Costa Rica </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rican_units_of_measurement" title="Costa Rican units of measurement">Costa Rican (variants of Spanish)</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#CEE6F2" data-sort-value="1blue">Metric </td></tr> <tr> <td>1912 </td> <th scope="row">Dominican Republic </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Spanish_customary_units" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish customary units">Spanish</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#CEE6F2" data-sort-value="1blue">Metric </td></tr> <tr> <td>1918 </td> <th scope="row">Russia<a href="#cite_note-SovNarkomDecree-112">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-SovietCalendar1920-113">[111]</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Obsolete_Russian_units_of_measurement" class="mw-redirect" title="Obsolete Russian units of measurement">Russian</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#CEE6F2" data-sort-value="1blue">Metric </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">1920 </td> <th scope="row">Poland<a href="#cite_note-CGPM-6-65-114">[112]</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Polish_units_of_measurement" title="Polish units of measurement">Polish</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#CEE6F2" data-sort-value="1blue">Metric </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Haiti<a href="#cite_note-CGPM-6-65-114">[112]</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Haitian_units_of_measurement" title="Haitian units of measurement">Haitian (variants of French)</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#CEE6F2" data-sort-value="1blue">Metric </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Greece<a href="#cite_note-CGPM-6-65-114">[112]</a> 1959<a href="#cite_note-115">[113]</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Greek_units_of_measurement" title="Greek units of measurement">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_units_of_measurement" title="Ancient Greek units of measurement">Ancient Greek</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#CEE6F2" data-sort-value="1blue">Metric </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">1923 </td> <th scope="row">Morocco<a href="#cite_note-CGPM-7-66-116">[114]</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_units_of_measurement" title="Moroccan units of measurement">Moroccan (Arabic, Turc)</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#CEE6F2" data-sort-value="1blue">Metric </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Iran<a href="#cite_note-CGPM-7-66-116">[114]</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Persian_units_of_measurement" title="Persian units of measurement">Persian</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#CEE6F2" data-sort-value="1blue">Metric </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Thailand<a href="#cite_note-117">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-CGPM-7-66-116">[114]</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Thai_units_of_measurement" title="Thai units of measurement">Thai</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#CEE6F2" data-sort-value="1blue">Metric </td></tr> <tr> <td>1924 </td> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Metrication_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Metrication of Japan">Japan</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-CGPM-6-65-114">[112]</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Japanese_units_of_measurement" title="Japanese units of measurement">Japanese</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#CEE6F2" data-sort-value="1blue">Metric, with continued informal use of the <a href="/wiki/G%C5%8D_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gō (unit)">gō</a> serving size, <a href="/wiki/Tsubo" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsubo">tsubo</a> for floorspace. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1925 </td> <th scope="row">China </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Chinese_units_of_measurement" title="Chinese units of measurement">Chinese</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#CEE6F2" data-sort-value="1blue">Metric. Wet markets continue to use jin (<a href="/wiki/Catty" title="Catty">catty</a>) and liang for weight, land area is still given in <a href="/wiki/Mu_(area)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu (area)">mu</a>, and other traditional units (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Chi_(unit)" title="Chi (unit)">chi</a> for length) continue to be used informally in everyday language. The People's Republic of China has defined these units so that conversion factors to SI are simple fractions or whole numbers. (See the article on <a href="/wiki/Chinese_units_of_measurement" title="Chinese units of measurement">Chinese units of measurement</a> for differences in definitions between the PRC, ROC, and other Sinosphere countries and regions.) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1926 </td> <th scope="row">Afghanistan<a href="#cite_note-CGPM-7-66-116">[114]</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Afghan_units_of_measurement" title="Afghan units of measurement">Afghan (Persian, Arab, Indian)</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#CEE6F2" data-sort-value="1blue">Metric </td></tr> <tr> <td>1929 </td> <th scope="row">Estonia </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Estonian_units_of_measurement" title="Estonian units of measurement">Estonian</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#CEE6F2" data-sort-value="1blue">Metric </td></tr> <tr> <td>1946 </td> <th scope="row">Indonesia </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_units_of_measurement" title="Indonesian units of measurement">Indonesian</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#CEE6F2" data-sort-value="1blue">Metric, however AC units are still measured and advertised in horsepower.<a href="#cite_note-120">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[119]</a> Informally, floorspace or rural/agrarian land measured differently in each local regions (Sundanese regions tend to use "bata/tumbak", Javanese regions use "ubin/rakit/kesuk/bahu/ru", "rante" in Malay regions, "borong/anggar" in West Kalimantan, "ubin/iring/lupit/tampah" in other regions, etc.). </td></tr> <tr> <td>1948 </td> <th scope="row">Israel </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_units_of_measurement" title="Ottoman units of measurement">Ottoman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biblical_and_Talmudic_units_of_measurement" title="Biblical and Talmudic units of measurement">Biblical and Talmudic</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#CEE6F2" data-sort-value="1blue">Metric </td></tr> <tr> <td>1950 </td> <th scope="row">Somalia </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Somali_units_of_measurement" title="Somali units of measurement">Somali</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#CEE6F2" data-sort-value="1blue">Metric </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1954 </td> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Metrication_in_India" title="Metrication in India">India</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Indian_units_of_measurement" title="Indian units of measurement">Indian</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#CEE6F2" data-sort-value="1blue">Metric </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Sudan </th> <td>Sudanese (various) </td> <td bgcolor="#CEE6F2" data-sort-value="1blue">Metric </td></tr> <tr> <td>1961 </td> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Metrication_of_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Metrication of South Korea">South Korea</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Korean_units" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean units">Korean</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#CEE6F2" data-sort-value="1blue">Metric, use of the <a href="/wiki/Pyeong" title="Pyeong">pyeong</a> of floorspace is still in use. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">1963 </td> <th scope="row">Ethiopia </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_units_of_measurement" title="Ethiopian units of measurement">Ethiopian</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#CEE6F2" data-sort-value="1blue">Metric </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Laos </th> <td>Laotian (various) </td> <td bgcolor="#CEE6F2" data-sort-value="1blue">Metric </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Vietnam </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_units_of_measurement" title="Vietnamese units of measurement">Vietnamese</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#CEE6F2" data-sort-value="1blue">Metric </td></tr> <tr> <td>1965 </td> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Metrication_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Metrication in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[Note 3]</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Imperial_units" title="Imperial units">Imperial</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#ECCEF2" data-sort-value="3purple">Metric and Imperial, The metric system is the legislated dominant system of measurement however, Imperial legislation remains for sales of some goods and speed and distance road signs. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1967 </td> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Metrication_in_Ireland" title="Metrication in Ireland">Ireland</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Irish_units_of_measurement" title="Irish units of measurement">Irish</a> then <a href="/wiki/Irish_measure" title="Irish measure">Irish measure</a> prior to 1824, and <a href="/wiki/Imperial_units" title="Imperial units">imperial</a>. </td> <td bgcolor="#CEE6F2" data-sort-value="1blue">Metric, however Draught <a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">beer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cider" title="Cider">cider</a> are required to be sold by <a href="/wiki/Imperial_pint" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial pint">imperial pint</a>; <a href="/wiki/Troy_ounce" class="mw-redirect" title="Troy ounce">troy ounce</a> for precious metals also legal.<a href="#cite_note-123">[120]</a> Floor area is still commonly advertised using square feet. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Pakistan </th> <td><a href="/wiki/History_of_measurement_systems_in_Pakistan" title="History of measurement systems in Pakistan">Pakistani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Imperial_units" title="Imperial units">imperial</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#CEE6F2" data-sort-value="1blue">Metric </td></tr> <tr> <td>1969 </td> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Metrication_in_New_Zealand" title="Metrication in New Zealand">New Zealand</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Imperial_units" title="Imperial units">Imperial</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#CEE6F2" data-sort-value="1blue">Metric </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1970 </td> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Metrication_in_Australia" title="Metrication in Australia">Australia</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Imperial_units" title="Imperial units">Imperial</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#CEE6F2" data-sort-value="1blue">Metric, (real estate, especially farmland, above a certain size is still frequently advertised in <a href="/wiki/Hectare" title="Hectare">hectares</a> or, somewhat less frequently, <a href="/wiki/Acre" title="Acre">acres</a>. Human weights were traditionally measured in <a href="/wiki/Stone_(weight)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stone (weight)">stones</a>, and this is still in occasional use by older generations; this however is rapidly dying out.) </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Metrication_in_Canada" title="Metrication in Canada">Canada</a><a href="#cite_note-Weights_and_Measures_Act_(R.S.C.,_1985,_c._W-6)-124">[121]</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Weights_and_Measures_Act_(Canada)" title="Weights and Measures Act (Canada)">Imperial</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#ECCEF2" data-sort-value="3purple">Metric and Imperial (body measurements are referred to in imperial units, and certain industries such as real estate, construction, and home appliances still use imperial measurements due to a high reliance on American manufacturing.) Metrication was halted in 1985.<a href="#cite_note-125">[122]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1971 </td> <th scope="row">Singapore<a href="#cite_note-126">[123]</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Malay_units_of_measurement" title="Malay units of measurement">Malay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Imperial_units" title="Imperial units">imperial</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#CEE6F2" data-sort-value="1blue">Metric, land and property areas are still at times measured with <a href="/wiki/Square_foot" title="Square foot">square foot</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hectare" title="Hectare">hectare</a>.) </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">South Africa<a href="#cite_note-127">[Note 4]</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/South_African_units_of_measurement" title="South African units of measurement">South African</a> and <a href="/wiki/Imperial_units" title="Imperial units">imperial</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#CEE6F2" data-sort-value="1blue">Metric </td></tr> <tr> <td>1972 </td> <th scope="row">Malaysia </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Malay_units_of_measurement" title="Malay units of measurement">Malay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Imperial_units" title="Imperial units">imperial</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#CEE6F2" data-sort-value="1blue">Metric, with some traditional <a href="/wiki/Wet_markets" class="mw-redirect" title="Wet markets">wet markets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pasar_pagi" title="Pasar pagi">pasar pagi</a> still using the <a href="/wiki/Malay_units_of_measurement" title="Malay units of measurement">Malay units</a>. <a href="/wiki/Imperial_units" title="Imperial units">Imperial units</a> are widely used such as size of the real estate are often denoted by square feet rather than square metres. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">1975 </td> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Metrication_in_the_United_States" title="Metrication in the United States">United States of America</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[Note 5]</a><a href="#cite_note-CIA_The_World_Factbook-129">[124]</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_customary_units" title="United States customary units">United States customary units</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#ECCEF2" data-sort-value="3purple">Metric and US customary System. The US customary system remains the dominant system of measurement. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Metrication_of_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Metrication of North Korea">North Korea</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[125]</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Korean_units" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean units">Korean</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#CEE6F2" data-sort-value="1blue">Metric, with formal continued use of <a href="/wiki/Korean_units" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean units">traditional units</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[127]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Ghana<a href="#cite_note-133">[128]</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Imperial_units" title="Imperial units">Imperial</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#CEE6F2" data-sort-value="1blue">Metric </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1976 </td> <th scope="row">Sri Lanka<a href="#cite_note-134">[129]</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_units_of_measurement" title="Sri Lankan units of measurement">Sri Lankan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Imperial_units" title="Imperial units">imperial</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#CEE6F2" data-sort-value="1blue">Metric<a href="#cite_note-135">[130]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_units_of_measurement" title="Hong Kong units of measurement">Hong Kong</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Imperial_units" title="Imperial units">Imperial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_units_of_measurement" title="Chinese units of measurement">Chinese</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#CEE6F2" data-sort-value="1blue">Metric is the legislated dominant system of measurement, however <a href="/wiki/Chinese_units_of_measurement" title="Chinese units of measurement">Chinese units</a> and <a href="/wiki/Imperial_units" title="Imperial units">imperial units</a> are still legal under Weights and Measures Ordinance. The usage of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_units_of_measurement" title="Chinese units of measurement">Chinese units</a> or <a href="/wiki/Imperial_units" title="Imperial units">imperial units</a> are still common on fresh food sales (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Wet_markets" class="mw-redirect" title="Wet markets">wet markets</a>), and real estates still use <a href="/wiki/Square_foot" title="Square foot">square foot</a> as area measurement unit. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1984 </td> <th scope="row">Taiwan </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_units_of_measurement" title="Taiwanese units of measurement">Taiwanese</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#CEE6F2" data-sort-value="1blue">Metric (traditional <a href="/wiki/Wet_markets" class="mw-redirect" title="Wet markets">wet markets</a> and real estate still use <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_units_of_measurement" title="Taiwanese units of measurement">Taiwanese units</a>.) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1992 </td> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_units_of_measurement#Macau" title="Chinese units of measurement">Macau</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Imperial_units" title="Imperial units">Imperial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_units_of_measurement" title="Chinese units of measurement">Chinese</a> (also <a href="/wiki/United_States_customary_units" title="United States customary units">United States customary units</a>) </td> <td bgcolor="#CEE6F2" data-sort-value="1blue">Metric </td></tr> <tr> <td>1998 </td> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Metrication_in_Jamaica" title="Metrication in Jamaica">Jamaica</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Imperial_units" title="Imperial units">Imperial</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#CEE6F2" data-sort-value="1blue">Metric, On 10 June 2015, the Jamaican government passed the Road Traffic Bill 2014, which formally repealed and replaced the Road Traffic Act and Regulations 1938. The act included updates to Jamaica's traffic laws along with the use of the metric system within regulatory descriptions. On 18 September 2015, the Jamaican government amended the Weights and Measure Act to include considerable fines to business owners who do not use the metric system. </td></tr> <tr> <td>2004 </td> <th scope="row">Trinidad and Tobago </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Imperial_units" title="Imperial units">Imperial</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#CEE6F2" data-sort-value="1blue">Metric, in 2004 Trinidad and Tobago passed legislation making the International System of Units shall be the primary system of measurement in Trinidad and Tobago in 2015. </td></tr> <tr> <td>2005 </td> <th scope="row">Saint Lucia </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Imperial_units" title="Imperial units">Imperial</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#CEE6F2" data-sort-value="1blue">Metric </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="9999">Indeterminate </td> <th scope="row">Liberia<a href="#cite_note-136">[Note 6]</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Imperial_units" title="Imperial units">United States customary units</a><a href="#cite_note-CIA_The_World_Factbook-129">[124]</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#ECCEF2" data-sort-value="3purple">Metric and Imperial. The Liberian government has begun transitioning from use of imperial units to the metric system. However, this change has been gradual, with government reports concurrently using both systems.<a href="#cite_note-137">[131]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="2013">2011<a href="#cite_note-138">[Note 7]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[132]</a> 2013<a href="#cite_note-140">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[134]</a> </td> <th scope="row">Myanmar </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Burmese_units_of_measurement" class="mw-redirect" title="Burmese units of measurement">Burmese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Imperial_units" title="Imperial units">imperial</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#ECCEF2" data-sort-value="3purple">Metric and Imperial,<a href="#cite_note-142">[135]</a> Announcement of full metrication in 2014, with technical assistance from the <a href="/wiki/Physikalisch-Technische_Bundesanstalt" title="Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt">German National Metrology Institute</a>.<a href="#cite_note-143">[136]</a> Distances and speed limits on road signs are shown in kilometres (per hour), and height clearance signs are shown in metres; fuel is measured and sold in litres; and meteorological data and weather reports are shown in degrees Celsius for temperatures, millimetres for precipitation and kilometres per hour for wind speed. </td></tr> <tr> <td>2015 </td> <th scope="row">Samoa </th> <td>Traditional units </td> <td bgcolor="#CEE6F2" data-sort-value="1blue">Metric, The Metrology Act 2015 mandates the use of metric/SI units in trade, with a transition period of one year.<a href="#cite_note-samoa-144">[137]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> Notes <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> Including <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese colonies</a>, most of them now independent countries. </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> Many German states, particularly those under French tutelage during the Napoleonic Wars (<a href="/wiki/Rheinbund" class="mw-redirect" title="Rheinbund">Rheinbund</a>) adopted the metre 1806–15. </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> Phased transition announced in 1965 </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> Including South-West Africa, now <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> The metric system was lawfully recognized and permitted for all purposes nationwide by the <a href="/wiki/Metric_Act_of_1866" title="Metric Act of 1866">Metric Act of 1866</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Metric_Conversion_Act" title="Metric Conversion Act">Metric Conversion Act</a>, which established a federal program to facilitate voluntary metrication, was passed in 1975. In 1988, the Metric Conversion Act was amended to officially recognize the SI as “the preferred system of weights and measures for United States trade and commerce”. </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> See also <a href="/wiki/Liberia#Measurement_system" title="Liberia">Liberia measurement system</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> In June 2011, the Myanmar government's Ministry of Commerce began discussing proposals to reform the measurement system in Myanmar and adopt the metric system used by most of its trading partners. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Methods_of_conversion">Methods of conversion</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Metrication&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Methods of conversion">edit</a>]</div> There are three common ways that nations convert from traditional measurement systems to the metric system. The first is the quick or "Big-Bang" route. The second way is to phase in units over time and progressively outlaw traditional units. This method, favoured by some <a href="/wiki/Industrial_nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial nation">industrial nations</a>, is slower and generally less complete. The third way is to redefine traditional units in metric terms. This has been used successfully where traditional units were ill-defined and had regional variations. The "Big-Bang" way is to simultaneously outlaw the use of <a href="/wiki/History_of_measurement" title="History of measurement">pre-metric</a> measurement, metricate, reissue all government publications and laws, and change education systems to metric. <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> was the first Commonwealth country to use this method of conversion. Its changeover lasted from 1 April 1960, when metric measurements became legal, to 1 April 1962, when all other systems were banned. The Indian model was extremely successful and was copied over much of the developing world. Two industrialized Commonwealth countries, Australia and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, also did a quick conversion to metric. The phase-in way is to pass a law permitting the use of metric units in parallel with traditional ones, followed by education of metric units, then progressively ban the use of the older measures. This has generally been a slow route to metric. The <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> permitted the use of metric measures in 1873, but the changeover was not completed in most Commonwealth countries other than India and Australia until the 1970s and 1980s when governments took an active role in metric conversion. In the United Kingdom and Canada, the process is still incomplete. Japan also followed this route and did not complete the changeover for 70 years. By law, loose goods sold with reference to units of quantity have to be weighed and sold using the metric system. In 2001, the EU directive <a href="/wiki/Units_of_Measure_Directive" class="mw-redirect" title="Units of Measure Directive">80/181/EEC</a> stated that supplementary units (imperial units alongside metric including labelling on packages) would become illegal from the beginning of 2010. In September 2007,<a href="#cite_note-EUGivesUp-15">[15]</a> a consultation process was started which resulted in the directive being modified to permit supplementary units to be used indefinitely. The third method is to redefine traditional units in terms of metric values. These redefined "quasi-metric" units often stay in use long after metrication is said to have been completed. Resistance to metrication in post-revolutionary France convinced Napoleon to revert to <a href="/wiki/Mesures_usuelles" title="Mesures usuelles">mesures usuelles</a> (usual measures), and, to some extent, the names remain throughout Europe. In 1814, Portugal adopted the metric system, but with the names of the units substituted by <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_customary_units" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese customary units">Portuguese traditional ones</a>. In this system, the basic units were the mão-travessa (hand) = 1 <a href="/wiki/Decimetre" title="Decimetre">decimetre</a> (10 mão-travessas = 1 vara (yard) = 1 metre), the <a href="/wiki/Canada_(volume)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada (volume)">canada</a> = 1 litre and the libra (pound) = 1 kilogram.<a href="#cite_note-Fatima-61">[61]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, 500 g is informally referred to as a pond (<a href="/wiki/Pound_(mass)" title="Pound (mass)">pound</a>) and 100 g as an ons (<a href="/wiki/Ounce" title="Ounce">ounce</a>), and in Germany and France, 500 g is informally referred to respectively as ein Pfund and une livre ("one pound").<a href="#cite_note-145">[138]</a> In Denmark, the re-defined pund (500 g) is occasionally used, particularly among older people and (older) fruit growers, since these were originally paid according to the number of pounds of fruit produced. In <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, a mil (<a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_mile" title="Scandinavian mile">Scandinavian mile</a>) is informally equal to 10 km, and this has continued to be the predominantly used unit in conversation when referring to geographical distances. In the 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> had a non-metric system completely based on metric terms (e.g. 1 Fuss (foot) = 30 cm, 1 Zoll (inch) = 3 cm, 1 Linie (line) = 3 mm). In China, the <a href="/wiki/Catty" title="Catty">jin</a> now has a value of 500 g and the <a href="/wiki/Tael" title="Tael">liang</a> is 50 g. Surveys are performed by various interest groups or the government to determine the degree to which ordinary people change to using metric in their daily lives. In countries that have recently changed, older segments of the population tend still to use the older units.<a href="#cite_note-146">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Industries_and_countries_resistant_to_metrication">Industries and countries resistant to metrication</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Metrication&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Industries and countries resistant to metrication">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1_oz_of_fine_gold.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/1_oz_of_fine_gold.jpg/170px-1_oz_of_fine_gold.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/1_oz_of_fine_gold.jpg/255px-1_oz_of_fine_gold.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/1_oz_of_fine_gold.jpg/340px-1_oz_of_fine_gold.jpg 2x" data-file-width="463" data-file-height="617" /></a><figcaption>Precious metals, such as gold, are often measured in troy ounces.</figcaption></figure> As of 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Metrication&action=edit">[update]</a>, the metric system predominates in most of the world, however specific industries are more resistant to metrication. For example: <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manufacturing_and_engineering">Manufacturing and engineering</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Metrication&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Manufacturing and engineering">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Photograph and video cameras are standardised to mount to tripods using <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">1⁄4-20 and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">3⁄8-16 screws, which are dimensioned in inches, by ISO 1222:2010.<a href="#cite_note-147">[140]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thread_count" class="mw-redirect" title="Thread count">Thread count</a> is frequently measured in threads per inch.<a href="#cite_note-148">[141]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abrasive" title="Abrasive">Abrasives</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Sandpaper" title="Sandpaper">sandpaper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sharpening_stone" title="Sharpening stone">sharpening stones</a>, are commonly graded by grit, corresponding to the level of abrasiviness (<a href="/wiki/Mesh_(scale)" title="Mesh (scale)">mesh</a> size) per square inch.</li> <li>For <a href="/wiki/Food_energy" title="Food energy">food energy</a> the <a href="/wiki/Calorie" title="Calorie">calorie</a> is still commonly used.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Computers_and_televisions">Computers and televisions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Metrication&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Computers and televisions">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dots_per_inch" title="Dots per inch">Dots per inch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pixel_density" title="Pixel density">pixels per inch</a> are still used to describe graphical resolution with computers and printing.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areal_density_(computer_storage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Areal density (computer storage)">Data density</a> for <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_tape_data_storage" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic tape data storage">magnetic tape data storage</a> is measured in bits per inch for density and bits per square inch for area density.<a href="#cite_note-149">[142]</a></li> <li>Digital <a href="/wiki/Display_size" title="Display size">display sizes</a> are usually advertised diagonally, using inches, along with centimetres supplementarily.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_paper" title="Photographic paper">Photographic paper</a> are still sold with imperial <a href="/wiki/Photo_print_sizes" title="Photo print sizes">print sizes</a> across the world in metric countries.<a href="#cite_note-150">[143]</a></li> <li>The dominant <a href="/wiki/Pin_header" title="Pin header">pin spacing</a> for electronic components is based on <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">1⁄10 in (2.54 mm).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consumer_goods">Consumer goods</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Metrication&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Consumer goods">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Surfboards are usually designed, constructed, and sold in feet and inches.<a href="#cite_note-151">[144]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoe_size" title="Shoe size">Shoes</a> are still sold by the <a href="/wiki/Barleycorn_(unit)" title="Barleycorn (unit)">barleycorn</a> in most English speaking countries, or the <a href="/wiki/Paris_point" title="Paris point">Paris Point</a> in Europe.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Fill_power" title="Fill power">fill power</a> of <a href="/wiki/Down_feather" title="Down feather">down feather</a> insulation is commonly expressed in "cubic inches per ounce".</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precious_metal" title="Precious metal">Precious metals</a> are often sold in troy ounces, even in mostly metric states.<a href="#cite_note-152">[145]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Land,_area_and_distances_on_the_ground">Land, area and distances on the ground</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Metrication&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Land, area and distances on the ground">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golf_course" title="Golf course">Golf courses</a> are measured in <a href="/wiki/Yard" title="Yard">yards</a> in the United States, Canada, Japan, South Korea, China, Thailand, the Philippines, Venezuela, Colombia, the Dominican Republic, Indonesia, Vietnam, and Cambodia. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, some golf courses are measured in yards while others are measured in metres.</li> <li>Office space and housing space is often sold and rented in <a href="/wiki/Square_foot" title="Square foot">square feet</a> in Hong Kong, Singapore, Malaysia, Canada and India, <a href="/wiki/Square_yard" title="Square yard">square yards</a> in India, Pakistan and Bangladesh, and <a href="/wiki/Tsubo" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsubo">tsubo</a>/<a href="/wiki/Pyeong" title="Pyeong">pyeong</a>/"<a href="/wiki/Pyeong#Ping" title="Pyeong">ping</a>" in Japan, Korea, and Taiwan.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Road_and_rail_transportation">Road and rail transportation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Metrication&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Road and rail transportation">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Road signs for distance and speed limit are still displayed in yards, miles and <a href="/wiki/Miles_per_hour" title="Miles per hour">miles per hour</a> in the United States, United Kingdom, and multiple Caribbean states.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyre_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyre pressure">Tyre pressure</a> is commonly measured in <a href="/wiki/Pound-force_per_square_inch" class="mw-redirect" title="Pound-force per square inch">pounds per square inch</a> in multiple countries, including Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, India, Ireland, Mexico, Peru, the United Kingdom, and the United States.</li> <li>Car and bicycle rim diameters are still usually set as whole inch measurements, and tyre widths are measured in millimetres.</li> <li>Engine power is usually measured in <a href="/wiki/Horsepower" title="Horsepower">horsepower</a> in most former <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">USSR</a> countries and German-speaking countries (this is <a href="/wiki/Horsepower#PS" title="Horsepower">metric horsepower</a> rather than mechanical horsepower), although in the EU from 2010 the horsepower is permitted only as a supplementary unit.<a href="#cite_note-153">[146]</a></li> <li>Imperial <a href="/wiki/Gallon" title="Gallon">gallons</a> are still used for the sale of fuel in four British Overseas Territories (Anguilla, the British Virgin Islands, the Cayman Islands, and Montserrat) and six states: Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Grenada, Saint Christopher and Nevis, Saint Lucia, and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.</li> <li>United States <a href="/wiki/Gallon" title="Gallon">gallons</a> are used in the United States and its territories (except for Puerto Rico, which has used litres since 1980), the Bahamas, Belize, Colombia, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Liberia, Peru, and the Turks and Caicos Islands.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air_and_sea_transportation">Air and sea transportation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Metrication&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Air and sea transportation">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this section may not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject. You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Metrication&action=edit">improve this section</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Metrication" title="Talk:Metrication">talk page</a>, or create a new section, as appropriate. (September 2008) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Air and sea transportation commonly use the <a href="/wiki/Nautical_mile" title="Nautical mile">nautical mile</a>. This is about one <a href="/wiki/Minute_of_arc" class="mw-redirect" title="Minute of arc">minute of arc</a> of <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitude</a> along any <a href="/wiki/Meridian_arc" title="Meridian arc">meridian arc</a> and it is precisely defined as 1 852 metres (about 1.151 <a href="/wiki/Mile" title="Mile">miles</a>). It is not an <a href="/wiki/International_System_of_Units" title="International System of Units">SI</a> unit. The prime unit of <a href="/wiki/Speed" title="Speed">speed</a> or <a href="/wiki/Velocity" title="Velocity">velocity</a> for maritime and air navigation remains the <a href="/wiki/Knot_(unit)" title="Knot (unit)">knot</a> (nautical mile per hour). The prime unit of measure for aviation (altitude, or <a href="/wiki/Flight_level" title="Flight level">flight level</a>) is usually estimated based on air pressure values, and in many countries, it is still described in nominal feet, although many others employ nominal metres. The policies of the <a href="/wiki/International_Civil_Aviation_Organization" title="International Civil Aviation Organization">International Civil Aviation Organization</a> (ICAO) relating to measurement are: <ul><li>there should be a single system of units throughout the world</li> <li>the single system should be the SI</li> <li>the use of the foot for altitude is a permitted variation.</li></ul> Consistent with ICAO policy, aviation has undergone a significant amount of metrication over the years. For example, runway lengths are usually given in metres. The United States metricated the data interchange format (<a href="/wiki/METAR" title="METAR">METAR</a>) for temperature reports in 1996, and since indicates temperature in <a href="/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius">Celsius</a>.<a href="#cite_note-154">[147]</a> Metrication is also gradually taking place in cargo mass and dimensions and in fuel volume and mass. In former Soviet countries and China, the metric system is used in aviation (whereby in Russia altitudes above the <a href="/wiki/Transition_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Transition level">transition level</a> are given in feet).<a href="#cite_note-155">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[149]</a> Sailplanes use the metric system in many European countries. In 1975, the assembly of the <a href="/wiki/International_Maritime_Organization" title="International Maritime Organization">International Maritime Organization</a> (IMO) decided that future conventions of the <a href="/wiki/SOLAS_Convention" title="SOLAS Convention">International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea</a> (SOLAS) and other future IMO instruments should use SI units only.<a href="#cite_note-157">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legacy_of_previous_units">Legacy of previous units</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Metrication&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Legacy of previous units">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>In Australia, pints are still used for beer (redefined to 570 ml (see <a href="/wiki/Australian_beer#Beer_glasses" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian beer">Australian beer glasses</a>)).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonald%27s" title="McDonald's">McDonald's</a> sells <a href="/wiki/Quarter_Pounder" title="Quarter Pounder">Quarter Pounders</a> under their original name in all English-speaking countries despite metrication. In the Netherlands and Finland, it is known as a Quarter Pounder Cheese while Sweden also refers to it as QP Cheese. In <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, it is called a Quart de livre. In Latin America and Spain, it is called Cuarto de Libra con Queso. In Taiwan, it is known as the four-ounce beef burger.</li> <li>Inch-based spare parts are occasionally kept to service American and pre-1950s machines, but screws are changed to <a href="/wiki/Metric_thread" class="mw-redirect" title="Metric thread">metric thread</a> at maintenance.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Plumbing" title="Plumbing">plumbing</a>, some pipes and pipe threads are still designated in inch sizes due to historic international acceptance of particular sequences of pipe sizes and pipe threads, such as <a href="/wiki/British_Standard_Pipe" title="British Standard Pipe">BSP/ISO 7/EN 10226</a> threads.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Metric_length_shower_hose_with_imperial_fittings.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Metric_length_shower_hose_with_imperial_fittings.jpg/170px-Metric_length_shower_hose_with_imperial_fittings.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Metric_length_shower_hose_with_imperial_fittings.jpg/255px-Metric_length_shower_hose_with_imperial_fittings.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Metric_length_shower_hose_with_imperial_fittings.jpg/340px-Metric_length_shower_hose_with_imperial_fittings.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3115" data-file-height="3386" /></a><figcaption>A shower hose sold in Germany with metric length (150 cm) and imperial (1/2 in) fittings</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Metrication&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: United Kingdom">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Metrication_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Metrication in the United Kingdom">Metrication in the United Kingdom</a></div> In the United Kingdom, some of the population continues to resist metrication to varying degrees. The traditional imperial measures are preferred by a majority and continue to have widespread use in some applications.<a href="#cite_note-158">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[152]</a> The metric system is used by most businesses,<a href="#cite_note-160">[153]</a> and is used for most trade transactions. Metric units must be used for certain trading activities (selling by weight or measure for example), although imperial units may continue to be displayed in parallel.<a href="#cite_note-bl-161">[154]</a> British law has enacted the provisions of <a href="/wiki/European_units_of_measurement_directives" title="European units of measurement directives">European Union directive 80/181/EEC</a>, which catalogues the units of measure that may be used for "economic, public health, public safety and administrative purposes".<a href="#cite_note-162">[155]</a> These units consist of the recommendations of the <a href="/wiki/General_Conference_on_Weights_and_Measures" title="General Conference on Weights and Measures">General Conference on Weights and Measures</a>,<a href="#cite_note-SIBrochure-77">[77]</a> supplemented by some additional units of measure that may be used for specified purposes.<a href="#cite_note-163">[156]</a> Metric units could be legally used for trading purposes for nearly a century before <a href="/wiki/Metrication_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Metrication in the United Kingdom">metrication efforts</a> began in earnest. The government had been making preparations for the conversion of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial unit">imperial unit</a> since the 1862 Select Committee on Weights and Measures recommended the conversion<a href="#cite_note-164">[157]</a> and the Weights and Measures Act of 1864 and the Weights and Measures (Metric System) Act of 1896 legalised the metric system.<a href="#cite_note-165">[158]</a> In 1965, with lobbying from British industries and the prospects of joining the <a href="/wiki/European_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="European Community">Common Market</a>, the government set a 10-year target for full conversion, and created the <a href="/wiki/Metrication_Board" title="Metrication Board">Metrication Board</a> in 1969. Metrication occurred in some areas during this time period, including the re-surveying of <a href="/wiki/Ordnance_Survey" title="Ordnance Survey">Ordnance Survey</a> maps in 1970, <a href="/wiki/Decimalisation" title="Decimalisation">decimalisation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">currency</a> in 1971, and teaching the metric system in schools. No plans were made to make the use of the metric system compulsory, and the Metrication Board was abolished in 1980 following a <a href="/wiki/1979_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1979 United Kingdom general election">change in government</a>.<a href="#cite_note-166">[159]</a> The United Kingdom avoided having to comply with the 1989 European Units of Measurement Directive (89/617/EEC), which required all member states to make the metric system compulsory, by negotiating <a href="/wiki/Derogation" title="Derogation">derogations</a> (delayed switchovers), including for miles on road signs and for pints for draught beer, cider, and milk sales.<a href="#cite_note-167">[160]</a> Immediately following the United Kingdom's <a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">vote to withdraw from the European Union</a>, it was reported that some retailers requested to revert to imperial units, with some reverting without permission. A poll following the 2016 vote also found that 45% of Britons sought to revert to selling produce in imperial units.<a href="#cite_note-168">[161]</a> The UK government started a consultation on 3 June 2022 on the choice of units of measurement markings.<a href="#cite_note-169">[162]</a> Imperial units remain in common everyday use for human body measurements, in particular <a href="/wiki/Stone_(unit)" title="Stone (unit)">stones</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pound_(mass)" title="Pound (mass)">pounds</a> for weight, and <a href="/wiki/Foot_(unit)" title="Foot (unit)">feet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inch" title="Inch">inches</a> for height. Fuel economy is often advertised in miles per imperial gallon, which may lead to some confusion for users of US gallons for American manufactured cars.<a href="#cite_note-170">[163]</a> Heating, air conditioning, and gas cooking appliances occasionally display power in British thermal units per hour (BTU/h).<a href="#cite_note-171">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Metrication&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Metrication_in_the_United_States" title="Metrication in the United States">Metrication in the United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Measuring_cup.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Measuring_cup.jpg/220px-Measuring_cup.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Measuring_cup.jpg/330px-Measuring_cup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Measuring_cup.jpg/440px-Measuring_cup.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="452" /></a><figcaption>A measuring cup, manufactured and sold in the United States (circa 1980), features graduations in both metric and US customary systems. Held in the right hand, a person would have the metric graduations in front, facing them; but they might hold it in their left hand, and read from the customary graduations.</figcaption></figure> Over time, the metric system has influenced the United States through international trade and standardisation. The use of the metric system was made legal as a system of measurement in 1866<a href="#cite_note-172">[165]</a> and the United States was a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/International_Bureau_of_Weights_and_Measures" title="International Bureau of Weights and Measures">International Bureau of Weights and Measures</a> in 1875.<a href="#cite_note-173">[166]</a> The system was officially adopted by the federal government in 1975 for use in the military and government agencies, and as preferred system for trade and commerce.<a href="#cite_note-174">[167]</a> Attempts in the 1990s to make it mandatory for federal and state road signage to use metric units failed and it remains voluntary.<a href="#cite_note-175">[168]</a> A 1992 amendment to the <a href="/wiki/Fair_Packaging_and_Labeling_Act" title="Fair Packaging and Labeling Act">Fair Packaging and Labeling Act (FPLA)</a>, which took effect in 1994, required labels on federally regulated "consumer commodities"<a href="#cite_note-176">[169]</a> to include both <a href="/wiki/SI" class="mw-redirect" title="SI">metric</a> and <a href="/wiki/US_customary_units" class="mw-redirect" title="US customary units">US customary units</a>. As of 2013, all but one US state (<a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>) have passed laws permitting metric-only labels for the products they regulate.<a href="#cite_note-177">[170]</a> After many years of informal or optional metrication, the American public and much of the private business and industry still use US customary units today.<a href="#cite_note-178">[171]</a> At least two states, Kentucky and California, have even moved towards demetrication of highway construction projects.<a href="#cite_note-179">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[174]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Metrication&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Canada">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Metrication_in_Canada" title="Metrication in Canada">Metrication in Canada</a></div> Canada legally allows for dual labelling of goods provided that the metric unit is listed first and that there is a distinction of whether a liquid measure is a US or a Canadian (imperial) unit.<a href="#cite_note-CanadaDuellabel-182">[175]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Belize">Belize</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Metrication&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Belize">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a>, which is a former British colony, uses both the metric and British imperial systems.<a href="#cite_note-183">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-Eltringham-184">[177]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mile" title="Mile">Miles</a> are the most commonly used unit for measuring distance,<a href="#cite_note-Lougheed-185">[178]</a> and gasoline is sold in <a href="/wiki/US_gallon" class="mw-redirect" title="US gallon">US gallons</a> (similar to neighboring countries in Central America). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Metrication_mishaps">Metrication mishaps</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Metrication&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Metrication mishaps">edit</a>]</div> Confusion over units during the process of metrication can sometimes lead to accidents. In 1983, an <a href="/wiki/Air_Canada" title="Air Canada">Air Canada</a> <a href="/wiki/Boeing_767" title="Boeing 767">Boeing 767</a>, nicknamed the "<a href="/wiki/Gimli_Glider" title="Gimli Glider">Gimli Glider</a>" following the incident, ran out of fuel in midflight. The incident was caused, in a large part, by the confusion over the conversion between litres, kilograms, and pounds, resulting in the aircraft receiving 22,300 pounds (10,100 kg) of fuel instead of the required 22,300 kilograms (49,200 lb).<a href="#cite_note-186">[179]</a> While not strictly an example of national metrication, the use of two different measurement systems was a contributing factor in the loss of the <a href="/wiki/Mars_Climate_Orbiter" title="Mars Climate Orbiter">Mars Climate Orbiter</a> in 1999. The <a href="/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="National Aeronautics and Space Administration">National Aeronautics and Space Administration</a> (NASA) specified metric units in the contract. NASA and other organisations worked in metric units, but one subcontractor, <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin" title="Lockheed Martin">Lockheed Martin</a>, provided thruster performance data to the team in <a href="/wiki/Pound_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Pound force">pound force</a>-seconds instead of <a href="/wiki/Newton_(unit)" title="Newton (unit)">newton</a>-seconds. The spacecraft was intended to orbit <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> at about 150 kilometres (93 mi) in altitude, but the incorrect data meant that it descended to about 57 kilometres (35 mi). As a result, it burned up in the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Mars" title="Atmosphere of Mars">Martian atmosphere</a>.<a href="#cite_note-187">[180]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Metrication&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_metric_system" title="History of the metric system">History of the metric system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metre_Convention" title="Metre Convention">Metre Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrication_opposition" title="Metrication opposition">Metrication opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_units" title="Conversion of units">Conversion of units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metric_engine_(American_expression)" class="mw-redirect" title="Metric engine (American expression)">Metric engine (American expression)</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_reform" title="Language reform">Language reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preferred_numbers" class="mw-redirect" title="Preferred numbers">Preferred numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_the_Latin_script" title="Spread of the Latin script">Spread of the Latin script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decimalisation" title="Decimalisation">Decimalisation</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Metrication&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-Metrication" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=Metrication">"Metrication"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Metrication&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3DMetrication&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetrication" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.) </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-2"><a href="#cite_ref-:9_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVera2012" class="citation thesis cs1">Vera, Hector (2012). The Social Life of Measures Metrication in the United States and Mexico, 1789–2004 (Thesis). p. 49, ch 2. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/924487292">924487292</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Social+Life+of+Measures+Metrication+in+the+United+States+and+Mexico%2C+1789%E2%80%932004&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Vera&rft.aufirst=Hector&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetrication" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vera2011-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vera2011_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vera2011_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVera2012" class="citation thesis cs1">Vera, Hector (2012). The Social Life of Measures Metrication in the United States and Mexico, 1789–2004 (Thesis). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/924487292">924487292</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Social+Life+of+Measures+Metrication+in+the+United+States+and+Mexico%2C+1789%E2%80%932004&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Vera&rft.aufirst=Hector&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetrication" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nist.gov/pml/owm/metric-si/us-metrication-frequently-asked-questions-faqs">"U.S. Metrication Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)"</a>. NIST. 28 August 2023. <q>In 1971, the National Bureau of Standards (NBS, now NIST) published the combined reports of the U.S. Metric Study, which also contained a map depicting a list of countries 'uncommitted' to mandatory metrication (Figure 2). The U.S. and other countries listed were described as 'Islands in a Metric World.' The flaw with this perspective was that the concept didn't recognize that the U.S. had been 'metric' since 1866, when the metric system was first legalized. A few years after the U.S. Metric Study was published, Congress passed the Metric Conversion Act adopting voluntary metrication that was signed into law by President Ford in 1975. Over time, various versions of the map/country list became integrated into even more metrication publications. The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Factbook is one of the often cited sources of the U.S./Liberia/Burma metric myth. The first unclassified version of the CIA Factbook was published around the same time the U.S. Metric Study. It's likely that the original list of 'uncommitted' countries was incorporated, then edited as countries adopted mandatory metric laws. Over the years, many web resources have quoted the CIA Factbook, perpetuating the metric myth and elevating the map to a pop culture meme. The U.S. metrication status is best described as a Metric Continuum.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NIST&rft.atitle=U.S.+Metrication+Frequently+Asked+Questions+%28FAQs%29&rft.date=2023-08-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nist.gov%2Fpml%2Fowm%2Fmetric-si%2Fus-metrication-frequently-asked-questions-faqs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetrication" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenham2020" class="citation journal cs1">Benham, Elizabeth (6 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nist.gov/blogs/taking-measure/busting-myths-about-metric-system">"Busting Myths about the Metric System"</a>. 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Retrieved 24 June 2024. <q>All commercial engagements are to use the metric units.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Metrology+%E2%80%93+Ministry+of+Commerce%2C+Industry+and+Labour&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mcil.gov.ws%2F%3Fpage_id%3D5087&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetrication" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tlo_20180525-7"><a href="#cite_ref-tlo_20180525_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDopoe2018" class="citation web cs1">Dopoe, Robin (25 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201109004653/https://www.liberianobserver.com/business/govt-pledges-commitment-to-adopt-metric-system/">"Gov't Pledges Commitment to Adopt Metric System"</a>. The Observer. Liberian Observer Corporation. 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Retrieved 22 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grand+dictionnaire+universel+du+XIXe+si%C3%A8cle+%3A+fran%C3%A7ais%2C+historique%2C+g%C3%A9ographique%2C+mythologique%2C+bibliographique....+T.+11+MEMO-O+%2F+par+M.+Pierre+Larousse&rft.pages=163&rft.date=1866%2F1877&rft.aulast=Larousse&rft.aufirst=Pierre+%281817-1875%29+Auteur+du+texte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k205363w&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetrication" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_20-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_20-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/articles/013754/2014-05-22/">"Système métrique"</a>. hls-dhs-dss.ch (in French). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210110034838/https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/articles/013754/2014-05-22/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2021. Retrieved 8 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hls-dhs-dss.ch&rft.atitle=Syst%C3%A8me+m%C3%A9trique&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhls-dhs-dss.ch%2Farticles%2F013754%2F2014-05-22%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetrication" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_21-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/articles/008258/2014-11-26/">"Cartographie"</a>. hls-dhs-dss.ch (in French). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210202081004/https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/articles/008258/2014-11-26/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2021. Retrieved 12 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hls-dhs-dss.ch&rft.atitle=Cartographie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhls-dhs-dss.ch%2Farticles%2F008258%2F2014-11-26%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetrication" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_22-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDufour1861" class="citation journal cs1">Dufour, G.-H. (1861). "Notice sur la carte de la Suisse dressée par l'État Major Fédéral". Le Globe. Revue genevoise de géographie. 2 (1): 5–22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fglobe.1861.7582">10.3406/globe.1861.7582</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Globe.+Revue+genevoise+de+g%C3%A9ographie&rft.atitle=Notice+sur+la+carte+de+la+Suisse+dress%C3%A9e+par+l%27%C3%89tat+Major+F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ral&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5-22&rft.date=1861&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fglobe.1861.7582&rft.aulast=Dufour&rft.aufirst=G.-H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetrication" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDurand1991" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Durand, Roger (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7-8LnQ9iF04C">Guillaume-Henri Dufour dans son Temps 1787-1875</a> (in French). Librairie Droz. p. 145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-600-05069-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-600-05069-2"><bdi>978-2-600-05069-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guillaume-Henri+Dufour+dans+son+Temps+1787-1875&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=Librairie+Droz&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-2-600-05069-2&rft.aulast=Durand&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7-8LnQ9iF04C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetrication" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/articles/023316/2010-11-02/">"Napoleon III"</a>. hls-dhs-dss.ch (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211214074352/https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/articles/023316/2010-11-02/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 December 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hls-dhs-dss.ch&rft.atitle=Napoleon+III.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhls-dhs-dss.ch%2Farticles%2F023316%2F2010-11-02%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetrication" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/fr/2019/07/dufour-le-cartographe/">"Henri Dufour et la carte de la Suisse"</a>. Musée national - Blog sur l'histoire suisse (in French). 14 July 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220108033346/https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/fr/2019/07/dufour-le-cartographe/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 January 2022. Retrieved 22 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mus%C3%A9e+national+-+Blog+sur+l%27histoire+suisse&rft.atitle=Henri+Dufour+et+la+carte+de+la+Suisse&rft.date=2019-07-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch%2Ffr%2F2019%2F07%2Fdufour-le-cartographe%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetrication" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuinn2012" class="citation book cs1">Quinn, T. J (2012). From artefacts to atoms: the BIPM and the search for ultimate measurement standards. Oxford University Press. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-990991-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-990991-9"><bdi>978-0-19-990991-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/861693071">861693071</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+artefacts+to+atoms%3A+the+BIPM+and+the+search+for+ultimate+measurement+standards&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F861693071&rft.isbn=978-0-19-990991-9&rft.aulast=Quinn&rft.aufirst=T.+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetrication" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYates1856" class="citation book cs1">Yates, James (1856). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=mAo_AAAAYAAJ">Narrative of the Origin and Formation of the International Association for Obtaining a Uniform Decimal System of Measures, Weights and Coins</a>. Bell and Daldy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211222125411/https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=mAo_AAAAYAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Narrative+of+the+Origin+and+Formation+of+the+International+Association+for+Obtaining+a+Uniform+Decimal+System+of+Measures%2C+Weights+and+Coins&rft.pub=Bell+and+Daldy&rft.date=1856&rft.aulast=Yates&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplay.google.com%2Fstore%2Fbooks%2Fdetails%3Fid%3DmAo_AAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetrication" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrenni1996" class="citation journal cs1">Brenni, Paolo (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unav.es/gep/TheBrunnersCartaParis.pdf">"19th Century French Scientific Instrument Makers - XI: The Brunners and Paul Gautier"</a> (PDF). Bulletin of the Scientific Instrument Society. 49: 3–5. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210918062512/https://www.unav.es/gep/TheBrunnersCartaParis.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 18 September 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2021 – via UNAV.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Scientific+Instrument+Society&rft.atitle=19th+Century+French+Scientific+Instrument+Makers+-+XI%3A+The+Brunners+and+Paul+Gautier&rft.volume=49&rft.pages=3-5&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Brenni&rft.aufirst=Paolo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unav.es%2Fgep%2FTheBrunnersCartaParis.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetrication" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAppell1925" class="citation journal cs1">Appell, Paul (1925). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://education.persee.fr/doc/revin_1775-6014_1925_num_79_1_7841">"Le centenaire du général Ibañez de Ibéro"</a>. Revue internationale de l'enseignement. 79 (1): 208–211. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211216072326/https://education.persee.fr/doc/revin_1775-6014_1925_num_79_1_7841">Archived</a> from the original on 16 December 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+internationale+de+l%27enseignement&rft.atitle=Le+centenaire+du+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral+Iba%C3%B1ez+de+Ib%C3%A9ro&rft.volume=79&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=208-211&rft.date=1925&rft.aulast=Appell&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feducation.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Frevin_1775-6014_1925_num_79_1_7841&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetrication" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTardi1934" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Tardi" title="Pierre Tardi">Tardi, Pierre</a> (1934). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3355272d">Traité de géodésie</a>. p. 25. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211218101406/https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3355272d">Archived</a> from the original on 18 December 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trait%C3%A9+de+g%C3%A9od%C3%A9sie&rft.pages=25&rft.date=1934&rft.aulast=Tardi&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k3355272d&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetrication" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZuerich" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Zuerich, ETH-Bibliothek. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210729085259/https://www.e-periodica.ch//digbib/view?pid=bsn-001:1877:11::853">"Procès-verbaux des séances de la commission géodésique suisse"</a>. E-Periodica (in French). pp. 14, 18. 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Retrieved 22 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=E-Periodica&rft.atitle=Proc%C3%A8s-verbaux+des+s%C3%A9ances+de+la+commission+g%C3%A9od%C3%A9sique+suisse&rft.pages=14%2C+18&rft.aulast=Zuerich&rft.aufirst=ETH-Bibliothek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-periodica.ch%2F%2Fdigbib%2Fview%3Fpid%3Dbsn-001%253A1877%253A11%253A%253A853&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetrication" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFtexte1864" class="citation book cs1">texte, Ismāʿīl-Afandī Muṣṭafá (1825-1901) Auteur du (1864). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k62478474">Recherche des coefficients de dilatation et étalonnage de l'appareil à mesurer les bases géodésiques appartenant au gouvernement égyptien / par Ismaïl-Effendi-Moustapha, ...</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211218101418/https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k62478474">Archived</a> from the original on 18 December 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recherche+des+coefficients+de+dilatation+et+%C3%A9talonnage+de+l%27appareil+%C3%A0+mesurer+les+bases+g%C3%A9od%C3%A9siques+appartenant+au+gouvernement+%C3%A9gyptien+%2F+par+Isma%C3%AFl-Effendi-Moustapha%2C+...&rft.date=1864&rft.aulast=texte&rft.aufirst=Ism%C4%81%CA%BF%C4%ABl-Afand%C4%AB+Mu%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%ADaf%C3%A1+%281825-1901%29+Auteur+du&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k62478474&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetrication" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uiwPAAAAQAAJ&q=Exp%C3%A9riences+faites+avec+l'appareil+%C3%A0+mesurer+les+bases+appertant+%C3%A0+la+commission+de+la+carte+d'Espagne">Expériences faites avec l'appareil à mesurer les bases appertant à la commission de la carte d'Espagne /: ouvrage publié par ordre de la reine</a> (in French). J. Dumaine. 1860.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exp%C3%A9riences+faites+avec+l%27appareil+%C3%A0+mesurer+les+bases+appertant+%C3%A0+la+commission+de+la+carte+d%27Espagne+%2F%3A+ouvrage+publi%C3%A9+par+ordre+de+la+reine&rft.pub=J.+Dumaine&rft.date=1860&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuiwPAAAAQAAJ%26q%3DExp%25C3%25A9riences%2Bfaites%2Bavec%2Bl%27appareil%2B%25C3%25A0%2Bmesurer%2Bles%2Bbases%2Bappertant%2B%25C3%25A0%2Bla%2Bcommission%2Bde%2Bla%2Bcarte%2Bd%27Espagne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetrication" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_34-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoler1997" class="citation journal cs1">Soler, T. (10 February 1997). "A profile of General Carlos Ibáñez e Ibáñez de Ibero: first president of the International Geodetic Association". Journal of Geodesy. 71 (3): 176–188. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997JGeod..71..176S">1997JGeod..71..176S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs001900050086">10.1007/s001900050086</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119447198">119447198</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geodesy&rft.atitle=A+profile+of+General+Carlos+Ib%C3%A1%C3%B1ez+e+Ib%C3%A1%C3%B1ez+de+Ibero%3A+first+president+of+the+International+Geodetic+Association&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=176-188&rft.date=1997-02-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A119447198%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs001900050086&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997JGeod..71..176S&rft.aulast=Soler&rft.aufirst=T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetrication" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuillaume1906" class="citation journal cs1">Guillaume, Ch.-Ed (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/2007289">"La mesure rapide des bases géodésiques"</a>. Journal de Physique Théorique et Appliquée. 5 (1): 242–263. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1051%2Fjphystap%3A019060050024200">10.1051/jphystap:019060050024200</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231006212819/https://zenodo.org/record/2007289">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2023. Retrieved 9 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+de+Physique+Th%C3%A9orique+et+Appliqu%C3%A9e&rft.atitle=La+mesure+rapide+des+bases+g%C3%A9od%C3%A9siques&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=242-263&rft.date=1906&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1051%2Fjphystap%3A019060050024200&rft.aulast=Guillaume&rft.aufirst=Ch.-Ed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F2007289&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetrication" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuillaume1916" class="citation journal cs1">Guillaume, Ed. (1916). "Le Systeme Metrique est-il en Peril?". L'Astronomie. 30: 242–249. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1916LAstr..30..242G">1916LAstr..30..242G</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=L%27Astronomie&rft.atitle=Le+Systeme+Metrique+est-il+en+Peril%3F&rft.volume=30&rft.pages=242-249&rft.date=1916&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1916LAstr..30..242G&rft.aulast=Guillaume&rft.aufirst=Ed.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetrication" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoucheronDelalandeMazelPotin2018" class="citation book cs1">Boucheron, Patrick; Delalande, Nicolas; Mazel, Florian; Potin, Yann; Singaravélou, Pierre (2018). Histoire mondiale de la France. Éditions Points. p. 694. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7578-7442-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7578-7442-4"><bdi>978-2-7578-7442-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1057452808">1057452808</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+mondiale+de+la+France&rft.pages=694&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Points&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1057452808&rft.isbn=978-2-7578-7442-4&rft.aulast=Boucheron&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft.au=Delalande%2C+Nicolas&rft.au=Mazel%2C+Florian&rft.au=Potin%2C+Yann&rft.au=Singarav%C3%A9lou%2C+Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetrication" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuinn2019" class="citation journal cs1">Quinn, Terry (May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fandp.201800355">"Wilhelm Foerster's Role in the Metre Convention of 1875 and in the Early Years of the International Committee for Weights and Measures"</a>. Annalen der Physik. 531 (5). <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019AnP...53100355Q">2019AnP...53100355Q</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fandp.201800355">10.1002/andp.201800355</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:125240402">125240402</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annalen+der+Physik&rft.atitle=Wilhelm+Foerster%27s+Role+in+the+Metre+Convention+of+1875+and+in+the+Early+Years+of+the+International+Committee+for+Weights+and+Measures&rft.volume=531&rft.issue=5&rft.date=2019-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A125240402%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fandp.201800355&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019AnP...53100355Q&rft.aulast=Quinn&rft.aufirst=Terry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1002%252Fandp.201800355&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetrication" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_39-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_39-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_39-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstl.1873.0014">"XIII. Results of the comparisons of the standards of length of England, Austria, Spain, United States, Cape of Good Hope, and of a second Russian standard, made at the Ordnance Survey Office, Southampton. With a preface and notes on the Greek and Egyptian measures of length by Sir Henry James"</a>. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 163: 445–469. 31 December 1873. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstl.1873.0014">10.1098/rstl.1873.0014</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London&rft.atitle=XIII.+Results+of+the+comparisons+of+the+standards+of+length+of+England%2C+Austria%2C+Spain%2C+United+States%2C+Cape+of+Good+Hope%2C+and+of+a+second+Russian+standard%2C+made+at+the+Ordnance+Survey+Office%2C+Southampton.+With+a+preface+and+notes+on+the+Greek+and+Egyptian+measures+of+length+by+Sir+Henry+James&rft.volume=163&rft.pages=445-469&rft.date=1873-12-31&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstl.1873.0014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1098%252Frstl.1873.0014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetrication" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_40-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_40-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHassler1825" class="citation book cs1">Hassler, Ferdinand Rudolf (1825). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4482470">Transactions of the American Philosophical Society</a>. Vol. 2. p. 252. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230408175517/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4482470">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transactions+of+the+American+Philosophical+Society&rft.pages=252&rft.date=1825&rft.aulast=Hassler&rft.aufirst=Ferdinand+Rudolf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fpage%2F4482470&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetrication" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFtexte1864" class="citation book cs1">texte, Ismāʿīl-Afandī Muṣṭafá (1825-1901) Auteur du (1864). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k62478474">Recherche des coefficients de dilatation et étalonnage de l'appareil à mesurer les bases géodésiques appartenant au gouvernement égyptien / par Ismaïl-Effendi-Moustapha, ...</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recherche+des+coefficients+de+dilatation+et+%C3%A9talonnage+de+l%27appareil+%C3%A0+mesurer+les+bases+g%C3%A9od%C3%A9siques+appartenant+au+gouvernement+%C3%A9gyptien+%2F+par+Isma%C3%AFl-Effendi-Moustapha%2C+...&rft.date=1864&rft.aulast=texte&rft.aufirst=Ism%C4%81%CA%BF%C4%ABl-Afand%C4%AB+Mu%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%ADaf%C3%A1+%281825-1901%29+Auteur+du&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k62478474&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetrication" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/uploads/nominations/1187.pdf">"Nomination of the STRUVE GEODETIC ARC for inscription on the WORLD HERITAGE LIST"</a> (PDF). pp. 40, 143–144. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151019205752/https://whc.unesco.org/uploads/nominations/1187.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 19 October 2015. Retrieved 7 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Nomination+of+the+STRUVE+GEODETIC+ARC+for+inscription+on+the+WORLD+HERITAGE+LIST&rft.pages=40%2C+143-144&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fuploads%2Fnominations%2F1187.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetrication" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alder-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Alder_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alder_43-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlder2002" class="citation book cs1">Alder, Ken (2002). The Measure of all Things – The Seven-Year-Odyssey that Transformed the World. London: Abacus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-349-11507-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-349-11507-8"><bdi>978-0-349-11507-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Measure+of+all+Things+%E2%80%93+The+Seven-Year-Odyssey+that+Transformed+the+World&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Abacus&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-349-11507-8&rft.aulast=Alder&rft.aufirst=Ken&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetrication" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fevier-44"><a href="#cite_ref-Fevier_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenis_Février" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Denis Février. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.industrie.gouv.fr/metro/aquoisert/metre.htm">"Un historique du mètre"</a> (in French). Ministère de l'Economie, des Finances et de l'Industrie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110228185545/http://www.industrie.gouv.fr/metro/aquoisert/metre.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 28 February 2011. Retrieved 10 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Un+historique+du+m%C3%A8tre&rft.pub=%3Cspan+title%3D%22French-language+text%22%3E%3Ci+lang%3D%22fr%22%3EMinist%C3%A8re+de+l%27Economie%2C+des+Finances+et+de+l%27Industrie%3C%2Fi%3E%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3AArticles+containing+French-language+text&rft.au=Denis+F%C3%A9vrier&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.industrie.gouv.fr%2Fmetro%2Faquoisert%2Fmetre.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetrication" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-H&H-45"><a href="#cite_ref-H&H_45-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHallockWade1906" class="citation web cs1">Hallock, William; Wade, Herbert T (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/outlinesofevolut00halluoft/outlinesofevolut00halluoft_djvu.txt">"Outlines of the evolution of weights and measures and the metric system"</a>. London: The Macmillan Company. pp. 66–69.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Outlines+of+the+evolution+of+weights+and+measures+and+the+metric+system&rft.place=London&rft.pages=66-69&rft.pub=The+Macmillan+Company&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Hallock&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Wade%2C+Herbert+T&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Foutlinesofevolut00halluoft%2Foutlinesofevolut00halluoft_djvu.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetrication" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-histmet-46"><a href="#cite_ref-histmet_46-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110425025041/http://www.french-metrology.com/en/history/history-mesurement.asp">"History of measurement"</a>. Laboratoire national de métrologie et d'essais (LNE) (Métrologie française). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.french-metrology.com/en/history/history-mesurement.asp">the original</a> on 25 April 2011. Retrieved 6 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+measurement&rft.pub=Laboratoire+national+de+m%C3%A9trologie+et+d%27essais+%28LNE%29+%28M%C3%A9trologie+fran%C3%A7aise%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.french-metrology.com%2Fen%2Fhistory%2Fhistory-mesurement.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetrication" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-crease-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-crease_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-crease_47-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrease2011" class="citation book cs1">Crease, Robert P. (2011). World in the Balance: The Historical Quest for an Absolute System of Measurement. New York & London: W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 124 & 164. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-34354-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-34354-0"><bdi>978-0-393-34354-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+in+the+Balance%3A+The+Historical+Quest+for+an+Absolute+System+of+Measurement&rft.place=New+York+%26+London&rft.pages=124+%26+164&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-393-34354-0&rft.aulast=Crease&rft.aufirst=Robert+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetrication" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Crease (2011) refers to: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennelly1928" class="citation book cs1">Kennelly, Arthur E. (1928). Vestiges of Pre-metric Weights and Measures Persisting in Metric-system Europe, 1926–27. New York: Macmillan. p. vii.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vestiges+of+Pre-metric+Weights+and+Measures+Persisting+in+Metric-system+Europe%2C+1926%E2%80%9327&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=vii&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1928&rft.aulast=Kennelly&rft.aufirst=Arthur+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetrication" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Europa1842-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Europa1842_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Europa1842_49-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.fonline.de/fo0126//geschichte/groessen/mas1.htm">"Amtliche Maßeinheiten in Europa 1842"</a> [Official units of measure in Europe 1842] (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111014224232/http://home.fonline.de/fo0126//geschichte/groessen/mas1.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 14 October 2011. Retrieved 26 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Amtliche+Ma%C3%9Feinheiten+in+Europa+1842&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhome.fonline.de%2Ffo0126%2F%2Fgeschichte%2Fgroessen%2Fmas1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetrication" class="Z3988"> Text version of Malaisé's book. </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerdinand_Malaisé1842" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ferdinand Malaisé (1842). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.fonline.de/rs-ebs/geschichte/buch/titel.htm">Theoretisch-practischer Unterricht im Rechnen</a> [Theoretical and practical instruction in arithmetic] (in German). München. pp. 307–322. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111014221605/http://home.fonline.de/rs-ebs/geschichte/buch/titel.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 14 October 2011. Retrieved 26 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theoretisch-practischer+Unterricht+im+Rechnen&rft.place=M%C3%BCnchen&rft.pages=307-322&rft.date=1842&rft.au=Ferdinand+Malais%C3%A9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhome.fonline.de%2Frs-ebs%2Fgeschichte%2Fbuch%2Ftitel.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetrication" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeinrich_Grebenau1870" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Heinrich Grebenau (1870). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.digitalis.uni-koeln.de/Grebenau/grebenau_index.html">"Tabellen zur Umwandlung des bayerischen Masses und Gewichtes in metrisches Maß und Gewicht und umgekehrt"</a> [Conversion tables for converting between Bavarian units of measure and metric units] (in German). Munich. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110122043300/http://www.digitalis.uni-koeln.de/Grebenau/grebenau_index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2011. Retrieved 7 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tabellen+zur+Umwandlung+des+bayerischen+Masses+und+Gewichtes+in+metrisches+Ma%C3%9F+und+Gewicht+und+umgekehrt&rft.place=Munich&rft.date=1870&rft.au=Heinrich+Grebenau&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.digitalis.uni-koeln.de%2FGrebenau%2Fgrebenau_index.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetrication" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilke_Parras2006" class="citation thesis cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Silke Parras (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elib.tiho-hannover.de/dissertations/parrass_ss06.pdf">Der Marstall des Schlosses Anholt (16. bis 18. Jahrhundert) – Quellen und Materialien zur Geschichte der Pferdehaltung im Münsterland</a> [The stables of the castle Anholt (16th to 18th century) – sources and materials on the history of horses in Munster] (PDF) (Dr. med. vet thesis) (in German). Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover [Hannover veterinary university]. pp. 14–20. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719093650/http://elib.tiho-hannover.de/dissertations/parrass_ss06.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 7 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Der+Marstall+des+Schlosses+Anholt+%2816.+bis+18.+Jahrhundert%29+%E2%80%93+Quellen+und+Materialien+zur+Geschichte+der+Pferdehaltung+im+M%C3%BCnsterland&rft.degree=Dr.+med.+vet&rft.inst=Tier%C3%A4rztliche+Hochschule+Hannover+%5BHannover+veterinary+university%5D&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Silke+Parras&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felib.tiho-hannover.de%2Fdissertations%2Fparrass_ss06.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetrication" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zollmuseum-53"><a href="#cite_ref-Zollmuseum_53-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyer-Stoll2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Meyer-Stoll, Cornelia (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vnwuk-LpMGkC&q=zollpfund+30+lot+1854&pg=PA129">Die Mass-und Gewichtsreformen in Deutschland im 19. Jahrhundert unter besonderer Berucksichtigung der Rolle Carl August Steinheils und der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften</a> [The weights and measure reforms in Germany in the 19th century with special reference to Rolle Carl August and the Bavarian Academy of Sciences] (in German). Munich: Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften [Bavarian Academy of Sciences]. p. 129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7696-0124-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7696-0124-4"><bdi>978-3-7696-0124-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Mass-und+Gewichtsreformen+in+Deutschland+im+19.+Jahrhundert+unter+besonderer+Berucksichtigung+der+Rolle+Carl+August+Steinheils+und+der+Bayerischen+Akademie+der+Wissenschaften&rft.place=Munich&rft.pages=129&rft.pub=Bayerischen+Akademie+der+Wissenschaften+%5BBavarian+Academy+of+Sciences%5D&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3-7696-0124-4&rft.aulast=Meyer-Stoll&rft.aufirst=Cornelia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dvnwuk-LpMGkC%26q%3Dzollpfund%2B30%2Blot%2B1854%26pg%3DPA129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetrication" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231218170901/https://public-old.wmo.int/en/about-us/who-we-are/history-IMO">"History of IMO"</a>. World Meteorological Organization. 8 December 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://public-old.wmo.int/en/about-us/who-we-are/history-IMO">the original</a> on 18 December 2023. Retrieved 7 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Meteorological+Organization&rft.atitle=History+of+IMO&rft.date=2015-12-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublic-old.wmo.int%2Fen%2Fabout-us%2Fwho-we-are%2Fhistory-IMO&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetrication" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_55-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/articles/028982/2014-11-11/">"Wild, Heinrich"</a>. hls-dhs-dss.ch (in German). Retrieved 7 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hls-dhs-dss.ch&rft.atitle=Wild%2C+Heinrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhls-dhs-dss.ch%2Farticles%2F028982%2F2014-11-11%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetrication" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210124084245/https://www.bipm.org/utils/common/pdf/obituaries/1903_CIPM_CH%26RU_WILD-Heinrich.pdf">"Heinrich Von Wild (1833-1902) in Comlté International Des Poids Et Mesures. Procès-Verbaux Des Séances. Deuxième Série. Tome Ii. Session De 1903"</a> (PDF). BIPM. 1903. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bipm.org/utils/common/pdf/obituaries/1903_CIPM_CH&RU_WILD-Heinrich.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 24 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BIPM&rft.atitle=Heinrich+Von+Wild+%281833-1902%29+in+Comlt%C3%A9+International+Des+Poids+Et+Mesures.+Proc%C3%A8s-Verbaux+Des+S%C3%A9ances.+Deuxi%C3%A8me+S%C3%A9rie.+Tome+Ii.+Session+De+1903.&rft.date=1903&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bipm.org%2Futils%2Fcommon%2Fpdf%2Fobituaries%2F1903_CIPM_CH%26RU_WILD-Heinrich.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetrication" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PopularScience-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PopularScience_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PopularScience_57-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFW_Leconte_Stephens1904" class="citation journal cs1">W Leconte Stephens (March 1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IyUDAAAAMBAJ&q=The+Metric+System+-+Shall+it+be+compulsory&pg=PA394">"The Metric System – Shall it be compulsory?"</a>. 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Retrieved 17 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Global+and+the+Local%3AThe+History+of+Science+and+the+Cultural+Integration+of+Europe.+Proceedings+of+the+2nd+ICESHS&rft.atitle=The+first+applications+of+the+metric+system+in+Italy&rft.date=2006-09-06%2F2006-09-09&rft.au=Maria+Teresa+Borgato&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.2iceshs.cyfronet.pl%2F2ICESHS_Proceedings%2FChapter_16%2FR-8_Borgato.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetrication" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacob_de_Gelder1824" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jacob de Gelder (1824). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/allereerstegron00ramagoog">Allereerste Gronden der Cijferkunst</a> [Introduction to Numeracy] (in Dutch). 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T. 3 /, exécutée en 1792 et années suivantes, par MM. Méchain et Delambre, rédigée par M. Delambre,...</a> pp. 139, 228. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210109172924/https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1106055">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2021. 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Comptes Rendus Physique. 20 (1–2): 6–21. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019CRPhy..20....6D">2019CRPhy..20....6D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.crhy.2018.12.002">10.1016/j.crhy.2018.12.002</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comptes+Rendus+Physique&rft.atitle=Les+origines+du+syst%C3%A8me+m%C3%A9trique+en+France+et+la+Convention+du+m%C3%A8tre+de+1875%2C+qui+a+ouvert+la+voie+au+Syst%C3%A8me+international+d%27unit%C3%A9s+et+%C3%A0+sa+r%C3%A9vision+de+2018&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=6-21&rft.date=2019-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.crhy.2018.12.002&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019CRPhy..20....6D&rft.aulast=D%C3%A9barbat&rft.aufirst=Suzanne&rft.au=Quinn%2C+Terry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.crhy.2018.12.002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetrication" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHirsch1891" class="citation web cs1">Hirsch, Adolphe (1891). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201026082704/https://www.bipm.org/utils/common/pdf/obituaries/1891_CIPM_ES_IBANEZ-Don-Carlos.pdf">"Don Carlos IBANEZ (1825-1891)"</a> (PDF). 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Retrieved 22 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Comptes+rendus+des+s%C3%A9ances+de+la+quatri%C3%A8me+conf%C3%A9rence+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale+des+poids+et+mesures%2C+pages+82-83&rft.pub=BIPM&rft.date=1907&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bipm.org%2Futils%2Fcommon%2Fpdf%2FCGPM%2FCGPM4.pdf%23page%3D82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetrication" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SovNarkomDecree-112"><a href="#cite_ref-SovNarkomDecree_112-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">"Metric". <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A0%D0%A1%D0%A4%D0%A1%D0%A0" class="extiw" title="ru:Собрание узаконений РСФСР">ru:Собрание узаконений РСФСР</a> (in Russian) (66): 725. 1918.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%3Aru%3A%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%A0%D0%A1%D0%A4%D0%A1%D0%A0&rft.atitle=Metric&rft.issue=66&rft.pages=725&rft.date=1918&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetrication" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SovietCalendar1920-113"><a href="#cite_ref-SovietCalendar1920_113-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cjQkAQAAIAAJ&q=%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F%20%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0&pg=PA8"><bdi lang="ru">Настольный Советский Календарь</bdi></a> [Desk Soviet Calendar] (in Russian). 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.e-themis.gov.gr/Portal/files/volumes/temp/ΤΟΜΟΣ%205.doc">the original</a> (DOC) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 10 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=E-themis.gov.gr&rft.atitle=%CE%95%CE%9B%CE%9B%CE%97%CE%9D%CE%99%CE%9A%CE%97+%CE%94%CE%97%CE%9C%CE%9F%CE%9A%CE%A1%CE%91%CE%A4%CE%99%CE%91+%CE%A5%CE%A0%CE%9F%CE%A5%CE%A1%CE%93%CE%95%CE%99%CE%9F+%CE%95%CE%A3%CE%A9%CE%A4%CE%95%CE%A1%CE%99%CE%9A%CE%A9%CE%9D+%CE%A4%CE%9C%CE%97%CE%9C%CE%91+%CE%95%CE%9A%CE%94%CE%9F%CE%A3%CE%95%CE%A9%CE%9D+%CE%9A%CE%91%CE%99+%CE%93%CE%A1%CE%91%CE%9C%CE%9C%CE%91%CE%A4%CE%95%CE%99%CE%91%CE%9A%CE%97%CE%A3-%CE%9B%CE%9F%CE%93%CE%99%CE%A3%CE%A4%CE%99%CE%9A%CE%97%CE%A3+%CE%95%CE%9E%CE%A5%CE%A0%CE%97%CE%A1%CE%95%CE%A4%CE%97%CE%A3%CE%97%CE%A3+%3A+%CE%94%CE%99%CE%91%CE%A1%CE%9A%CE%97%CE%A3+%CE%9A%CE%A9%CE%94%CE%99%CE%9A%CE%91%CE%A3+%CE%9D%CE%9F%CE%9C%CE%9F%CE%98%CE%95%CE%A3%CE%99%CE%91%CE%A3+%3A+%CE%99%CE%94%CE%A1%CE%A5%CE%A4%CE%97%CE%A3+%E2%80%93+%CE%94%CE%A9%CE%A1%CE%97%CE%A4%CE%97%CE%A3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-themis.gov.gr%2FPortal%2Ffiles%2Fvolumes%2Ftemp%2F%CE%A4%CE%9F%CE%9C%CE%9F%CE%A3%25205.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetrication" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CGPM-7-66-116">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CGPM-7-66_116-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CGPM-7-66_116-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CGPM-7-66_116-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CGPM-7-66_116-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bipm.org/utils/common/pdf/CGPM/CGPM7.pdf#page=68">"Comptes rendus des séances de la septième conférence générale des poids et mesures, pages 66-69"</a> (PDF) (in French). <a href="/wiki/International_Bureau_of_Weights_and_Measures" title="International Bureau of Weights and Measures">BIPM</a>. 1927. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201204112012/https://www.bipm.org/utils/common/pdf/CGPM/CGPM7.pdf#page=68">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 4 December 2020. 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Retrieved 26 September 2011. <q>..."Weights and Measures Act, <a href="/wiki/Thai_solar_calendar#Buddhist_Era" title="Thai solar calendar">B.E.</a> 2466" [1923 A.D.] .... [superseded by ] "Weights and Measures Act, B.E. 2542" ... 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Retrieved 27 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=yougov.co.uk&rft.atitle=Metric+or+imperial%3A+what+measures+do+Britons+use%3F+%7C+YouGov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyougov.co.uk%2Fsociety%2Farticles%2F41755-metric-or-imperial-what-measures-do-britons-use%3Fredirect_from%3D%252Ftopics%252Fsociety%252Farticles-reports%252F2022%252F04%252F07%252Fmetric-or-imperial-what-measures-do-britons-use&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetrication" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFANSI" class="citation web cs1">ANSI, American National Standards Institute. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webstore.ansi.org/FindStandards.aspx?SearchString=ISO+1222:2010&SearchOption=0&PageNum=0&SearchTermsArray=null%7CISO+1222:2010%7Cnull">"Find Standards using keywords and publication number"</a>. ANSI Webstore. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170911071807/https://webstore.ansi.org/FindStandards.aspx?SearchString=ISO+1222%3a2010&SearchOption=0&PageNum=0&SearchTermsArray=null%7cISO+1222%3a2010%7cnull">Archived</a> from the original on 11 September 2017. Retrieved 10 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ANSI+Webstore&rft.atitle=Find+Standards+using+keywords+and+publication+number&rft.aulast=ANSI&rft.aufirst=American+National+Standards+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwebstore.ansi.org%2FFindStandards.aspx%3FSearchString%3DISO%2B1222%3A2010%26SearchOption%3D0%26PageNum%3D0%26SearchTermsArray%3Dnull%257CISO%2B1222%3A2010%257Cnull&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetrication" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.domus-home.com/bed-linen/threadcount/">"What is threadcount? – domus home"</a>. 10 March 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231118102930/https://www.domus-home.com/bed-linen/threadcount/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 November 2023. Retrieved 18 November 2023. <q>Thread count is typically quoted using the Imperial system of 1 square inch, whilst the Metric system (mainly used in Australia and New Zealand) is based upon 10 square centimeters. Suppose you pick up a bedsheet package that quotes 200 Threadcount per square inch (2.54cm x 2.54cm). Let's say that is made up of 100 threads along the length of 2.54cm, plus 100 threads along the width of 2.54cm. Since 10 square centimetres is 3.16cm x 3.16cm, this equates to 124 threads along the 3.16cm length, plus 124 threads along the 3.16cm width. Threadcount per 10 sq cm is therefore 124+124, which rounds up to 250.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+threadcount%3F+%E2%80%93+domus+home&rft.date=2017-03-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.domus-home.com%2Fbed-linen%2Fthreadcount%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetrication" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLantz2018" class="citation magazine cs1">Lantz, Mark (28 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/why-the-future-of-data-storage-is-still-magnetic-tape">"Why the Future of Data Storage is (Still) Magnetic Tape"</a>. <a href="/wiki/IEEE_Spectrum" title="IEEE Spectrum">IEEE Spectrum</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210108150035/https://spectrum.ieee.org/computing/hardware/why-the-future-of-data-storage-is-still-magnetic-tape">Archived</a> from the original on 8 January 2021. Retrieved 11 December 2020. <q>Combining these technologies, we were able to read and write data in our laboratory system at a linear density of 818 000/in. For historical reasons, tape engineers around the world measure data density in inches. In combination with the 246 200 tracks per inch that the new technology can handle, our prototype unit achieved an area density of 201 gigabits per square inch.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Spectrum&rft.atitle=Why+the+Future+of+Data+Storage+is+%28Still%29+Magnetic+Tape&rft.date=2018-08-28&rft.aulast=Lantz&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspectrum.ieee.org%2Fwhy-the-future-of-data-storage-is-still-magnetic-tape&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetrication" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBester2018" class="citation web cs1">Bester, Danie (16 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalphotographycourses.co.za/standard-print-sizes/">"Standard Print Sizes"</a>. DPC | Digital Photography Courses. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231118222149/https://digitalphotographycourses.co.za/standard-print-sizes/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 November 2023. Retrieved 18 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DPC+%7C+Digital+Photography+Courses&rft.atitle=Standard+Print+Sizes&rft.date=2018-10-16&rft.aulast=Bester&rft.aufirst=Danie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalphotographycourses.co.za%2Fstandard-print-sizes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetrication" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.surfnation.com.au/pages/how-to-choose-the-right-surfboard">"How to choose the right surfboard: Ultimate Guide"</a>. Surf Nation. Retrieved 18 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Surf+Nation&rft.atitle=How+to+choose+the+right+surfboard%3A+Ultimate+Guide&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.surfnation.com.au%2Fpages%2Fhow-to-choose-the-right-surfboard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetrication" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190607051942/https://www.perthmint.com/education_uom.aspx">"Units of Measurement"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Perth_Mint" title="Perth Mint">Perth Mint</a>. n.d. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perthmint.com/education_uom.aspx">the original</a> on 7 June 2019. Retrieved 23 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Perth+Mint&rft.atitle=Units+of+Measurement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perthmint.com%2Feducation_uom.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetrication" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2009:114:0010:0013:EN:PDF">"Directive 2009/3/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 2009"</a> (PDF). Official Journal of the European Union. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150904003318/http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2009:114:0010:0013:EN:PDF">Archived</a> from the original on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 5 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Official+Journal+of+the+European+Union&rft.atitle=Directive+2009%2F3%2FEC+of+the+European+Parliament+and+of+the+Council+of+11+March+2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feur-lex.europa.eu%2FLexUriServ%2FLexUriServ.do%3Furi%3DOJ%3AL%3A2009%3A114%3A0010%3A0013%3AEN%3APDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetrication" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nws.noaa.gov/oso/oso1/oso12/faq.htm">"Frequently Asked Questions about METAR/SPECI and TAF"</a>. National Weather Service METAR/TAF Information. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090220145833/http://www.nws.noaa.gov/oso/oso1/oso12/faq.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2009. Retrieved 21 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Frequently+Asked+Questions+about+METAR%2FSPECI+and+TAF&rft.pub=National+Weather+Service+METAR%2FTAF+Information&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nws.noaa.gov%2Foso%2Foso1%2Foso12%2Ffaq.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetrication" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aerosavvy.com/metric-imperial/">"Aviation's Crazy, Mixed Up Units of Measure"</a>. AeroSavvy. 5 September 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191207230641/http://aerosavvy.com/metric-imperial/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2019. Retrieved 20 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AeroSavvy&rft.atitle=Aviation%27s+Crazy%2C+Mixed+Up+Units+of+Measure&rft.date=2014-09-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faerosavvy.com%2Fmetric-imperial%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetrication" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/2572/why-doesnt-the-aviation-industry-use-si-units">"Why doesn't the aviation industry use SI units?"</a>. Aviation StackExchange. 22 March 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180704153217/https://aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/2572/why-doesnt-the-aviation-industry-use-si-units">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2018. Retrieved 20 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Aviation+StackExchange&rft.atitle=Why+doesn%27t+the+aviation+industry+use+SI+units%3F&rft.date=2014-03-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faviation.stackexchange.com%2Fquestions%2F2572%2Fwhy-doesnt-the-aviation-industry-use-si-units&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetrication" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130828012541/http://www.imo.org/blast/blastDataHelper.asp?data_id=24097&filename=351(IX).pdf">"Resolution A.351(IX) Use of metric units in the SI system in the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1974, and other future instruments"</a> (PDF). Assembly Resolutions. <a href="/wiki/International_Maritime_Organization" title="International Maritime Organization">International Maritime Organization</a>. 12 November 1975. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imo.org/blast/blastDataHelper.asp?data_id=24097&filename=351(IX).pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 28 August 2013. Retrieved 4 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Assembly+Resolutions&rft.atitle=Resolution+A.351%28IX%29+Use+of+metric+units+in+the+SI+system+in+the+International+Convention+for+the+Safety+of+Life+at+Sea%2C+1974%2C+and+other+future+instruments&rft.date=1975-11-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imo.org%2Fblast%2FblastDataHelper.asp%3Fdata_id%3D24097%26filename%3D351%28IX%29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetrication" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJon_Kelly2011" class="citation web cs1">Jon Kelly (21 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-16245391">"Will British people ever think in metric?"</a>. BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120424232814/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-16245391">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2012. Retrieved 24 February 2012. <q>...but today the British remain unique in Europe by holding onto imperial weights and measures. ...the persistent British preference for imperial over metric is particularly noteworthy...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Will+British+people+ever+think+in+metric%3F&rft.date=2011-12-21&rft.au=Jon+Kelly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-16245391&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetrication" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelanie_McDonagh2007" class="citation news cs1">Melanie McDonagh (10 May 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/in-the-merry-old-land-of-lb-and-oz-8s05g6xvgn7">"In the merry old land of lb and oz"</a>. The Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220813153825/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/in-the-merry-old-land-of-lb-and-oz-8s05g6xvgn7">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2022. Retrieved 13 August 2022. <q>A survey from the British Weights and Measures Association, admittedly a partial source, suggested that 80 per cent of people prefer imperial to metric and 70 per cent, including, remarkably, 18- to 24-year-olds, can make sense of weights only in imperial measurements.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=In+the+merry+old+land+of+lb+and+oz&rft.date=2007-05-10&rft.au=Melanie+McDonagh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fin-the-merry-old-land-of-lb-and-oz-8s05g6xvgn7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetrication" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130501034405/http://ukma.org.uk/sites/default/files/met1980.pdf">Final Report of the Metrication Board (1980)</a> (PDF) (Report). London: Department of Trade and Industry Consumer and Competition Policy Directorate. para 1.6 & 1.10. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ukma.org.uk/sites/default/files/met1980.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 1 May 2013. Retrieved 29 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Final+Report+of+the+Metrication+Board+%281980%29&rft.place=London&rft.pages=para+1.6+%26+1.10&rft.pub=Department+of+Trade+and+Industry+Consumer+and+Competition+Policy+Directorate&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fukma.org.uk%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fmet1980.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetrication" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bl-161"><a href="#cite_ref-bl_161-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/guidance/national-regulation-weights-and-measures">"Weights and measures legislation – hallmarking and metrication"</a>. Business Link. UK Government. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170214083750/https://www.gov.uk/guidance/national-regulation-weights-and-measures">Archived</a> from the original on 14 February 2017. 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Retrieved 15 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Declaration+of+Units+of+Measure%E2%80%94%22Metric%22+or+%22English%22+Project&rft.pub=State+of+California%2C+Department+of+Transportation&rft.date=2006-06-16&rft.aulast=Land&rft.aufirst=Richard+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dot.ca.gov%2Fdesign%2Fstp%2Fmemo%2FUOM-Metric_or_English.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetrication" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CanadaDuellabel-182"><a href="#cite_ref-CanadaDuellabel_182-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/fssa/labeti/guide/ch2e.shtml">Chapter 2 – Basic Labelling Requirements</a>. Canadian Food Inspection Agency. pp. (also available in French). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070610025606/http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/fssa/labeti/guide/ch2e.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2007. Retrieved 16 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chapter+2+%E2%80%93+Basic+Labelling+Requirements&rft.pages=%28also+available+in+French%29&rft.pub=Canadian+Food+Inspection+Agency&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inspection.gc.ca%2Fenglish%2Ffssa%2Flabeti%2Fguide%2Fch2e.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetrication" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.agm.gov.bz/uploads/laws/6397706ec2279_Cap_294_National_Metrology_Act.pdf">https://www.agm.gov.bz/uploads/laws/6397706ec2279_Cap_294_National_Metrology_Act.pdf</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eltringham-184"><a href="#cite_ref-Eltringham_184-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEltringham2001" class="citation book cs1">Eltringham, Peter (2001). The Rough Guide to Belize. Rough Guides. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1858287103" title="Special:BookSources/1858287103"><bdi>1858287103</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rough+Guide+to+Belize&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Rough+Guides&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1858287103&rft.aulast=Eltringham&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetrication" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lougheed-185"><a href="#cite_ref-Lougheed_185-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLougheed2005" class="citation book cs1">Lougheed, Vivien (2005). Belize. Hunter Publishing. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1588435083" title="Special:BookSources/1588435083"><bdi>1588435083</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Belize&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Hunter+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1588435083&rft.aulast=Lougheed&rft.aufirst=Vivien&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetrication" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerran_Williams2003" class="citation book cs1">Merran Williams (July–August 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071127211746/http://www.casa.gov.au/fsa/2003/jul/22-27.pdf">The 156-tonne GIMLI GLIDER</a> (PDF). Flight Safety Australia. pp. 22, 25. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.casa.gov.au/fsa/2003/jul/22-27.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 27 November 2007. Retrieved 5 November 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+156-tonne+GIMLI+GLIDER&rft.pages=22%2C+25&rft.pub=Flight+Safety+Australia&rft.date=2003-07%2F2003-08&rft.au=Merran+Williams&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.casa.gov.au%2Ffsa%2F2003%2Fjul%2F22-27.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetrication" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/TECH/space/9909/30/mars.metric/">"NASA's metric confusion caused Mars orbiter loss"</a>. CNN. 30 September 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130118123539/http://edition.cnn.com/TECH/space/9909/30/mars.metric/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2013. Retrieved 24 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=NASA%27s+metric+confusion+caused+Mars+orbiter+loss&rft.date=1999-09-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2FTECH%2Fspace%2F9909%2F30%2Fmars.metric%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetrication" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Metrication_or_its_opposition_by_country" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Metrication" title="Template:Metrication"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Metrication" title="Template talk:Metrication"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Metrication" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Metrication"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Metrication_or_its_opposition_by_country" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Metrication</a> or its <a href="/wiki/Metrication_opposition" title="Metrication opposition">opposition</a> by country</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metrication_in_Australia" title="Metrication in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrication_in_Barbados" title="Metrication in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrication_in_Canada" title="Metrication in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrication_in_Chile" title="Metrication in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrication_in_Guatemala" title="Metrication in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_units_of_measurement" title="Hong Kong units of measurement">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrication_in_India" title="Metrication in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrication_in_Ireland" title="Metrication in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrication_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Metrication in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrication_in_Jamaica" title="Metrication in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrication_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Metrication of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li>Korea <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metrication_of_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Metrication of North Korea">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrication_of_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Metrication of South Korea">South</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrication_in_New_Zealand" title="Metrication in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrication_in_Peru" title="Metrication in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrication_in_Sweden" title="Metrication in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrication_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Metrication in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrication_in_the_United_States" title="Metrication in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Systems_of_measurement" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Systems_of_measurement" title="Template:Systems of measurement"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Systems_of_measurement" title="Template talk:Systems of measurement"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Systems_of_measurement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Systems of measurement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Systems_of_measurement" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/System_of_measurement" class="mw-redirect" title="System of measurement">Systems of measurement</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_System_of_Units" title="International System of Units">International System of Units (SI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_units" title="Imperial units">UK imperial system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_customary_units" title="United States customary units">US customary units (USCS/USC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_units_of_measurement" title="Chinese units of measurement">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_units_of_measurement" title="Hong Kong units of measurement">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apothecaries%27_system" title="Apothecaries' system">Apothecaries'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avoirdupois_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Avoirdupois system">Avoirdupois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troy_weight" title="Troy weight">Troy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_system_of_units" title="Astronomical system of units">Astronomical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conventional_electrical_unit" title="Conventional electrical unit">Electrical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Engineering_Units" title="English Engineering Units">English Engineering Units</a> (US)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Natural_units" title="Natural units">Natural</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_units" title="Atomic units">Atomic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geometrized_unit_system" title="Geometrized unit system">Geometrised</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heaviside%E2%80%93Lorentz_units" title="Heaviside–Lorentz units">Heaviside–Lorentz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planck_units" title="Planck units">Planck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_units#Quantum_chromodynamics_units" title="Natural units">Quantum chromodynamical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoney_units" title="Stoney units">Stoney</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Metric</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metric_system" title="Metric system">Overview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_metric_system" title="Outline of the metric system">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_metric_system" title="History of the metric system">History</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Metrication</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">UK/US</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_and_US_customary_measurement_systems" title="Imperial and US customary measurement systems">Overview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_the_imperial_and_US_customary_measurement_systems" title="Comparison of the imperial and US customary measurement systems">Comparison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot%E2%80%93pound%E2%80%93second_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Foot–pound–second system">Foot–pound–second</a> (FPS)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Metric</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MKS_system_of_units" class="mw-redirect" title="MKS system of units">metre–kilogram–second</a> (MKS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metre%E2%80%93tonne%E2%80%93second_system_of_units" title="Metre–tonne–second system of units">metre–tonne–second</a> (MTS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centimetre%E2%80%93gram%E2%80%93second_system_of_units" title="Centimetre–gram–second system of units">centimetre–gram–second</a> (CGS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_metric_system" title="Gravitational metric system">gravitational</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Cornish_units_of_measurement" title="Old Cornish units of measurement">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_units_of_measurement" title="Cypriot units of measurement">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_units_of_measurement" title="Czech units of measurement">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_units_of_measurement" title="Danish units of measurement">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_units_of_measurement" title="Dutch units of measurement">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_units" title="English units">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winchester_measure" title="Winchester measure">Winchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exchequer_Standards" title="Exchequer Standards">Exchequer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_units_of_measurement" title="Estonian units of measurement">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsolete_Finnish_units_of_measurement" title="Obsolete Finnish units of measurement">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_units_of_measurement" title="French units of measurement">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_French_units_of_measurement" title="Traditional French units of measurement">Traditional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesures_usuelles" title="Mesures usuelles">Mesures usuelles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsolete_German_units_of_measurement" class="mw-redirect" title="Obsolete German units of measurement">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_units_of_measurement" title="Greek units of measurement">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_units_of_measurement" title="Byzantine units of measurement">Byzantine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_units_of_measurement" title="Hungarian units of measurement">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_units_of_measurement" title="Icelandic units of measurement">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Irish_units_of_measurement" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Irish units of measurement">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_units_of_measurement" title="Italian units of measurement">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_units_of_measurement" title="Latvian units of measurement">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgian_units_of_measurement" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxembourgian units of measurement">Luxembourgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_units_of_measurement" title="Maltese units of measurement">Maltese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_units_of_measurement" title="Norwegian units of measurement">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_units_of_measurement" title="Ottoman units of measurement">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_units_of_measurement" title="Polish units of measurement">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_units_of_measurement" title="Portuguese units of measurement">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_units_of_measurement" title="Romanian units of measurement">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsolete_Russian_units_of_measurement" class="mw-redirect" title="Obsolete Russian units of measurement">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_units" title="Scottish units">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsolete_Serbian_units_of_measurement" title="Obsolete Serbian units of measurement">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_units_of_measurement" title="Slovak units of measurement">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_units_of_measurement" title="Spanish units of measurement">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_units_of_measurement" title="Swedish units of measurement">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_units_of_measurement" title="Swiss units of measurement">Swiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_units" title="Welsh units">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_units_of_measurement" title="Afghan units of measurement">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_units_of_measurement" title="Cambodian units of measurement">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_units_of_measurement" title="Indian units of measurement">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_units_of_measurement" title="Indonesian units of measurement">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_units_of_measurement" title="Japanese units of measurement">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_units_of_measurement" title="Korean units of measurement">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_units" title="Mongolian units">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_units_of_measurement" title="Myanmar units of measurement">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_customary_units_of_measurement" title="Nepalese customary units of measurement">Nepalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_units_of_measurement" title="Omani units of measurement">Omani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_measurement_systems_in_Pakistan" title="History of measurement systems in Pakistan">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_units_of_measurement" title="Philippine units of measurement">Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abucco" title="Abucco">Pegu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_units_of_measurement" title="Singaporean units of measurement">Singaporean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_units_of_measurement" title="Sri Lankan units of measurement">Sri Lankan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_units_of_measurement" title="Syrian units of measurement">Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_units_of_measurement" title="Taiwanese units of measurement">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsolete_Tatar_units_of_measurement" class="mw-redirect" title="Obsolete Tatar units of measurement">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_units_of_measurement" title="Thai units of measurement">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_units_of_measurement" title="Vietnamese units of measurement">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_units_of_measurement" title="Algerian units of measurement">Algerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_units_of_measurement" title="Ethiopian units of measurement">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_units_of_measurement" title="Egyptian units of measurement">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_units_of_measurement" title="Eritrean units of measurement">Eritrean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinean_units_of_measurement" title="Guinean units of measurement">Guinean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_units_of_measurement" title="Libyan units of measurement">Libyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malagasy_units_of_measurement" title="Malagasy units of measurement">Malagasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritian_units_of_measurement" title="Mauritian units of measurement">Mauritian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_units_of_measurement" title="Moroccan units of measurement">Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychellois_units_of_measurement" title="Seychellois units of measurement">Seychellois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_units_of_measurement" title="Somali units of measurement">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_units_of_measurement" title="South African units of measurement">South African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_units_of_measurement" title="Tunisian units of measurement">Tunisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_units_of_measurement" title="Tanzanian units of measurement">Tanzanian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rican_units_of_measurement" title="Costa Rican units of measurement">Costa Rican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_units_of_measurement" title="Cuban units of measurement">Cuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_units_of_measurement" title="Haitian units of measurement">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduran_units_of_measurement" title="Honduran units of measurement">Honduran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_units_of_measurement" title="Mexican units of measurement">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_units_of_measurement" title="Nicaraguan units of measurement">Nicaraguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_units_of_measurement" title="Puerto Rican units of measurement">Puerto Rican</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_units_of_measurement" title="Argentine units of measurement">Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_units_of_measurement" title="Bolivian units of measurement">Bolivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_units_of_measurement" title="Brazilian units of measurement">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_units_of_measurement" title="Chilean units of measurement">Chilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_units_of_measurement" title="Colombian units of measurement">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_units_of_measurement" title="Paraguayan units of measurement">Paraguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_units_of_measurement" title="Peruvian units of measurement">Peruvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_units_of_measurement" title="Uruguayan units of measurement">Uruguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_units_of_measurement" title="Venezuelan units of measurement">Venezuelan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Arabic_units_of_measurement" title="Ancient Arabic units of measurement">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_and_Talmudic_units_of_measurement" title="Biblical and Talmudic units of measurement">Biblical and Talmudic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_units_of_measurement" title="Ancient Egyptian units of measurement">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_units_of_measurement" title="Ancient Greek units of measurement">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_units_of_time" title="Hindu units of time">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_measurement_systems_in_India" title="History of measurement systems in India">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_units_of_measurement" title="Ancient Mesopotamian units of measurement">Mesopotamian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_units_of_measurement" title="Persian units of measurement">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_units_of_measurement" title="Ancient Roman units of measurement">Roman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">List articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_humorous_units_of_measurement" title="List of humorous units of measurement">Humorous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_obsolete_units_of_measurement" title="List of obsolete units of measurement">Obsolete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unusual_units_of_measurement" title="List of unusual units of measurement">Unusual</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_scale" title="Absolute scale">Absolute scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-body_units" title="N-body units">N-body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modulor" title="Modulor">Modulor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" 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