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<span>Otaku sexuality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Otaku_sexuality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research_and_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research_and_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Research and studies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Research_and_studies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Research and studies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Research_and_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alternative_sexual_orientation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternative_sexual_orientation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Alternative sexual orientation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternative_sexual_orientation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human-oriented_sexualism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human-oriented_sexualism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Human-oriented sexualism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human-oriented_sexualism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Erasure_of_nijikon_sexuality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erasure_of_nijikon_sexuality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Erasure of nijikon sexuality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erasure_of_nijikon_sexuality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discrimination_in_legal_and_ethical_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discrimination_in_legal_and_ethical_controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Discrimination in legal and ethical controversy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discrimination_in_legal_and_ethical_controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Explanatory notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li 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<span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" 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href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/2%EC%B0%A8%EC%9B%90_%EC%BD%A4%ED%94%8C%EB%A0%89%EC%8A%A4" title="2차원 콤플렉스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="2차원 콤플렉스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nijikon" title="Nijikon – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Nijikon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E5%85%83%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%97%E3%83%AC%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9" title="二次元コンプレックス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="二次元コンプレックス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nijikon" title="Nijikon – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nijikon" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%AC%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%86" title="نیجیکۆن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نیجیکۆن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E5%85%83%E7%A6%81%E6%96%B7%E7%97%87%E5%80%99%E7%BE%A4" title="二次元禁斷症候群 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="二次元禁斷症候群" 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Please do not remove this message until <a href="/wiki/Template:POV#When_to_remove" title="Template:POV">conditions to do so are met</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Fringe_theories plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-fringe-theories" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/60px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/120px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>may present <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:FRINGE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:FRINGE">fringe theories</a>, without giving <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:UNDUE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:UNDUE">appropriate weight</a> to the mainstream view</b> and explaining the responses to the fringe theories.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nijikon&action=edit">help improve it</a> or discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Nijikon" title="Talk:Nijikon">talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2025</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mirai-chan_dakimakura_in_the_room.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Mirai-chan_dakimakura_in_the_room.jpg/330px-Mirai-chan_dakimakura_in_the_room.jpg" decoding="async" width="304" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Mirai-chan_dakimakura_in_the_room.jpg/500px-Mirai-chan_dakimakura_in_the_room.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Mirai-chan_dakimakura_in_the_room.jpg/608px-Mirai-chan_dakimakura_in_the_room.jpg 2x" data-file-width="930" data-file-height="523" /></a><figcaption>A fan's room decorated with <a href="/wiki/Dakimakura" title="Dakimakura">dakimakura</a> and merchandise of the anime character <a href="/wiki/Mirai_Suenaga" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirai Suenaga">Mirai Suenaga</a>, 2012</figcaption></figure> <p><i><b>Nijikon</b></i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">二次コン</span></span>)</span> or <i><b>nijigen konpurekkusu</b></i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">二次元コンプレックス</span></span>)</span>, from the English phrase "<b>2D complex</b>", is a sexual or affective attraction towards two-dimensional <a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">anime</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">manga</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Light_novel" title="Light novel">light novel</a> characters, as opposed to an attraction towards real human beings.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalbraith2019§_2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalbraith2019§_2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been interpreted by some observers as a genuine <a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">sexual orientation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiles2020271–273_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiles2020271–273-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This attraction is primarily directed towards the non-realistic characteristics found in manga and anime styles. One of its sub-attractions is <a href="/wiki/Lolicon" title="Lolicon">Lolicon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaitō2011_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaitō2011-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially discussed as male <a href="/wiki/Otaku" title="Otaku">otaku</a> <a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_Japan" title="Sexuality in Japan">sexuality in Japan</a>, it has more recently been examined within the context of <a href="/wiki/Queer_studies" title="Queer studies">queer studies</a>, extending beyond <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, and referred to as a form of <a href="/wiki/Fictosexuality" title="Fictosexuality">fictosexuality</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatsuura2022144_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatsuura2022144-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1284870094">.mw-parser-output .anime-and-manga .sidebar-pretitle,.mw-parser-output .anime-and-manga .sidebar-title-with-pretitle,.mw-parser-output .anime-and-manga .sidebar-list-title{background:lavender;color:var(--color-base-fixed,#202122);border-radius:3px}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist anime-and-manga"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">Anime</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">manga</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size notpageimage" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Anime_eye.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Anime_eye.svg/120px-Anime_eye.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Anime_eye.svg/250px-Anime_eye.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Anime</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_anime" title="History of anime">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_acting_in_Japan" title="Voice acting in Japan">Voice acting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anime_companies" title="List of anime companies">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_animation_studios" title="List of Japanese animation studios">Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_video_animation" title="Original video animation">Original video animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_net_animation" title="Original net animation">Original net animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fansub" title="Fansub">Fansub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fandub" title="Fandub">Fandub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_anime" title="Lists of anime">Lists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anime_series_by_episode_count" title="List of anime series by episode count">Longest series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anime_franchises_by_episode_count" title="List of anime franchises by episode count">Longest franchises</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Manga</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_manga" title="History of manga">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manga_publishers" title="List of manga publishers">Publishers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manga_outside_Japan" title="Manga outside Japan">International market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manga_artist" title="Manga artist">Manga artist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_manga" title="Alternative manga">Alternative</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Gekiga" title="Gekiga">Gekiga</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Heta-uma" title="Heta-uma">Heta-uma</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Wave_(manga)" title="New Wave (manga)">New Wave</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Yonkoma" title="Yonkoma">Yonkoma</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manga_iconography" title="Manga iconography">Iconography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scanlation" title="Scanlation">Scanlation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manga_cafe" title="Manga cafe">Manga cafe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_manga" title="Lists of manga">Lists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_manga" title="List of best-selling manga">Best-selling series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manga_series_by_volume_count" title="List of manga series by volume count">Longest series</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Demographic groups</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_anime_and_manga" title="Children's anime and manga">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dnen_manga" title="Shōnen manga"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Shōnen</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Djo_manga" title="Shōjo manga"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Shōjo</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seinen_manga" title="Seinen manga"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Seinen</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josei_manga" title="Josei manga"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Josei</i></span></a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anime_and_manga_by_genre" title="Category:Anime and manga by genre">Genres</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bara_(genre)" title="Bara (genre)"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Bara</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boys%27_love" title="Boys' love">Boys' love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooking_manga" title="Cooking manga">Cooking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harem_(genre)" title="Harem (genre)">Harem</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Isekai" title="Isekai">Isekai</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Iyashikei" title="Iyashikei">Iyashikei</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Lolicon" title="Lolicon">Lolicon</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_girl" title="Magical girl">Magical girl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecha_anime_and_manga" title="Mecha anime and manga">Mecha</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Otomechikku" title="Otomechikku">Otomechikku</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryona" title="Ryona">Ryona</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Shotacon" title="Shotacon">Shotacon</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_manga" title="Sports manga">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teens%27_love" title="Teens' love">Teens' love</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Yuri_(genre)" title="Yuri (genre)">Yuri</a></i></span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">People</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manga_artists" title="List of manga artists">Manga artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anime_directors" title="List of anime directors">Anime directors</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Anime_and_manga_fandom" title="Anime and manga fandom">Fandom</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doujinshi" title="Doujinshi"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Doujinshi</i></span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doujin_shop" title="Doujin shop"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Doujin</i></span> shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doujinshi_printer" title="Doujinshi printer"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Doujinshi</i></span> printer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anime_convention" class="mw-redirect" title="Anime convention">Conventions</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_anime_conventions" class="mw-redirect" title="List of anime conventions">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anime_club" title="Anime club">Clubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosplay" title="Cosplay">Cosplay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anime_music_video" title="Anime music video">Anime music video</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Otaku" title="Otaku">Otaku</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaoi_fandom" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaoi fandom"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Yaoi</i></span> fandom</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">General</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_anime_and_manga" title="Glossary of anime and manga">Glossary</a> <ul><li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ecchi" title="Ecchi">Ecchi</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Hentai" title="Hentai">Hentai</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moe_(slang)" title="Moe (slang)"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Moe</i></span></a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nijikon</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2.5D_musical" title="2.5D musical">2.5D musical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anime_song" title="Anime song">Anime song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anime-influenced_animation" title="Anime-influenced animation">Anime-influenced animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MyAnimeList" title="MyAnimeList">MyAnimeList</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipe-tan_face.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Wikipe-tan_face.svg/20px-Wikipe-tan_face.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Wikipe-tan_face.svg/40px-Wikipe-tan_face.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="440" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Anime_and_manga" title="Portal:Anime and manga">Anime and manga portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anime_and_manga" title="Template:Anime and manga"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anime_and_manga" title="Template talk:Anime and manga"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anime_and_manga" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anime and manga"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nijikon&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term "nijigen complex" or "nijikon" was used to refer to the partiality towards anime girls within anime and manga fandom during the <a href="/wiki/Lolicon" title="Lolicon">lolicon</a> boom of the early 1980s, which followed the <a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">anime</a> boom of the late 1970s. It began to be used as <a href="/wiki/Jargon" title="Jargon">jargon</a> at that time. Initially, it was also called "2-dimensional lolicon" and "anime lolicon."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, even before the inception of the "nijigen complex" jargon, works dealing with such complexes existed from before the early modern period , and the concept of "romantic feelings toward a character depicted in an image" itself was based on military stories from the <a href="/wiki/Nanboku-ch%C5%8D_period" title="Nanboku-chō period">Nanboku-chō period</a>. As found in the historical Japanese epic <i><a href="/wiki/Taiheiki" title="Taiheiki">Taiheiki</a></i>, we know that such affection already existed in Japan as early as the 14th century at the latest. Imperial Prince <a href="/wiki/Prince_Takanaga" title="Prince Takanaga">Takanaga</a> (second son of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Daigo" title="Emperor Go-Daigo">Go-Daigo</a>) fell in love at first sight with a beautiful woman in a painting depicting a scene from <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tale_of_Genji" title="The Tale of Genji">The Tale of Genji</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Otaku_sexuality">Otaku sexuality</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nijikon&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Otaku sexuality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 2D complex has been characterized by some scholars as "<i><a href="/wiki/Otaku" title="Otaku">otaku</a></i> sexuality".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalbraith2019§_2_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalbraith2019§_2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The psychiatrist <a href="/wiki/Tamaki_Sait%C5%8D" title="Tamaki Saitō">Saitō Tamaki</a> writes that for <i>otaku</i>, "fiction itself can be a sexual object", with attraction manifesting in an "affinity for fictional contexts."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaitō2007227_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaitō2007227-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The affection directed at fictitious characters is sometimes termed <i><a href="/wiki/Fictosexuality" title="Fictosexuality">fictophilia</a></i>, which is often enhanced by <a href="/wiki/Supernormal_stimulus" title="Supernormal stimulus">supernormal stimuli</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sexuality is an integral part of the attraction to 2D characters, as Tamaki points out. One important aspect is the fictionalization of sex: <span style="padding-right:.15em;">"</span>'Sex' is broken down within the framework of fiction and then put back together again."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaitō201127_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaitō201127-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another aspect that plays into otaku sexuality is, according to Tamaki, that otaku generally express strong attraction to the 2D objects of their desire through the use of the term "<a href="/wiki/Moe_(slang)" title="Moe (slang)">moe</a>." According to Tamaki this fawning over characters and the expressing of this to other people is a way to put distance between- or objectify their own sexuality. "Saying that one is a moe of a character is a way to comically objectify the self that experiences this attraction."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaitō201129_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaitō201129-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tamaki sees this as a form of securing "one's own sexuality in the field of the imaginary and allow it to function."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaitō201131_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaitō201131-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One such aspect that Tamaki researched is the widespread use of fan creations (<a href="/wiki/Fan_fiction" title="Fan fiction">fan fiction</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fan_art" title="Fan art">fan art</a>) of said characters they feel attracted to in order to take possession of them. "They let the work 'possess' them, weave a different story out of the same materials, and share it with the community. This process is a kind of 'ritual of possession' practiced within the otaku community."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaitō201120_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaitō201120-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One characteristic that Tamaki points out is that the desire for 2D characters is no substitute for normal <a href="/wiki/Heterosexuality" title="Heterosexuality">heterosexuality</a>. According to his research nijikon and <span style="padding-right:.15em;">"</span>'healthy' sexuality in daily life" are not mutually exclusive. "...in real life otaku tend to choose perfectly respectable members of the opposite sex as their partners." He addresses that there is a "decisive gap between perverse tendencies in the imagination and 'healthy' sexuality in daily life."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaitō201130_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaitō201130-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While nijikon has primarily been discussed as a sexuality associated with male otaku,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalbraith2019§_2_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalbraith2019§_2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the characteristic of a distinction between imaginary sexual lives and everyday sexual lives is also present among women.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaitō2007227_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaitō2007227-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are women who experience attraction toward two-dimensional female characters as "pseudo-females," perceiving them as distinct from real women.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research_and_studies">Research and studies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nijikon&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Research and studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Fictosexuality#Research" title="Fictosexuality">Fictosexuality § Research</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alternative_sexual_orientation">Alternative sexual orientation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nijikon&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Alternative sexual orientation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Considering exclusive sexual attraction to manga/anime fictional characters as a "third sexual orientation" is sometimes observed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiles2020271–273_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiles2020271–273-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elizabeth Miles argues that "as with current theorizations of asexuality, (...) desire for two-dimensional [nijigen] characters forces us to reconsider what sex is and how legal and social proscriptions deny sexual access and the rights of full sexual citizenship."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiles2020274_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiles2020274-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Queer theorists elucidate alternative sexual orientations through <a href="/wiki/Tamaki_Sait%C5%8D" title="Tamaki Saitō">Saitō Tamaki</a>'s concept of "multiple orientations."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Criticisms have been directed at Saito's <a href="/wiki/Lacanian" class="mw-redirect" title="Lacanian">Lacanian</a> theory due to its gender binary assumptions and its failure to acknowledge individuals who experience no attraction to flesh-and-blood human.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatsuura2022143_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatsuura2022143-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, according to Keith Vincent, multiple orientations as a capability of "conducting a richly perverse fantasy life while maintaining an utterly "normal" and pedestrian sex life in their day-to-day lives" is consistent with the theories of <a href="/wiki/Eve_Kosofsky_Sedgwick" title="Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick">Eve Sedgwick</a><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Judith Butler</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Building upon this, Yuu Matsuura applied the concept of multiple orientations to articulate the sexual orientation toward the sui generis entity of two-dimensional characters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatsuura2021a132_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatsuura2021a132-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatsuura2022146_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatsuura2022146-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human-oriented_sexualism">Human-oriented sexualism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nijikon&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Human-oriented sexualism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term used to depict the marginalization of nijikon sexuality is <a href="/wiki/Human-oriented_sexualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Human-oriented sexualism">Human-oriented sexualism</a> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">対人性愛中心主義</span></span> (<span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">taijin-seiai-chūshin-shugi</i></span>)).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This term was coined by the fictosexual community in Japan<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatsuura2021b74_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatsuura2021b74-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and describes a condition where sexual attraction towards real humans is assumed to be the norm. The concept of human-oriented sexualism can be understood as a combination of the concept of <a href="/wiki/Amatonormativity" title="Amatonormativity">amatonormativity</a> and the idea of compulsory sexuality<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from <a href="/wiki/Asexuality" title="Asexuality">asexual</a> research and the notion of humanonormativity<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from <a href="/wiki/Object_sexuality" title="Object sexuality">objectum sexuality</a> research.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Human-oriented sexualism aligns with <a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Judith Butler</a>'s concept of "literalizing fantasy" and is linked to <a href="/wiki/Heteronormativity" title="Heteronormativity">heteronormativity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gender_binary" title="Gender binary">gender binarism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatsuura2022150–152_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatsuura2022150–152-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, critique of human-oriented sexualism is oriented towards solidarity with the <a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">feminist</a> and <a href="/wiki/LGBT" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT">LGBTQ</a> movements.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Qualitative surveys reveal that the practices of nijikon as fictosexual individuals offer certain avenues to challenge both compulsory sexuality and human-oriented sexualism, presenting possibilities for alternative perspectives.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatsuura2021a131–132_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatsuura2021a131–132-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatsuura2021b79_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatsuura2021b79-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Erasure_of_nijikon_sexuality">Erasure of nijikon sexuality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nijikon&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Erasure of nijikon sexuality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On one hand, nijikon individuals may face disdain due to perceptions that they lack the capacity for "normal" sexual relationships with humans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalbraith2019§_2_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalbraith2019§_2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, they may be invalidated and disregarded by the notion that the distinction between two-dimensional characters and three-dimensional (flesh-and-blood) humans is deemed inconsequential.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatsuura2021b78_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatsuura2021b78-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Based on interview research, nijikon individuals who do not experience attraction towards flesh and blood encounter similar oppression within the framework of compulsory sexuality, comparable to asexual individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatsuura2021a130_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatsuura2021a130-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a human-oriented sexualist society, there is a lack of hermeneutical resources to effectively articulate the experiences of nijikon, leaving them <a href="/wiki/Epistemic_injustice" title="Epistemic injustice">hermeneutically marginalized</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatsuura2021a130_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatsuura2021a130-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discrimination_in_legal_and_ethical_controversy">Discrimination in legal and ethical controversy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nijikon&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Discrimination in legal and ethical controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Lolicon#Critical_commentary" title="Lolicon">Lolicon § Critical commentary</a></div> <p>Sexually explicit portrayals of two-dimensional child characters are occasionally classified as "child pornography" and have faced legal and ethical condemnation.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatsuura2023a63–65_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatsuura2023a63–65-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise, sexual depictions of two-dimensional female characters have been criticized for promoting the sexualization of real women. </p><p>However, certain researchers and activists<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="Who says this? (February 2024)">weasel words</span></a></i>]</sup> contend that the focus should be on challenging human-oriented sexualism, as real pedophilia and the sexual objectification of real women are matters of a culture that desires humans sexually.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatsuura2022152–155_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatsuura2022152–155-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatsuura2023a65–69_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatsuura2023a65–69-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their criticism of human-oriented sexualism rebuts the assumption that <a href="/wiki/ACG_(subculture)" title="ACG (subculture)">ACG</a> pornography sexualizes real women and promotes pedophilia,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatsuura2021b74–75_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatsuura2021b74–75-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatsuura2022152–155_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatsuura2022152–155-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatsuura2023a65–69_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatsuura2023a65–69-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while simultaneously denouncing <a href="/wiki/Rape_culture" title="Rape culture">rape culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatsuura2021b74–75_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatsuura2021b74–75-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They argue that misrepresenting the desire for two-dimensional characters as a desire for a human is an example of human-oriented sexualist prejudice.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatsuura2022152–155_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatsuura2022152–155-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatsuura2023a65–69_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatsuura2023a65–69-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For nijikon individuals, the regulation of two-dimensional sexual depictions is not solely a matter of <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_expression" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of expression">freedom of expression</a> but rather revolves around issues of sexual access and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual rights">sexual rights</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiles2020274–275_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiles2020274–275-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatsuura2023a65–69_46-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatsuura2023a65–69-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nijikon&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moe_(slang)" title="Moe (slang)">Moe (slang)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictosexuality" title="Fictosexuality">Fictosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human-oriented_sexualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Human-oriented sexualism">Human-oriented sexualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ero_guro" title="Ero guro">Ero guro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galge" class="mw-redirect" title="Galge">Galge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lolicon" title="Lolicon">Lolicon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shotacon" title="Shotacon">Shotacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superflat" title="Superflat">Superflat</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nijikon&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vincent quoted Sedgwick's sentence that "Many people have their richest mental/emotional involvement with sexual acts that they don't do, or even don't want to do."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vincent quoted Butler's sentence that "the belief that it is parts of the body, the 'literal' penis, the ‘literal vagina, which cause pleasure and desire--is precisely the kind of literalizing fantasy characteristic of the syndrome of melancholic heterosexuality."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Compulsory sexuality is "the social expectation that sexuality is a universal norm, that everyone should be sexual and desire sex, and that to not be sexual or desire sex is inherently wrong and in need of fixing".<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Humanonormativity is "the belief that people normally and naturally engage in sexual practices and romantic relationships with other human beings. This is not a norm that constructs such sexualities as superior to just engaging in sexual acts with animals (zoophilia)."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nijikon&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nijikon&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPoole2007" class="citation book cs1">Poole, Steven (2007). <i>Trigger Happy: Videogames and the Entertainment Revolution</i>. Skyhorse Publishing Inc. p. 249. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1611454550" title="Special:BookSources/978-1611454550"><bdi>978-1611454550</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trigger+Happy%3A+Videogames+and+the+Entertainment+Revolution&rft.pages=249&rft.pub=Skyhorse+Publishing+Inc.&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1611454550&rft.aulast=Poole&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANijikon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLamerichs2016" class="citation book cs1">Lamerichs, Nicolle (2016). "Otaku: Representations of Fandom in Japanese Popular Culture". In Bennett, Lucy; Booth, Paul (eds.). <i>Seeing Fans: Representations of Fandom in Media and Popular Culture</i>. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 259. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781501318450" title="Special:BookSources/9781501318450"><bdi>9781501318450</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Otaku%3A+Representations+of+Fandom+in+Japanese+Popular+Culture&rft.btitle=Seeing+Fans%3A+Representations+of+Fandom+in+Media+and+Popular+Culture&rft.pages=259&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing+USA.&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781501318450&rft.aulast=Lamerichs&rft.aufirst=Nicolle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANijikon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalbraith2019§_2-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalbraith2019§_2_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalbraith2019§_2_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalbraith2019§_2_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalbraith2019§_2_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGalbraith2019">Galbraith 2019</a>, § 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLiao" class="citation web cs1">Liao, SH. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vocal.media/humans/fictosexual-manifesto">"Fictosexual Manifesto: Their Position, Political Possibility, and Critical Resistance"</a>. <i>《Rhizome｜球根》</i>. NTU-OtaStudy (臺大宅研).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E3%80%8ARhizome%EF%BD%9C%E7%90%83%E6%A0%B9%E3%80%8B&rft.atitle=Fictosexual+Manifesto%3A+Their+Position%2C+Political+Possibility%2C+and+Critical+Resistance&rft.aulast=Liao&rft.aufirst=SH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvocal.media%2Fhumans%2Ffictosexual-manifesto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANijikon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiles2020271–273-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiles2020271–273_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiles2020271–273_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiles2020">Miles 2020</a>, pp. 271–273.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaitō2011-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaitō2011_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSaitō2011">Saitō 2011</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatsuura2022144-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatsuura2022144_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMatsuura2022">Matsuura 2022</a>, p. 144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKarhulahtiVälisalo2021" class="citation journal cs1">Karhulahti, Veli-Matti; Välisalo, Tanja (January 12, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7835123">"Fictosexuality, Fictoromance, and Fictophilia: A Qualitative Study of Love and Desire for Fictional Characters"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Frontiers_in_Psychology" title="Frontiers in Psychology">Frontiers in Psychology</a></i>. <b>11</b>: 575427. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2020.575427">10.3389/fpsyg.2020.575427</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1664-1078">1664-1078</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7835123">7835123</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33510665">33510665</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Psychology&rft.atitle=Fictosexuality%2C+Fictoromance%2C+and+Fictophilia%3A+A+Qualitative+Study+of+Love+and+Desire+for+Fictional+Characters&rft.volume=11&rft.pages=575427&rft.date=2021-01-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7835123%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1664-1078&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33510665&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2020.575427&rft.aulast=Karhulahti&rft.aufirst=Veli-Matti&rft.au=V%C3%A4lisalo%2C+Tanja&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7835123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANijikon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">「アニメ世界のロリータたち・もしくはアニメ少女キャラは如何にして二次元コンプレックスしたか」『ロリコン大全集』supervised by Hirukogami Ken、published by Gunyusha Publishing, May 1982, PP68-69. ISBN 4-87617-035-5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNovitskaya2019" class="citation book cs1">Novitskaya, Alexandra (2019). "Otaku Sexualities in Japan". In Chiang, Howard; Arondekar, Anjali R. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1080321952"><i>Global encyclopedia of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) history</i></a>. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Gale. pp. <span class="nowrap">1177–</span>1181. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-32554-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-32554-5"><bdi>978-0-684-32554-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1080321952">1080321952</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Otaku+Sexualities+in+Japan&rft.btitle=Global+encyclopedia+of+lesbian%2C+gay%2C+bisexual%2C+transgender%2C+and+queer+%28LGBTQ%29+history&rft.place=Farmington+Hills%2C+Mich.&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1177-%3C%2Fspan%3E1181&rft.pub=Gale&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1080321952&rft.isbn=978-0-684-32554-5&rft.aulast=Novitskaya&rft.aufirst=Alexandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1080321952&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANijikon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaitō2007227-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaitō2007227_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaitō2007227_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSaitō2007">Saitō 2007</a>, p. 227.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaitō201127-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaitō201127_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSaitō2011">Saitō 2011</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaitō201129-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaitō201129_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSaitō2011">Saitō 2011</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaitō201131-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaitō201131_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSaitō2011">Saitō 2011</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaitō201120-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaitō201120_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSaitō2011">Saitō 2011</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaitō201130-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaitō201130_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSaitō2011">Saitō 2011</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMori2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mori, Naoko (2010). <i>女はポルノを読む: 女性の性欲とフェミニズム</i> [<i>Women Read Porn: Women's Sexual Desire and Feminism</i>] (in Japanese). Seikyusha. p. 192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-7872-3310-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-4-7872-3310-3"><bdi>978-4-7872-3310-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%A5%B3%E3%81%AF%E3%83%9D%E3%83%AB%E3%83%8E%E3%82%92%E8%AA%AD%E3%82%80%3A+%E5%A5%B3%E6%80%A7%E3%81%AE%E6%80%A7%E6%AC%B2%E3%81%A8%E3%83%95%E3%82%A7%E3%83%9F%E3%83%8B%E3%82%BA%E3%83%A0&rft.pages=192&rft.pub=Seikyusha&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-4-7872-3310-3&rft.aulast=Mori&rft.aufirst=Naoko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANijikon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiles2020274-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiles2020274_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiles2020">Miles 2020</a>, pp. 274.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTamaki2011" class="citation book cs1">Tamaki, Saito (2011). <i>Beautiful Fighting Girl</i>. University of Minnesota Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0816654505" title="Special:BookSources/978-0816654505"><bdi>978-0816654505</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beautiful+Fighting+Girl&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0816654505&rft.aulast=Tamaki&rft.aufirst=Saito&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANijikon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatsuura2022143-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatsuura2022143_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMatsuura2022">Matsuura 2022</a>, p. 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSedgwick1990" class="citation book cs1">Sedgwick, Eve Kosofsky (1990). <i>Epistemology of the Closet</i>. University of California Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Epistemology+of+the+Closet&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Sedgwick&rft.aufirst=Eve+Kosofsky&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANijikon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFButler1990" class="citation book cs1">Butler, Judith (1990). <i>Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity</i>. Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gender+Trouble%3A+Feminism+and+the+Subversion+of+Identity&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=Judith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANijikon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVincent2011" class="citation book cs1">Vincent, Keith (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/3682539">"Translatorʼs Introduction, Making It Real: Fiction, Desire, and the Queerness of the Beautiful Fighting Girl"</a>. In Saito, Tamaki (ed.). <i>Beautiful fighting girl</i>. University of Minnesota Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">xix–</span>xxi.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Translator%CA%BCs+Introduction%2C+Making+It+Real%3A+Fiction%2C+Desire%2C+and+the+Queerness+of+the+Beautiful+Fighting+Girl&rft.btitle=Beautiful+fighting+girl&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3Exix-%3C%2Fspan%3Exxi&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Vincent&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F3682539&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANijikon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatsuura2021a132-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatsuura2021a132_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMatsuura2021a">Matsuura 2021a</a>, p. 132: "[M]ultiple orientations can be positioned as the pluralization of sexual orientation into both a "real-world orientation" and a "two-dimensional orientation."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatsuura2022146-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatsuura2022146_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMatsuura2022">Matsuura 2022</a>, p. 146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatsuura2021b74-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatsuura2021b74_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMatsuura2021b">Matsuura 2021b</a>, p. 74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPryzybylo2022" class="citation book cs1">Pryzybylo, Era (2022). "Unthinking compulsory sexuality: Introducing asexuality". In Fischer, Nancy L.; Westbrook, Laurel; Seidman, Steven (eds.). <i>Introducing the New Sexuality Studies</i> (4th ed.). Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Unthinking+compulsory+sexuality%3A+Introducing+asexuality&rft.btitle=Introducing+the+New+Sexuality+Studies&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Pryzybylo&rft.aufirst=Era&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANijikon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMotschenbacher2018" class="citation book cs1">Motschenbacher, Heiko (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/40908809">"Language and Sexual Normativity"</a>. In Hall, Kira; Barrett, Rusty (eds.). <i>The Oxford Handbook of Language and Sexuality</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780190212926.013.14">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190212926.013.14</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-021292-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-021292-6"><bdi>978-0-19-021292-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Language+and+Sexual+Normativity&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Language+and+Sexuality&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780190212926.013.14&rft.isbn=978-0-19-021292-6&rft.aulast=Motschenbacher&rft.aufirst=Heiko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F40908809&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANijikon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMatsuura2023b" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Matsuura, Yuu (2023b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://researchmap.jp/mtwrmtwr/published_papers/40398528?lang=en"><bdi lang="ja">対人性愛中心主義批判の射程に関する検討――フェミニズム・クィアスタディーズにおける対物性愛研究を踏まえて</bdi></a> [Humanonormativity and Human-oriented Sexualism: A Discussion Based on Objectum Sexuality Studies from a Feminist and Queer Perspective]. <i>Human Science Sociology and Anthropology</i> (in Japanese). <b>12</b> (13). Faculty of Human-Environment Studies, Kyushu University: 27. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15017%2F7151776">10.15017/7151776</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Science+Sociology+and+Anthropology&rft.atitle=%E5%AF%BE%E4%BA%BA%E6%80%A7%E6%84%9B%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E6%89%B9%E5%88%A4%E3%81%AE%E5%B0%84%E7%A8%8B%E3%81%AB%E9%96%A2%E3%81%99%E3%82%8B%E6%A4%9C%E8%A8%8E%E2%80%95%E2%80%95%E3%83%95%E3%82%A7%E3%83%9F%E3%83%8B%E3%82%BA%E3%83%A0%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AF%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A2%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BA%E3%81%AB%E3%81%8A%E3%81%91%E3%82%8B%E5%AF%BE%E7%89%A9%E6%80%A7%E6%84%9B%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E3%82%92%E8%B8%8F%E3%81%BE%E3%81%88%E3%81%A6&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=27&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15017%2F7151776&rft.aulast=Matsuura&rft.aufirst=Yuu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearchmap.jp%2Fmtwrmtwr%2Fpublished_papers%2F40398528%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANijikon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatsuura2022150–152-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatsuura2022150–152_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMatsuura2022">Matsuura 2022</a>, pp. 150–152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMatsuura2022c" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Matsuura, Yuu (2022c). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mtwrmtwr.hatenablog.com/entry/2022/11/30/211753"><bdi lang="ja">対人性愛中心主義とシスジェンダー中心主義の共通点：「萌え絵広告問題」と「トランスジェンダーのトイレ使用問題」から</bdi></a> [The Common Point between Human-oriented Sexualism and Cisgender-Centrism] (in Japanese)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 9,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E5%AF%BE%E4%BA%BA%E6%80%A7%E6%84%9B%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E3%81%A8%E3%82%B7%E3%82%B9%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%80%E3%83%BC%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E3%81%AE%E5%85%B1%E9%80%9A%E7%82%B9%EF%BC%9A%E3%80%8C%E8%90%8C%E3%81%88%E7%B5%B5%E5%BA%83%E5%91%8A%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C%E3%80%8D%E3%81%A8%E3%80%8C%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%80%E3%83%BC%E3%81%AE%E3%83%88%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AC%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C%E3%80%8D%E3%81%8B%E3%82%89&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Matsuura&rft.aufirst=Yuu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmtwrmtwr.hatenablog.com%2Fentry%2F2022%2F11%2F30%2F211753&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANijikon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatsuura2021a131–132-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatsuura2021a131–132_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMatsuura2021a">Matsuura 2021a</a>, pp. 131–132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatsuura2021b79-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatsuura2021b79_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMatsuura2021b">Matsuura 2021b</a>, p. 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:7_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREF廖2023" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">廖, 希文 (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vocus.cc/article/644f4f46fd897800017c0c01"><bdi lang="zh">紙性戀處境及其悖論: 情動、想像與賦生關係</bdi></a> [On Fictosexual Position and its Paradox: Affacts, Imaginary, and Animating Relationships]. <i>動漫遊台灣2023：台灣 ACG 的過去、現在與未來 (研討會論文)</i> (in Chinese).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E5%8B%95%E6%BC%AB%E9%81%8A%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A32023%EF%BC%9A%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3+ACG+%E7%9A%84%E9%81%8E%E5%8E%BB%E3%80%81%E7%8F%BE%E5%9C%A8%E8%88%87%E6%9C%AA%E4%BE%86+%28%E7%A0%94%E8%A8%8E%E6%9C%83%E8%AB%96%E6%96%87%29&rft.atitle=%E7%B4%99%E6%80%A7%E6%88%80%E8%99%95%E5%A2%83%E5%8F%8A%E5%85%B6%E6%82%96%E8%AB%96%3A+%E6%83%85%E5%8B%95%E3%80%81%E6%83%B3%E5%83%8F%E8%88%87%E8%B3%A6%E7%94%9F%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=%E5%BB%96&rft.aufirst=%E5%B8%8C%E6%96%87&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvocus.cc%2Farticle%2F644f4f46fd897800017c0c01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANijikon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.123-hd.me/category/ซีรี่ย์ฝรั่ง">"ซีรี่ย์ฝรั่ง"</a>. Online Movies.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9D%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.123-hd.me%2Fcategory%2F%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9D%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANijikon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatsuura2021b78-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatsuura2021b78_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMatsuura2021b">Matsuura 2021b</a>, p. 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatsuura2021a130-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatsuura2021a130_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatsuura2021a130_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMatsuura2021a">Matsuura 2021a</a>, p. 130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGalbraith" class="citation journal cs1">Galbraith, Patrick W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220506012313/https://www.academia.edu/3665383">"Lolicon: The Reality of 'Virtual Child Pornography' in Japan"</a>. <i>Image & Narrative</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/3665383">the original</a> on May 6, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 17,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Image+%26+Narrative&rft.atitle=Lolicon%3A+The+Reality+of+%27Virtual+Child+Pornography%27+in+Japan&rft.aulast=Galbraith&rft.aufirst=Patrick+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F3665383&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANijikon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlt2014" class="citation web cs1">Alt, Matt (October 15, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newyorker.com/culture/culture-desk/pharrell-williamss-lolicon-girl">"Pharrell Williams's Lolicon Video | The New Yorker"</a>. <i>www.newyorker.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 17,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.newyorker.com&rft.atitle=Pharrell+Williams%27s+Lolicon+Video+%7C+The+New+Yorker&rft.date=2014-10-15&rft.aulast=Alt&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fculture%2Fculture-desk%2Fpharrell-williamss-lolicon-girl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANijikon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatsuura2023a63–65-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatsuura2023a63–65_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMatsuura2023a">Matsuura 2023a</a>, pp. 63–65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatsuura2022152–155-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatsuura2022152–155_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatsuura2022152–155_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatsuura2022152–155_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMatsuura2022">Matsuura 2022</a>, pp. 152–155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatsuura2023a65–69-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatsuura2023a65–69_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatsuura2023a65–69_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatsuura2023a65–69_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatsuura2023a65–69_46-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMatsuura2023a">Matsuura 2023a</a>, pp. 65–69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatsuura2021b74–75-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatsuura2021b74–75_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatsuura2021b74–75_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMatsuura2021b">Matsuura 2021b</a>, pp. 74–75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiles2020274–275-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiles2020274–275_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiles2020">Miles 2020</a>, pp. 274–275.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nijikon&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGalbraith2019" class="citation book cs1">Galbraith, Patrick W. (2019). <i>Otaku and the Struggle for Imagination in Japan</i>. Durham: Duke University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctv1220mhm">10.2307/j.ctv1220mhm</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4780-0509-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4780-0509-4"><bdi>978-1-4780-0509-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv1220mhm">j.ctv1220mhm</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:240980856">240980856</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Otaku+and+the+Struggle+for+Imagination+in+Japan&rft.place=Durham&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctv1220mhm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A240980856%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctv1220mhm%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-1-4780-0509-4&rft.aulast=Galbraith&rft.aufirst=Patrick+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANijikon" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMatsuura2021a" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Matsuura, Yuu (2021a). "二次元の性的表現による「現実性愛」の相対化の可能性――現実の他者へ性的に惹かれない「オタク」「腐女子」の語りを事例として" [The Possibility of Relativization of Compulsory Sexuality by Nonrealistic Sexual Fantasy: Based on the Narration of "Otaku" and "Fujoshi" Who Do Not Experience Sexual or Romantic Attraction to Real People]. <i>Japan Sociologist</i> (in Japanese) (5): <span class="nowrap">116–</span>136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9784788517073" title="Special:BookSources/9784788517073"><bdi>9784788517073</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Japan+Sociologist&rft.atitle=%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E5%85%83%E3%81%AE%E6%80%A7%E7%9A%84%E8%A1%A8%E7%8F%BE%E3%81%AB%E3%82%88%E3%82%8B%E3%80%8C%E7%8F%BE%E5%AE%9F%E6%80%A7%E6%84%9B%E3%80%8D%E3%81%AE%E7%9B%B8%E5%AF%BE%E5%8C%96%E3%81%AE%E5%8F%AF%E8%83%BD%E6%80%A7%E2%80%95%E2%80%95%E7%8F%BE%E5%AE%9F%E3%81%AE%E4%BB%96%E8%80%85%E3%81%B8%E6%80%A7%E7%9A%84%E3%81%AB%E6%83%B9%E3%81%8B%E3%82%8C%E3%81%AA%E3%81%84%E3%80%8C%E3%82%AA%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AF%E3%80%8D%E3%80%8C%E8%85%90%E5%A5%B3%E5%AD%90%E3%80%8D%E3%81%AE%E8%AA%9E%E3%82%8A%E3%82%92%E4%BA%8B%E4%BE%8B%E3%81%A8%E3%81%97%E3%81%A6&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E116-%3C%2Fspan%3E136&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9784788517073&rft.aulast=Matsuura&rft.aufirst=Yuu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANijikon" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMatsuura2021b" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Matsuura, Yuu (2021b). "日常生活の自明性によるクレイム申し立ての「予めの排除／抹消」――「性的指向」概念に適合しないセクシュアリティの語られ方に注目して" ["Foreclosure/Erasure" of Claims-Making by the Everyday Life as Taken for Granted: Discourse Analysis about "Fictosexual" as Sexuality that does not Conform to "Sexual Orientation"]. <i>Journal of Social Problems</i> (in Japanese). <b>36</b> (36): <span class="nowrap">67–</span>83. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.50885%2Fshabyo.36.0_67">10.50885/shabyo.36.0_67</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Social+Problems&rft.atitle=%E6%97%A5%E5%B8%B8%E7%94%9F%E6%B4%BB%E3%81%AE%E8%87%AA%E6%98%8E%E6%80%A7%E3%81%AB%E3%82%88%E3%82%8B%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AC%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A0%E7%94%B3%E3%81%97%E7%AB%8B%E3%81%A6%E3%81%AE%E3%80%8C%E4%BA%88%E3%82%81%E3%81%AE%E6%8E%92%E9%99%A4%EF%BC%8F%E6%8A%B9%E6%B6%88%E3%80%8D%E2%80%95%E2%80%95%E3%80%8C%E6%80%A7%E7%9A%84%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E3%80%8D%E6%A6%82%E5%BF%B5%E3%81%AB%E9%81%A9%E5%90%88%E3%81%97%E3%81%AA%E3%81%84%E3%82%BB%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AA%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%81%AE%E8%AA%9E%E3%82%89%E3%82%8C%E6%96%B9%E3%81%AB%E6%B3%A8%E7%9B%AE%E3%81%97%E3%81%A6&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=36&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E67-%3C%2Fspan%3E83&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.50885%2Fshabyo.36.0_67&rft.aulast=Matsuura&rft.aufirst=Yuu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANijikon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMatsuura2022" class="citation thesis cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Matsuura, Yuu (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://researchmap.jp/mtwrmtwr/published_papers/37150884?lang=en"><i>アニメーション的な誤配としての多重見当識――非対人性愛的な「二次元」へのセクシュアリティに関する理論的考察</i></a> [<i>Multiple Orientations as Animating Misdelivery: Theoretical Considerations on Sexuality Attracted to Nijigen (Two-Dimensional) Objects</i>]. <i>Gender Studies</i> (Thesis) (in Japanese). pp. <span class="nowrap">139–</span>157. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.24567%2F0002000551">10.24567/0002000551</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=%E3%82%A2%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A1%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3%E7%9A%84%E3%81%AA%E8%AA%A4%E9%85%8D%E3%81%A8%E3%81%97%E3%81%A6%E3%81%AE%E5%A4%9A%E9%87%8D%E8%A6%8B%E5%BD%93%E8%AD%98%E2%80%95%E2%80%95%E9%9D%9E%E5%AF%BE%E4%BA%BA%E6%80%A7%E6%84%9B%E7%9A%84%E3%81%AA%E3%80%8C%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E5%85%83%E3%80%8D%E3%81%B8%E3%81%AE%E3%82%BB%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AA%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%81%AB%E9%96%A2%E3%81%99%E3%82%8B%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96%E7%9A%84%E8%80%83%E5%AF%9F&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.24567%2F0002000551&rft.aulast=Matsuura&rft.aufirst=Yuu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearchmap.jp%2Fmtwrmtwr%2Fpublished_papers%2F37150884%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANijikon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMatsuura2023a" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Matsuura, Yuu (2023a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://researchmap.jp/mtwrmtwr/published_papers/41326940?lang=en">"グローバルなリスク社会における倫理的普遍化による抹消――二次元の創作物を「児童ポルノ」とみなす非難における対人性愛中心主義を事例に"</a> [Erasure by Ethical Universalizations in Global Risk Society: Interpersonally Oriented Sexuality Centrism in Regulation of Fictional “Child Pornography”]. <i>Social Analysis</i> (in Japanese) (50): <span class="nowrap">57–</span>71.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Analysis&rft.atitle=%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%90%E3%83%AB%E3%81%AA%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AF%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E3%81%AB%E3%81%8A%E3%81%91%E3%82%8B%E5%80%AB%E7%90%86%E7%9A%84%E6%99%AE%E9%81%8D%E5%8C%96%E3%81%AB%E3%82%88%E3%82%8B%E6%8A%B9%E6%B6%88%E2%80%95%E2%80%95%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E5%85%83%E3%81%AE%E5%89%B5%E4%BD%9C%E7%89%A9%E3%82%92%E3%80%8C%E5%85%90%E7%AB%A5%E3%83%9D%E3%83%AB%E3%83%8E%E3%80%8D%E3%81%A8%E3%81%BF%E3%81%AA%E3%81%99%E9%9D%9E%E9%9B%A3%E3%81%AB%E3%81%8A%E3%81%91%E3%82%8B%E5%AF%BE%E4%BA%BA%E6%80%A7%E6%84%9B%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E3%82%92%E4%BA%8B%E4%BE%8B%E3%81%AB&rft.issue=50&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E57-%3C%2Fspan%3E71&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Matsuura&rft.aufirst=Yuu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearchmap.jp%2Fmtwrmtwr%2Fpublished_papers%2F41326940%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANijikon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMiles2020" class="citation journal cs1">Miles, Elizabeth (2020). "Porn as Practice, Porn as Access: Pornography Consumption and a ʻThird Sexual Orientationʼ in Japan". <i>Porn Studies</i>. <b>7</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">269–</span>278. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F23268743.2020.1726205">10.1080/23268743.2020.1726205</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219906087">219906087</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Porn+Studies&rft.atitle=Porn+as+Practice%2C+Porn+as+Access%3A+Pornography+Consumption+and+a+%CA%BBThird+Sexual+Orientation%CA%BC+in+Japan&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E269-%3C%2Fspan%3E278&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F23268743.2020.1726205&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A219906087%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Miles&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANijikon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSaitō2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tamaki_Sait%C5%8D" title="Tamaki Saitō">Saitō, Tamaki</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/RobotGhostsAndWiredDreamsJapaneseScienceFictionFromOriginsToAnime/page/n243/mode/2up">"Otaku Sexuality"</a>. In Bolton, Christopher; Csicsery-Ronay Jr., Istvan; Tatsumi, Takayuki (eds.). <i>Robot Ghosts and Wired Dreams: Japanese Science Fiction from Origins to Anime</i>. Translated by Bolton, Christopher. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">222–</span>249. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-4974-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-4974-7"><bdi>978-0-8166-4974-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Otaku+Sexuality&rft.btitle=Robot+Ghosts+and+Wired+Dreams%3A+Japanese+Science+Fiction+from+Origins+to+Anime&rft.place=Minneapolis&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E222-%3C%2Fspan%3E249&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8166-4974-7&rft.aulast=Sait%C5%8D&rft.aufirst=Tamaki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FRobotGhostsAndWiredDreamsJapaneseScienceFictionFromOriginsToAnime%2Fpage%2Fn243%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANijikon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSaitō2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tamaki_Sait%C5%8D" title="Tamaki Saitō">Saitō, Tamaki</a> (2011). <i>Beautiful fighting girl</i>. Minneapolis: Univ. of Minnesota Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-5451-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-5451-2"><bdi>978-0-8166-5451-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beautiful+fighting+girl&rft.place=Minneapolis&rft.pub=Univ.+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8166-5451-2&rft.aulast=Sait%C5%8D&rft.aufirst=Tamaki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANijikon" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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