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href="#Fame_and_success_with_operas_(1898–1933)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Fame and success with operas (1898–1933)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fame_and_success_with_operas_(1898–1933)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nazi_Germany_(1933–1945)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nazi_Germany_(1933–1945)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Nazi Germany (1933–1945)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nazi_Germany_(1933–1945)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reichsmusikkammer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reichsmusikkammer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span><i>Reichsmusikkammer</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reichsmusikkammer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_operas_and_family_tragedy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_operas_and_family_tragedy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.2</span> <span>Late operas and family tragedy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_operas_and_family_tragedy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metamorphosen_and_end_of_the_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metamorphosen_and_end_of_the_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.3</span> <span><i>Metamorphosen</i> and end of the war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metamorphosen_and_end_of_the_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Indian_Summer",_final_years_and_death_(1942–1949)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Indian_Summer",_final_years_and_death_(1942–1949)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>"Indian Summer", final years and death (1942–1949)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Indian_Summer",_final_years_and_death_(1942–1949)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Music-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Music subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Solo_and_chamber_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solo_and_chamber_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Solo and chamber works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solo_and_chamber_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tone_poems_and_other_orchestral_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tone_poems_and_other_orchestral_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Tone poems and other orchestral works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tone_poems_and_other_orchestral_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Concertos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concertos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Concertos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Concertos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Opera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lieder" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lieder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Lieder</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lieder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Recordings_as_a_conductor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recordings_as_a_conductor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Recordings as a conductor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recordings_as_a_conductor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Honors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_later_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_later_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>In later culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_later_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cited_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cited_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Cited sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cited_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Richard Strauss</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 77 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-77" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">77 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Richard Strauss" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3" title="ريخارد شتراوس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ريخارد شتراوس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Richard Strauss" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Richard Strauss" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rixard_%C5%9Etraus" title="Rixard Ştraus – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Rixard Ştraus" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Richard Strauss" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%81" title="Рихард Штраус – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Рихард Штраус" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8B%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%81" title="Рыхард Штраус – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рыхард Штраус" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A9%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%81" title="Рихард Щраус – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Рихард Щраус" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Richard Strauss" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Richard Strauss" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Richard Strauss" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Штраусс Рихард – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Штраусс Рихард" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Richard Strauss" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Richard Strauss" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chamoru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Richard Strauss" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Richard Strauss" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Richard Strauss" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Richard Strauss" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%AF%CF%87%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BD%CF%84_%CE%A3%CF%84%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%82" title="Ρίχαρντ Στράους – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρίχαρντ Στράους" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Richard Strauss" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Richard Strauss" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Richard Strauss" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3" title="ریشارد اشتراوس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ریشارد اشتراوس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Richard Strauss" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Strau%C3%9F" title="Richard Strauß – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Richard Strauß" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Richard Strauss" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%98%EB%A5%B4%ED%8A%B8_%EC%8A%88%ED%8A%B8%EB%9D%BC%EC%9A%B0%EC%8A%A4" title="리하르트 슈트라우스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="리하르트 슈트라우스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%AB%D5%AD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4_%D5%87%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD" title="Ռիխարդ Շտրաուս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռիխարդ Շտրաուս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Richard Strauss" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Richard Strauss" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Richard Strauss" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Richard Strauss" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Richard Strauss" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%A8%D7%93_%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A1" title="ריכרד שטראוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ריכרד שטראוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Richard Strauss" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93_%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="რიხარდ შტრაუსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რიხარდ შტრაუსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%81" title="Рихард Штраус – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Рихард Штраус" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Richard Strauss" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%81" title="Рихард Штраус – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Рихард Штраус" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richardus_Strauss" title="Richardus Strauss – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Richardus Strauss" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rihards_%C5%A0trauss" title="Rihards Štrauss – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Rihards Štrauss" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Richard Strauss" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Richard Strauss" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Richard Strauss" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%81" title="Рихард Штраус – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Рихард Штраус" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Richard Strauss" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3" title="ريتشارد شتراوس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ريتشارد شتراوس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%81" title="Рихард Штраус – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Рихард Штраус" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Richard Strauss" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%83%92%E3%83%A3%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B9" title="リヒャルト・シュトラウス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="リヒャルト・シュトラウス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Richard Strauss" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Richard Strauss" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Richard Strauss" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Richard Strauss" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A1_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8" title="ਰਿਚਰਡ ਸਟਰਾਸ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰਿਚਰਡ ਸਟਰਾਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Richard Strauss" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Richard Strauss" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Richard Strauss" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%81,_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Штраус, Рихард – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Штраус, Рихард" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Richard Strauss" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Richard Strauss" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Richard Strauss" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Richard Strauss" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%DB%8C%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3" title="ڕیچارد شتراوس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕیچارد شتراوس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%81" title="Рихард Штраус – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Рихард Штраус" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Richard Strauss" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Richard Strauss" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Richard Strauss" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97_%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C" title="ริชชาร์ท ชเตราส์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ริชชาร์ท ชเตราส์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Richard Strauss" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%96%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%81" title="Ріхард Штраус – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ріхард Штраус" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Richard Strauss" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Richard Strauss" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%9F%A5%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%96%BD%E7%89%B9%E5%8A%B3%E6%96%AF" title="理查德·施特劳斯 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="理查德·施特劳斯" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%90%86%E5%AF%9F%C2%B7%E5%8F%B2%E7%89%B9%E5%8B%9E%E6%96%AF" 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searchaux" style="display:none">German composer and conductor (1864–1949)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people with similar names, see <a href="/wiki/Strauss#Richard_Strauss_(disambiguation)" title="Strauss">Richard Strauss (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Richard Strauss</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Max_Liebermann_Bildnis_Richard_Strauss.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Max_Liebermann_Bildnis_Richard_Strauss.jpg/220px-Max_Liebermann_Bildnis_Richard_Strauss.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Max_Liebermann_Bildnis_Richard_Strauss.jpg/330px-Max_Liebermann_Bildnis_Richard_Strauss.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Max_Liebermann_Bildnis_Richard_Strauss.jpg/440px-Max_Liebermann_Bildnis_Richard_Strauss.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1758" data-file-height="2241" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Portrait of Strauss (1918)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1864-06-11</span>)</span>11 June 1864<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>, Kingdom of Bavaria, German Confederation</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">8 September 1949<span style="display:none">(1949-09-08)</span> (aged 85)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Garmisch-Partenkirchen" title="Garmisch-Partenkirchen">Garmisch-Partenkirchen</a>, Bavaria, West Germany</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupations</th><td class="infobox-data role"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Composer</li><li>conductor</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Works</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Richard_Strauss" title="List of compositions by Richard Strauss">List of compositions</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pauline_de_Ahna" title="Pauline de Ahna">Pauline de Ahna</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1894)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dr._Richard_Strauss_signature_01_(vect).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Dr._Richard_Strauss_signature_01_%28vect%29.svg/150px-Dr._Richard_Strauss_signature_01_%28vect%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Dr._Richard_Strauss_signature_01_%28vect%29.svg/225px-Dr._Richard_Strauss_signature_01_%28vect%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Dr._Richard_Strauss_signature_01_%28vect%29.svg/300px-Dr._Richard_Strauss_signature_01_%28vect%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1097" data-file-height="465" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Richard Georg Strauss</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/aʊ/: 'ou' in 'mouth'">aʊ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">German:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈʁɪçaʁt<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈʃtʁaʊs]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/6\/65\/De-Richard_Strauss.ogg\/De-Richard_Strauss.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Richard Strauss.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/65/De-Richard_Strauss.ogg/De-Richard_Strauss.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:De-Richard_Strauss.ogg" title="File:De-Richard Strauss.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span>; 11 June 1864 – 8 September 1949) was a German composer and conductor best known for his <a href="/wiki/Tone_poems_(Strauss)" title="Tone poems (Strauss)">tone poems</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_operas_by_Richard_Strauss" title="List of operas by Richard Strauss">operas</a>. Considered a leading composer of the late Romantic and early <a href="/wiki/Modernism_(music)" title="Modernism (music)">modern</a> eras, he has been described as a successor of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Franz Liszt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-g1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Gustav Mahler</a>, he represents the late flowering of <a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">German Romanticism</a>, in which pioneering subtleties of <a href="/wiki/Orchestration" title="Orchestration">orchestration</a> are combined with an advanced <a href="/wiki/Harmony" title="Harmony">harmonic</a> style. </p><p>Strauss's compositional output began in 1870 when he was just six years old and lasted until his death nearly eighty years later. His first tone poem to achieve wide acclaim was <i><a href="/wiki/Don_Juan_(Strauss)" title="Don Juan (Strauss)">Don Juan</a></i>, and this was followed by other lauded works of this kind, including <i><a href="/wiki/Death_and_Transfiguration" title="Death and Transfiguration">Death and Transfiguration</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Till_Eulenspiegel%27s_Merry_Pranks" title="Till Eulenspiegel's Merry Pranks">Till Eulenspiegel's Merry Pranks</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Also_sprach_Zarathustra" title="Also sprach Zarathustra">Also sprach Zarathustra</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Don_Quixote_(Strauss)" title="Don Quixote (Strauss)">Don Quixote</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ein_Heldenleben" title="Ein Heldenleben">Ein Heldenleben</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Symphonia_Domestica" title="Symphonia Domestica">Symphonia Domestica</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/An_Alpine_Symphony" title="An Alpine Symphony">An Alpine Symphony</a></i>. His first opera to achieve international fame was <i><a href="/wiki/Salome_(opera)" title="Salome (opera)">Salome</a></i>, which used a libretto by <a href="/wiki/Hedwig_Lachmann" title="Hedwig Lachmann">Hedwig Lachmann</a> that was a German translation of the French play <i><a href="/wiki/Salome_(play)" title="Salome (play)">Salomé</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Oscar Wilde</a>. This was followed by several critically acclaimed operas with librettist <a href="/wiki/Hugo_von_Hofmannsthal" title="Hugo von Hofmannsthal">Hugo von Hofmannsthal</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Elektra_(opera)" title="Elektra (opera)">Elektra</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Rosenkavalier" title="Der Rosenkavalier">Der Rosenkavalier</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ariadne_auf_Naxos" title="Ariadne auf Naxos">Ariadne auf Naxos</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Die_Frau_ohne_Schatten" title="Die Frau ohne Schatten">Die Frau ohne Schatten</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Die_%C3%A4gyptische_Helena" title="Die ägyptische Helena">Die ägyptische Helena</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Arabella" title="Arabella">Arabella</a></i>. His last operas, <i><a href="/wiki/Daphne_(opera)" title="Daphne (opera)">Daphne</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Friedenstag" title="Friedenstag">Friedenstag</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Die_Liebe_der_Danae" title="Die Liebe der Danae">Die Liebe der Danae</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Capriccio_(opera)" title="Capriccio (opera)">Capriccio</a></i> used <a href="/wiki/Libretto" title="Libretto">libretti</a> written by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gregor" title="Joseph Gregor">Joseph Gregor</a>, the Viennese theatre historian. Other well-known works by Strauss include two symphonies, <a href="/wiki/Lied" title="Lied">lieder</a> (especially the <i><a href="/wiki/Four_Last_Songs" title="Four Last Songs">Four Last Songs</a></i>), the <a href="/wiki/Violin_Concerto_(Strauss)" title="Violin Concerto (Strauss)">Violin Concerto in D minor</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Horn_Concerto_No._1_(Strauss)" title="Horn Concerto No. 1 (Strauss)">Horn Concerto No. 1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horn_Concerto_No._2_(Strauss)" title="Horn Concerto No. 2 (Strauss)">Horn Concerto No. 2</a>, his <a href="/wiki/Oboe_Concerto_(Strauss)" title="Oboe Concerto (Strauss)">Oboe Concerto</a> and other instrumental works such as <i><a href="/wiki/Metamorphosen" title="Metamorphosen">Metamorphosen</a></i>. </p><p>A prominent conductor in Western Europe and the Americas, Strauss enjoyed quasi-celebrity status as his compositions became standards of orchestral and operatic repertoire. He was chiefly admired for his interpretations of the works of Liszt, Mozart, and Wagner in addition to his own works. A conducting disciple of <a href="/wiki/Hans_von_B%C3%BClow" title="Hans von Bülow">Hans von Bülow</a>, Strauss began his conducting career as Bülow's assistant with the <a href="/wiki/Meiningen_Court_Orchestra" title="Meiningen Court Orchestra">Meiningen Court Orchestra</a> in 1883. After Bülow resigned in 1885, Strauss served as that orchestra's primary conductor for five months before being appointed to the conducting staff of the <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_State_Opera" title="Bavarian State Opera">Bavarian State Opera</a> where he worked as third conductor from 1886 to 1889. He then served as principal conductor of the <a href="/wiki/Deutsches_Nationaltheater_und_Staatskapelle_Weimar" title="Deutsches Nationaltheater und Staatskapelle Weimar">Deutsches Nationaltheater und Staatskapelle Weimar</a> from 1889 to 1894. In 1894 he made his conducting debut at the <a href="/wiki/Bayreuth_Festival" title="Bayreuth Festival">Bayreuth Festival</a>, conducting Wagner's <i><a href="/wiki/Tannh%C3%A4user_(opera)" title="Tannhäuser (opera)">Tannhäuser</a></i> with his wife, soprano <a href="/wiki/Pauline_de_Ahna" title="Pauline de Ahna">Pauline de Ahna</a>, singing Elisabeth. He then returned to the Bavarian State Opera, this time as principal conductor, from 1894 to 1898, after which he was principal conductor of the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_State_Opera" title="Berlin State Opera">Berlin State Opera</a> from 1898 to 1913. From 1919 to 1924 he was principal conductor of the <a href="/wiki/Vienna_State_Opera" title="Vienna State Opera">Vienna State Opera</a>, and in 1920 he co-founded the <a href="/wiki/Salzburg_Festival" title="Salzburg Festival">Salzburg Festival</a>. In addition to these posts, Strauss was a frequent guest conductor in opera houses and with orchestras internationally. </p><p>In 1933 Strauss was appointed to two important positions in the musical life of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>: head of the <a href="/wiki/Reichsmusikkammer" class="mw-redirect" title="Reichsmusikkammer">Reichsmusikkammer</a> and principal conductor of the Bayreuth Festival. The latter role he accepted after conductor <a href="/wiki/Arturo_Toscanini" title="Arturo Toscanini">Arturo Toscanini</a> had resigned from the position in protest against the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a>. These positions have led some to criticize Strauss for his seeming collaboration with the Nazis. However, Strauss's daughter-in-law, Alice Grab Strauss [née von Hermannswörth], was Jewish and much of his apparent acquiescence to the Nazi Party was done to save her life and the lives of her children (his Jewish grandchildren). He was also apolitical, and took the Reichsmusikkammer post to advance copyright protections for composers, attempting as well to preserve performances of works by banned composers such as Mahler and <a href="/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Felix Mendelssohn</a>. Further, Strauss insisted on using a Jewish librettist, <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Zweig" title="Stefan Zweig">Stefan Zweig</a>, for his opera <i><a href="/wiki/Die_schweigsame_Frau" title="Die schweigsame Frau">Die schweigsame Frau</a></i> which ultimately led to his firing from the Reichsmusikkammer and Bayreuth. His opera <i>Friedenstag</i>, which premiered just before the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, was a thinly veiled criticism of the Nazi Party that attempted to persuade Germans to abandon violence for peace. Thanks to his influence, his daughter-in-law was placed under protected house arrest during the war, but despite extensive efforts he was unable to save dozens of his in-laws from being killed in <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Nazi concentration camps</a>. In 1948, a year before his death, he was cleared of any wrongdoing by a <a href="/wiki/Denazification" title="Denazification">denazification</a> tribunal in Munich. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Strauss&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life_and_career_(1864–1886)"><span id="Early_life_and_career_.281864.E2.80.931886.29"></span>Early life and career (1864–1886)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Strauss&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life and career (1864–1886)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Franz_Strauss.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Franz_Strauss.jpg/170px-Franz_Strauss.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Franz_Strauss.jpg/255px-Franz_Strauss.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Franz_Strauss.jpg/340px-Franz_Strauss.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>Franz Strauss, father of Richard Strauss</figcaption></figure> <p>Strauss was born on 11 June 1864 in <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>, the son of Josephine (née Pschorr) and <a href="/wiki/Franz_Strauss" title="Franz Strauss">Franz Strauss</a>, who was the principal <a href="/wiki/Horn_(instrument)" title="Horn (instrument)">horn</a> player at the Court Opera in Munich and a professor at the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigliche_Musikschule" class="mw-redirect" title="Königliche Musikschule">Königliche Musikschule</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-g1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His mother was the daughter of Georg Pschorr, a financially prosperous <a href="/wiki/Hacker-Pschorr_Brewery" title="Hacker-Pschorr Brewery">brewer from Munich</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-g1_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Child_prodigy" title="Child prodigy">child prodigy</a> in composition, Strauss began his musical studies at the age of four, studying piano with August Tombo who was the harpist in the Munich Court Orchestra.<sup id="cite_ref-g1_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon after, he began attending the rehearsals of the orchestra, and began getting lessons in music theory and orchestration from the ensemble's assistant conductor. He wrote his first composition at the age of six, and continued to write music almost until his death. In 1872, he started receiving violin instruction from <a href="/wiki/Benno_Walter" title="Benno Walter">Benno Walter</a>, the director of the Munich Court Orchestra and his father's cousin, and at 11 began five years of compositional study with Friedrich Wilhelm Meyer.<sup id="cite_ref-g1_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1882 he graduated from the Ludwigsgymnasium and afterwards attended only one year at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Munich" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Munich">University of Munich</a> in 1882–1883.<sup id="cite_ref-g1_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to his formal teachers, Strauss was profoundly influenced musically by his father who made instrumental music-making central to the Strauss home. The Strauss family was frequently joined in their home for music making, meals, and other activities by the orphaned composer and music theorist <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Thuille" title="Ludwig Thuille">Ludwig Thuille</a> who was viewed as an adopted member of the family.<sup id="cite_ref-g1_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Strauss's father taught his son the music of Beethoven, Haydn, Mozart, and Schubert.<sup id="cite_ref-g1_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father further assisted his son with his musical composition during the 1870s and into the early 1880s, providing advice, comments, and criticisms.<sup id="cite_ref-g1_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father also provided support by showcasing his son's compositions in performance with the Wilde Gung'l, an amateur orchestra he conducted from 1875 to 1896. Many of his early symphonic compositions were written for this ensemble.<sup id="cite_ref-g1_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His compositions at this time were indebted to the style of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann">Robert Schumann</a> and <a href="/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Felix Mendelssohn</a>, true to his father's teachings. His father undoubtedly had a crucial influence on his son's developing taste, not least in Strauss's abiding love for the horn. His <a href="/wiki/Horn_Concerto_No._1_(Strauss)" title="Horn Concerto No. 1 (Strauss)">Horn Concerto No. 1</a>, is representative of this period and is a staple of the modern horn repertoire.<sup id="cite_ref-g1_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1874, Strauss heard his first <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Wagner</a> operas, <i><a href="/wiki/Lohengrin_(opera)" title="Lohengrin (opera)">Lohengrin</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Tannh%C3%A4user_(opera)" title="Tannhäuser (opera)">Tannhäuser</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-B_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1878 he attended performances of <i><a href="/wiki/Die_Walk%C3%BCre" title="Die Walküre">Die Walküre</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Siegfried_(opera)" title="Siegfried (opera)">Siegfried</a></i> in Munich, and in 1879 he attended performances of the entire <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen" title="Der Ring des Nibelungen">Ring Cycle</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Die_Meistersinger_von_N%C3%BCrnberg" title="Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg">Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Tristan_und_Isolde" title="Tristan und Isolde">Tristan und Isolde</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-g1_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The influence of Wagner's music on Strauss's style was to be profound, but at first his musically conservative father forbade him to study it. Indeed, in the Strauss household, the music of Richard Wagner was viewed with deep suspicion, and it was not until the age of 16 that Strauss was able to obtain a score of <i>Tristan und Isolde</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-B_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1882 he went to the <a href="/wiki/Bayreuth_Festival" title="Bayreuth Festival">Bayreuth Festival</a> to hear his father perform in the world premiere of Wagner's <i><a href="/wiki/Parsifal" title="Parsifal">Parsifal</a></i>; after which surviving letters to his father and to Thuille detail his seemingly negative impression of Wagner and his music.<sup id="cite_ref-g1_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In later life, Strauss said that he deeply regretted the conservative hostility to Wagner's progressive works.<sup id="cite_ref-B_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Richard_Strauss_20OCT1886.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Richard_Strauss_20OCT1886.jpg/170px-Richard_Strauss_20OCT1886.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Richard_Strauss_20OCT1886.jpg/255px-Richard_Strauss_20OCT1886.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Richard_Strauss_20OCT1886.jpg/340px-Richard_Strauss_20OCT1886.jpg 2x" data-file-width="689" data-file-height="995" /></a><figcaption>Strauss aged 22</figcaption></figure> <p>In early 1882, in Vienna, Strauss gave the first performance of his <a href="/wiki/Violin_Concerto_(Strauss)" title="Violin Concerto (Strauss)">Violin Concerto in D minor</a>, playing a piano reduction of the orchestral part himself, with his teacher Benno Walter as soloist. The same year he entered <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Maximilian_University_of_Munich" title="Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich">Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich</a>, where he studied philosophy and art history, but not music. He left a year later to go to Berlin, where he studied briefly before securing a post with the <a href="/wiki/Meiningen_Court_Orchestra" title="Meiningen Court Orchestra">Meiningen Court Orchestra</a> as assistant conductor to <a href="/wiki/Hans_von_B%C3%BClow" title="Hans von Bülow">Hans von Bülow</a>, who had been enormously impressed by the young composer's <i>Serenade (Op. 7)</i> for wind instruments, composed when he was only 16 years of age. Strauss learned the art of conducting by observing Bülow in rehearsal. Bülow was very fond of the young man, and Strauss considered him as his greatest conducting mentor, often crediting him as teaching him "the art of interpretation".<sup id="cite_ref-g1_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notably, under Bülow's baton he made his first major appearance as a concert pianist, performing Mozart's <a href="/wiki/Piano_Concerto_No._24_(Mozart)" title="Piano Concerto No. 24 (Mozart)">Piano Concerto No. 24</a>, for which he composed his own <a href="/wiki/Cadenza" title="Cadenza">cadenzas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-g1_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 1885, Bülow unexpectedly resigned from his post, and Strauss was left to lead the Meiningen Court Orchestra as interim principal conductor for the remainder of the artistic season through April 1886.<sup id="cite_ref-g1_1-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He notably helped prepare the orchestra for the world premiere performance of <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Johannes Brahms</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._4_(Brahms)" title="Symphony No. 4 (Brahms)">Symphony No. 4</a>, which Brahms himself conducted. He also conducted his <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._2_(Strauss)" title="Symphony No. 2 (Strauss)">Symphony No. 2</a> for Brahms, who advised Strauss: "Your symphony contains too much playing about with themes. This piling up of many themes based on a triad, which differ from one another only in rhythm, has no value."<sup id="cite_ref-g1_1-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brahms' music, like Wagner's, also left a tremendous impression upon Strauss, and he often referred to this time of his life as his 'Brahmsschwärmerei' ('Brahms adoration') during which several his compositions clearly show Brahms' influence, including the <a href="/wiki/Piano_Quartet_(Strauss)" title="Piano Quartet (Strauss)">Piano Quartet in C minor</a>, Op. 13 (1883–84), <i><a href="/wiki/Wandrers_Sturmlied" title="Wandrers Sturmlied">Wandrers Sturmlied</a></i> (1884) and <i><a href="/wiki/Burleske" title="Burleske">Burleske</a></i> (1885–86)."<sup id="cite_ref-g1_1-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Success_in_conducting_and_tone_poems_(1885–1898)"><span id="Success_in_conducting_and_tone_poems_.281885.E2.80.931898.29"></span>Success in conducting and tone poems (1885–1898)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Strauss&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Success in conducting and tone poems (1885–1898)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1885 Strauss met the composer <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Ritter" title="Alexander Ritter">Alexander Ritter</a> who was a violinist in the Meiningen orchestra and the husband of one of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a>'s nieces. An avid champion of the ideals of Wagner and <a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Franz Liszt</a>, Ritter had a tremendous impact on the trajectory of Strauss's work as a composer from 1885 onward. Ritter convinced Strauss to abandon his more conservative style of composing and embrace the "music of the future" by modeling his compositional style on Wagner and Liszt.<sup id="cite_ref-g1_1-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He further influenced Strauss by engaging him in studies and conversations on the writings of <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Arthur Schopenhauer</a>, Wagner, and Friedrich von Hausegger. All of this together gave a new aesthetic anchor to Strauss which first became evident in his embrace of the <a href="/wiki/Tone_poem" class="mw-redirect" title="Tone poem">tone poem</a> genre.<sup id="cite_ref-g1_1-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After leaving his post in Meiningen in 1886, Strauss spent several weeks traveling throughout Italy before assuming a new post as third conductor at the <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_State_Opera" title="Bavarian State Opera">Bavarian State Opera</a> (then known as the Munich Hofoper). While traveling he wrote down descriptions of the various sites he was seeing along with tonal impressions that went with those descriptions. These he communicated in a letter to his mother, and they ultimately were used as the beginning of his first tone poem, <i><a href="/wiki/Aus_Italien" title="Aus Italien">Aus Italien</a></i> (1886).<sup id="cite_ref-g1_1-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly after Strauss assumed his opera conducting duties in Munich, Ritter himself moved to the city in September 1886. For the next three years the two men would meet regularly, often joined by Thuille and <a href="/wiki/Anton_Seidl" title="Anton Seidl">Anton Seidl</a>, to discuss music, particularly Wagner and Liszt, and discuss poetry, literature, and philosophy.<sup id="cite_ref-g1_1-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Strauss's tenure at the Bavarian State Opera was not a happy one. With the death of <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_II_of_Bavaria" title="Ludwig II of Bavaria">Ludwig II of Bavaria</a> in June 1886, the opera house was not as well financially supported by his successor <a href="/wiki/Otto,_King_of_Bavaria" title="Otto, King of Bavaria">Otto of Bavaria</a> which meant that much of the more ambitious and expensive repertoire that he wanted to stage, such as Wagner's operas, were unfeasible. The opera assignments he was given, works by Boieldieu, Auber and Donizetti, bored him, and to make matters worse Hermann Levi, the senior conductor at the house, was often ill and Strauss was required to step in at the last minute to conduct performance for operas which he had never rehearsed. This caused problems for him, the singers, and the orchestra. During this time, Strauss did find much more enjoyable conducting work outside Munich in Berlin, Dresden, and Leipzig. In the latter city he met and befriended the composer <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Gustav Mahler</a> in the autumn of 1887. Also happily, Strauss met his future wife, soprano <a href="/wiki/Pauline_de_Ahna" title="Pauline de Ahna">Pauline de Ahna</a>, in 1887. De Ahna was then a voice student at the Munich Musikschule (now the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Music_and_Performing_Arts_Munich" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Music and Performing Arts Munich">University of Music and Performing Arts Munich</a>), but soon switched to private lessons with Strauss who became her principal teacher.<sup id="cite_ref-g1_1-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pauline_Strauss_de_Ahna.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Pauline_Strauss_de_Ahna.jpg/220px-Pauline_Strauss_de_Ahna.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Pauline_Strauss_de_Ahna.jpg/330px-Pauline_Strauss_de_Ahna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Pauline_Strauss_de_Ahna.jpg/440px-Pauline_Strauss_de_Ahna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="987" data-file-height="1195" /></a><figcaption>Pauline de Ahna Strauss, c. 1900</figcaption></figure> <p>In May 1889 Strauss left his post with the Bavarian State Opera after being appointed <a href="/wiki/Kapellmeister" title="Kapellmeister">Kapellmeister</a> to <a href="/wiki/Charles_Alexander,_Grand_Duke_of_Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach" title="Charles Alexander, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach">Charles Alexander, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach</a> in Weimar, beginning in the autumn of 1889. During the summer of 1889 he served as the assistant conductor of the <a href="/wiki/Bayreuth_Festival" title="Bayreuth Festival">Bayreuth Festival</a> during which time he befriended <a href="/wiki/Cosima_Wagner" title="Cosima Wagner">Cosima Wagner</a> who became a longterm close friend.<sup id="cite_ref-g1_1-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pauline De Ahna went with Strauss to Weimar and he later married her on 10 September 1894. She was famous for being irascible, garrulous, eccentric and outspoken, but to all appearances the marriage was essentially happy, and she was a great source of inspiration to him. Throughout his life, from his earliest songs to the final <i><a href="/wiki/Four_Last_Songs" title="Four Last Songs">Four Last Songs</a></i> of 1948, he preferred the <a href="/wiki/Soprano" title="Soprano">soprano voice</a> to all others, and all his operas contain important soprano roles. In Weimar she created the role of Freihild in Strauss's first opera, <i><a href="/wiki/Guntram_(opera)" title="Guntram (opera)">Guntram</a></i>, in 1894. The opera was received with mixed reviews in Weimar, but its later production in Munich was met with scorn and was Strauss's first major failure.<sup id="cite_ref-g1_1-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In spite of the failure of his first opera, Strauss's tenure in Weimar brought about several important successes for his career. His tone poem <i><a href="/wiki/Don_Juan_(Strauss)" title="Don Juan (Strauss)">Don Juan</a></i> premiered in Weimar on 11 November 1889 to tremendous critical response, and the work quickly brought him international fame and success. This was followed by another lauded achievement, the premiere of his tone poem <i><a href="/wiki/Death_and_Transfiguration" title="Death and Transfiguration">Death and Transfiguration</a></i> in 1890. Both of these works, along with the earlier <i>Burleske</i>, became internationally known and established him as a leading modernist composer.<sup id="cite_ref-g1_1-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also had much success as a conductor in Weimar, particularly with the symphonic poems of Liszt and an uncut production of <i>Tristan und Isolde</i> in 1892.<sup id="cite_ref-g1_1-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Strauss_Haus_Garmisch.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Strauss_Haus_Garmisch.JPG/220px-Strauss_Haus_Garmisch.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Strauss_Haus_Garmisch.JPG/330px-Strauss_Haus_Garmisch.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Strauss_Haus_Garmisch.JPG/440px-Strauss_Haus_Garmisch.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2346" data-file-height="1560" /></a><figcaption>Strauss villa at <a href="/wiki/Garmisch-Partenkirchen" title="Garmisch-Partenkirchen">Garmisch-Partenkirchen</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the summer of 1894 Strauss made his conducting debut at the Bayreuth Festival, conducting Wagner's <i>Tannhäuser</i> with Pauline singing Elisabeth. Just prior to their marriage the following September, Strauss left his post in Weimar when he was appointed Kapellmeister, or first conductor, of the Bavarian State Opera where he became responsible for the operas of Wagner. While working in Munich for the next four years he had his largest creative period of tone poem composition, producing <i><a href="/wiki/Till_Eulenspiegel%27s_Merry_Pranks" title="Till Eulenspiegel's Merry Pranks">Till Eulenspiegel's Merry Pranks</a></i> (1895), <i><a href="/wiki/Also_sprach_Zarathustra" title="Also sprach Zarathustra">Also sprach Zarathustra</a></i> (1896), <i><a href="/wiki/Don_Quixote_(Strauss)" title="Don Quixote (Strauss)">Don Quixote</a></i> (1897), and <i><a href="/wiki/Ein_Heldenleben" title="Ein Heldenleben">Ein Heldenleben</a></i> (1898).<sup id="cite_ref-g1_1-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also served as principal conductor of the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Philharmonic" title="Berlin Philharmonic">Berlin Philharmonic</a> in 1894–1895. In 1897, the Strausses' only child, their son Franz, was born.<sup id="cite_ref-RS_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RS-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1906, Strauss purchased a block of land at <a href="/wiki/Garmisch-Partenkirchen" title="Garmisch-Partenkirchen">Garmisch-Partenkirchen</a> and had a villa (<a href="/wiki/Strauss-Villa_(Garmisch-Partenkirchen)" class="mw-redirect" title="Strauss-Villa (Garmisch-Partenkirchen)">Strauss-Villa</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strauss-Villa_(Garmisch-Partenkirchen)" class="extiw" title="de:Strauss-Villa (Garmisch-Partenkirchen)">de</a>]</span>) built there with the down payments from the publisher <a href="/wiki/Adolph_F%C3%BCrstner" title="Adolph Fürstner">Adolph Fürstner</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for his opera <i><a href="/wiki/Salome_(opera)" title="Salome (opera)">Salome</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> residing there until his death.<sup id="cite_ref-g1_1-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fame_and_success_with_operas_(1898–1933)"><span id="Fame_and_success_with_operas_.281898.E2.80.931933.29"></span>Fame and success with operas (1898–1933)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Strauss&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Fame and success with operas (1898–1933)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Strauss_1898_by_Fritz_Erler.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Strauss_1898_by_Fritz_Erler.jpg/220px-Strauss_1898_by_Fritz_Erler.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Strauss_1898_by_Fritz_Erler.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="234" data-file-height="275" /></a><figcaption>Strauss, portrait by <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Erler" title="Fritz Erler">Fritz Erler</a>, 1898</figcaption></figure> <p>Strauss left the Bavarian State Opera in 1898 when he became principal conductor of the <a href="/wiki/Staatskapelle_Berlin" title="Staatskapelle Berlin">Staatskapelle Berlin</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_State_Opera" title="Berlin State Opera">Berlin State Opera</a> in the fall of 1898; a position he remained in for 15 years. By this time in his career, he was in constant demand as a guest conductor internationally and enjoyed celebrity status as a conductor; particularly in the works of <a href="/wiki/Wagner" class="mw-redirect" title="Wagner">Wagner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mozart" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozart">Mozart</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Liszt" class="mw-redirect" title="Liszt">Liszt</a> in addition to his own compositions.<sup id="cite_ref-g1_1-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He became president of the <a href="/wiki/Allgemeiner_Deutscher_Musikverein" title="Allgemeiner Deutscher Musikverein">Allgemeiner Deutscher Musikverein</a> in 1901, and that same year became leader of the <a href="/wiki/Berliner_Tonk%C3%BCnstlerverein" class="mw-redirect" title="Berliner Tonkünstlerverein">Berliner Tonkünstlerverein</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-g1_1-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also served as editor of the book series <i>Die Musik</i>. He used all of these posts to champion contemporary German composers like <a href="/wiki/Mahler" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahler">Mahler</a>. His own compositions were becoming increasingly popular, and the first major orchestra to perform an entire concert of only his music was the <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Philharmonic" title="Vienna Philharmonic">Vienna Philharmonic</a> in 1901.<sup id="cite_ref-g1_1-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1903 Strauss Festivals dedicated to his music were established in London and Heidelberg. At the latter festival his cantata <i><a href="/wiki/Taillefer_(Strauss)" title="Taillefer (Strauss)">Taillefer</a></i> was given its world premiere.<sup id="cite_ref-g1_1-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1904 Strauss embarked on his first North American tour, with stops in Boston, Chicago, Cleveland, Cincinnati, New York City, and Pittsburgh. At <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Hall" title="Carnegie Hall">Carnegie Hall</a> he conducted the world premiere of his <i><a href="/wiki/Symphonia_Domestica" title="Symphonia Domestica">Symphonia Domestica</a></i> on 21 March 1904 with the <a href="/wiki/Wetzler_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Wetzler Symphony Orchestra">Wetzler Symphony Orchestra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wetzler_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wetzler-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also conducted several other works in collaboration with composer <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Hans_Wetzler" title="Hermann Hans Wetzler">Hermann Hans Wetzler</a> and his orchestra that year at Carnegie Hall, and also performed a concert of lieder with his wife.<sup id="cite_ref-Wetzler_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wetzler-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this trip he was working intensively on composing his third opera, <i><a href="/wiki/Salome_(opera)" title="Salome (opera)">Salome</a></i>, based on <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Oscar Wilde</a>'s 1891 play <i><a href="/wiki/Salome_(play)" title="Salome (play)">Salome</a></i>. The work, which premiered in Dresden in 1905, became Strauss's greatest triumph in his career up to that point, and opera houses all over the world quickly began programing the opera.<sup id="cite_ref-g1_1-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Richard-strauss-and-pauline-and-franz-1910.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Richard-strauss-and-pauline-and-franz-1910.jpg/220px-Richard-strauss-and-pauline-and-franz-1910.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Richard-strauss-and-pauline-and-franz-1910.jpg/330px-Richard-strauss-and-pauline-and-franz-1910.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Richard-strauss-and-pauline-and-franz-1910.jpg/440px-Richard-strauss-and-pauline-and-franz-1910.jpg 2x" data-file-width="673" data-file-height="578" /></a><figcaption>Strauss with his wife and son, 1910</figcaption></figure> <p>After <i>Salome</i>, Strauss had a string of critically successful operas which he created with the librettist and poet <a href="/wiki/Hugo_von_Hofmannsthal" title="Hugo von Hofmannsthal">Hugo von Hofmannsthal</a>. These operas included <i><a href="/wiki/Elektra_(opera)" title="Elektra (opera)">Elektra</a></i> (1909), <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Rosenkavalier" title="Der Rosenkavalier">Der Rosenkavalier</a></i> (1911), <i><a href="/wiki/Ariadne_auf_Naxos" title="Ariadne auf Naxos">Ariadne auf Naxos</a></i> (1912, rev. 1916), <i><a href="/wiki/Die_Frau_ohne_Schatten" title="Die Frau ohne Schatten">Die Frau ohne Schatten</a></i> (1919), <i><a href="/wiki/Die_%C3%A4gyptische_Helena" title="Die ägyptische Helena">Die ägyptische Helena</a></i> (1928), and <i><a href="/wiki/Arabella" title="Arabella">Arabella</a></i> (1933).<sup id="cite_ref-g1_1-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While all of these works remain part of the opera repertoire, his opera <i>Der Rosenkavalier</i> is generally considered his finest achievement.<sup id="cite_ref-g1_1-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this time he continued to work internationally as a celebrity conductor, and from 1919 to 1924 he was principal conductor of the <a href="/wiki/Vienna_State_Opera" title="Vienna State Opera">Vienna State Opera</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-g1_1-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1920 he co-founded the <a href="/wiki/Salzburg_Festival" title="Salzburg Festival">Salzburg Festival</a> with <a href="/wiki/Max_Reinhardt" title="Max Reinhardt">Max Reinhardt</a> and the set designer Alfred Rolle. In 1924 Strauss's opera <i><a href="/wiki/Intermezzo_(opera)" title="Intermezzo (opera)">Intermezzo</a></i> premiered at the <a href="/wiki/Semperoper" title="Semperoper">Dresden Semperoper</a> with both the music and libretto by Strauss. For this opera, Strauss wanted to move away from post-Wagnerian metaphysics which had been the philosophical framework of Hofmannsthal's libretti, and instead embrace a modern domestic comedy to Hofmannsthal's chagrin.<sup id="cite_ref-g1_1-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The work proved to be a success.<sup id="cite_ref-g1_1-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> Strauss was invited to sign the <a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_the_Ninety-Three" title="Manifesto of the Ninety-Three">Manifesto of German artists and intellectuals</a> supporting the German role in the conflict. Several colleagues, including <a href="/wiki/Max_Reinhardt" title="Max Reinhardt">Max Reinhardt</a>, signed, but Strauss refused, and his response was recorded with approval by the French critic <a href="/wiki/Romain_Rolland" title="Romain Rolland">Romain Rolland</a> in his diary for October 1914: "Declarations about war and politics are not fitting for an artist, who must give his attention to his creations and his works."<sup id="cite_ref-Myers68_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Myers68-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1924 Strauss's son Franz married Alice von Grab-Hermannswörth, daughter of a Jewish industrialist, in a Roman Catholic ceremony.<sup id="cite_ref-RS_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RS-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Franz and Alice had two sons, Richard and Christian.<sup id="cite_ref-RS_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RS-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Signed_drawing_of_Richard_Strauss_by_Manuel_Rosenberg_1927.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Signed_drawing_of_Richard_Strauss_by_Manuel_Rosenberg_1927.jpg/220px-Signed_drawing_of_Richard_Strauss_by_Manuel_Rosenberg_1927.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Signed_drawing_of_Richard_Strauss_by_Manuel_Rosenberg_1927.jpg/330px-Signed_drawing_of_Richard_Strauss_by_Manuel_Rosenberg_1927.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Signed_drawing_of_Richard_Strauss_by_Manuel_Rosenberg_1927.jpg/440px-Signed_drawing_of_Richard_Strauss_by_Manuel_Rosenberg_1927.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2825" data-file-height="3423" /></a><figcaption>Signed drawing by <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Rosenberg" title="Manuel Rosenberg">Manuel Rosenberg</a> 1927</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nazi_Germany_(1933–1945)"><span id="Nazi_Germany_.281933.E2.80.931945.29"></span>Nazi Germany (1933–1945)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Strauss&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Nazi Germany (1933–1945)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reichsmusikkammer"><i>Reichsmusikkammer</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Strauss&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Reichsmusikkammer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In March 1933, when Strauss was 68, <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_rise_to_power" title="Adolf Hitler's rise to power">Adolph Hitler rose to power</a>. Strauss never joined the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a>, and studiously avoided <a href="/wiki/Nazi_salute" title="Nazi salute">Nazi forms of greeting</a>. For reasons of expediency, however, he was initially drawn into cooperating with the early Nazi regime in the hope that Hitler—an ardent Wagnerian and music lover who had admired Strauss's work since viewing <i>Salome</i> in 1907—would promote German art and culture. Strauss's need to protect his Jewish daughter-in-law and Jewish grandchildren also motivated his behavior,<sup id="cite_ref-g1_1-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in addition to his determination to preserve and conduct the music of banned composers such as <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Gustav Mahler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy">Claude Debussy</a>. </p><p>In 1933, Strauss wrote in his private notebook: </p> <blockquote><p>I consider the <a href="/wiki/Julius_Streicher" title="Julius Streicher">Streicher</a>–Goebbels Jew-baiting as a disgrace to German honour, as evidence of incompetence—the basest weapon of untalented, lazy mediocrity against a higher intelligence and greater talent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy1999274_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1999274-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Meanwhile, far from being an admirer of Strauss's work, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Joseph Goebbels</a> maintained expedient cordiality with Strauss only for a period. Goebbels wrote in his diary: </p> <blockquote><p>Unfortunately we still need him, but one day we shall have our own music and then we shall have no further need of this decadent neurotic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy1999293_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1999293-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Richard_Strauss-TIME-1927.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Richard_Strauss-TIME-1927.jpg/170px-Richard_Strauss-TIME-1927.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Richard_Strauss-TIME-1927.jpg/255px-Richard_Strauss-TIME-1927.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Richard_Strauss-TIME-1927.jpg/340px-Richard_Strauss-TIME-1927.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="527" /></a><figcaption>Strauss on the cover of <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">TIME</a></i> in 1927; he was also on the magazine's cover in 1938.</figcaption></figure> <p>Nevertheless, because of Strauss's international eminence, in November 1933 he was appointed to the post of president of the newly founded <i><a href="/wiki/Reichsmusikkammer" class="mw-redirect" title="Reichsmusikkammer">Reichsmusikkammer</a></i>, the Reich Music Chamber. Strauss, who had lived through numerous political regimes and had no interest in politics, decided to accept the position but to remain apolitical, a decision which would eventually become untenable. He wrote to his family, "I made music under <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II,_German_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm II, German Emperor">the Kaiser</a>, and under <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Ebert" title="Friedrich Ebert">Ebert</a>. I'll survive under this one as well."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He later wrote in his journal: </p> <blockquote><p>In November 1933, the minister Goebbels nominated me president of the <i>Reichsmusikkammer</i> without obtaining my prior agreement. I was not consulted. I accepted this honorary office because I hoped that I would be able to do some good and prevent worse misfortunes, if from now onwards German musical life were going to be, as it was said, "reorganized" by amateurs and ignorant place-seekers.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Strauss privately scorned Goebbels and called him "a pipsqueak".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReuth1993402_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReuth1993402-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in 1933 he dedicated an orchestral song, "<i>Das Bächlein</i>" ("The Little Brook"), to Goebbels, to gain his cooperation in extending German music copyright laws from 30 years to 50 years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy1999281–282_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1999281–282-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in 1933, he replaced <a href="/wiki/Arturo_Toscanini" title="Arturo Toscanini">Arturo Toscanini</a> as director of the Bayreuth Festival after Toscanini had resigned in protest against the Nazi regime.<sup id="cite_ref-g1_1-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Strauss attempted to ignore Nazi bans on performances of works by Debussy, Mahler, and Mendelssohn. He also continued to work on a comic opera, <i>Die schweigsame Frau</i>, with his Jewish friend and librettist <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Zweig" title="Stefan Zweig">Stefan Zweig</a>. When the opera was premiered in Dresden in 1935, Strauss insisted that Zweig's name appear on the theatrical billing, much to the ire of the Nazi regime. Hitler and Goebbels avoided attending the opera, and it was halted after three performances and subsequently banned by the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Third Reich</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy1999285_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1999285-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 17 June 1935, Strauss wrote a letter to Stefan Zweig, in which he stated: </p> <blockquote><p>Do you believe I am ever, in any of my actions, guided by the thought that I am 'German'? Do you suppose Mozart was consciously 'Aryan' when he composed? I recognise only two types of people: those who have talent and those who have none.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy1999297_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1999297-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>This letter to Zweig was intercepted by the <a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a> and sent to Hitler. Strauss was subsequently <a href="/wiki/Dismissal_(employment)" title="Dismissal (employment)">dismissed</a> from his post as <i>Reichsmusikkammer</i> president in 1935. The <a href="/wiki/1936_Summer_Olympics" title="1936 Summer Olympics">1936 Berlin Summer Olympics</a> nevertheless used Strauss's <i><a href="/wiki/Olympische_Hymne" title="Olympische Hymne">Olympische Hymne</a></i>, which he had composed in 1934. Strauss's seeming relationship with the Nazis in the 1930s attracted criticism from some noted musicians, including Toscanini, who in 1933 had said, "To Strauss the composer I take off my hat; to Strauss the man I put it back on again", when Strauss had accepted the presidency of the <i>Reichsmusikkammer</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of Strauss's motivation in his conduct during the Third Reich was, however, to protect his Jewish daughter-in-law Alice and his Jewish grandchildren from persecution. Both of his grandsons were bullied at school, but Strauss used his considerable influence to prevent the boys or their mother being sent to <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">concentration camps</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy1999316_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1999316-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Late_operas_and_family_tragedy">Late operas and family tragedy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Strauss&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Late operas and family tragedy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Strauss_1938.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Strauss_1938.jpg/260px-Strauss_1938.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Strauss_1938.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="244" /></a><figcaption>Strauss at Garmisch in 1938</figcaption></figure> <p>Frustrated that he could no longer work with Zweig as his librettist, Strauss turned to <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gregor" title="Joseph Gregor">Joseph Gregor</a>, a Viennese theatre historian, at Gregor's request. The first opera they worked on together was <i><a href="/wiki/Daphne_(opera)" title="Daphne (opera)">Daphne</a></i>, but it ultimately became the second of their operas to be premiered. Their first work to be staged was in 1938, when the entire nation was preparing for war, they presented <i><a href="/wiki/Friedenstag" title="Friedenstag">Friedenstag</a></i> (<i>Peace Day</i>), a one-act opera set in a besieged fortress during the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a>. The work is essentially a hymn to peace and a thinly veiled criticism of the Third Reich. With its contrasts between freedom and enslavement, war and peace, light and dark, this work has a close affinity with <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Beethoven</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Fidelio" title="Fidelio">Fidelio</a></i>. Productions of the opera ceased shortly after the outbreak of war in 1939. The two men collaborated on two more operas which proved to be Strauss's last: <i><a href="/wiki/Die_Liebe_der_Danae" title="Die Liebe der Danae">Die Liebe der Danae</a></i> (1940) and <i><a href="/wiki/Capriccio_(opera)" title="Capriccio (opera)">Capriccio</a></i> (1942).<sup id="cite_ref-g1_1-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When his Jewish daughter-in-law Alice was placed under house arrest in <a href="/wiki/Garmisch-Partenkirchen" title="Garmisch-Partenkirchen">Garmisch-Partenkirchen</a> in 1938, Strauss used his connections in Berlin, including opera-house General Intendant <a href="/wiki/Heinz_Tietjen" title="Heinz Tietjen">Heinz Tietjen</a>, to secure her safety. He drove to the <a href="/wiki/Theresienstadt_concentration_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Theresienstadt concentration camp">Theresienstadt concentration camp</a> to argue, albeit unsuccessfully, for the release of Alice's grandmother, Paula Neumann. In the end, Neumann and 25 other relatives were murdered in the camps.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Alice's mother, Marie von Grab, was safe in Lucerne, Switzerland, Strauss also wrote several letters to the <a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">SS</a> pleading for the release of her children who were also held in camps; his letters were ignored.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy1999339_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1999339-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1942, Strauss moved with his family back to Vienna, where Alice and her children could be protected by <a href="/wiki/Baldur_von_Schirach" title="Baldur von Schirach">Baldur von Schirach</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gauleiter" title="Gauleiter">Gauleiter</a> of Vienna. However, Strauss was unable to protect his Jewish relatives completely; in early 1944, while Strauss was away, Alice and her son Franz were abducted by the Gestapo and imprisoned for two nights. Strauss's personal intervention at this point saved them, and he was able to take them back to Garmisch, where the two remained under house arrest until the end of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-g1_1-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Metamorphosen_and_end_of_the_war"><i>Metamorphosen</i> and end of the war</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Strauss&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Metamorphosen and end of the war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Strauss completed the composition of <i><a href="/wiki/Metamorphosen" title="Metamorphosen">Metamorphosen</a></i>, a work for 23 solo strings, in 1945. The title and inspiration for the work comes from a profoundly self-examining poem by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a>, which Strauss had considered setting as a choral work.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss2009338_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss2009338-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Generally regarded as one of the masterpieces of the string repertoire, <i>Metamorphosen</i> contains Strauss's most sustained outpouring of tragic emotion. Conceived and written during the blackest days of World War II, the piece expresses Strauss's mourning of, among other things, the destruction of German culture—including the bombing of every great opera house in the nation. At the end of the war, Strauss wrote in his private diary: </p> <blockquote><p>The most terrible period of human history is at an end, the twelve year reign of bestiality, ignorance and anti-culture under the greatest criminals, during which Germany's 2000 years of cultural evolution met its doom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy1999361_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1999361-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In April 1945, American soldiers occupying Germany at the end of the war arrived at Strauss's Garmisch estate. As Strauss descended the staircase, he announced to Lieutenant Milton Weiss of the U.S. Army, "I am Richard Strauss, the composer of <i>Rosenkavalier</i> and <i>Salome</i>." Lt. Weiss, who was also a musician, nodded in recognition. An "Off Limits" sign was subsequently placed on the lawn to protect Strauss.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss2009373_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss2009373-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The American oboist <a href="/wiki/John_de_Lancie_(oboist)" title="John de Lancie (oboist)">John de Lancie</a>, who knew Strauss's orchestral writing for oboe thoroughly, was in the army unit, and asked Strauss to compose an oboe concerto. Initially dismissive of the idea, Strauss completed this late work, his <i><a href="/wiki/Oboe_Concerto_(Strauss)" title="Oboe Concerto (Strauss)">Oboe Concerto</a></i>, before the end of the year.<sup id="cite_ref-g1_1-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Indian_Summer",_final_years_and_death_(1942–1949)"><span id=".22Indian_Summer.22.2C_final_years_and_death_.281942.E2.80.931949.29"></span>"Indian Summer", final years and death (1942–1949)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Strauss&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: "Indian Summer", final years and death (1942–1949)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:StraussFamilyGrave-FriedhofGarmisch_RomanDeckert03092024.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/StraussFamilyGrave-FriedhofGarmisch_RomanDeckert03092024.jpg/220px-StraussFamilyGrave-FriedhofGarmisch_RomanDeckert03092024.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/StraussFamilyGrave-FriedhofGarmisch_RomanDeckert03092024.jpg/330px-StraussFamilyGrave-FriedhofGarmisch_RomanDeckert03092024.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/StraussFamilyGrave-FriedhofGarmisch_RomanDeckert03092024.jpg/440px-StraussFamilyGrave-FriedhofGarmisch_RomanDeckert03092024.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4664" data-file-height="3236" /></a><figcaption>The grave in 2024</figcaption></figure> <p>The metaphor "<a href="/wiki/Indian_summer" title="Indian summer">Indian summer</a>" has been used by journalists, biographers, and music critics, notably<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Norman_Del_Mar" title="Norman Del Mar">Norman Del Mar</a> in 1964,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to describe Strauss's late creative upsurge from 1942 to the end of his life. The events of World War II seemed to bring the composer – who had grown old, tired, and a little jaded – into focus.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The major works of the last years of Strauss's life, written in his late 70s and 80s, include, among others, his <i><a href="/wiki/Horn_Concerto_No._2_(Strauss)" title="Horn Concerto No. 2 (Strauss)">Horn Concerto No. 2</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Metamorphosen" title="Metamorphosen">Metamorphosen</a></i>, his <i><a href="/wiki/Oboe_Concerto_(Strauss)" title="Oboe Concerto (Strauss)">Oboe Concerto</a></i>, his <i><a href="/wiki/Duet_concertino_for_clarinet_and_bassoon" title="Duet concertino for clarinet and bassoon">Duet concertino for clarinet and bassoon</a></i>, and his <i><a href="/wiki/Four_Last_Songs" title="Four Last Songs">Four Last Songs</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-g1_1-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 1945, after finishing <i>Metamorphosen</i>, Strauss completed his Sonatina No 2 in E-flat major ("<i>Fröhliche Werkstatt</i>") for 16 wind instruments, which he had begun in early 1944; at the end of the score he wrote "To the <a href="/wiki/Manes" title="Manes">Manes</a> of the divine <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Mozart</a> at the end of a life full of thankfulness".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy1999365_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1999365-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like those of most Germans, Strauss's bank accounts were frozen, and many of his assets seized by American forces. Now elderly and with very few resources left, Strauss and his wife left Germany for Switzerland in October 1945 where they settled in a hotel outside Zurich, and later at the Montreux Palace hotel in Montreux. There they met the Swiss music critic <a href="/wiki/Willi_Schuh_(musicologist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Willi Schuh (musicologist)">Willy Schuh</a>, who became Strauss's biographer. Short of money, in 1947 Strauss embarked on his last international tour, a three-week trip to London, in which he conducted several of his tone poems and excerpts of his operas, and was present during a complete staging of <i>Elektra</i> by the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. The trip was a critical success and provided him and his wife with some much-needed money.<sup id="cite_ref-g1_1-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From May to September 1948, just before his death, Strauss composed the <i>Four Last Songs</i>, which deal with the subject of dying. The last one, "Im Abendrot" (At Sunset), ends with the line "Is this perhaps death?" The question is not answered in words, but instead Strauss quotes the "transfiguration theme" from his earlier tone poem <i>Death and Transfiguration</i> — meant to symbolize the transfiguration and fulfilment of the soul after death. In June 1948, he was cleared of any wrong-doing by a <a href="/wiki/Denazification" title="Denazification">denazification</a> tribunal in Munich.<sup id="cite_ref-g1_1-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That same month he orchestrated <i><a href="/wiki/Ruhe,_meine_Seele!" title="Ruhe, meine Seele!">Ruhe, meine Seele!</a></i>, a song that he had originally composed in 1894.<sup id="cite_ref-g1_1-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 1948, Strauss was hospitalized for several weeks after undergoing bladder surgery.<sup id="cite_ref-g1_1-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His health rapidly deteriorated after that, and he conducted his last performance, the end of Act 2 of <i>Der Rosenkavalier</i> at the <a href="/wiki/Prinzregententheater" title="Prinzregententheater">Prinzregententheater</a> in Munich, during celebrations of his 85th birthday on 10 June 1949. On 15 August, he suffered a heart attack and he quietly died of kidney failure in his sleep shortly after 2 PM on 8 September 1949, in <a href="/wiki/Garmisch-Partenkirchen" title="Garmisch-Partenkirchen">Garmisch-Partenkirchen</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-g1_1-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From his death-bed, typical of his enduring sense of humour, he commented to his daughter-in-law Alice, "dying is just as I composed it in <i>Tod und Verklärung</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy1999113_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1999113-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Georg_Solti" title="Georg Solti">Georg Solti</a>, who had arranged Strauss's 85th birthday celebration, also directed an orchestra during Strauss's burial.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conductor later described how, during the singing of the famous trio from <i>Rosenkavalier</i>, "each singer broke down in tears and dropped out of the ensemble, but they recovered themselves and we all ended together".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy1999394_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1999394-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Strauss's wife, Pauline de Ahna, died eight months later on 13 May 1950 at the age of 88.<sup id="cite_ref-Kennedy_1999,_p._395_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kennedy_1999,_p._395-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Strauss himself declared in 1947 with characteristic self-deprecation: "I may not be a first-rate composer, but I am a first-class second-rate composer." The Canadian pianist <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Gould" title="Glenn Gould">Glenn Gould</a> described Strauss in 1962 as "the greatest musical figure who has lived in this century".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy19993_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy19993-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Music">Music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Strauss&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Componist_Richard_Strauss-29152.ogv/300px-seek%3D8-Componist_Richard_Strauss-29152.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="300" height="225" data-durationhint="17" data-mwtitle="Componist_Richard_Strauss-29152.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Componist_Richard_Strauss-29152.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/63/Componist_Richard_Strauss-29152.ogv/Componist_Richard_Strauss-29152.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="384" data-height="288" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Componist_Richard_Strauss-29152.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="384" data-height="288" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/63/Componist_Richard_Strauss-29152.ogv/Componist_Richard_Strauss-29152.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/63/Componist_Richard_Strauss-29152.ogv/Componist_Richard_Strauss-29152.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /></video></span><figcaption>Strauss in Amsterdam (short film 1924)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Richard_Strauss" title="List of compositions by Richard Strauss">List of compositions by Richard Strauss</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Solo_and_chamber_works">Solo and chamber works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Strauss&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Solo and chamber works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some of Strauss's first compositions were solo instrumental and chamber works. These pieces include early compositions for piano solo in a conservative harmonic style, many of which are lost: two piano trios (1877 and 1878), a string quartet (1881), a <a href="/wiki/Sonata_for_piano_in_B_minor,_Op._5" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonata for piano in B minor, Op. 5">piano sonata</a> (1882), a <a href="/wiki/Cello_Sonata_(Strauss)" title="Cello Sonata (Strauss)">cello sonata</a> (1883), a <a href="/wiki/Piano_Quartet_(Strauss)" title="Piano Quartet (Strauss)">piano quartet</a> (1885), a <a href="/wiki/Violin_Sonata_(Strauss)" title="Violin Sonata (Strauss)">violin sonata</a> (1888), as well as a serenade (1882) and a longer suite (1884), both scored for double wind quintet plus two additional horns and contrabassoon. </p><p>After 1890, Strauss composed very infrequently for chamber groups, his energies being almost completely absorbed with large-scale orchestral works and operas. Four of his chamber pieces are actually arrangements of portions of his operas, including the <i>Daphne-Etude</i> for solo violin and the String Sextet, which is the overture to his final opera <i><a href="/wiki/Capriccio_(opera)" title="Capriccio (opera)">Capriccio</a></i>. His last independent chamber work, an Allegretto in E major for violin and piano, dates from 1948. </p><p>He also composed two large-scale works for wind ensemble during this period: Sonatina No. 1 "From an Invalid's Workshop" (1943) and Sonatina No. 2 "Happy Workshop" (1946)—both scored for double wind quintet plus two additional horns, a third clarinet in C, bassett horn, bass clarinet, and contrabassoon. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tone_poems_and_other_orchestral_works">Tone poems and other orchestral works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Strauss&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Tone poems and other orchestral works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tone_poems_(Strauss)" title="Tone poems (Strauss)">Tone poems (Strauss)</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint listen-noimage"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Richard_Strauss_Don_Juan_excerpt.mp3" title="File:Richard Strauss Don Juan excerpt.mp3">Excerpt from <i>Don Juan</i> (1:48)</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="109" data-mwtitle="Richard_Strauss_Don_Juan_excerpt.mp3" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/60/Richard_Strauss_Don_Juan_excerpt.mp3/Richard_Strauss_Don_Juan_excerpt.mp3.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/Richard_Strauss_Don_Juan_excerpt.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Performed by <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Kitayenko" title="Dmitri Kitayenko">Dmitri Kitayenko</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Radio_Symphony" title="Frankfurt Radio Symphony">Frankfurt Radio Symphony</a></div></div></div></div> </div> <p>Strauss wrote two early symphonies: <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._1_(Strauss)" title="Symphony No. 1 (Strauss)">Symphony No. 1</a> (1880) and <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._2_(Strauss)" title="Symphony No. 2 (Strauss)">Symphony No. 2</a> (1884). However, Strauss's style began to truly develop and change when, in 1885, he met <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Ritter" title="Alexander Ritter">Alexander Ritter</a>, a noted composer and violinist, and the husband of one of Richard Wagner's nieces. It was Ritter who persuaded Strauss to abandon the conservative style of his youth and begin writing <a href="/wiki/Tone_poem" class="mw-redirect" title="Tone poem">tone poems</a>. He also introduced Strauss to the essays of Wagner and the writings of <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Arthur Schopenhauer</a>. Strauss went on to conduct one of Ritter's operas, and at Strauss's request Ritter later wrote a poem describing the events depicted in Strauss's tone poem <i>Death and Transfiguration</i>. The new influences from Ritter resulted in what is widely regarded<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy199969_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy199969-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as Strauss's first piece to show his mature personality, the tone poem <i><a href="/wiki/Don_Juan_(Strauss)" title="Don Juan (Strauss)">Don Juan</a></i> (1888), which displays a new kind of virtuosity in its bravura orchestral manner. Strauss went on to write a series of increasingly ambitious tone poems: <i><a href="/wiki/Death_and_Transfiguration" title="Death and Transfiguration">Death and Transfiguration</a></i> (1889), <i><a href="/wiki/Till_Eulenspiegel%27s_Merry_Pranks" title="Till Eulenspiegel's Merry Pranks">Till Eulenspiegel's Merry Pranks</a></i> (1895), <i><a href="/wiki/Also_sprach_Zarathustra" title="Also sprach Zarathustra">Also sprach Zarathustra</a></i> (1896), <i><a href="/wiki/Don_Quixote_(Strauss)" title="Don Quixote (Strauss)">Don Quixote</a></i> (1897), <i><a href="/wiki/Ein_Heldenleben" title="Ein Heldenleben">Ein Heldenleben</a></i> (1898), <i><a href="/wiki/Symphonia_Domestica" title="Symphonia Domestica">Symphonia Domestica</a></i> (1903) and <i><a href="/wiki/An_Alpine_Symphony" title="An Alpine Symphony">An Alpine Symphony</a></i> (1911–1915). One commentator has observed of these works that "no orchestra could exist without his tone poems, written to celebrate the glories of the post-Wagnerian symphony orchestra."<sup id="cite_ref-Kennedy_1999,_p._395_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kennedy_1999,_p._395-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/James_Hepokoski" title="James Hepokoski">James Hepokoski</a> notes a shift in Strauss's technique in the tone poems, occurring between 1892 and 1893. It was after this point that Strauss rejected the philosophy of Schopenhauer and began more forcefully critiquing the institution of the symphony and the symphonic poem, thereby differentiating the second cycle of tone poems from the first. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Concertos">Concertos</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Strauss&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Concertos"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132" /><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint listen-noimage"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Richard_Strauss_-_Neal_O%27Doan_-_Burleske.ogg" title="File:Richard Strauss - Neal O'Doan - Burleske.ogg"><i>Burleske</i></a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="1275" data-mwtitle="Richard_Strauss_-_Neal_O'Doan_-_Burleske.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/Richard_Strauss_-_Neal_O%27Doan_-_Burleske.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9d/Richard_Strauss_-_Neal_O%27Doan_-_Burleske.ogg/Richard_Strauss_-_Neal_O%27Doan_-_Burleske.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Performed by Neal O'Doan with the <a href="/wiki/Seattle_Philharmonic_Orchestra" title="Seattle Philharmonic Orchestra">Seattle Philharmonic Orchestra</a></div></div></div></div> </div> <p>Strauss's output of works for solo instrument or instruments with orchestra was fairly extensive. The most famous include two concertos for horn, which are still part of the standard repertoire of most horn soloists—<a href="/wiki/Horn_Concerto_No._1_(Strauss)" title="Horn Concerto No. 1 (Strauss)">Horn Concerto No. 1</a> (1883) and <a href="/wiki/Horn_Concerto_No._2_(Strauss)" title="Horn Concerto No. 2 (Strauss)">Horn Concerto No. 2</a> (1942); the <a href="/wiki/Romanze_for_Cello_and_orchestra_(Strauss)" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanze for Cello and orchestra (Strauss)">Romanze for cello and orchestra</a> (1883); a <a href="/wiki/Violin_Concerto_(Strauss)" title="Violin Concerto (Strauss)">Violin Concerto in D minor</a> (1882); the <a href="/wiki/Burleske" title="Burleske"><i>Burleske</i> for piano and orchestra</a> (1885, revised 1889); the tone poem <i>Don Quixote</i> for cello, viola and orchestra (1897); the well-known late <a href="/wiki/Oboe_Concerto_(Strauss)" title="Oboe Concerto (Strauss)">Oboe Concerto in D major</a> (1945); and the <a href="/wiki/Duet_concertino_for_clarinet_and_bassoon" title="Duet concertino for clarinet and bassoon">Duet concertino for clarinet and bassoon</a> with string orchestra, which was one of his last works (1948). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opera">Opera</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Strauss&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Opera"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_operas_by_Richard_Strauss" title="List of operas by Richard Strauss">List of operas by Richard Strauss</a></div> <p>Around the end of the 19th century, Strauss turned his attention to opera. His first two attempts in the genre, <i><a href="/wiki/Guntram_(opera)" title="Guntram (opera)">Guntram</a></i> (1894) and <i><a href="/wiki/Feuersnot" title="Feuersnot">Feuersnot</a></i> (1901), were controversial works; <i>Guntram</i> was the first significant critical failure of Strauss's career, and <i>Feuersnot</i> was considered obscene by some critics.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schmutzer-Richard_Strauss.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Schmutzer-Richard_Strauss.jpg/170px-Schmutzer-Richard_Strauss.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Schmutzer-Richard_Strauss.jpg/255px-Schmutzer-Richard_Strauss.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Schmutzer-Richard_Strauss.jpg 2x" data-file-width="299" data-file-height="363" /></a><figcaption>Richard Strauss engraved by Ferdinand Schmutzer (1922)</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1905, Strauss produced <i><a href="/wiki/Salome_(opera)" title="Salome (opera)">Salome</a></i>, a somewhat <a href="/wiki/Consonance_and_dissonance" title="Consonance and dissonance">dissonant</a> modernist opera based on the <a href="/wiki/Salome_(play)" title="Salome (play)">play</a> by <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Oscar Wilde</a>, which produced a passionate reaction from audiences. The premiere was a major success, with the artists taking more than 38 curtain calls.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many later performances of the opera were also successful, not only with the general public but also with Strauss's peers: <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Ravel" title="Maurice Ravel">Maurice Ravel</a> said that <i>Salome</i> was "stupendous";<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy1999145_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1999145-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Gustav Mahler</a> described it as "a live volcano, a subterranean fire".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy1999149_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1999149-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Strauss reputedly financed his house in <a href="/wiki/Garmisch-Partenkirchen" title="Garmisch-Partenkirchen">Garmisch-Partenkirchen</a> completely from the revenues generated by the opera.<sup id="cite_ref-wildean_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wildean-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As with the later <i>Elektra</i>, <i>Salome</i> features an extremely taxing lead soprano role. Strauss often remarked that he preferred writing for the female voice, which is apparent in these two sister operas—the male parts are almost entirely smaller roles, included only to supplement the soprano's performance. </p><p>Strauss's next opera was <i><a href="/wiki/Elektra_(opera)" title="Elektra (opera)">Elektra</a></i> (1909), which took his use of dissonance even further, in particular with the <a href="/wiki/Elektra_chord" title="Elektra chord">Elektra chord</a>. <i>Elektra</i> was also the first opera in which Strauss collaborated with the poet <a href="/wiki/Hugo_von_Hofmannsthal" title="Hugo von Hofmannsthal">Hugo von Hofmannsthal</a> as his librettist. The two subsequently worked together on numerous occasions. For his later works with Hofmannsthal, Strauss moderated his harmonic language: he used a more lush, melodic late-Romantic style based on Wagnerian chromatic harmonies that he had used in his tone poems, with much less dissonance, and exhibiting immense virtuosity in orchestral writing and tone color. This resulted in operas such as <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Rosenkavalier" title="Der Rosenkavalier">Der Rosenkavalier</a></i> (1911) having great public success. Strauss continued to produce operas at regular intervals until 1942. With Hofmannsthal he created <i><a href="/wiki/Ariadne_auf_Naxos" title="Ariadne auf Naxos">Ariadne auf Naxos</a></i> (1912), <i><a href="/wiki/Die_Frau_ohne_Schatten" title="Die Frau ohne Schatten">Die Frau ohne Schatten</a></i> (1919), <i><a href="/wiki/Die_%C3%A4gyptische_Helena" title="Die ägyptische Helena">Die ägyptische Helena</a></i> (1928), and <i><a href="/wiki/Arabella" title="Arabella">Arabella</a></i> (1933). For <i><a href="/wiki/Intermezzo_(opera)" title="Intermezzo (opera)">Intermezzo</a></i> (1924) Strauss provided his own libretto. <i><a href="/wiki/Die_schweigsame_Frau" title="Die schweigsame Frau">Die schweigsame Frau</a></i> (1935) was composed with <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Zweig" title="Stefan Zweig">Stefan Zweig</a> as librettist; <i><a href="/wiki/Friedenstag" title="Friedenstag">Friedenstag</a></i> (1935–36) and <i><a href="/wiki/Daphne_(opera)" title="Daphne (opera)">Daphne</a></i> (1937) both had a libretto by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gregor" title="Joseph Gregor">Joseph Gregor</a> and Stefan Zweig; and <i><a href="/wiki/Die_Liebe_der_Danae" title="Die Liebe der Danae">Die Liebe der Danae</a></i> (1940) was with Joseph Gregor. Strauss's final opera, <i><a href="/wiki/Capriccio_(opera)" title="Capriccio (opera)">Capriccio</a></i> (1942), had a libretto by <a href="/wiki/Clemens_Krauss" title="Clemens Krauss">Clemens Krauss</a>, although the genesis for it came from Stefan Zweig and Joseph Gregor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lieder">Lieder</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Strauss&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Lieder"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Strauss was a prolific composer of <a href="/wiki/Lied" title="Lied">lieder</a>. He often composed them with the voice of his wife in mind. His lieder were written for voice and piano, and he orchestrated several of them after the fact. In 1894–1895, around the age of 30, he published several well-known songs including "<a href="/wiki/Ruhe,_meine_Seele!" title="Ruhe, meine Seele!">Ruhe, meine Seele!</a>", "<a href="/wiki/C%C3%A4cilie_(Strauss)" title="Cäcilie (Strauss)">Cäcilie</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Morgen!" title="Morgen!">Morgen!</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Heimliche_Aufforderung" title="Heimliche Aufforderung">Heimliche Aufforderung</a>", and "<a href="/wiki/Traum_durch_die_D%C3%A4mmerung" title="Traum durch die Dämmerung">Traum durch die Dämmerung</a>". In 1918, after a long hiatus devoted to opera, he wrote <a href="/wiki/Sechs_Lieder,_Op._68_(Strauss)" title="Sechs Lieder, Op. 68 (Strauss)"><i>Sechs Lieder</i>, Op. 68</a>, also called <i>Brentano Lieder</i>. He completed his works in the genre in 1948 with <i><a href="/wiki/Four_Last_Songs" title="Four Last Songs">Four Last Songs</a></i> for soprano and orchestra. He reportedly composed these with <a href="/wiki/Kirsten_Flagstad" title="Kirsten Flagstad">Kirsten Flagstad</a> in mind and she gave the first performance, which was recorded. Strauss's songs have always been popular with audiences and performers, and are generally considered by musicologists—along with many of his other compositions—to be masterpieces. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Strauss&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Richard_Strauss_young_portrait_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Richard_Strauss_young_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Richard_Strauss_young_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Richard_Strauss_young_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Richard_Strauss_young_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Richard_Strauss_young_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Richard_Strauss_young_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="487" data-file-height="655" /></a><figcaption>Richard Strauss</figcaption></figure> <p>TIME magazine suggested in 1927 that he wrote music to test how much "cacophony, dissonance, exaggeration, and clowning" his audiences would applaud. Early in Strauss's career, eminent musicologist Hugo Riemann reflected "His last works only too clearly reveal his determination to make a sensation at all costs".<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Until the 1980s, Strauss was regarded by some post-modern musicologists as a conservative, backward-looking composer, but re-examination of and new research on the composer has re-evaluated his place as that of a modernist,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> albeit one who still utilized and sometimes revered tonality and lush orchestration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHepokoski201078_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHepokoski201078-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Strauss is noted for his pioneering subtleties of orchestration, combined with an advanced harmonic style; when he first played Strauss at a university production of <i><a href="/wiki/Ariadne_auf_Naxos" title="Ariadne auf Naxos">Ariadne auf Naxos</a></i>, the conductor <a href="/wiki/Mark_Elder" title="Mark Elder">Mark Elder</a> "was flabbergasted. I had no idea music could do the things he was doing with <a href="/wiki/Harmony" title="Harmony">harmony</a> and melody."<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Strauss's music had a considerable influence on composers at the start of the 20th century. <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bart%C3%B3k" title="Béla Bartók">Béla Bartók</a> heard <i>Also sprach Zarathustra</i> in 1902, and later said that the work "contained the seeds for a new life"; a Straussian influence is clearly present in his works of that period, including his <a href="/wiki/String_Quartet_No._1_(Bart%C3%B3k)" title="String Quartet No. 1 (Bartók)">First String Quartet</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Kossuth_(Bart%C3%B3k)" title="Kossuth (Bartók)">Kossuth</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Bluebeard%27s_Castle" title="Bluebeard's Castle">Bluebeard's Castle</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Karol_Szymanowski" title="Karol Szymanowski">Karol Szymanowski</a> was also greatly influenced by Strauss, reflected in such pieces as his <i>Concert Overture</i> and his first and <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._2_(Szymanowski)" title="Symphony No. 2 (Szymanowski)">second</a> symphonies,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and his opera <i><a href="/wiki/Hagith_(opera)" title="Hagith (opera)">Hagith</a></i> which was modeled after <i><a href="/wiki/Salome_(opera)" title="Salome (opera)">Salome</a></i>. English composers were also influenced by Strauss, from <a href="/wiki/Edward_Elgar" title="Edward Elgar">Edward Elgar</a> in his concert overture <i><a href="/wiki/In_the_South_(Alassio)" title="In the South (Alassio)">In the South (Alassio)</a></i> and other works<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Britten" title="Benjamin Britten">Benjamin Britten</a> in his opera writing. Many contemporary composers recognise a debt to Strauss, including <a href="/wiki/John_Adams_(composer)" title="John Adams (composer)">John Adams</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Corigliano" title="John Corigliano">John Corigliano</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Strauss's musical style played a major role in the development of film music in the middle of the 20th century. The style of his musical depictions of character (Don Juan, Till Eulenspiegel, the Hero) and emotions found their way into the lexicon of film music. Film music historian Timothy Schuerer wrote, "The elements of post (late) romantic music that had greatest impact on scoring are its lush sound, expanded harmonic language, chromaticism, use of program music and use of <a href="/wiki/Leitmotif" title="Leitmotif">Leitmotifs</a>. Hollywood composers found the post-romantic idiom compatible with their efforts in scoring film".<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Max_Steiner" title="Max Steiner">Max Steiner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erich_Korngold" class="mw-redirect" title="Erich Korngold">Erich Korngold</a> came from the same musical world as Strauss and were quite naturally drawn to write in his style. As film historian Roy Prendergast wrote, "When confronted with the kind of dramatic problem films presented to them, Steiner, Korngold and <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Newman_(composer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred Newman (composer)">Newman</a> ... looked to Wagner, <a href="/wiki/Puccini" class="mw-redirect" title="Puccini">Puccini</a>, Verdi and Strauss for the answers to dramatic film scoring."<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, the opening to <i>Also sprach Zarathustra</i> became one of the best-known pieces of film music when <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Kubrick" title="Stanley Kubrick">Stanley Kubrick</a> used it in his 1968 movie <i><a href="/wiki/2001:_A_Space_Odyssey_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="2001: A Space Odyssey (film)">2001: A Space Odyssey</a></i>. The film music of <a href="/wiki/John_Williams" title="John Williams">John Williams</a> has continued the Strauss influence, in scores for mainstream hits such as <i><a href="/wiki/Superman_(1978_film)" title="Superman (1978 film)">Superman</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Wars" title="Star Wars">Star Wars</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Strauss has always been popular with audiences in the concert hall and continues to be so. He has consistently been in the top 10 composers most performed by symphony orchestras in the US and Canada over the period 2002–2010.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is also in the top 5 of 20th-century composers (born after 1860) in terms of the number of currently available recordings of his works.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recordings_as_a_conductor">Recordings as a conductor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Strauss&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Recordings as a conductor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DBPB_1954_124_Richard_Strauss.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/DBPB_1954_124_Richard_Strauss.jpg/180px-DBPB_1954_124_Richard_Strauss.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/DBPB_1954_124_Richard_Strauss.jpg/270px-DBPB_1954_124_Richard_Strauss.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/DBPB_1954_124_Richard_Strauss.jpg/360px-DBPB_1954_124_Richard_Strauss.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="840" /></a><figcaption>Stamp issued in 1954</figcaption></figure> <p>Strauss, as conductor, made a large number of recordings, both of his own music as well as music by German and Austrian composers. His 1929 performances of <i>Till Eulenspiegel's Merry Pranks</i> and <i>Don Juan</i> with the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_State_Opera_Orchestra" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlin State Opera Orchestra">Berlin State Opera Orchestra</a> have long been considered the best of his early electrical recordings. In the first complete performance of his <i>An Alpine Symphony</i>, made in 1941 and later released by <a href="/wiki/EMI" title="EMI">EMI</a>, Strauss used the full complement of percussion instruments required in this work. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Koch_records" class="mw-redirect" title="Koch records">Koch Legacy</a> has also released Strauss's recordings of overtures by <a href="/wiki/Christoph_Willibald_Gluck" title="Christoph Willibald Gluck">Gluck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Maria_von_Weber" title="Carl Maria von Weber">Carl Maria von Weber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Cornelius" title="Peter Cornelius">Peter Cornelius</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Wagner</a>. The preference for German and Austrian composers in Germany in the 1920s through the 1940s was typical of the German nationalism that existed after <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. Strauss clearly capitalized on national pride for the great German-speaking composers. </p><p>There were many other recordings, including some taken from radio broadcasts and concerts during the 1930s and early 1940s. The sheer volume of recorded performances would undoubtedly yield some definitive performances from a very capable and rather forward-looking conductor. </p><p>In 1944, Strauss celebrated his 80th birthday and conducted the <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Philharmonic" title="Vienna Philharmonic">Vienna Philharmonic</a> in recordings of his own major orchestral works, as well as his seldom-heard <i><a href="/wiki/Schlagobers" title="Schlagobers">Schlagobers</a></i> (<i>Whipped Cream</i>) ballet music. Some find more feeling in these performances than in Strauss's earlier recordings, which were recorded on the <a href="/wiki/Magnetophon" title="Magnetophon">Magnetophon</a> tape recording equipment. <a href="/wiki/Vanguard_Records" title="Vanguard Records">Vanguard Records</a> later issued the recordings on LPs. Some of these recordings have been reissued on CD by Preiser. The last recording made by Strauss was on 19 October 1947 live at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Albert_Hall" title="Royal Albert Hall">Royal Albert Hall</a> in London, where he conducted the <a href="/wiki/Philharmonia_Orchestra" title="Philharmonia Orchestra">Philharmonia Orchestra</a> in his <i>Burleske</i> for piano and orchestra (Alfred Blumen piano), <i>Don Juan</i> and <i>Sinfonia Domestica</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Strauss also made live-recording <a href="/wiki/Player_piano" title="Player piano">player piano</a> music rolls for the Hupfeld system and in 1906 ten recordings for the <a href="/wiki/Reproducing_piano" class="mw-redirect" title="Reproducing piano">reproducing piano</a> <a href="/wiki/Welte-Mignon" title="Welte-Mignon">Welte-Mignon</a> all of which survive today. Strauss was also the composer of the music on the first CD to be commercially released: <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Grammophon" title="Deutsche Grammophon">Deutsche Grammophon</a>'s 1983 release of their 1980 recording of <a href="/wiki/Herbert_von_Karajan" title="Herbert von Karajan">Herbert von Karajan</a> conducting the <i>Alpine Symphony</i>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_orchestra_and_its_instruments_(1917)_(14780185164).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/The_orchestra_and_its_instruments_%281917%29_%2814780185164%29.jpg/310px-The_orchestra_and_its_instruments_%281917%29_%2814780185164%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/The_orchestra_and_its_instruments_%281917%29_%2814780185164%29.jpg/465px-The_orchestra_and_its_instruments_%281917%29_%2814780185164%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/The_orchestra_and_its_instruments_%281917%29_%2814780185164%29.jpg/620px-The_orchestra_and_its_instruments_%281917%29_%2814780185164%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2194" /></a><figcaption>Strauss conducting (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1900</span>)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez">Pierre Boulez</a> has said that Strauss the conductor was "a complete master of his trade".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoulez2003[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2013]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2013)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoulez2003[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2013]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2013)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Music critic <a href="/wiki/Harold_C._Schonberg" title="Harold C. Schonberg">Harold C. Schonberg</a> writes that, while Strauss was a very fine conductor, he often put scant effort into his recordings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchonberg1967[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2013]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2013)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchonberg1967[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2013]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2013)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Schonberg focused primarily on Strauss's recordings of <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Mozart</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._40_(Mozart)" title="Symphony No. 40 (Mozart)">Symphony No. 40</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Beethoven</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._7_(Beethoven)" title="Symphony No. 7 (Beethoven)">Symphony No. 7</a>, as well as noting that Strauss played a breakneck version of Beethoven's <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._9_(Beethoven)" title="Symphony No. 9 (Beethoven)">9th Symphony</a> in about 45 minutes. Concerning Beethoven's 7th Symphony, Schonberg wrote, "There is almost never a <i>ritard</i> or a change in expression or nuance. The slow movement is almost as fast as the following <i>vivace</i>; and the last movement, with a big cut in it, is finished in 4 minutes, 25 seconds. (It should run between 7 and 8 minutes.)"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchonberg1967[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2013]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2013)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchonberg1967[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2013]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2013)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also complained that the Mozart symphony had "no force, no charm, no inflection, with a metronomic rigidity". </p><p><a href="/wiki/Peter_Gutmann_(journalist)" title="Peter Gutmann (journalist)">Peter Gutmann</a>'s 1994 review for <i>ClassicalNotes.com</i> says the performances of the Beethoven 5th and 7th symphonies, as well as Mozart's last three symphonies, are actually quite good, even if they are sometimes unconventional. Gutmann wrote: </p> <blockquote><p>It is true, as the critics suggest, that the readings forego overt emotion, but what emerges instead is a solid sense of structure, letting the music speak convincingly for itself. It is also true that Strauss's tempos are generally swift, but this, too, contributes to the structural cohesion and in any event is fully in keeping with our modern outlook in which speed is a virtue and attention spans are defined more by MTV clips and news sound bites than by evenings at the opera and thousand page novels.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honors">Honors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Strauss&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Musik_Meile_Wien,_Richard_Strauss_(40).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Musik_Meile_Wien%2C_Richard_Strauss_%2840%29.jpg/170px-Musik_Meile_Wien%2C_Richard_Strauss_%2840%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Musik_Meile_Wien%2C_Richard_Strauss_%2840%29.jpg/255px-Musik_Meile_Wien%2C_Richard_Strauss_%2840%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Musik_Meile_Wien%2C_Richard_Strauss_%2840%29.jpg/340px-Musik_Meile_Wien%2C_Richard_Strauss_%2840%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4344" data-file-height="3564" /></a><figcaption>Star on the Walk of Fame, Vienna</figcaption></figure> <p>His honors included:<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>1903: Honorary Doctorate, <a href="/wiki/Heidelberg_University" title="Heidelberg University">Heidelberg University</a>.</li> <li>1907: <a href="/wiki/Ordre_national_de_la_L%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordre national de la Légion d'honneur">Ordre national de la Légion d'honneur</a>, <i>Croix de Chevalier</i>, Paris, France.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrenner2003292_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrenner2003292-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Officier</i>, (14 June 1914).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrenner2003357_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrenner2003357-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1910: <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Maximilian_Order_for_Science_and_Art" title="Bavarian Maximilian Order for Science and Art">Bavarian Maximilian Order for Science and Art</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrenner2003322_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrenner2003322-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1914: Honorary Doctorate, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University">Oxford University</a>. Honorary citizen of Munich.</li> <li>1924: <a href="/wiki/Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite" title="Pour le Mérite">Pour le Mérite</a> for Sciences and Art, <a href="/wiki/List_of_recipients_of_the_Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite_for_Sciences_and_Arts" title="List of recipients of the Pour le Mérite for Sciences and Arts">German award</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrenner2003452_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrenner2003452-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1924: Honorary Doctorate, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Music_and_Performing_Arts,_Vienna" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Music and Performing Arts, Vienna">University of Music and Performing Arts, Vienna</a>. Freedom of the cities of Vienna and Salzburg.</li> <li>1932: <a href="/wiki/New_York_College_of_Music" title="New York College of Music">New York College of Music</a> Medal.</li> <li>1936: the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Philharmonic_Society" title="Royal Philharmonic Society">Royal Philharmonic Society</a>'s gold medal.</li> <li>1939: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Crown_(Belgium)" title="Order of the Crown (Belgium)">Commandeur de L'Ordre de la Couronne</a>, presented by <a href="/wiki/Leopold_III_of_Belgium" title="Leopold III of Belgium">Leopold III of Belgium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrenner2003595_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrenner2003595-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1949: Honorary Doctorate, <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Maximilian_University_of_Munich" title="Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich">University of Munich</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_later_culture">In later culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Strauss&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: In later culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Blish" title="James Blish">James Blish</a>'s science fiction story "<a href="/wiki/A_Work_of_Art" title="A Work of Art">A Work of Art</a>" features the concept of Richard Strauss's essence and personality being implanted into another person.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Strauss&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Strauss&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-g1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-g1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g1_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g1_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g1_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g1_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g1_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g1_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g1_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g1_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g1_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g1_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g1_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g1_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g1_1-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g1_1-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g1_1-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g1_1-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g1_1-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g1_1-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g1_1-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g1_1-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g1_1-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g1_1-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g1_1-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g1_1-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g1_1-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g1_1-27"><sup><i><b>ab</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g1_1-28"><sup><i><b>ac</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g1_1-29"><sup><i><b>ad</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g1_1-30"><sup><i><b>ae</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g1_1-31"><sup><i><b>af</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g1_1-32"><sup><i><b>ag</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g1_1-33"><sup><i><b>ah</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g1_1-34"><sup><i><b>ai</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g1_1-35"><sup><i><b>aj</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g1_1-36"><sup><i><b>ak</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g1_1-37"><sup><i><b>al</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g1_1-38"><sup><i><b>am</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g1_1-39"><sup><i><b>an</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g1_1-40"><sup><i><b>ao</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g1_1-41"><sup><i><b>ap</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g1_1-42"><sup><i><b>aq</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g1_1-43"><sup><i><b>ar</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g1_1-44"><sup><i><b>as</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g1_1-45"><sup><i><b>at</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g1_1-46"><sup><i><b>au</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g1_1-47"><sup><i><b>av</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g1_1-48"><sup><i><b>aw</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g1_1-49"><sup><i><b>ax</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGilliamYoumans2001">Gilliam & Youmans 2001</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Richard_Strauss.aspx">"Richard Strauss facts, information, pictures"</a>. <i>encyclopedia.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=encyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=Richard+Strauss+facts%2C+information%2C+pictures&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Ftopic%2FRichard_Strauss.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Strauss" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-B-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-B_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-B_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-B_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoyden1999">Boyden 1999</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2013)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RS-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RS_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RS_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RS_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.richardstrauss.at/strauss-and-the-family.html">"Richard Strauss Website"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Richard+Strauss+Website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.richardstrauss.at%2Fstrauss-and-the-family.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Strauss" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indiana.edu/~liblilly/digital/exhibitions/exhibits/show/the-bible-through-music/item/1562">'Salome 2'</a>. <a href="/wiki/Salome_(opera)" title="Salome (opera)">Salome (opera)</a>. <a href="/wiki/Adolph_F%C3%BCrstner" title="Adolph Fürstner">Adolph Fürstner</a>. 'The Bible Through Music'. <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University" title="Indiana University">Indiana University</a>. (USA).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jefferson, Alan. (1973). <i>The Life of Richard Strauss</i>. p. 107. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7153-6199-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7153-6199-6">0-7153-6199-6</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/David_%26_Charles" title="David & Charles">David & Charles</a></i>. (Devon, UK)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hopkins, Kate. (16 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roh.org.uk/news/opera-essentials-strausss-salome">'Opera Essentials: Strauss's Salome'</a>. <a href="/wiki/Royal_Opera_House" title="Royal Opera House">Royal Opera House</a>. (United Kingdom).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wetzler-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wetzler_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wetzler_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1">"Herman Wetzler, Composer, 72, Dies". <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. 30 May 1943. p. 26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Herman+Wetzler%2C+Composer%2C+72%2C+Dies&rft.pages=26&rft.date=1943-05-30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Strauss" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Myers68-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Myers68_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRichard_StraussRomain_Rolland1968" class="citation book cs1">Richard Strauss; Romain Rolland (1968). Rollo Myers (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=duEqAAAAIAAJ"><i>Richard Strauss & Romain Rolland: Correspondence</i></a>. Calder, London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Richard+Strauss+%26+Romain+Rolland%3A+Correspondence&rft.pub=Calder%2C+London&rft.date=1968&rft.au=Richard+Strauss&rft.au=Romain+Rolland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DduEqAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Strauss" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1999274-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy1999274_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKennedy1999">Kennedy 1999</a>, p. 274.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1999293-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy1999293_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKennedy1999">Kennedy 1999</a>, p. 293.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKennedy1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Kennedy_(music_critic)" title="Michael Kennedy (music critic)">Kennedy, Michael</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zyYIAQAAMAAJ&q=%22I+made+music+under+the+Kaiser,+and+under+Ebert.+I%27ll+survive+under+this+one+as+well.%22"><i>Richard Strauss</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-816481-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-816481-4"><bdi>978-0-19-816481-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Richard+Strauss&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-19-816481-4&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzyYIAQAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522I%2Bmade%2Bmusic%2Bunder%2Bthe%2BKaiser%2C%2Band%2Bunder%2BEbert.%2BI%2527ll%2Bsurvive%2Bunder%2Bthis%2Bone%2Bas%2Bwell.%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Strauss" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Bill_McGlaughlin" title="Bill McGlaughlin">McGlaughlin, Bill</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wfmt.com/programs/exploring-music/">"Richard Strauss"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Exploring_Music" title="Exploring Music">Exploring Music</a></i> (2004) on the <a href="/wiki/WFMT" title="WFMT">WFMT</a> Radio Network; episode 5 of 5, first aired 9 January 2004. Quoted at 01:35 of episode "Friday, July 14, 2024". <span class="reference-accessdate">Retrieved 16 June 2024<span style="font-size: 90%; color: #555"></span>.</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240614075617/https://www.wfmt.com/programs/exploring-music/">Archived</a> 14 June 2024 at the Wayback Machine</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReuth1993402-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReuth1993402_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReuth1993">Reuth 1993</a>, p. 402.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1999281–282-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy1999281–282_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKennedy1999">Kennedy 1999</a>, pp. 281–282.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1999285-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy1999285_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKennedy1999">Kennedy 1999</a>, p. 285.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1999297-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy1999297_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKennedy1999">Kennedy 1999</a>, p. 297.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKennedy1978" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Kennedy_(music_critic)" title="Michael Kennedy (music critic)">Kennedy, Michael</a> (October 1978). "Review of <i>A Confidential Matter: The Letters of Richard Strauss and Stefan Zweig, 1931–1935</i>". <i><a href="/wiki/Music_%26_Letters" title="Music & Letters">Music & Letters</a></i>. <b>59</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">472–</span>475. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fml%2F59.4.472">10.1093/ml/59.4.472</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Music+%26+Letters&rft.atitle=Review+of+A+Confidential+Matter%3A+The+Letters+of+Richard+Strauss+and+Stefan+Zweig%2C+1931%E2%80%931935&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E472-%3C%2Fspan%3E475&rft.date=1978-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fml%2F59.4.472&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Strauss" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1999316-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy1999316_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKennedy1999">Kennedy 1999</a>, p. 316.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2002/01/06/arts/music-richard-strauss-and-hitler-s-reich-jupiter-in-hell.html">"Music; Richard Strauss and Hitler's Reich: Jupiter in Hell"</a> by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Hans_Kater" title="Michael Hans Kater">Michael Hans Kater</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, 6 January 2002</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1999339-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy1999339_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKennedy1999">Kennedy 1999</a>, p. 339.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss2009338-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss2009338_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoss2009">Ross 2009</a>, p. 338.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1999361-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy1999361_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKennedy1999">Kennedy 1999</a>, p. 361.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss2009373-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss2009373_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoss2009">Ross 2009</a>, p. 373.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Shaw2019" class="citation web cs1">Peter Shaw (9 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rnz.co.nz/concert/programmes/appointment/audio/2588846/four-last-songs">"<i>Four Last Songs</i> (Richard Strauss)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Radio_New_Zealand" title="Radio New Zealand">Radio New Zealand</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Four+Last+Songs+%28Richard+Strauss%29&rft.pub=Radio+New+Zealand&rft.date=2019-11-09&rft.au=Peter+Shaw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rnz.co.nz%2Fconcert%2Fprogrammes%2Fappointment%2Faudio%2F2588846%2Ffour-last-songs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Strauss" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNorman_Del_Mar1964" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Del_Mar" title="Norman Del Mar">Norman Del Mar</a> (Summer 1964). "Some Centenary Reflections". <i><a href="/wiki/Tempo_(journal)" title="Tempo (journal)">Tempo</a></i> (69, Richard Strauss 1864–1964). Cambridge University Press: <span class="nowrap">2–</span>5. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/942721">942721</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tempo&rft.atitle=Some+Centenary+Reflections&rft.ssn=summer&rft.issue=69%2C+Richard+Strauss+1864%E2%80%931964&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2-%3C%2Fspan%3E5&rft.date=1964&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F942721%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Norman+Del+Mar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Strauss" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Bill_McGlaughlin" title="Bill McGlaughlin">McGlaughlin, Bill</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Exploring_Music" title="Exploring Music">Exploring Music</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://exploringmusic.wfmt.com/listen-to-the-show/151/strauss-richard">Episode 5 of 5 of "Richard Strauss"</a>, first aired 9 January 2004.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1999365-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy1999365_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKennedy1999">Kennedy 1999</a>, p. 365.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1999113-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy1999113_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKennedy1999">Kennedy 1999</a>, p. 113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Portrait of Sir Georg Solti.</i>, documentary (1984), directed by Valerie Pitts</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1999394-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy1999394_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKennedy1999">Kennedy 1999</a>, p. 394.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kennedy_1999,_p._395-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kennedy_1999,_p._395_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kennedy_1999,_p._395_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKennedy1999">Kennedy 1999</a>, p. 395</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy19993-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy19993_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKennedy1999">Kennedy 1999</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy199969-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy199969_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKennedy1999">Kennedy 1999</a>, p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tim Ashley, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/reviews/story/0,3604,404766,00.html">Feuersnot</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. London. 30 November 2000. Retrieved 27 October 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Derrick Puffett <i>et al</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ABrNsZOXIr4C"><i>Richard Strauss: "Salome"</i></a> (1989), p. 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1999145-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy1999145_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKennedy1999">Kennedy 1999</a>, p. 145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1999149-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy1999149_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKennedy1999">Kennedy 1999</a>, p. 149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wildean-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wildean_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJames_Morwood2018" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Morwood" title="James Morwood">James Morwood</a> (January 2018). "Richard Strauss's <i>Salome</i> and Oscar Wilde's French Text". <i>The Wildean</i> (52): <span class="nowrap">63–</span>73. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/48569305">48569305</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wildean&rft.atitle=Richard+Strauss%27s+Salome+and+Oscar+Wilde%27s+French+Text&rft.issue=52&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E63-%3C%2Fspan%3E73&rft.date=2018-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F48569305%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=James+Morwood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Strauss" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,786713,00.html">"Music: Intermezzo"</a>. <i>Time</i>. 24 January 1927. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0040-781X">0040-781X</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Music%3A+Intermezzo&rft.date=1927-01-24&rft.issn=0040-781X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fsubscriber%2Farticle%2F0%2C33009%2C786713%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Strauss" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shirley, Hugo (2012). "In Search of Strauss" in <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_Royal_Musical_Association" title="Journal of the Royal Musical Association">Journal of the Royal Musical Association</a></i>, vol. 137, issue 1, pp. 187–192</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHepokoski201078-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHepokoski201078_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHepokoski2010">Hepokoski 2010</a>, p. 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTom_ServiceImogen_Tilden2014" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tom_Service" title="Tom Service">Tom Service</a>; Imogen Tilden (17 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/2014/jan/16/richard-strauss-voice-concerts-150-anniversary-composer">"Richard Strauss: profound genius or gifted entertainer?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Richard+Strauss%3A+profound+genius+or+gifted+entertainer%3F&rft.date=2014-01-17&rft.au=Tom+Service&rft.au=Imogen+Tilden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmusic%2F2014%2Fjan%2F16%2Frichard-strauss-voice-concerts-150-anniversary-composer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Strauss" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elliott Antokoletz and Paolo Susanni, <i>Béla Bartók: A Research and Information Guide</i>, 2nd revised edition (1997), Routledge, London, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-2088-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-2088-3">978-0-8153-2088-3</a>, Introduction p. xxi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Caldrin, "Orchestra music and orchestration", pp. 166–169 in Paul Cadrin and Stephen Downes (editors), <i>The Szymanowski Companion</i>, Routledge, London, revised edition (2015). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-6151-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-6151-1">978-0-7546-6151-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ian Parrott, <i>Elgar (Master Musician)</i>, Everyman Ltd, London, First Edition (1971), p. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Alex_Ross_(music_critic)" title="Alex Ross (music critic)">Ross, Alex</a> (2010). "Strauss's Place in the Twentieth Century". In <i>The Cambridge Companion to Richard Strauss</i>, edited by Charles Youmans, 195–212. Cambridge Companions to Music. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-72815-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-72815-7">978-0-521-72815-7</a>. p. 211.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Timothy Scheurer, <i>Music and Mythmaking in Film</i>, Mcfarland, 2007 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-3190-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-3190-8">978-0-7864-3190-8</a>. p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roy Prendergast, <i>Film Music: A neglected Art</i>, W. W. Norton & Company, 1992, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-30874-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-30874-7">978-0-393-30874-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wqxr.org/#!/story/richard-strausss-influence-film-music/">"WQXR – New York's Classical Music Radio Station"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WQXR+%E2%80%93+New+York%27s+Classical+Music+Radio+Station&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wqxr.org%2F%23%21%2Fstory%2Frichard-strausss-influence-film-music%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Strauss" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanorchestras.org/knowledge-research-innovation/orr-survey/orr-archive.html">"ORR Archive – League of American Orchestras"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ORR+Archive+%E2%80%93+League+of+American+Orchestras&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanorchestras.org%2Fknowledge-research-innovation%2Forr-survey%2Forr-archive.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Strauss" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/NameList?featured=1&role_wanted=1">Arkivemusic</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180622230321/http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/NameList?featured=1&role_wanted=1">Archived</a> 22 June 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. The ranking is Debussy, Ravel, Rachmaninoff, Strauss, Prokofiev.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Richard Strauss: The Last Concerts</i>, CD issued by Testament SBT2 1441, 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoulez2003[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2013]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2013)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoulez2003[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2013]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2013)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoulez2003">Boulez 2003</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2013)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchonberg1967[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2013]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2013)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchonberg1967[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2013]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2013)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchonberg1967[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2013]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2013)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchonberg1967">Schonberg 1967</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2013)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Gutmann, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.classicalnotes.net/reviews/strauss.html">"Richard Strauss Conducts"</a> on classicalnotes.net</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Listed in <a href="#CITEREFWilhelm1989">Wilhelm 1989</a>, pp. 298–299. Details in <a href="#CITEREFTrenner2003">Trenner 2003</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrenner2003292-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrenner2003292_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrenner2003">Trenner 2003</a>, p. 292.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrenner2003357-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrenner2003357_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrenner2003">Trenner 2003</a>, p. 357.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrenner2003322-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrenner2003322_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrenner2003">Trenner 2003</a>, p. 322.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrenner2003452-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrenner2003452_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrenner2003">Trenner 2003</a>, p. 452.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrenner2003595-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrenner2003595_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrenner2003">Trenner 2003</a>, p. 595.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hans_Kater" title="Michael Hans Kater">Kater, Michael H.</a> (2000). <i>Composers of the Nazi Era</i>, p. 262. London: Oxford University Press 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-509924-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-509924-9">978-0-19-509924-9</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cited_sources">Cited sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Strauss&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Cited sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 45em;"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBoulez2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez">Boulez, Pierre</a> (2003). <i>Boulez on Conducting: Conversations with Cécile Gilly</i>. Translated by Richard Strokes. London, England: Faber and Faber. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-571-21967-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-571-21967-5"><bdi>0-571-21967-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boulez+on+Conducting%3A+Conversations+with+C%C3%A9cile+Gilly&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pub=Faber+and+Faber&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-571-21967-5&rft.aulast=Boulez&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Strauss" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBoyden1999" class="citation book cs1">Boyden, Matthew (1999). <i>Richard Strauss</i>. Boston, Massachusetts: Northeastern University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55553-418-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-55553-418-X"><bdi>1-55553-418-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Richard+Strauss&rft.place=Boston%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Northeastern+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1-55553-418-X&rft.aulast=Boyden&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Strauss" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGilliamYoumans2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Gilliam, Bryan; Youmans, Charles (2001). "Richard Strauss". <i>Strauss, Richard</i>. <i><a href="/wiki/Grove_Music_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Grove Music Online">Grove Music Online</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.40117">10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.40117</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0"><bdi>978-1-56159-263-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Strauss%2C+Richard&rft.btitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.40117&rft.isbn=978-1-56159-263-0&rft.aulast=Gilliam&rft.aufirst=Bryan&rft.au=Youmans%2C+Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Strauss" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span> (This article is very different from the one in the 1980 <i>Grove</i>; in particular, the analysis of Strauss's behavior during the Nazi period is more detailed.)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHepokoski2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Hepokoski" title="James Hepokoski">Hepokoski, James</a> (2010). "The Second Cycle of Tone Poems". In Charles Youmans (ed.). <i>The Cambridge Companion to Richard Strauss, Part II: Works</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Companions_to_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge Companions to Music">Cambridge Companions to Music</a>. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">78–</span>104. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCCOL9780521899307.006">10.1017/CCOL9780521899307.006</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780511782060" title="Special:BookSources/9780511782060"><bdi>9780511782060</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Second+Cycle+of+Tone+Poems&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Richard+Strauss%2C+Part+II%3A+Works&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.series=Cambridge+Companions+to+Music&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E78-%3C%2Fspan%3E104&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCCOL9780521899307.006&rft.isbn=9780511782060&rft.aulast=Hepokoski&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Strauss" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKennedy1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Kennedy_(music_critic)" title="Michael Kennedy (music critic)">Kennedy, Michael</a> (1999). <i>Richard Strauss: Man, Musician, Enigma</i>. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-02774-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-02774-8"><bdi>978-0-521-02774-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Richard+Strauss%3A+Man%2C+Musician%2C+Enigma&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-521-02774-8&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Strauss" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReuth1993" class="citation book cs1">Reuth, Ralf Georg (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/goebbels0000reut"><i>Goebbels</i></a>. Harcourt Brace. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780151360765" title="Special:BookSources/9780151360765"><bdi>9780151360765</bdi></a>. <q>times when an artist of my rank has to ask a pipsqueak</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Goebbels&rft.pub=Harcourt+Brace&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780151360765&rft.aulast=Reuth&rft.aufirst=Ralf+Georg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgoebbels0000reut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Strauss" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoss2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alex_Ross_(music_critic)" title="Alex Ross (music critic)">Ross, Alex</a> (2009). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Rest_Is_Noise:_Listening_to_the_Twentieth_Century" class="mw-redirect" title="The Rest Is Noise: Listening to the Twentieth Century">The Rest Is Noise: Listening to the Twentieth Century</a></i>. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-374-24939-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-374-24939-7"><bdi>978-0-374-24939-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rest+Is+Noise%3A+Listening+to+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus%2C+and+Giroux&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-374-24939-7&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Alex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Strauss" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchonberg1967" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harold_C._Schonberg" title="Harold C. Schonberg">Schonberg, Harold C.</a> (1967). <i>The Great Conductors</i>. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-20735-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-20735-0"><bdi>0-671-20735-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Conductors&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=0-671-20735-0&rft.aulast=Schonberg&rft.aufirst=Harold+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Strauss" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTrenner2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Trenner" class="extiw" title="de:Franz Trenner">Trenner, Franz</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in German]</span> (2003). <i>Richard Strauss Chronik</i> (in German). Vienna: Verlag Dr Richard Strauss. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-901974-01-6" title="Special:BookSources/3-901974-01-6"><bdi>3-901974-01-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Richard+Strauss+Chronik&rft.place=Vienna&rft.pub=Verlag+Dr+Richard+Strauss&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=3-901974-01-6&rft.aulast=Trenner&rft.aufirst=Franz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Strauss" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilhelm1989" class="citation book cs1">Wilhelm, Kurt (1989). <i>Richard Strauss: An Intimate Portrait</i>. London, England: Thames & Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-01459-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-01459-0"><bdi>0-500-01459-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Richard+Strauss%3A+An+Intimate+Portrait&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-500-01459-0&rft.aulast=Wilhelm&rft.aufirst=Kurt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Strauss" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Strauss&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115" /><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 45em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Del_Mar" title="Norman Del Mar">Del Mar, Norman</a> (3 vols. 1962–1973). <i>Richard Strauss: A Critical Commentary on his Life and Works</i>. London: Barrie & Jenkins. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-214-15735-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-214-15735-0">0-214-15735-0</a>. Ithaca, New York: Cornell Univ Press, 1986. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-9319-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-9319-6">0-8014-9319-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Dubal" title="David Dubal">Dubal, David</a> (2003), <i>The Essential Canon of Classical Music</i>, North Point Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86547-664-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-86547-664-0">0-86547-664-0</a>.</li> <li>Gilliam, Bryan (1999). <i>The Life of Richard Strauss.</i> Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-57895-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-57895-7">0-521-57895-7</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Kennedy_(music_critic)" title="Michael Kennedy (music critic)">Kennedy, Michael</a>. "Richard Strauss", in <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians">The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians</a></i>, ed. <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Sadie" title="Stanley Sadie">Stanley Sadie</a>. London, Macmillan Publishers, 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56159-174-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-56159-174-2">1-56159-174-2</a></li> <li>Kennedy, Michael (2006). <i>The Oxford Dictionary of Music</i>, 985 pages, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-861459-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-861459-4">0-19-861459-4</a></li> <li>Murray, David (1998), "Richard Strauss", in <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Sadie" title="Stanley Sadie">Stanley Sadie</a>, (Ed.), <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Opera" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Opera">The New Grove Dictionary of Opera</a></i>, vol. 3, pp. 565–575. London: Macmillan Publishers. 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-73432-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-73432-7">0-333-73432-7</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56159-228-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-56159-228-5">1-56159-228-5</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Osborne_(music_writer)" title="Charles Osborne (music writer)">Osborne, Charles</a> (1991). <i>The Complete Operas of Richard Strauss.</i> New York City: Da Capo Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-80459-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-306-80459-X">0-306-80459-X</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_W._Tuchman" title="Barbara W. Tuchman">Tuchman, Barbara W.</a> (1966, reprinted 1980). <i>The Proud Tower</i> chapter 6. Macmillan, London. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-30645-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-30645-7">0-333-30645-7</a>.</li> <li>Youmans, Charles (2005). <i>Richard Strauss's Orchestral Music and the German Intellectual Tradition: The Philosophical Roots of Musical Modernism.</i> Bloomington: Indiana University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-34573-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-34573-1">0-253-34573-1</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Strauss&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a 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side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Richard_Strauss" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Richard Strauss">Richard Strauss</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikisource logo"><img alt="Wikisource logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> Works by or about <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Richard_Georg_Strauss" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Richard Georg Strauss">Richard Georg Strauss</a> at <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a></li> <li><a href="https://imslp.org/wiki/Category:Strauss,_Richard" class="extiw" title="scores:Category:Strauss, Richard">Free scores by Richard Strauss</a> at the <a href="/wiki/International_Music_Score_Library_Project" title="International Music Score Library Project">International Music Score Library Project</a> (IMSLP)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bbc.co.uk/richardstrauss">"Discovering Richard Strauss"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_3" title="BBC Radio 3">BBC Radio 3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Discovering+Richard+Strauss&rft.pub=BBC+Radio+3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbbc.co.uk%2Frichardstrauss&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Strauss" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="https://www.cpdl.org/wiki/index.php/Richard_Strauss" class="extiw" title="choralwiki:Richard Strauss">Free scores by Richard Strauss</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Choral_Public_Domain_Library" title="Choral Public Domain Library">Choral Public Domain Library</a> (ChoralWiki)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/017241">Newspaper clippings about Richard Strauss</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.richardstrauss.at/english.html">Richard Strauss online</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.richard-strauss-institut.de/">Richard Strauss Institute</a> (in German)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rsi-rsqv.de">Richard-Strauss-Quellenverzeichnis</a> (RSQV)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Richard_Strauss" title="Template:Richard Strauss"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Richard_Strauss" title="Template talk:Richard Strauss"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Richard_Strauss" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Richard Strauss"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Richard_Strauss508" class="fn" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Richard Strauss</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_operas_by_Richard_Strauss" title="List of operas by Richard Strauss">List of operas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Richard_Strauss" title="List of compositions by Richard Strauss">List of compositions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Guntram_(opera)" title="Guntram (opera)">Guntram</a></i></span> (1894)</li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Feuersnot" title="Feuersnot">Feuersnot</a></i></span> (1901)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salome_(opera)" title="Salome (opera)">Salome</a></i> (1905) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Salome_discography" title="Salome discography"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/10px-CD_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/15px-CD_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/20px-CD_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192" /></a></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Elektra_(opera)" title="Elektra (opera)">Elektra</a></i></span> (1909) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Elektra_discography" title="Elektra discography"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/10px-CD_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/15px-CD_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/20px-CD_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192" /></a></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Der_Rosenkavalier" title="Der Rosenkavalier">Der Rosenkavalier</a></i></span> (1911) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Der_Rosenkavalier_discography" title="Der Rosenkavalier discography"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/10px-CD_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/15px-CD_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/20px-CD_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192" /></a></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Ariadne_auf_Naxos" title="Ariadne auf Naxos">Ariadne auf Naxos</a></i></span> (1912/16) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ariadne_auf_Naxos_discography" title="Ariadne auf Naxos discography"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/10px-CD_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/15px-CD_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/20px-CD_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192" /></a></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Die_Frau_ohne_Schatten" title="Die Frau ohne Schatten">Die Frau ohne Schatten</a></i></span> (1919) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Die_Frau_ohne_Schatten_discography" title="Die Frau ohne Schatten discography"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/10px-CD_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/15px-CD_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/20px-CD_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192" /></a></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Intermezzo_(opera)" title="Intermezzo (opera)">Intermezzo</a></i> (1924)</li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Die_%C3%A4gyptische_Helena" title="Die ägyptische Helena">Die ägyptische Helena</a></i></span> (1928)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arabella" title="Arabella">Arabella</a></i> (1933) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Arabella_discography" title="Arabella discography"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/10px-CD_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/15px-CD_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/20px-CD_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192" /></a></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Die_schweigsame_Frau" title="Die schweigsame Frau">Die schweigsame Frau</a></i></span> (1935)</li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Friedenstag" title="Friedenstag">Friedenstag</a></i></span> (1938)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daphne_(opera)" title="Daphne (opera)">Daphne</a></i> (1938)</li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Die_Liebe_der_Danae" title="Die Liebe der Danae">Die Liebe der Danae</a></i></span> (1940)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Capriccio_(opera)" title="Capriccio (opera)">Capriccio</a></i> (1942) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Capriccio_discography" title="Capriccio discography"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/10px-CD_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/15px-CD_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/20px-CD_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192" /></a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ballets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Josephslegende" title="Josephslegende">Josephslegende</a></i></span> (1914)</li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Schlagobers" title="Schlagobers">Schlagobers</a></i></span> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divertimento_for_chamber_orchestra_after_keyboard_pieces_by_Couperin" class="mw-redirect" title="Divertimento for chamber orchestra after keyboard pieces by Couperin"><i>Verklungene Feste</i></a> (1940)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Orchestral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._1_(Strauss)" title="Symphony No. 1 (Strauss)">Symphony No. 1</a> (1880)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violin_Concerto_(Strauss)" title="Violin Concerto (Strauss)">Violin Concerto</a> (1881–82)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horn_Concerto_No._1_(Strauss)" title="Horn Concerto No. 1 (Strauss)">Horn Concerto No. 1</a> (1882–83)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._2_(Strauss)" title="Symphony No. 2 (Strauss)">Symphony No. 2</a> (1883–84)</li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Burleske" title="Burleske">Burleske</a></i></span> (1885–86)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Le_bourgeois_gentilhomme_(Strauss)" title="Le bourgeois gentilhomme (Strauss)">Le bourgeois gentilhomme</a></i></span> (1911–17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_suite_from_keyboard_pieces_by_Fran%C3%A7ois_Couperin" class="mw-redirect" title="Dance suite from keyboard pieces by François Couperin">Dance suite from keyboard pieces by François Couperin</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiener_Philharmoniker_Fanfare" title="Wiener Philharmoniker Fanfare">Wiener Philharmoniker Fanfare</a> (1924)</li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Olympische_Hymne" title="Olympische Hymne">Olympische Hymne</a></i></span> (1936)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Festival_Music" title="Japanese Festival Music">Japanese Festival Music</a></i> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divertimento_for_chamber_orchestra_after_keyboard_pieces_by_Couperin" class="mw-redirect" title="Divertimento for chamber orchestra after keyboard pieces by Couperin">Divertimento for chamber orchestra after keyboard pieces by Couperin</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horn_Concerto_No._2_(Strauss)" title="Horn Concerto No. 2 (Strauss)">Horn Concerto No. 2</a> (1942)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Metamorphosen" title="Metamorphosen">Metamorphosen</a></i> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oboe_Concerto_(Strauss)" title="Oboe Concerto (Strauss)">Oboe Concerto</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duet_concertino_for_clarinet_and_bassoon" title="Duet concertino for clarinet and bassoon">Duet concertino for clarinet and bassoon</a> (1947)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tone_poems_(Strauss)" title="Tone poems (Strauss)">Tone poems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aus_Italien" title="Aus Italien">Aus Italien</a></i> (1886)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Macbeth_(Strauss)" title="Macbeth (Strauss)">Macbeth</a></i> (1888)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Don_Juan_(Strauss)" title="Don Juan (Strauss)">Don Juan</a></i> (1888)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Death_and_Transfiguration" title="Death and Transfiguration">Death and Transfiguration</a></i> (1889)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Till_Eulenspiegel%27s_Merry_Pranks" title="Till Eulenspiegel's Merry Pranks">Till Eulenspiegel's Merry Pranks</a></i> (1895)</li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Also_sprach_Zarathustra" title="Also sprach Zarathustra">Also sprach Zarathustra</a></i></span> (1896)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Don_Quixote_(Strauss)" title="Don Quixote (Strauss)">Don Quixote</a></i> (1897)</li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Ein_Heldenleben" title="Ein Heldenleben">Ein Heldenleben</a></i></span> (1898)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Symphonia_Domestica" title="Symphonia Domestica">Symphonia Domestica</a></i> (1903)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/An_Alpine_Symphony" title="An Alpine Symphony">An Alpine Symphony</a></i> (1911–15)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chamber music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piano_Sonata_in_B_minor_(Strauss)" title="Piano Sonata in B minor (Strauss)">Piano Sonata</a> (1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cello_Sonata_(Strauss)" title="Cello Sonata (Strauss)">Cello Sonata in F major</a> (1883)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_Quartet_(Strauss)" title="Piano Quartet (Strauss)">Piano Quartet</a> (1884–1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violin_Sonata_(Strauss)" title="Violin Sonata (Strauss)">Violin Sonata</a> (1888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoch_Arden_(Strauss)" title="Enoch Arden (Strauss)"><i>Enoch Arden</i></a> (1897)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lied" title="Lied">Lieder</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Zueignung" title="Zueignung">Zueignung</a></span></span>" (1885)</li> <li>"<span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Die_Nacht_(Strauss)" title="Die Nacht (Strauss)">Die Nacht</a></span></span>" (1885)</li> <li>"<span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Allerseelen_(Strauss)" title="Allerseelen (Strauss)">Allerseelen</a></span></span>" (1885)</li> <li>"<span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Winternacht" title="Winternacht">Winternacht</a></span></span>" (1886)</li> <li>"<span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A4ndchen_(Strauss)" title="Ständchen (Strauss)">Ständchen</a></span></span>" (1886)</li> <li>"<span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ruhe,_meine_Seele!" title="Ruhe, meine Seele!">Ruhe, meine Seele!</a></span></span>" (1894)</li> <li>"<span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A4cilie_(Strauss)" title="Cäcilie (Strauss)">Cäcilie</a></span></span>" (1894)</li> <li>"<span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Heimliche_Aufforderung" title="Heimliche Aufforderung">Heimliche Aufforderung</a></span></span>" (1894)</li> <li>"<span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Morgen!" title="Morgen!">Morgen!</a></span></span>" (1894)</li> <li>"<span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traum_durch_die_D%C3%A4mmerung" title="Traum durch die Dämmerung">Traum durch die Dämmerung</a></span></span>" (1895)</li> <li>"<span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sehnsucht_(Strauss)" title="Sehnsucht (Strauss)">Sehnsucht</a></span></span>" (1896)</li> <li>"<span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Der_Arbeitsmann" title="Der Arbeitsmann">Der Arbeitsmann</a></span></span>" (1898)</li> <li>"<span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Befreit" title="Befreit">Befreit</a></span></span>" (1898)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Notturno_(Strauss)" title="Notturno (Strauss)">Notturno</a>" (1899)</li> <li>"<span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Des_Dichters_Abendgang" title="Des Dichters Abendgang">Des Dichters Abendgang</a></span></span>" (1900)</li> <li>"<span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Freundliche_Vision" title="Freundliche Vision">Freundliche Vision</a></span></span>" (1900)</li> <li>"<span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%BChlingsfeier" title="Frühlingsfeier">Frühlingsfeier</a></span></span>" (1906)</li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Sechs_Lieder,_Op._68_(Strauss)" title="Sechs Lieder, Op. 68 (Strauss)">Brentano Lieder</a></i></span> (1918)</li> <li><span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Der_Kr%C3%A4merspiegel" title="Der Krämerspiegel">Der Krämerspiegel</a></span></span> (1918)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Four_Last_Songs" title="Four Last Songs">Four Last Songs</a></i> (1948) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Four_Last_Songs_discography" title="Four Last Songs discography"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/10px-CD_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/15px-CD_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/20px-CD_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192" /></a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Choral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Wandrers_Sturmlied" title="Wandrers Sturmlied">Wandrers Sturmlied</a></i> (1884)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Utan_svafvel_och_fosfor" title="Utan svafvel och fosfor">Utan svafvel och fosfor</a></i> (1889)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taillefer_(Strauss)" title="Taillefer (Strauss)">Taillefer</a></i> (1903)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Die_Tageszeiten" title="Die Tageszeiten">Die Tageszeiten</a></i> (1928)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film adaptations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Der_Rosenkavalier_(1926_film)" title="Der Rosenkavalier (1926 film)"><i>Der Rosenkavalier</i> (1926 film)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family and peers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Strauss" title="Franz Strauss">Franz Strauss</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_de_Ahna" title="Pauline de Ahna">Pauline de Ahna</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_von_B%C3%BClow" title="Hans von Bülow">Hans von Bülow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_von_Hofmannsthal" title="Hugo von Hofmannsthal">Hugo von Hofmannsthal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Reinhardt" title="Max Reinhardt">Max Reinhardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefan_Zweig" title="Stefan Zweig">Stefan Zweig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gregor" title="Joseph Gregor">Joseph Gregor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elektra_chord" title="Elektra chord">Elektra chord</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Treatise_on_Instrumentation" title="Treatise on Instrumentation">Treatise on Instrumentation</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism_(music)" title="Modernism (music)">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism_(music)" title="Neoclassicism (music)">Neoclassicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-romanticism" title="Neo-romanticism">Neo-romanticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Richard_Strauss" title="Category:Richard Strauss">Category</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Loudspeaker.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="sound icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/16px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/24px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/32px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Audio_files_of_music_by_Richard_Strauss" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Audio files of music by Richard Strauss">Audio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles92" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles92" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bayerisches_Staatsorchester_General_Music_Directors80" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bayerisches_Staatsorchester_conductors" title="Template:Bayerisches Staatsorchester conductors"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bayerisches_Staatsorchester_conductors" title="Template talk:Bayerisches Staatsorchester conductors"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bayerisches_Staatsorchester_conductors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bayerisches Staatsorchester conductors"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bayerisches_Staatsorchester_General_Music_Directors80" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_State_Orchestra" title="Bavarian State Orchestra">Bayerisches Staatsorchester</a> General Music Directors</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Lachner" title="Franz Lachner">Franz Lachner</a> (1836)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_von_B%C3%BClow" title="Hans von Bülow">Hans von Bülow</a> (1867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_W%C3%BCllner" title="Franz Wüllner">Franz Wüllner</a> (1870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Levi" title="Hermann Levi">Hermann Levi</a> (1872)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Richard Strauss</a> (1894)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Zumpe" title="Hermann Zumpe">Hermann Zumpe</a> (1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Mottl" title="Felix Mottl">Felix Mottl</a> (1904)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Walter" title="Bruno Walter">Bruno Walter</a> (1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Knappertsbusch" title="Hans Knappertsbusch">Hans Knappertsbusch</a> (1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemens_Krauss" title="Clemens Krauss">Clemens Krauss</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Knappertsbusch" title="Hans Knappertsbusch">Hans Knappertsbusch</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Solti" title="Georg Solti">Georg Solti</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Kempe" title="Rudolf Kempe">Rudolf Kempe</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Fricsay" title="Ferenc Fricsay">Ferenc Fricsay</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Keilberth" title="Joseph Keilberth">Joseph Keilberth</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Sawallisch" title="Wolfgang Sawallisch">Wolfgang Sawallisch</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Schneider_(conductor)" title="Peter Schneider (conductor)">Peter Schneider</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zubin_Mehta" title="Zubin Mehta">Zubin Mehta</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kent_Nagano" title="Kent Nagano">Kent Nagano</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirill_Petrenko" title="Kirill Petrenko">Kirill Petrenko</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Jurowski" title="Vladimir Jurowski">Vladimir Jurowski</a> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bavarian_State_Orchestra_Logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Bavarian_State_Orchestra_Logo.png/100px-Bavarian_State_Orchestra_Logo.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Bavarian_State_Orchestra_Logo.png/150px-Bavarian_State_Orchestra_Logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Bavarian_State_Orchestra_Logo.png/200px-Bavarian_State_Orchestra_Logo.png 2x" data-file-width="255" data-file-height="100" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Vienna_Staatsoper_Directors50" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Vienna_State_Opera_directors" title="Template:Vienna State Opera directors"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Vienna_State_Opera_directors" title="Template talk:Vienna State Opera directors"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Vienna_State_Opera_directors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Vienna State Opera directors"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Vienna_Staatsoper_Directors50" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Vienna_State_Opera" title="Vienna State Opera">Vienna Staatsoper</a> Directors</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franz_von_Dingelstedt" title="Franz von Dingelstedt">Franz von Dingelstedt</a> (1867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_von_Herbeck" title="Johann von Herbeck">Johann von Herbeck</a> (1870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_von_Jauner" title="Franz von Jauner">Franz von Jauner</a> (1875)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Jahn" title="Wilhelm Jahn">Wilhelm Jahn</a> (1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Gustav Mahler</a> (1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Weingartner" title="Felix Weingartner">Felix Weingartner</a> (1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Gregor" title="Hans Gregor">Hans Gregor</a> (1911)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Richard Strauss</a> / <a href="/wiki/Franz_Schalk" title="Franz Schalk">Franz Schalk</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Schalk" title="Franz Schalk">Franz Schalk</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemens_Krauss" title="Clemens Krauss">Clemens Krauss</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Weingartner" title="Felix Weingartner">Felix Weingartner</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Karl_Strohm" title="Heinrich Karl Strohm">Heinrich Karl Strohm</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothar_M%C3%BCthel" title="Lothar Müthel">Lothar Müthel</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_B%C3%B6hm" title="Karl Böhm">Karl Böhm</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Salmhofer" title="Franz Salmhofer">Franz Salmhofer</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_B%C3%B6hm" title="Karl Böhm">Karl Böhm</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_von_Karajan" title="Herbert von Karajan">Herbert von Karajan</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egon_Hilbert" title="Egon Hilbert">Egon Hilbert</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Reif-Gintl" title="Heinrich Reif-Gintl">Heinrich Reif-Gintl</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Gamsj%C3%A4ger" title="Rudolf Gamsjäger">Rudolf Gamsjäger</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egon_Seefehlner" title="Egon Seefehlner">Egon Seefehlner</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorin_Maazel" title="Lorin Maazel">Lorin Maazel</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egon_Seefehlner" title="Egon Seefehlner">Egon Seefehlner</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claus_Helmut_Drese" title="Claus Helmut Drese">Claus Helmut Drese</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eberhard_Waechter" title="Eberhard Waechter">Eberhard Waechter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ioan_Holender" title="Ioan Holender">Ioan Holender</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioan_Holender" title="Ioan Holender">Ioan Holender</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominique_Meyer" title="Dominique Meyer">Dominique Meyer</a> (2010)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Wien_-_Staatsoper_%281%29.JPG/80px-Wien_-_Staatsoper_%281%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="80" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Wien_-_Staatsoper_%281%29.JPG/120px-Wien_-_Staatsoper_%281%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Wien_-_Staatsoper_%281%29.JPG/160px-Wien_-_Staatsoper_%281%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4016" data-file-height="2680" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Staatsoper_Unter_den_Linden_Berlin_General_Music_Directors81" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Berlin_State_Opera_conductors" title="Template:Berlin State Opera conductors"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Berlin_State_Opera_conductors" title="Template talk:Berlin State Opera conductors"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Berlin_State_Opera_conductors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Berlin State Opera conductors"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Staatsoper_Unter_den_Linden_Berlin_General_Music_Directors81" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Berlin_State_Opera" title="Berlin State Opera">Staatsoper Unter den Linden Berlin General Music Directors</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Wesalius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johannes Wesalius (page does not exist)">Johannes Wesalius</a> (1572)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Eccard" title="Johannes Eccard">Johannes Eccard</a> (1609)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Zangius" title="Nicolaus Zangius">Nicolaus Zangius</a> (1612)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Brade" title="William Brade">William Brade</a> (1618)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Agricola" title="Johann Friedrich Agricola">Johann Friedrich Agricola</a> (1759)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Reichardt" title="Johann Friedrich Reichardt">Johann Friedrich Reichardt</a> (1775)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernhard_Anselm_Weber&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bernhard Anselm Weber (page does not exist)">Bernhard Anselm Weber</a> (1816)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspare_Spontini" title="Gaspare Spontini">Gaspare Spontini</a> (1820)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Meyerbeer" title="Giacomo Meyerbeer">Giacomo Meyerbeer</a> (1842)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Nicolai" title="Otto Nicolai">Otto Nicolai</a> (1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Radecke" title="Robert Radecke">Robert Radecke</a> (1871)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Sucher&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Sucher (page does not exist)">Joseph Sucher</a> (1888)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Richard Strauss</a> (1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Blech" title="Leo Blech">Leo Blech</a> (1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Kleiber" title="Erich Kleiber">Erich Kleiber</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemens_Krauss" title="Clemens Krauss">Clemens Krauss</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_von_Karajan" title="Herbert von Karajan">Herbert von Karajan</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Keilberth" title="Joseph Keilberth">Joseph Keilberth</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Kleiber" title="Erich Kleiber">Erich Kleiber</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Konwitschny" title="Franz Konwitschny">Franz Konwitschny</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otmar_Suitner" title="Otmar Suitner">Otmar Suitner</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Barenboim" title="Daniel Barenboim">Daniel Barenboim</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Thielemann" title="Christian Thielemann">Christian Thielemann</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Berlin_Philharmonic166" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Berlin_Philharmonic" title="Template:Berlin Philharmonic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Berlin_Philharmonic" title="Template talk:Berlin Philharmonic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Berlin_Philharmonic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Berlin Philharmonic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Berlin_Philharmonic166" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Philharmonic" title="Berlin Philharmonic">Berlin Philharmonic</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conductors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Brenner" title="Ludwig von Brenner">Ludwig von Brenner</a> (1882–1887)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_von_B%C3%BClow" title="Hans von Bülow">Hans von Bülow</a> (1887–1893)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Richard Strauss</a> (1894–1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Nikisch" title="Arthur Nikisch">Arthur Nikisch</a> (1895–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Furtw%C3%A4ngler" title="Wilhelm Furtwängler">Wilhelm Furtwängler</a> (1922–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Borchard" title="Leo Borchard">Leo Borchard</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergiu_Celibidache" title="Sergiu Celibidache">Sergiu Celibidache</a> (1945–1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Furtw%C3%A4ngler" title="Wilhelm Furtwängler">Wilhelm Furtwängler</a> (1952–1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_von_Karajan" title="Herbert von Karajan">Herbert von Karajan</a> (1954–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudio_Abbado" title="Claudio Abbado">Claudio Abbado</a> (1989–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Rattle" title="Simon Rattle">Simon Rattle</a> (2002–2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirill_Petrenko" title="Kirill Petrenko">Kirill Petrenko</a> (2019–present)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Berliner_Philharmoniker_Logo_(2019).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Berliner_Philharmoniker_Logo_%282019%29.svg/120px-Berliner_Philharmoniker_Logo_%282019%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Berliner_Philharmoniker_Logo_%282019%29.svg/180px-Berliner_Philharmoniker_Logo_%282019%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Berliner_Philharmoniker_Logo_%282019%29.svg/240px-Berliner_Philharmoniker_Logo_%282019%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="342" data-file-height="100" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philharmonia_Quartet_Berlin" title="Philharmonia Quartet Berlin">Philharmonia Quartet Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scharoun_Ensemble" title="Scharoun Ensemble">Scharoun Ensemble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_12_Cellists_of_the_Berlin_Philharmonic" title="The 12 Cellists of the Berlin Philharmonic">The 12 Cellists of the Berlin Philharmonic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berliner_Philharmonie" title="Berliner Philharmonie">Berliner Philharmonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Concert_Hall" title="Digital Concert Hall">Digital Concert Hall</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Karajan:_Beethoven_Symphonies_(1963)" title="Karajan: Beethoven Symphonies (1963)">Karajan: Beethoven Symphonies (1963)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_Is_It!" title="Rhythm Is It!">Rhythm Is It!</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Berlin_Philharmonic" title="Category:Berlin Philharmonic">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Romantic_music538" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Romantic_music" title="Template:Romantic music"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Romantic_music" title="Template talk:Romantic music"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Romantic_music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Romantic music"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Romantic_music538" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">Romantic music</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_Romantic_composers" title="List of Romantic composers">List of Romantic composers</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Composers and<br /> musicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Adam" title="Adolphe Adam">Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Valentin_Alkan" title="Charles-Valentin Alkan">Alkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Arensky" title="Anton Arensky">Arensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Atterberg" title="Kurt Atterberg">Atterberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Auber" title="Daniel Auber">Auber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mily_Balakirev" title="Mily Balakirev">Balakirev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Bazzini" title="Antonio Bazzini">Bazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Beach" title="Amy Beach">Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Beethoven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Bellini" title="Vincenzo Bellini">Bellini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Sterndale_Bennett" title="William Sterndale Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Auguste_de_B%C3%A9riot" title="Charles Auguste de Bériot">Bériot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector_Berlioz" title="Hector Berlioz">Berlioz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Bertin" title="Louise Bertin">Bertin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Berwald" title="Franz Berwald">Berwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Bizet" title="Georges Bizet">Bizet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Borodin" title="Alexander Borodin">Borodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Bortkiewicz" title="Sergei Bortkiewicz">Bortkiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Brahms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Bruch" title="Max Bruch">Bruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner">Bruckner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferruccio_Busoni" title="Ferruccio Busoni">Busoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Whitefield_Chadwick" title="George Whitefield Chadwick">Chadwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9cile_Chaminade" title="Cécile Chaminade">Chaminade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Chausson" title="Ernest Chausson">Chausson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Cherubini" title="Luigi Cherubini">Cherubini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin">Chopin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Crusell" title="Bernhard Crusell">Crusell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Cui" title="César Cui">Cui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Czerny" title="Carl Czerny">Czerny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licien_David" title="Félicien David">Félicien David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_David_(musician)" title="Ferdinand David (musician)">Ferdinand David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9o_Delibes" title="Léo Delibes">Delibes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Delius" title="Frederick Delius">Delius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Denza" title="Luigi Denza">Denza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_d%27Indy" title="Vincent d'Indy">d'Indy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Donizetti" title="Gaetano Donizetti">Donizetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k" title="Antonín Dvořák">Dvořák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Elgar" title="Edward Elgar">Elgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Farrenc" title="Louise Farrenc">Farrenc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Faur%C3%A9" title="Gabriel Fauré">Fauré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Field_(composer)" title="John Field (composer)">Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Foote" title="Arthur Foote">Foote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Foster" title="Stephen Foster">Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Franck" title="César Franck">Franck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Franz" title="Robert Franz">Franz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauro_Giuliani" title="Mauro Giuliani">Giuliani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Glazunov" title="Alexander Glazunov">Glazunov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Glinka" title="Mikhail Glinka">Glinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_Carlos_Gomes" title="Antônio Carlos Gomes">Gomes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Melchor_Gomis" title="José Melchor Gomis">J. Gomis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gounod" title="Charles Gounod">Gounod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gretchaninov" title="Alexander Gretchaninov">Gretchaninov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edvard_Grieg" title="Edvard Grieg">Grieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fromental_Hal%C3%A9vy" title="Fromental Halévy">Halévy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Herbert" title="Victor Herbert">Herbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_H%C3%A9rold" title="Ferdinand Hérold">Hérold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Holst" title="Gustav Holst">Holst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Nepomuk_Hummel" title="Johann Nepomuk Hummel">Hummel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Joachim" title="Joseph Joachim">Joachim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Joplin" title="Scott Joplin">Joplin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Kalivoda" title="Jan Kalivoda">Kalivoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Kalkbrenner" title="Friedrich Kalkbrenner">Kalkbrenner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Kreisler" title="Fritz Kreisler">Kreisler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Kuhlau" title="Friedrich Kuhlau">Kuhlau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toivo_Kuula" title="Toivo Kuula">Kuula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Lachner" title="Franz Lachner">Lachner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Lalo" title="Édouard Lalo">Lalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruggero_Leoncavallo" title="Ruggero Leoncavallo">Leoncavallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Liszt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Loewe" title="Carl Loewe">Loewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_Lumbye" title="Hans Christian Lumbye">Lumbye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mykola_Lysenko" title="Mykola Lysenko">Lysenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_MacDowell" title="Edward MacDowell">MacDowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leevi_Madetoja" title="Leevi Madetoja">Madetoja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Mahler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Marschner" title="Heinrich Marschner">Marschner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santiago_Masarnau_Fern%C3%A1ndez" title="Santiago Masarnau Fernández">Masarnau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Massenet" title="Jules Massenet">Massenet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Medtner" title="Nikolai Medtner">Medtner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_M%C3%A9hul" title="Étienne Méhul">Méhul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanny_Mendelssohn" title="Fanny Mendelssohn">Fanny Mendelssohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Felix Mendelssohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saverio_Mercadante" title="Saverio Mercadante">Mercadante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A9d%C3%A9e_M%C3%A9reaux" title="Amédée Méreaux">Méreaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Meyerbeer" title="Giacomo Meyerbeer">Meyerbeer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Moniuszko" title="Stanisław Moniuszko">Moniuszko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignaz_Moscheles" title="Ignaz Moscheles">Moscheles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moritz_Moszkowski" title="Moritz Moszkowski">Moszkowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modest_Mussorgsky" title="Modest Mussorgsky">Mussorgsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Niedermeyer" title="Louis Niedermeyer">Niedermeyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Nielsen" title="Carl Nielsen">Nielsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Offenbach" title="Jacques Offenbach">Offenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Onslow_(composer)" title="George Onslow (composer)">Onslow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pacini" title="Giovanni Pacini">Pacini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Jan_Paderewski" title="Ignacy Jan Paderewski">Paderewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Paganini" title="Niccolò Paganini">Paganini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Knowles_Paine" title="John Knowles Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Popper" title="David Popper">Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Prudent" title="Émile Prudent">Prudent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Puccini" title="Giacomo Puccini">Puccini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Rachmaninoff" title="Sergei Rachmaninoff">Rachmaninoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Raff" title="Joachim Raff">Raff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Reicha" title="Anton Reicha">Reicha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Reinecke" title="Carl Reinecke">Reinecke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottorino_Respighi" title="Ottorino Respighi">Respighi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Ries" title="Ferdinand Ries">Ries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Rimsky-Korsakov" title="Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov">Rimsky-Korsakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Rode" title="Pierre Rode">Rode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gioachino_Rossini" title="Gioachino Rossini">Rossini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Rubinstein" title="Anton Rubinstein">Rubinstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Saint-Sa%C3%ABns" title="Camille Saint-Saëns">Saint-Saëns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_de_Sarasate" title="Pablo de Sarasate">Sarasate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Schubert" title="Franz Schubert">Schubert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Schumann" title="Clara Schumann">C. Schumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann">R. Schumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Scriabin" title="Alexander Scriabin">Scriabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius">Sibelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="Bedřich Smetana">Smetana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Sor" title="Fernando Sor">Sor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Philip_Sousa" title="John Philip Sousa">Sousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Spohr" title="Louis Spohr">Spohr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspare_Spontini" title="Gaspare Spontini">Spontini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Strauss_I" title="Johann Strauss I">J. Strauss I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Strauss_II" title="Johann Strauss II">J. Strauss II</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">R. Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Taneyev" title="Sergei Taneyev">Taneyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_T%C3%A1rrega" title="Francisco Tárrega">Tárrega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">Tchaikovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismond_Thalberg" title="Sigismond Thalberg">Thalberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Tobias" title="Rudolf Tobias">Tobias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Verdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Vieuxtemps" title="Henri Vieuxtemps">Vieuxtemps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_V%C3%A1clav_Vo%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%A1ek" title="Jan Václav Voříšek">Voříšek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Maria_von_Weber" title="Carl Maria von Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Wieniawski" title="Henryk Wieniawski">Wieniawski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Vaughan_Williams" title="Ralph Vaughan Williams">Vaughan Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Wolf" title="Hugo Wolf">Wolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ysa%C3%BFe" title="Eugène Ysaÿe">Ysaÿe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Instrumentation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_guitar" title="Romantic guitar">Romantic guitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchestra#Early_Romantic_orchestra" title="Orchestra">Romantic orchestra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballade_(classical_music)" title="Ballade (classical music)">Ballade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_piece" title="Character piece">Character piece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorale_prelude" title="Chorale prelude">Chorale prelude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermezzo" title="Intermezzo">Intermezzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lied" title="Lied">Lied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazurka" title="Mazurka">Mazurka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchestral_song" title="Orchestral song">Orchestral song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_ballet" title="Romantic ballet">Romantic ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantische_Oper" title="Romantische Oper">Romantic opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphonic_poem" title="Symphonic poem">Symphonic poem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony" title="Symphony">Symphony</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indianist_movement" title="Indianist movement">Indianist movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_nationalism" title="Musical nationalism">Musical nationalism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neue_Zeitschrift_f%C3%BCr_Musik" title="Neue Zeitschrift für Musik">Neue Zeitschrift für Musik</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_German_School" title="New German School">New German School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-romanticism" title="Post-romanticism">Post-romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky_and_the_Belyayev_circle" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky and the Belyayev circle">Tchaikovsky and the Belyayev circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky_and_The_Five" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky and The Five">Tchaikovsky and The Five</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Romantics" title="War of the Romantics">War of the Romantics</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_practice_period" title="Common practice period">Common practice period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_chess" title="Romantic chess">Chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic Revival architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_poetry" title="Romantic poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_science" title="Romanticism in science">Science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_nationalism" title="Musical nationalism">Musical nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism" title="Romantic nationalism">Romantic nationalism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div style="float: left;"> ← <b><a href="/wiki/Template:Classical_period_(music)" title="Template:Classical period (music)">Classical music</a></b></div><div style="float: right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Template:Modernism_(music)" title="Template:Modernism (music)">Modernist music</a></b> → </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Romantic_music" title="Category:Romantic music">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Classical_music" title="Portal:Classical music">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Romanticism556" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Romanticism" title="Template:Romanticism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Romanticism" title="Template talk:Romanticism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Romanticism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Romanticism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Romanticism556" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Golden_Age" title="Danish Golden Age">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_literature_in_English" title="Romantic literature in English">England (literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_France" title="Romanticism in France">France</a> <a href="/wiki/19th-century_French_literature#Romanticism" title="19th-century French literature">(literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_Roman" title="Taishō Roman">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_romantic_nationalism" title="Norwegian romantic nationalism">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Poland" title="Romanticism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Russian_Poetry" title="Golden Age of Russian Poetry">Russia (literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Scotland" title="Romanticism in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Spanish_literature" title="Romanticism in Spanish literature">Spain (literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Romantic_literature" title="Swedish Romantic literature">Sweden (literature)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancients_(art_group)" title="Ancients (art group)">Ancients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohemianism" title="Bohemianism">Bohemianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coppet_group" title="Coppet group">Coppet group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Enlightenment" title="Counter-Enlightenment">Counter-Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Romanticism" title="Dark Romanticism">Dark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf_School_of_painting" title="Düsseldorf School of painting">Düsseldorf School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_historical_school" title="German historical school">German historical school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_River_School" title="Hudson River School">Hudson River School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indianism_(arts)" title="Indianism (arts)">Indianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jena_Romanticism" title="Jena Romanticism">Jena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Poets" title="Lake Poets">Lake Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism" title="Romantic nationalism">Nationalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazarene_movement" title="Nazarene movement">Nazarene movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-romanticism" title="Neo-romanticism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preromanticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Preromanticism">Pre</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sturm_und_Drang" title="Sturm und Drang">Sturm und Drang</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-romanticism" title="Post-romanticism">Post</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Purismo" title="Purismo">Purismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_school" title="Ukrainian school">Ukrainian school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-Romanticism" title="Ultra-Romanticism">Ultra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Wallenrod" title="Konrad Wallenrod">Wallenrodism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Themes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_flower" title="Blue flower">Blue flower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Marine_Art_(Romantic_Era)" title="British Marine Art (Romantic Era)">British Marine</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gesamtkunstwerk" title="Gesamtkunstwerk">Gesamtkunstwerk</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_fiction" title="Gothic fiction">Gothic fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">Hero</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byronic_hero" title="Byronic hero">Byronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_hero" title="Romantic hero">Romantic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fiction" title="Historical fiction">Historical fiction</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mal_du_si%C3%A8cle" title="Mal du siècle">Mal du siècle</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medievalism" title="Medievalism">Medievalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_savage" title="Noble savage">Noble savage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nostalgia#Romanticism" title="Nostalgia">Nostalgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossian" title="Ossian">Ossian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhine_romanticism" title="Rhine romanticism">Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genius_(literature)#Romanticism_and_genius" title="Genius (literature)">Romantic genius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanderlust" title="Wanderlust">Wanderlust</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Weltschmerz" title="Weltschmerz">Weltschmerz</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Mountain_art" title="White Mountain art">White Mountain art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism#Literature" title="Romanticism">Writers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Brazil</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casimiro_de_Abreu" title="Casimiro de Abreu">Abreu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar" title="José de Alencar">Alencar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Ant%C3%B4nio_de_Almeida" title="Manuel Antônio de Almeida">Manuel Antônio de Almeida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castro_Alves" title="Castro Alves">Alves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machado_de_Assis" title="Machado de Assis">Assis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvares_de_Azevedo" title="Álvares de Azevedo">Azevedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobias_Barreto" title="Tobias Barreto">Barreto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gon%C3%A7alves_Dias" title="Gonçalves Dias">Dias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Guimar%C3%A3es" title="Bernardo Guimarães">Guimarães</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaquim_Manuel_de_Macedo" title="Joaquim Manuel de Macedo">Macedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gon%C3%A7alves_de_Magalh%C3%A3es,_Viscount_of_Araguaia" title="Gonçalves de Magalhães, Viscount of Araguaia">Magalhães</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Firmina_dos_Reis" title="Maria Firmina dos Reis">Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_d%27Escragnolle_Taunay,_Viscount_of_Taunay" title="Alfredo d'Escragnolle Taunay, Viscount of Taunay">Taunay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fagundes_Varela" title="Fagundes Varela">Varela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_France#Literature" title="Romanticism in France">France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Baudelaire" title="Charles Baudelaire">Baudelaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aloysius_Bertrand" title="Aloysius Bertrand">Bertrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas" title="Alexandre Dumas">Dumas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9ophile_Gautier" title="Théophile Gautier">Gautier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Hugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_de_Lamartine" title="Alphonse de Lamartine">Lamartine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosper_M%C3%A9rim%C3%A9e" title="Prosper Mérimée">Mérimée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_de_Musset" title="Alfred de Musset">Musset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_de_Nerval" title="Gérard de Nerval">Nerval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Nodier" title="Charles Nodier">Nodier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_de_Vigny" title="Alfred de Vigny">Vigny</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achim_von_Arnim" title="Achim von Arnim">A. v. Arnim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bettina_von_Arnim" title="Bettina von Arnim">B. v. Arnim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Beer_(poet)" title="Michael Beer (poet)">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemens_Brentano" title="Clemens Brentano">Brentano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Freiherr_von_Eichendorff" title="Joseph Freiherr von Eichendorff">Eichendorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_de_la_Motte_Fouqu%C3%A9" title="Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué">Fouqué</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_Grimm" title="Brothers Grimm">Brothers Grimm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karoline_von_G%C3%BCnderrode" title="Karoline von Günderrode">Günderrode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Gutzkow" title="Karl Gutzkow">Gutzkow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Hauff" title="Wilhelm Hauff">Hauff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Heine" title="Heinrich Heine">Heine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._T._A._Hoffmann" title="E. T. A. Hoffmann">Hoffmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_H%C3%B6lderlin" title="Friedrich Hölderlin">Hölderlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Paul" title="Jean Paul">Jean Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Kleist" title="Heinrich von Kleist">Kleist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_M%C3%B6rike" title="Eduard Mörike">Mörike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Schwab" title="Gustav Schwab">Schwab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Tieck" title="Ludwig Tieck">Tieck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Uhland" title="Ludwig Uhland">Uhland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romantic_literature_in_English" title="Romantic literature in English">Great<br />Britain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Laetitia_Barbauld" title="Anna Laetitia Barbauld">Barbauld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Bront%C3%AB" title="Anne Brontë">Anne Brontë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Bront%C3%AB" title="Charlotte Brontë">C. Brontë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Bront%C3%AB" title="Emily Brontë">E. Brontë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns" title="Robert Burns">Burns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Byron" title="Lord Byron">Byron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Clare" title="John Clare">Clare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_De_Quincey" title="Thomas De Quincey">de Quincey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Edgeworth" title="Maria Edgeworth">Maria Edgeworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Keats" title="John Keats">Keats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maturin" title="Charles Maturin">Maturin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_William_Polidori" title="John William Polidori">Polidori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Radcliffe" title="Ann Radcliffe">Radcliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Robinson_(poet)" title="Mary Robinson (poet)">Mary Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Seward" title="Anna Seward">Seward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">M. Shelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Percy Bysshe Shelley">P. B. Shelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Southey" title="Robert Southey">Southey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wordsworth" title="William Wordsworth">Wordsworth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Poland#Notable_Polish_Romantic_writers_and_poets" title="Romanticism in Poland">Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Fredro" title="Aleksander Fredro">Fredro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Krasi%C5%84ski" title="Zygmunt Krasiński">Krasiński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Ignacy_Kraszewski" title="Józef Ignacy Kraszewski">Józef Ignacy Kraszewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Malczewski" title="Antoni Malczewski">Malczewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Mickiewicz" title="Adam Mickiewicz">Mickiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian_Norwid" title="Cyprian Norwid">Norwid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Potocki" title="Jan Potocki">Potocki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wincenty_Pol" title="Wincenty Pol">Wincenty Pol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliusz_S%C5%82owacki" title="Juliusz Słowacki">Słowacki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camilo_Castelo_Branco" title="Camilo Castelo Branco">Castelo Branco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Feliciano_de_Castilho" title="António Feliciano de Castilho">Castilho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_de_Deus_de_Nogueira_Ramos" title="João de Deus de Nogueira Ramos">João de Deus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BAlio_Dinis" title="Júlio Dinis">Dinis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almeida_Garrett" title="Almeida Garrett">Garrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Herculano" title="Alexandre Herculano">Herculano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Augusto_Soares_de_Passos" title="António Augusto Soares de Passos">Soares dos Passos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Baratynsky" title="Yevgeny Baratynsky">Baratynsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Batyushkov" title="Konstantin Batyushkov">Batyushkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Gogol" title="Nikolai Gogol">Gogol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Karamzin" title="Nikolay Karamzin">Karamzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_K%C3%BCchelbecker" title="Wilhelm Küchelbecker">Küchelbecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lermontov" title="Mikhail Lermontov">Lermontov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pushkin" title="Alexander Pushkin">Pushkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Tyutchev" title="Fyodor Tyutchev">Tyutchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Vyazemsky" title="Pyotr Vyazemsky">Vyazemsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Zhukovsky" title="Vasily Zhukovsky">Zhukovsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Serbia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90ura_Jak%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Đura Jakšić">Jakšić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laza_Kosti%C4%87" title="Laza Kostić">Kostić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petar_II_Petrovi%C4%87-Njego%C5%A1" title="Petar II Petrović-Njegoš">Njegoš</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branko_Radi%C4%8Devi%C4%87" title="Branko Radičević">Radičević</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milica_Stojadinovi%C4%87-Srpkinja" title="Milica Stojadinović-Srpkinja">Stojadinović-Srpkinja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jovan_Jovanovi%C4%87_Zmaj" title="Jovan Jovanović Zmaj">Zmaj</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Adolfo_B%C3%A9cquer" title="Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer">Bécquer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosal%C3%ADa_de_Castro" title="Rosalía de Castro">Rosalía de Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Espronceda" title="José de Espronceda">Espronceda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Garc%C3%ADa_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Antonio García Gutiérrez">Gutiérrez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ngel_de_Saavedra,_3rd_Duke_of_Rivas" title="Ángel de Saavedra, 3rd Duke of Rivas">Saavedra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Zorrilla" title="José Zorrilla">Zorrilla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">U.S.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Cullen_Bryant" title="William Cullen Bryant">Bryant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Fenimore_Cooper" title="James Fenimore Cooper">Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Hawthorne" title="Nathaniel Hawthorne">Hawthorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Gilbert_Holland" title="Josiah Gilbert Holland">Josiah Gilbert Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving">Irving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow" title="Henry Wadsworth Longfellow">Longfellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Russell_Lowell" title="James Russell Lowell">Lowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Poe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khachatur_Abovian" title="Khachatur Abovian">Abovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Alfieri" title="Vittorio Alfieri">Alfieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_Andersen" title="Hans Christian Andersen">Andersen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikoloz_Baratashvili" title="Nikoloz Baratashvili">Baratashvili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hristo_Botev" title="Hristo Botev">Botev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Chavchavadze" title="Alexander Chavchavadze">Chavchavadze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihai_Eminescu" title="Mihai Eminescu">Eminescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugo_Foscolo" title="Ugo Foscolo">Foscolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naim_Frash%C3%ABri" title="Naim Frashëri">Frashëri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Gustaf_Geijer" title="Erik Gustaf Geijer">Geijer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._F._S._Grundtvig" title="N. F. S. Grundtvig">Grundtvig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Heliade_R%C4%83dulescu" title="Ion Heliade Rădulescu">Heliade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Isaacs" title="Jorge Isaacs">Isaacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Lenau" title="Nikolaus Lenau">Lenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Leopardi" title="Giacomo Leopardi">Leopardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karel_Hynek_M%C3%A1cha" title="Karel Hynek Mácha">Mácha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Manzoni" title="Alessandro Manzoni">Manzoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maturin" title="Charles Maturin">Maturin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Oehlenschl%C3%A4ger" title="Adam Oehlenschläger">Oehlenschläger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigol_Orbeliani" title="Grigol Orbeliani">Orbeliani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_Pre%C5%A1eren" title="France Prešeren">Prešeren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raffi_(novelist)" title="Raffi (novelist)">Raffi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Ludvig_Runeberg" title="Johan Ludvig Runeberg">Runeberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taras_Shevchenko" title="Taras Shevchenko">Shevchenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachris_Topelius" title="Zachris Topelius">Topelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mih%C3%A1ly_V%C3%B6r%C3%B6smarty" title="Mihály Vörösmarty">Vörösmarty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Wergeland" title="Henrik Wergeland">Wergeland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">Musicians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Austria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner">Bruckner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Czerny" title="Carl Czerny">Czerny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Nepomuk_Hummel" title="Johann Nepomuk Hummel">Hummel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Mahler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Schubert" title="Franz Schubert">Schubert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismond_Thalberg" title="Sigismond Thalberg">Thalberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Wolf" title="Hugo Wolf">Wolf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Czechia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k" title="Antonín Dvořák">Dvořák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignaz_Moscheles" title="Ignaz Moscheles">Moscheles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Reicha" title="Anton Reicha">Reicha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="Bedřich Smetana">Smetana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_V%C3%A1clav_Vo%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%A1ek" title="Jan Václav Voříšek">Voříšek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Adam" title="Adolphe Adam">Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Valentin_Alkan" title="Charles-Valentin Alkan">Alkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Auber" title="Daniel Auber">Auber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector_Berlioz" title="Hector Berlioz">Berlioz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Faur%C3%A9" title="Gabriel Fauré">Fauré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fromental_Hal%C3%A9vy" title="Fromental Halévy">Halévy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_M%C3%A9hul" title="Étienne Méhul">Méhul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Onslow_(composer)" title="George Onslow (composer)">Onslow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Saint-Sa%C3%ABns" title="Camille Saint-Saëns">Saint-Saëns</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Beethoven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Brahms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Bruch" title="Max Bruch">Bruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Kalkbrenner" title="Friedrich Kalkbrenner">Kalkbrenner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Loewe" title="Carl Loewe">Loewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Marschner" title="Heinrich Marschner">Marschner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanny_Mendelssohn" title="Fanny Mendelssohn">Fanny Mendelssohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Felix Mendelssohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Meyerbeer" title="Giacomo Meyerbeer">Meyerbeer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moritz_Moszkowski" title="Moritz Moszkowski">Moszkowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Schumann" title="Clara Schumann">C. Schumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann">R. Schumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Spohr" title="Louis Spohr">Spohr</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Maria_von_Weber" title="Carl Maria von Weber">Weber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hungary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Erkel" title="Ferenc Erkel">Erkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Goldmark" title="Karl Goldmark">Goldmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Heller" title="Stephen Heller">Heller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jen%C5%91_Hubay" title="Jenő Hubay">Hubay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Joachim" title="Joseph Joachim">Joachim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Liszt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Bellini" title="Vincenzo Bellini">Bellini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferruccio_Busoni" title="Ferruccio Busoni">Busoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Cherubini" title="Luigi Cherubini">Cherubini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Donizetti" title="Gaetano Donizetti">Donizetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Paganini" title="Niccolò Paganini">Paganini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gioachino_Rossini" title="Gioachino Rossini">Rossini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspare_Spontini" title="Gaspare Spontini">Spontini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Verdi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Bortkiewicz" title="Sergei Bortkiewicz">Bortkiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin">Chopin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karol_Lipi%C5%84ski" title="Karol Lipiński">Lipiński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Moniuszko" title="Stanisław Moniuszko">Moniuszko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Jan_Paderewski" title="Ignacy Jan Paderewski">Paderewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Stolpe" title="Antoni Stolpe">Stolpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Tausig" title="Karl Tausig">Tausig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Wieniawski" title="Henryk Wieniawski">Wieniawski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Arensky" title="Anton Arensky">Arensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mily_Balakirev" title="Mily Balakirev">Balakirev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Borodin" title="Alexander Borodin">Borodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Cui" title="César Cui">Cui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Glinka" title="Mikhail Glinka">Glinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Lyapunov" title="Sergei Lyapunov">Lyapunov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Medtner" title="Nikolai Medtner">Medtner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modest_Mussorgsky" title="Modest Mussorgsky">Mussorgsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Rachmaninoff" title="Sergei Rachmaninoff">Rachmaninoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Rimsky-Korsakov" title="Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov">Rimsky-Korsakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Rubinstein" title="Anton Rubinstein">Rubinstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Scriabin" title="Alexander Scriabin">Scriabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">Tchaikovsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Serbia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stevan_Hristi%C4%87" title="Stevan Hristić">Hristić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petar_Konjovi%C4%87" title="Petar Konjović">Konjović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stevan_Mokranjac" title="Stevan Mokranjac">Mokranjac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kornelije_Stankovi%C4%87" title="Kornelije Stanković">Stanković</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Sterndale_Bennett" title="William Sterndale Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Berwald" title="Franz Berwald">Berwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Elgar" title="Edward Elgar">Elgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Field_(composer)" title="John Field (composer)">Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Franck" title="César Franck">Franck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edvard_Grieg" title="Edvard Grieg">Grieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius">Sibelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Sor" title="Fernando Sor">Sor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_philosophy" title="Romanticism in philosophy">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vissarion_Belinsky" title="Vissarion Belinsky">Belinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Berchet" title="Giovanni Berchet">Berchet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Chaadayev" title="Pyotr Chaadayev">Chaadayev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hazlitt" title="William Hazlitt">Hazlitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksey_Khomyakov" title="Aleksey Khomyakov">Khomyakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_de_La_Mennais" title="Félicité de La Mennais">Lamennais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariano_Jos%C3%A9_de_Larra" title="Mariano José de Larra">Larra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Michelet" title="Jules Michelet">Michelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_M%C3%BCller" title="Adam Müller">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Quinet" title="Edgar Quinet">Quinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Joseph_Schelling" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling">Schelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Schiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Wilhelm_Schlegel" title="August Wilhelm Schlegel">A. Schlegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schlegel" title="Friedrich Schlegel">F. Schlegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schleiermacher" title="Friedrich Schleiermacher">Schleiermacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Pivert_de_Senancour" title="Étienne Pivert de Senancour">Senancour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Vilhelm_Snellman" title="Johan Vilhelm Snellman">Snellman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Tieck" title="Ludwig Tieck">Tieck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Heinrich_Wackenroder" title="Wilhelm Heinrich Wackenroder">Wackenroder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism#Visual_arts" title="Romanticism">Visual artists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Aivazovsky" title="Ivan Aivazovsky">Aivazovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Bierstadt" title="Albert Bierstadt">Bierstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Parkes_Bonington" title="Richard Parkes Bonington">Bonington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Bryullov" title="Karl Bryullov">Bryullov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_Chass%C3%A9riau" title="Théodore Chassériau">Chassériau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Edwin_Church" title="Frederic Edwin Church">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Constable" title="John Constable">Constable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cole" title="Thomas Cole">Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste-Camille_Corot" title="Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot">Corot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Christian_Dahl" title="Johan Christian Dahl">Dahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_d%27Angers" title="David d'Angers">David d'Angers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix" title="Eugène Delacroix">Delacroix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Edelfelt" title="Albert Edelfelt">Edelfelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspar_David_Friedrich" title="Caspar David Friedrich">Friedrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fuseli" title="Henry Fuseli">Fuseli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akseli_Gallen-Kallela" title="Akseli Gallen-Kallela">Gallen-Kallela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_G%C3%A9ricault" title="Théodore Géricault">Géricault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne-Louis_Girodet_de_Roussy-Trioson" title="Anne-Louis Girodet de Roussy-Trioson">Girodet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Nepomucen_G%C5%82owacki" title="Jan Nepomucen Głowacki">Głowacki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Goya" title="Francisco Goya">Goya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Gude" title="Hans Gude">Gude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Hayez" title="Francesco Hayez">Hayez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Janmot" title="Louis Janmot">Janmot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jones_(artist)" title="Thomas Jones (artist)">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orest_Kiprensky" title="Orest Kiprensky">Kiprensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Anton_Koch" title="Joseph Anton Koch">Koch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciszek_Ksawery_Lampi" title="Franciszek Ksawery Lampi">Lampi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Leutze" title="Emanuel Leutze">Leutze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Martin_(painter)" title="John Martin (painter)">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piotr_Micha%C5%82owski" title="Piotr Michałowski">Michałowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Palmer" title="Samuel Palmer">Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_Ara%C3%BAjo_Porto-Alegre,_Baron_of_Santo_%C3%82ngelo" title="Manuel de Araújo Porto-Alegre, Baron of Santo Ângelo">Porto-Alegre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine-Augustin_Pr%C3%A9ault" title="Antoine-Augustin Préault">Préault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_R%C3%A9voil" title="Pierre Révoil">Révoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleury_Fran%C3%A7ois_Richard" title="Fleury François Richard">Richard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rude" title="François Rude">Rude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Otto_Runge" title="Philipp Otto Runge">Runge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raden_Saleh" title="Raden Saleh">Saleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ary_Scheffer" title="Ary Scheffer">Scheffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Stattler" title="Wojciech Stattler">Stattler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Stroy" title="Michael Stroy">Stroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolph_Tidemand" title="Adolph Tidemand">Tidemand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Tropinin" title="Vasily Tropinin">Tropinin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._M._W._Turner" title="J. M. W. Turner">Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Veit" title="Philipp Veit">Veit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Ward_(English_artist)" title="James Ward (English artist)">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Wiertz" title="Antoine Wiertz">Wiertz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Scholars" class="mw-redirect" title="Scholars">Scholars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Abraham" title="Gerald Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._H._Abrams" title="M. H. Abrams">Abrams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Barzun" title="Jacques Barzun">Barzun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_C._Beiser" title="Frederick C. Beiser">Beiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._C._W._Blanning" title="T. C. W. Blanning">Blanning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Bloom" title="Harold Bloom">Bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Blume" title="Friedrich Blume">Blume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Dahlhaus" title="Carl Dahlhaus">Dahlhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ferber" title="Michael Ferber">Ferber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_Frye" title="Northrop Frye">Frye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Janion" title="Maria Janion">Janion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Lacoue-Labarthe" title="Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe">Lacoue-Labarthe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Oncken_Lovejoy" title="Arthur Oncken Lovejoy">Lovejoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_de_Man" title="Paul de Man">de Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Nancy" title="Jean-Luc Nancy">Nancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Gabriel_Porthan" title="Henrik Gabriel Porthan">Porthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Ricks" title="Christopher Ricks">Ricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Rosen" title="Charles Rosen">Rosen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Wellek" title="René Wellek">Wellek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coleridge%27s_theory_of_life" title="Coleridge's theory of life">Coleridge's theory of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_idealism" title="German idealism">German idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_romantics" title="List of romantics">List of romantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Romantic_poets" title="List of Romantic poets">List of Romantic poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages_in_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Ages in history">Middle Ages in history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opium_and_Romanticism" title="Opium and Romanticism">Opium and Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_ballet" title="Romantic ballet">Romantic ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_epistemology" title="Romantic epistemology">Romantic epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_medicine" title="Romantic medicine">Romantic medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_poetry" title="Romantic poetry">Romantic poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_psychology" title="Romantic psychology">Romantic psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_and_economics" title="Romanticism and economics">Romanticism and economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_and_the_French_Revolution" title="Romanticism and the French Revolution">Romanticism and the French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_science" title="Romanticism in science">Romanticism in science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_and_Bacon" title="Romanticism and Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_evolution_theory" title="Romanticism in evolution theory">Evolution theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wanderer_above_the_Sea_of_Fog" title="Wanderer above the Sea of Fog">Wanderer above the Sea of Fog</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div style="position:relative;"> <div style="position:absolute;">← <b><a href="/wiki/Template:Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Template:Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute;right:0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Template:Modernism" title="Template:Modernism">Modernism</a></b> →</div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Romanticism" title="Category:Romanticism">Category</a> </p> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Modernist_music517" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Modernism_(music)" title="Template:Modernism (music)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Modernism_(music)" title="Template talk:Modernism (music)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Modernism_(music)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Modernism (music)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Modernist_music517" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Modernism_(music)" title="Modernism (music)">Modernist music</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_modernist_composers" title="List of modernist composers">List of modernist composers</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Composers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Austria <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alban_Berg" title="Alban Berg">Berg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Krenek" title="Ernst Krenek">Krenek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Mahler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Schoenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Webern" title="Anton Webern">Webern</a></li></ul></li> <li>Belgium <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Pousseur" title="Henri Pousseur">Pousseur</a></li></ul></li> <li>Czechia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alois_H%C3%A1ba" title="Alois Hába">Hába</a></li></ul></li> <li>Finland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Bergman" title="Erik Bergman">Bergman</a></li></ul></li> <li>France <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Henry" title="Pierre Henry">Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Jolivet" title="André Jolivet">Jolivet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Koechlin" title="Charles Koechlin">Koechlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivier_Messiaen" title="Olivier Messiaen">Messiaen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darius_Milhaud" title="Darius Milhaud">Milhaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Poulenc" title="Francis Poulenc">Poulenc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgard_Var%C3%A8se" title="Edgard Varèse">Varèse</a></li></ul></li> <li>Germany <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Max_Reger" title="Max Reger">Reger</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Strauss</a></li></ul></li> <li>Greece <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nikos_Skalkottas" title="Nikos Skalkottas">Skalkottas</a></li></ul></li> <li>Hungary <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bart%C3%B3k" title="Béla Bartók">Bartók</a></li></ul></li> <li>Poland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karol_Szymanowski" title="Karol Szymanowski">Szymanowski</a></li></ul></li> <li>Russia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Prokofiev" title="Sergei Prokofiev">Prokofiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Scriabin" title="Alexander Scriabin">Scriabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Stravinsky</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Antheil" title="George Antheil">Antheil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Babbitt" title="Milton Babbitt">Babbitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliott_Carter" title="Elliott Carter">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cowell" title="Henry Cowell">Cowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Ives" title="Charles Ives">Ives</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Genres and<br />techniques</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atonality" title="Atonality">Atonality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_music" title="Experimental music">Experimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressionist_music" title="Expressionist music">Expressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurism_(music)" title="Futurism (music)">Futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microtonal_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Microtonal music">Microtonal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mode_of_limited_transposition" title="Mode of limited transposition">Modes of limited transposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neotonality" title="Neotonality">Neotonality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Complexity" title="New Complexity">New Complexity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Objectivity" title="New Objectivity">New Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_music" title="Noise music">Noise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandiatonicism" title="Pandiatonicism">Pandiatonicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyrhythm" title="Polyrhythm">Polyrhythms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytonality" title="Polytonality">Polytonality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-romanticism" title="Post-romanticism">Post-romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_music" title="Process music">Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartal_and_quintal_harmony" title="Quartal and quintal harmony">Quartal and quintal harmony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serialism" title="Serialism">Serialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_mass" title="Sound mass">Sound mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectral_music" title="Spectral music">Spectral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stochastic" title="Stochastic">Stochastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrealist_music" title="Surrealist music">Surrealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tone_cluster" title="Tone cluster">Tone cluster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve-tone_technique" title="Twelve-tone technique">Twelve-tone technique</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Schools of composition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Viennese_School" title="Second Viennese School">Second Viennese School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darmstadt_School" title="Darmstadt School">Darmstadt School</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div style="float: left;"> ←<b> <a href="/wiki/Template:Romantic_music" title="Template:Romantic music">Romantic music</a></b></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Modernism_(music)" title="Category:Modernism (music)">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Classical_music" title="Portal:Classical music">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Modernism414" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Modernism" title="Template:Modernism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Modernism" title="Template talk:Modernism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Modernism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Modernism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Modernism414" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Acmeist_poetry" title="Acmeist poetry">Acmeism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a></i></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a></i></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ashcan_School" title="Ashcan School">Ashcan School</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Constructivism_(art)" title="Constructivism (art)">Constructivism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">Cubism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dada" title="Dada">Dada</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Expressionism" title="Expressionism">Expressionism</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Der_Blaue_Reiter" title="Der Blaue Reiter">Der Blaue Reiter</a></i></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Die_Br%C3%BCcke" title="Die Brücke">Die Brücke</a></i></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Expressionist_music" title="Expressionist music">Music</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fauvism" title="Fauvism">Fauvism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(architecture)" title="Functionalism (architecture)">Functionalism</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Futurism" title="Futurism">Futurism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Imagism" title="Imagism">Imagism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lettrism" title="Lettrism">Lettrism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Neoplasticism" title="Neoplasticism">Neoplasticism</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl"><a href="/wiki/De_Stijl" title="De Stijl">De Stijl</a></i></span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Orphism_(art)" title="Orphism (art)">Orphism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">Surrealism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Synchromism" title="Synchromism">Synchromism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tonalism" title="Tonalism">Tonalism</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_arts#Literary_arts" title="The arts">Literary arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Literary_modernism" title="Literary modernism">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Apollinaire" title="Guillaume Apollinaire">Apollinaire</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Djuna_Barnes" title="Djuna Barnes">Barnes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beckett" title="Samuel Beckett">Beckett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Bely" title="Andrei Bely">Bely</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Breton" title="André Breton">Breton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Broch" title="Hermann Broch">Broch</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bulgakov" title="Mikhail Bulgakov">Bulgakov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anton_Chekhov" title="Anton Chekhov">Chekhov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Conrad" title="Joseph Conrad">Conrad</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_D%C3%B6blin" title="Alfred Döblin">Döblin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/E._M._Forster" title="E. M. Forster">Forster</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Faulkner" title="William Faulkner">Faulkner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert" title="Gustave Flaubert">Flaubert</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ford_Madox_Ford" title="Ford Madox Ford">Ford</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gide" title="André Gide">Gide</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Knut_Hamsun" title="Knut Hamsun">Hamsun</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jaroslav_Ha%C5%A1ek" title="Jaroslav Hašek">Hašek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway">Hemingway</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Hesse" title="Hermann Hesse">Hesse</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">Joyce</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka">Kafka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Koestler" title="Arthur Koestler">Koestler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/D._H._Lawrence" title="D. H. Lawrence">Lawrence</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Mann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Mansfield" title="Katherine Mansfield">Mansfield</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Filippo_Tommaso_Marinetti" title="Filippo Tommaso Marinetti">Marinetti</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Musil" title="Robert Musil">Musil</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Dos_Passos" title="John Dos Passos">Dos Passos</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Platonov" title="Andrei Platonov">Platonov</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Anne_Porter" title="Katherine Anne Porter">Porter</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Proust" title="Marcel Proust">Proust</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Stein" title="Gertrude Stein">Stein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italo_Svevo" title="Italo Svevo">Svevo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Unamuno" title="Miguel de Unamuno">Unamuno</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Woolf" title="Virginia Woolf">Woolf</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modernist_poetry" title="Modernist poetry">Poetry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anna_Akhmatova" title="Anna Akhmatova">Akhmatova</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Aldington" title="Richard Aldington">Aldington</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/W._H._Auden" title="W. H. Auden">Auden</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Cendrars" title="Blaise Cendrars">Cendrars</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hart_Crane" title="Hart Crane">Crane</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/H.D." title="H.D.">H.D.</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Desnos" title="Robert Desnos">Desnos</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_%C3%89luard" title="Paul Éluard">Éluard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Odysseas_Elytis" title="Odysseas Elytis">Elytis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stefan_George" title="Stefan George">George</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Max_Jacob" title="Max Jacob">Jacob</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Federico_Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca" title="Federico García Lorca">Lorca</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Amy_Lowell" title="Amy Lowell">Lowell (Amy)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lowell" title="Robert Lowell">Lowell (Robert)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Mallarm%C3%A9" title="Stéphane Mallarmé">Mallarmé</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marianne_Moore" title="Marianne Moore">Moore</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wilfred_Owen" title="Wilfred Owen">Owen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Pessoa" title="Fernando Pessoa">Pessoa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ezra_Pound" title="Ezra Pound">Pound</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Maria_Rilke" title="Rainer Maria Rilke">Rilke</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Giorgos_Seferis" title="Giorgos Seferis">Seferis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wallace_Stevens" title="Wallace Stevens">Stevens</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dylan_Thomas" title="Dylan Thomas">Thomas</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tristan_Tzara" title="Tristan Tzara">Tzara</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Val%C3%A9ry" title="Paul Valéry">Valéry</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Carlos_Williams" title="William Carlos Williams">Williams</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/W._B._Yeats" title="W. B. Yeats">Yeats</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/In_Search_of_Lost_Time" title="In Search of Lost Time">In Search of Lost Time</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1913–1927)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Metamorphosis" title="The Metamorphosis">The Metamorphosis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1915)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(novel)" title="Ulysses (novel)">Ulysses</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1922)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Waste_Land" title="The Waste Land">The Waste Land</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1922)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Magic_Mountain" title="The Magic Mountain">The Magic Mountain</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1924)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Mrs_Dalloway" title="Mrs Dalloway">Mrs Dalloway</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1925)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sun_Also_Rises" title="The Sun Also Rises">The Sun Also Rises</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1926)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Master_and_Margarita" title="The Master and Margarita">The Master and Margarita</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1928–1940)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sound_and_the_Fury" title="The Sound and the Fury">The Sound and the Fury</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1929)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">Visual arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_art" title="Modern art">Painting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Josef_Albers" title="Josef Albers">Albers</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Arp" title="Jean Arp">Arp</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Balthus" title="Balthus">Balthus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Bellows" title="George Bellows">Bellows</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Boccioni" title="Umberto Boccioni">Boccioni</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bonnard" title="Pierre Bonnard">Bonnard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Br%C3%A2ncu%C8%99i" title="Constantin Brâncuși">Brâncuși</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Georges_Braque" title="Georges Braque">Braque</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Calder" title="Alexander Calder">Calder</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Cassatt" title="Mary Cassatt">Cassatt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_C%C3%A9zanne" title="Paul Cézanne">Cézanne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marc_Chagall" title="Marc Chagall">Chagall</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_de_Chirico" title="Giorgio de Chirico">Chirico</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Camille_Claudel" title="Camille Claudel">Claudel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Dal%C3%AD" title="Salvador Dalí">Dalí</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Degas" title="Edgar Degas">Degas</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Willem_de_Kooning" title="Willem de Kooning">Kooning</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Delaunay" title="Robert Delaunay">Delaunay</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Delaunay" title="Sonia Delaunay">Delaunay</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Demuth" title="Charles Demuth">Demuth</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Otto_Dix" title="Otto Dix">Dix</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theo_van_Doesburg" title="Theo van Doesburg">Doesburg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Duchamp" title="Marcel Duchamp">Duchamp</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Raoul_Dufy" title="Raoul Dufy">Dufy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Ensor" title="James Ensor">Ensor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Max_Ernst" title="Max Ernst">Ernst</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" title="Paul Gauguin">Gauguin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Giacometti" title="Alberto Giacometti">Giacometti</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Natalia_Goncharova" title="Natalia Goncharova">Goncharova</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Juan_Gris" title="Juan Gris">Gris</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Grosz" title="George Grosz">Grosz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hannah_H%C3%B6ch" title="Hannah Höch">Höch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Hopper" title="Edward Hopper">Hopper</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frida_Kahlo" title="Frida Kahlo">Kahlo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wassily_Kandinsky" title="Wassily Kandinsky">Kandinsky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ludwig_Kirchner" title="Ernst Ludwig Kirchner">Kirchner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Klee" title="Paul Klee">Klee</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oskar_Kokoschka" title="Oskar Kokoschka">Kokoschka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fernand_L%C3%A9ger" title="Fernand Léger">Léger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Magritte" title="René Magritte">Magritte</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kazimir_Malevich" title="Kazimir Malevich">Malevich</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Manet" title="Édouard Manet">Manet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Franz_Marc" title="Franz Marc">Marc</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henri_Matisse" title="Henri Matisse">Matisse</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Metzinger" title="Jean Metzinger">Metzinger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joan_Mir%C3%B3" title="Joan Miró">Miró</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Amedeo_Modigliani" title="Amedeo Modigliani">Modigliani</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Piet_Mondrian" title="Piet Mondrian">Mondrian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Claude_Monet" title="Claude Monet">Monet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Moore" title="Henry Moore">Moore</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edvard_Munch" title="Edvard Munch">Munch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Emil_Nolde" title="Emil Nolde">Nolde</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Georgia_O%27Keeffe" title="Georgia O'Keeffe">O'Keeffe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Picabia" title="Francis Picabia">Picabia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Picasso</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Camille_Pissarro" title="Camille Pissarro">Pissarro</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Man_Ray" title="Man Ray">Ray</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Odilon_Redon" title="Odilon Redon">Redon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Auguste_Renoir" title="Pierre-Auguste Renoir">Renoir</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Rodin" title="Auguste Rodin">Rodin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henri_Rousseau" title="Henri Rousseau">Rousseau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Egon_Schiele" title="Egon Schiele">Schiele</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Georges_Seurat" title="Georges Seurat">Seurat</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Signac" title="Paul Signac">Signac</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Sisley" title="Alfred Sisley">Sisley</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chaim_Soutine" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaim Soutine">Soutine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Steichen" title="Edward Steichen">Steichen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Stieglitz" title="Alfred Stieglitz">Stieglitz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Toulouse-Lautrec" title="Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec">Toulouse-Lautrec</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh" title="Vincent van Gogh">Van Gogh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Vuillard" title="Édouard Vuillard">Vuillard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Grant_Wood" title="Grant Wood">Wood</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modernist_film" title="Modernist film">Film</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chantal_Akerman" title="Chantal Akerman">Akerman</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Aldrich" title="Robert Aldrich">Aldrich</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michelangelo_Antonioni" title="Michelangelo Antonioni">Antonioni</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tex_Avery" title="Tex Avery">Avery</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ingmar_Bergman" title="Ingmar Bergman">Bergman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bresson" title="Robert Bresson">Bresson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luis_Bu%C3%B1uel" title="Luis Buñuel">Buñuel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Carn%C3%A9" title="Marcel Carné">Carné</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Cassavetes" title="John Cassavetes">Cassavetes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Chaplin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Clair" title="René Clair">Clair</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Cocteau" title="Jean Cocteau">Cocteau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jules_Dassin" title="Jules Dassin">Dassin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maya_Deren" title="Maya Deren">Deren</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dovzhenko" title="Alexander Dovzhenko">Dovzhenko</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Theodor_Dreyer" title="Carl Theodor Dreyer">Dreyer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Blake_Edwards" title="Blake Edwards">Edwards</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Eisenstein" title="Sergei Eisenstein">Eisenstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Epstein" title="Jean Epstein">Epstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Werner_Fassbinder" title="Rainer Werner Fassbinder">Fassbinder</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Federico_Fellini" title="Federico Fellini">Fellini</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Flaherty" title="Robert J. Flaherty">Flaherty</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Ford" title="John Ford">Ford</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Fuller" title="Samuel Fuller">Fuller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Abel_Gance" title="Abel Gance">Gance</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Godard" title="Jean-Luc Godard">Godard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock">Hitchcock</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Hubley" title="John Hubley">Hubley</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Jones" title="Chuck Jones">Jones</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Buster_Keaton" title="Buster Keaton">Keaton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Kubrick" title="Stanley Kubrick">Kubrick</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lev_Kuleshov" title="Lev Kuleshov">Kuleshov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Akira_Kurosawa" title="Akira Kurosawa">Kurosawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Lang" title="Fritz Lang">Lang</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Losey" title="Joseph Losey">Losey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ida_Lupino" title="Ida Lupino">Lupino</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chris_Marker" title="Chris Marker">Marker</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vincente_Minnelli" title="Vincente Minnelli">Minnelli</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/F._W._Murnau" title="F. W. Murnau">Murnau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yasujir%C5%8D_Ozu" title="Yasujirō Ozu">Ozu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/G._W._Pabst" title="G. W. Pabst">Pabst</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vsevolod_Pudovkin" title="Vsevolod Pudovkin">Pudovkin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Ray" title="Nicholas Ray">Ray (Nicholas)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Satyajit_Ray" title="Satyajit Ray">Ray (Satyajit)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alain_Resnais" title="Alain Resnais">Resnais</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Renoir" title="Jean Renoir">Renoir</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tony_Richardson" title="Tony Richardson">Richardson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Rossellini" title="Roberto Rossellini">Rossellini</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Sirk" title="Douglas Sirk">Sirk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Sj%C3%B6str%C3%B6m" title="Victor Sjöström">Sjöström</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Josef_von_Sternberg" title="Josef von Sternberg">Sternberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Tarkovsky" title="Andrei Tarkovsky">Tarkovsky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Tati" title="Jacques Tati">Tati</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ji%C5%99%C3%AD_Trnka" title="Jiří Trnka">Trnka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Truffaut" title="François Truffaut">Truffaut</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Agn%C3%A8s_Varda" title="Agnès Varda">Varda</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dziga_Vertov" title="Dziga Vertov">Vertov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Vigo" title="Jean Vigo">Vigo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles">Welles</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wiene" title="Robert Wiene">Wiene</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ed_Wood" title="Ed Wood">Wood</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_architecture" title="Modern architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Breuer" title="Marcel Breuer">Breuer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Bunshaft" title="Gordon Bunshaft">Bunshaft</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Gaud%C3%AD" title="Antoni Gaudí">Gaudí</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Gropius" title="Walter Gropius">Gropius</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hector_Guimard" title="Hector Guimard">Guimard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Horta" title="Victor Horta">Horta</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Friedensreich_Hundertwasser" title="Friedensreich Hundertwasser">Hundertwasser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Johnson" title="Philip Johnson">Johnson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Kahn" title="Louis Kahn">Kahn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Le_Corbusier" title="Le Corbusier">Le Corbusier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Loos" title="Adolf Loos">Loos</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Melnikov" title="Konstantin Melnikov">Melnikov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Erich_Mendelsohn" title="Erich Mendelsohn">Mendelsohn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pier_Luigi_Nervi" title="Pier Luigi Nervi">Nervi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Neutra" title="Richard Neutra">Neutra</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Niemeyer" title="Oscar Niemeyer">Niemeyer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gerrit_Rietveld" title="Gerrit Rietveld">Rietveld</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eero_Saarinen" title="Eero Saarinen">Saarinen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner" title="Rudolf Steiner">Steiner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Sullivan" title="Louis Sullivan">Sullivan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Tatlin" title="Vladimir Tatlin">Tatlin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Mies_van_der_Rohe" title="Ludwig Mies van der Rohe">Mies</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Lloyd_Wright" title="Frank Lloyd Wright">Wright</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/A_Sunday_Afternoon_on_the_Island_of_La_Grande_Jatte" title="A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte">A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1886)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Mont_Sainte-Victoire_(C%C3%A9zanne)" title="Mont Sainte-Victoire (Cézanne)">Mont Sainte-Victoir</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1887)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Starry_Night" title="The Starry Night">The Starry Night</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1889)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Les_Demoiselles_d%27Avignon" title="Les Demoiselles d'Avignon">Les Demoiselles d'Avignon</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1907)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Dance_(Matisse)" title="Dance (Matisse)">The Dance</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1909–1910)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Nude_Descending_a_Staircase,_No._2" title="Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2">Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1912)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Black_Square" title="Black Square">Black Square</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1915)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cabinet_of_Dr._Caligari" title="The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari">The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1920)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Ballet_M%C3%A9canique" title="Ballet Mécanique">Ballet Mécanique</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1923)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Battleship_Potemkin" title="Battleship Potemkin">Battleship Potemkin</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1925)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Metropolis_(1927_film)" title="Metropolis (1927 film)">Metropolis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1927)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Un_Chien_Andalou" title="Un Chien Andalou">Un Chien Andalou</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1929)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Villa_Savoye" title="Villa Savoye">Villa Savoye</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1931)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fallingwater" title="Fallingwater">Fallingwater</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1936)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Citizen_Kane" title="Citizen Kane">Citizen Kane</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1941)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Meshes_of_the_Afternoon" title="Meshes of the Afternoon">Meshes of the Afternoon</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1943)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Performing_arts" title="Performing arts">Performing<br />arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modernism_(music)" title="Modernism (music)">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Antheil" title="George Antheil">Antheil</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bart%C3%B3k" title="Béla Bartók">Bartók</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alban_Berg" title="Alban Berg">Berg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luciano_Berio" title="Luciano Berio">Berio</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nadia_Boulanger" title="Nadia Boulanger">Boulanger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez">Boulez</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Copland" title="Aaron Copland">Copland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy">Debussy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henri_Dutilleux" title="Henri Dutilleux">Dutilleux</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_Falla" title="Manuel de Falla">Falla</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Morton_Feldman" title="Morton Feldman">Feldman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henryk_G%C3%B3recki" title="Henryk Górecki">Górecki</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hindemith" title="Paul Hindemith">Hindemith</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Honegger" title="Arthur Honegger">Honegger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Ives" title="Charles Ives">Ives</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Leo%C5%A1_Jan%C3%A1%C4%8Dek" title="Leoš Janáček">Janáček</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Ligeti" title="György Ligeti">Ligeti</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Witold_Lutos%C5%82awski" title="Witold Lutosławski">Lutosławski</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Darius_Milhaud" title="Darius Milhaud">Milhaud</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Nono" title="Luigi Nono">Nono</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harry_Partch" title="Harry Partch">Partch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Russolo" title="Luigi Russolo">Russolo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Erik_Satie" title="Erik Satie">Satie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Schaeffer" title="Pierre Schaeffer">Schaeffer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Schoenberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Scriabin" title="Alexander Scriabin">Scriabin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Karlheinz_Stockhausen" title="Karlheinz Stockhausen">Stockhausen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Strauss</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Stravinsky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Karol_Szymanowski" title="Karol Szymanowski">Szymanowski</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edgard_Var%C3%A8se" title="Edgard Varèse">Varèse</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Heitor_Villa-Lobos" title="Heitor Villa-Lobos">Villa-Lobos</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anton_Webern" title="Anton Webern">Webern</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Weill" title="Kurt Weill">Weill</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modernist_theatre" title="Modernist theatre">Theatre</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maxwell_Anderson" title="Maxwell Anderson">Anderson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Anouilh" title="Jean Anouilh">Anouilh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Artaud" title="Antonin Artaud">Artaud</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beckett" title="Samuel Beckett">Beckett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht">Brecht</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anton_Chekhov" title="Anton Chekhov">Chekhov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen">Ibsen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Jarry" title="Alfred Jarry">Jarry</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Georg_Kaiser" title="Georg Kaiser">Kaiser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Maeterlinck" title="Maurice Maeterlinck">Maeterlinck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Mayakovsky" title="Vladimir Mayakovsky">Mayakovsky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_O%27Casey" title="Seán O'Casey">O'Casey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eugene_O%27Neill" title="Eugene O'Neill">O'Neill</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Osborne" title="John Osborne">Osborne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello" title="Luigi Pirandello">Pirandello</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Piscator" title="Erwin Piscator">Piscator</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/August_Strindberg" title="August Strindberg">Strindberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Toller" title="Ernst Toller">Toller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wedekind" title="Frank Wedekind">Wedekind</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thornton_Wilder" title="Thornton Wilder">Wilder</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Ignacy_Witkiewicz" title="Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz">Witkiewicz</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_dance" title="Modern dance">Dance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Balanchine" title="George Balanchine">Balanchine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Merce_Cunningham" title="Merce Cunningham">Cunningham</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Diaghilev" title="Sergei Diaghilev">Diaghilev</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Isadora_Duncan" title="Isadora Duncan">Duncan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michel_Fokine" title="Michel Fokine">Fokine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Loie_Fuller" title="Loie Fuller">Fuller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Martha_Graham" title="Martha Graham">Graham</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hanya_Holm" title="Hanya Holm">Holm</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Laban" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudolf Laban">Laban</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9onide_Massine" title="Léonide Massine">Massine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vaslav_Nijinsky" title="Vaslav Nijinsky">Nijinsky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ted_Shawn" title="Ted Shawn">Shawn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anna_Sokolow" title="Anna Sokolow">Sokolow</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ruth_St._Denis" title="Ruth St. Denis">St. Denis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Helen_Tamiris" title="Helen Tamiris">Tamiris</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Grete_Wiesenthal" title="Grete Wiesenthal">Wiesenthal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wigman" title="Mary Wigman">Wigman</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Don_Juan_(Strauss)" title="Don Juan (Strauss)">Don Juan</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1888)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Ubu_Roi" title="Ubu Roi">Ubu Roi</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1896)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Verkl%C3%A4rte_Nacht" title="Verklärte Nacht">Verklärte Nacht</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1899)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Pell%C3%A9as_et_M%C3%A9lisande_(opera)" title="Pelléas et Mélisande (opera)">Pelléas et Mélisande</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1902)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Salome_(opera)" title="Salome (opera)">Salome</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1905)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Firebird" title="The Firebird">The Firebird</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1910)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Afternoon_of_a_Faun_(Nijinsky)" title="Afternoon of a Faun (Nijinsky)">Afternoon of a Faun</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1912)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rite_of_Spring" title="The Rite of Spring">The Rite of Spring</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1913)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Fountain_(Duchamp)" title="Fountain (Duchamp)">Fountain</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1917)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Six_Characters_in_Search_of_an_Author" title="Six Characters in Search of an Author">Six Characters in Search of an Author</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1921)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Threepenny_Opera" title="The Threepenny Opera">The Threepenny Opera</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1928)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Waiting_for_Godot" title="Waiting for Godot">Waiting for Godot</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1953)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_modernism" title="American modernism">American modernism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Armory_Show" title="Armory Show">Armory Show</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">Avant-garde</a></i></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Ballets_Russes" title="Ballets Russes">Ballets Russes</a></i></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Group" title="Bloomsbury Group">Bloomsbury Group</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Classical_Hollywood_cinema" title="Classical Hollywood cinema">Classical Hollywood cinema</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Degenerate_art" title="Degenerate art">Degenerate art</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ecomodernism" title="Ecomodernism">Ecomodernism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Experimental_film" title="Experimental film">Experimental film</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Film_noir" title="Film noir">Film noir</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fourth_dimension_in_art" title="Fourth dimension in art">Fourth dimension in art</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fourth_dimension_in_literature" title="Fourth dimension in literature">Fourth dimension in literature</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Grosvenor_School_of_Modern_Art" title="Grosvenor School of Modern Art">Grosvenor School of Modern Art</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hanshinkan_Modernism" title="Hanshinkan Modernism">Hanshinkan Modernism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/High_modernism" title="High modernism">High modernism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">Hippie modernism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">Impressionism</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Impressionism_in_music" title="Impressionism in music">Music</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Impressionism_(literature)" title="Impressionism (literature)">Literature</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Post-Impressionism" title="Post-Impressionism">Post-</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Incoherents" title="Incoherents">Incoherents</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_Style" title="International Style">International Style</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Late_modernism" title="Late modernism">Late modernism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Late_modernity" title="Late modernity">Late modernity</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_movements" title="List of art movements">List of art movements</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_avant-garde_artists" title="List of avant-garde artists">List of avant-garde artists</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_modernist_poets" title="List of modernist poets">List of modernist poets</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maximalism" 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aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13894#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata4822" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13894#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata4822" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13894#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000120999614">ISNI</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000029864532">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/24796264">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/33837/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJghrrckpmGjBTtPFFRVG3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/11861911X">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79041680">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13983132d">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13983132d">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00457913">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Strauss, Richard"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV114660">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35528482">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000605184&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX843379">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/142662">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068966156">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90052984">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000037776&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000012377&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=110062">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199626691">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/dbqsvblx0nvp111">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810696540205606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/202279">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007268537205171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000200664">Finland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058517468906706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Strauss, Richard"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00362500?l=en">CiNii</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/4cb43d82-824e-4034-b03d-1a98f36f6e16">MusicBrainz</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/d85b3e42-f394-4e15-88f6-59053b3c06df">KulturNav</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adk.de/de/akademie/mitglieder/?we_objectID=52876">ADK</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/names/102331">Discography of American Historical Recordings</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://brahms.ircam.fr/richard-strauss">BRAHMS</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.performing-arts.eu/discovery/agent/gnd_11861911X">FID</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bmlo.de/s1972">BMLO</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/985696">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/11861911X.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/11861911X">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/079207006">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10582820">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6wm1cj6">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/63639">Te Papa (New Zealand)</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/132111">RISM</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Strauss&oldid=1276444518">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Strauss&oldid=1276444518</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Richard_Strauss" title="Category:Richard Strauss">Richard Strauss</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1864_births" title="Category:1864 births">1864 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1949_deaths" title="Category:1949 deaths">1949 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_German_classical_composers" title="Category:19th-century German classical composers">19th-century German classical composers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_German_conductors_(music)" title="Category:19th-century German conductors (music)">19th-century German conductors (music)</a></li><li><a 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