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class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Indice" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Mostra/Nascondi l'indice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Mostra/Nascondi l'indice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kephale</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vai a una voce in un'altra lingua. 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href="/w/index.php?title=Kephale&printable=yes" title="Versione stampabile di questa pagina [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versione stampabile</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In altri progetti </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q168637" title="Collegamento all'elemento connesso dell'archivio dati [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Elemento Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Strumenti pagine"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aspetto"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aspetto</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">sposta nella barra laterale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">nascondi</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Da Wikipedia, l'enciclopedia libera.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="it" dir="ltr"><p>Nel tardo <a href="/wiki/Impero_bizantino" title="Impero bizantino">impero bizantino</a>, il termine <i><b>kephalē</b></i> (in <a href="/wiki/Lingua_greca_moderna" title="Lingua greca moderna">greco</a> <span dir="ltr" lang="el">κεφαλή</span><span style="font:bold 80% sans-serif; text-decoration:none; padding:0 .1em;"><sup><a href="/wiki/Aiuto:Greco_moderno" title="Aiuto:Greco moderno">?</a></sup></span>, "capo") era utilizzato per indicare i governatori provinciali e locali. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Storia">Storia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kephale&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la sezione Storia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kephale&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Storia"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Entrò in uso nella seconda metà del <a href="/wiki/XIII_secolo" title="XIII secolo">XIII secolo</a> ed era derivato dal linguaggio colloquiale. Di conseguenza, non è mai diventato un titolo di stabilità o rango della nobiltà bizantina e della burocrazia imperiale, ma rimase un termine descrittivo.<sup id="cite_ref-ODB_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In sostanza, il <i>kephale</i>, durante il periodo dei <a href="/wiki/Comneni" title="Comneni">Comneni</a>, sostituì il <i><a href="/wiki/Duce_(storia_romana)" title="Duce (storia romana)">doux</a></i> come governatore civile e militare di una unità amministrativa territoriale, nota come <i>katepanikion</i> (<span dir="ltr" lang="grc" class="polytonic">κατεπανίκιον</span>),<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> che si chiamava <i><b>kephalatikion</b></i> (<span dir="ltr" lang="grc" class="polytonic">κεφαλατίκιον</span>). In dimensione, queste province erano molto più piccole dei <i><a href="/wiki/Thema" title="Thema">thema</a></i>, e potevano andare da pochi villaggi intorno al <i>kephalē'</i> (un <i>kastron</i>, "fortezza"), a un'intera isola.<sup id="cite_ref-ODB_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Questa organizzazione venne adottata anche dal <a href="/wiki/Secondo_Impero_bulgaro" title="Secondo Impero bulgaro">secondo Impero bulgaro</a> (come in <a href="/wiki/Lingua_bulgara" title="Lingua bulgara">bulgaro</a> <span dir="ltr" lang="bg">кефалия</span><span style="font:bold 80% sans-serif; text-decoration:none; padding:0 .1em;"><sup><a href="/wiki/Aiuto:Cirillico" title="Aiuto:Cirillico">?</a></sup></span>, <i>kefaliya</i>) e dall'<a href="/wiki/Impero_serbo" title="Impero serbo">impero serbo</a> (come in <a href="/wiki/Lingua_serba" title="Lingua serba">serbo</a> <span dir="ltr" lang="sr">кефали</span><span style="font:bold 80% sans-serif; text-decoration:none; padding:0 .1em;"><sup><a href="/wiki/Aiuto:Cirillico" title="Aiuto:Cirillico">?</a></sup></span>, <i>kefalija</i>). </p><p>Nel <a href="/wiki/XIV_secolo" title="XIV secolo">XIV secolo</a>, i superiori <i>kephalai</i> erano chiamati (<i>katholikai kephalai</i>, "capi universali") e sovraintendevano un gruppo di province sotto i loro rispettivi <i>[merikai] kephalai</i> ("capi parziali"). I primi erano di solito parenti dell'imperatore o membri anziani di clan aristocratici. Alla fine del <a href="/wiki/XIV_secolo" title="XIV secolo">XIV secolo</a>, con il crescente decentramento dell'Impero e la creazione di appannaggi sotto forma di despotati semi indipendenti, questi posti di alto livello svanirono.<sup id="cite_ref-ODB_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kephale&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la sezione Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kephale&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Note"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ODB-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>^</b> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-ODB_1-0">a</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-ODB_1-1">b</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-ODB_1-2">c</a></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cita" style="font-style:normal"><a href="#CITEREFKazhdan,_1991">Kazhdan, 1991</a>, p. 1122</cite>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">Non deve essere confuso con il molto differente <a href="/wiki/Catapano" title="Catapano">katepanates</a> del X-<a href="/wiki/XI_secolo" title="XI secolo">XI secolo</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kephale&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifica la sezione Bibliografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kephale&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Bibliografia"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite id="CITEREFKazhdan,_1991" class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Petrovi%C4%8D_Ka%C5%BEdan" title="Aleksandr Petrovič Každan">Alexander Kazhdan</a> (a cura di), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q3u5RAAACAAJ"><span style="font-style:italic;">The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium</span></a>, New York, New York and Oxford, United Kingdom, Oxford University Press, 1991, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-0-19-504652-6" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-0-19-504652-6">978-0-19-504652-6</a>.</cite></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r141815314">.mw-parser-output .navbox{border:1px solid 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href="/w/index.php?title=Basilikos_mandat%C5%8Dr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Basilikos mandatōr (la pagina non esiste)">Basilikos mandatōr</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Dishypatos" title="Dishypatos">Dishypatos</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Ipato" title="Ipato">Hypatos</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kandidatos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kandidatos (la pagina non esiste)">Kandidatos</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Magistros" title="Magistros">Magistros</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Patrikios" title="Patrikios">Patrikios</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Proedro_(impero_bizantino)" title="Proedro (impero bizantino)">Proedros</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Protoierakarios" title="Protoierakarios">Protoierakarios</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Protokynegos" title="Protokynegos">Protokynegos</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Protospatario" title="Protospatario">Prōtospatharios</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Silenziario" title="Silenziario">Silentiarios</a><b> ·</b> <a 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href="/w/index.php?title=Ostiarios&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ostiarios (la pagina non esiste)">Ostiarios</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Patrikios" title="Patrikios">Patrikios</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Praipositos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Praipositos (la pagina non esiste)">Praipositos</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Primicerio" title="Primicerio">Primikērios</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Proedro_(impero_bizantino)" title="Proedro (impero bizantino)">Proedros</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Protospatario" title="Protospatario">Prōtospatharios</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Sebastoforo" title="Sebastoforo">Sebastophoros</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spatharokoubikoularios&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spatharokoubikoularios (la pagina non esiste)">Spatharokoubikoularios</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Vestarches" title="Vestarches">Vestarches</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Vestes" title="Vestes">Vestes</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="background:#FFDEAD">Titoli femminili</th><td colspan="1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zost%C4%93_patrikia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zostē patrikia (la pagina non esiste)">Zostē patrikia</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group" style="background:#FFDEAD">Funzionari di palazzo</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd"><a href="/wiki/Epi_t%C4%93s_trapez%C4%93s" title="Epi tēs trapezēs">Epi tēs trapezēs</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Kanikleios" title="Kanikleios">Kanikleios</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Papias&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Papias (la pagina non esiste)">Papias</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Parakoimomenos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parakoimomenos (la pagina non esiste)">Parakoimomenos</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Pinkern%C4%93s" title="Pinkernēs">Pinkernēs</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Protovestiario" title="Protovestiario">Protovestiarios</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Tatas_t%C4%93s_aul%C4%93s" title="Tatas tēs aulēs">Tatas tēs aulēs</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group" style="background:#FFDEAD">Cariche militari</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_even"><table class="subnavbox"><tbody><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="background:#FFDEAD"><a href="/wiki/Esercito_bizantino" title="Esercito bizantino">Esercito</a></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Domestikos" title="Domestikos">Domestikos</a> (<a href="/wiki/Grande_domestico" title="Grande domestico">Megas domestikos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Domestikos_t%C5%8Dn_schol%C5%8Dn" title="Domestikos tōn scholōn">Domestikos tōn scholōn</a>)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Esarca#Esarchi_bizantini" title="Esarca">Exarchos</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hoplitarch%C4%93s&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hoplitarchēs (la pagina non esiste)">Hoplitarchēs</a> / Archēgētēs<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Catapano" title="Catapano">Katepanō</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kavallarios&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kavallarios (la pagina non esiste)">Kavallarios</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kentarchos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kentarchos (la pagina non esiste)">Kentarchos</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Merarches" title="Merarches">Merarchēs</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pr%C5%8Dtokentarchos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prōtokentarchos (la pagina non esiste)">Prōtokentarchos</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Pr%C5%8Dtostrat%C5%8Dr" title="Prōtostratōr">Prōtostratōr</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Stratarca" title="Stratarca">Stratarchēs</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Stratego" title="Stratego">Stratēgos</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Stratopedarch%C4%93s" title="Stratopedarchēs">Stratopedarchēs</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Turmarca" title="Turmarca">Tourmarchēs</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Tassiarco" title="Tassiarco">Taxiarchēs</a> / <a href="/wiki/Chiliarca" title="Chiliarca">Chiliarchēs</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tagmatarca" title="Tagmatarca">Tagmatarchēs</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="background:#FFDEAD"><a href="/wiki/Marina_bizantina" title="Marina bizantina">Marina</a></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amiralios&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amiralios (la pagina non esiste)">Amiralios</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Drungarios" title="Drungarios">Droungarios</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kentarchos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kentarchos (la pagina non esiste)">Kentarchos</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Komes" title="Komes">Komēs</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Droungarokom%C4%93s&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Droungarokomēs (la pagina non esiste)">Droungarokomēs</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Megaduca" title="Megaduca">Megas doux</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Megas_droungarios_tou_ploimou&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Megas droungarios tou ploimou (la pagina non esiste)">Megas droungarios tou ploimou</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="background:#FFDEAD">Altre unità</th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Akolouthos" title="Akolouthos">Akolouthos</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethnarch%C4%93s&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ethnarchēs (la pagina non esiste)">Ethnarchēs</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hetaireiarch%C4%93s&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hetaireiarchēs (la pagina non esiste)">Hetaireiarchēs</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Konostaulos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konostaulos (la pagina non esiste)">Konostaulos</a> / <a href="/wiki/Comes_stabuli" title="Comes stabuli">Comes stabuli</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Manglavitai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manglavitai (la pagina non esiste)">Manglavitai</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Topoteretes" title="Topoteretes">Topotērētēs</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tzaousios&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tzaousios (la pagina non esiste)">Tzaousios</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group" style="background:#FFDEAD">Cariche civili</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd"><table class="subnavbox"><tbody><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="background:#FFDEAD">Pubblica amministrazione</th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Attuario_(impero_romano)" title="Attuario (impero romano)">Aktouarios</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Anthypatos" title="Anthypatos">Anthypatos</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Basileopatore" title="Basileopatore">Basileopatōr</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Chartularius" title="Chartularius">Chartoularios</a> / <a href="/wiki/Cartofilace" title="Cartofilace">Chartophylax</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Domestikos" title="Domestikos">Domestikos</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Eparca_di_Costantinopoli" title="Eparca di Costantinopoli">Eparca di Costantinopoli</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Esarca" title="Esarca">Esarca</a><b> ·</b> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kephale</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Logoteta" title="Logoteta">Logothetes</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Logothetes_ton_agelon" title="Logothetes ton agelon">Logothetes ton agelon</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Logothetes_tou_dromou" title="Logothetes tou dromou">Logothetes tou dromou</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Magistros" title="Magistros">Magistros</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Mandator" title="Mandator">Mandator</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Mega_Logoteta" title="Mega Logoteta">Megas logothetes</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Mesazon" title="Mesazon">Mesazon</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pagarches&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pagarches (la pagina non esiste)">Pagarches</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Parathalassites&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parathalassites (la pagina non esiste)">Parathalassites</a><b> ·</b> <a 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