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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Anglo-Russian alliance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anglo-Russian_alliance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bosnian_crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bosnian_crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Bosnian crisis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bosnian_crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Later life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%9F%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87_%D0%86%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Аляксандр Пятровіч Ізвольскі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Аляксандр Пятровіч Ізвольскі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%86%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Аляксандар Ізвольскі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Аляксандар Ізвольскі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandr_Petrovi%C4%8D_Izvolskij" title="Alexandr Petrovič Izvolskij – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Alexandr Petrovič Izvolskij" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Petrowitsch_Iswolski" title="Alexander Petrowitsch Iswolski – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Alexander Petrowitsch Iswolski" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Izvolski" title="Aleksandr Izvolski – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Aleksandr Izvolski" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Izvolski" title="Aleksandr Izvolski – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Aleksandr Izvolski" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Petrovitch_Izvolski" title="Alexandre Petrovitch Izvolski – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alexandre Petrovitch Izvolski" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Petrovi%C4%8D_Izvol%27skij" title="Aleksandr Petrovič Izvol'skij – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Aleksandr Petrovič Izvol'skij" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%81%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%89" title="الكسندر ايزفولسكى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الكسندر ايزفولسكى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Александр Извольский – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Александр Извольский" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Izvolski" title="Aleksandr Izvolski – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Aleksandr Izvolski" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AC%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B5%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A4%E3%82%BA%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A9%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AD%E3%83%BC" title="アレクサンドル・イズヴォリスキー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アレクサンドル・イズヴォリスキー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Izvolskij" title="Aleksandr Izvolskij – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Aleksandr Izvolskij" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Izwolski" title="Aleksandr Izwolski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Aleksandr Izwolski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Извольский, Александр Петрович – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Извольский, Александр Петрович" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%99%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Александар Извољски – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Александар Извољски" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Izvolski" title="Aleksandr Izvolski – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Aleksandr Izvolski" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Izvolskij" title="Aleksandr Izvolskij – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Aleksandr Izvolskij" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_%C4%B0zvolski" title="Aleksandr İzvolski – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Aleksandr İzvolski" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E6%AD%B7%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%C2%B7%E4%BC%8A%E8%8C%B2%E6%B2%83%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" title="亞歷山大·伊茲沃爾斯基 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="亞歷山大·伊茲沃爾斯基" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%C2%B7%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%E7%BD%97%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%87%C2%B7%E4%BC%8A%E5%85%B9%E6%B2%83%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" title="亚历山大·彼得罗维奇·伊兹沃尔斯基 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="亚历山大·彼得罗维奇·伊兹沃尔斯基" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q463739#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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.infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Alexander Izvolsky</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">Александр Извольский</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87,_1894.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%2C_1894.jpg/220px-%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%2C_1894.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%2C_1894.jpg/330px-%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%2C_1894.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%2C_1894.jpg/440px-%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%2C_1894.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1596" data-file-height="2139" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Izvolsky in 1894</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Russia)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (Russia)">Foreign Minister of the Russian Empire</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />11 May 1906 – 11 October 1910</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lambsdorff" class="mw-redirect" title="Vladimir Lambsdorff">Vladimir Lambsdorff</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Sazonov" title="Sergey Sazonov">Sergey Sazonov</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Russia_to_France" title="List of ambassadors of Russia to France">Ambassador of the Russian Empire to France</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1910 – 3 March 1917</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Nelidov" title="Aleksandr Nelidov">Aleksandr Nelidov</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Maklakov" title="Vasily Maklakov">Vasily Maklakov</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Russia_to_Denmark" title="List of ambassadors of Russia to Denmark">Ambassador of the Russian Empire to Denmark</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />24 October 1902 – 20 April 1906</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Benckendorff_(1849-1917)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander von Benckendorff (1849-1917)">Alexander von Benckendorff</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Kudashev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ivan Kudashev (page does not exist)">Ivan Kudashev</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Russia_to_Japan" title="List of ambassadors of Russia to Japan">Ambassador of the Russian Empire to Japan</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />18 November 1899 – 12 October 1902</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Rozen" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Rozen">Roman Rozen</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Roman Rozen</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">18 March [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 6 March] 1856<br /><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Governorate" title="Moscow Governorate">Moscow Governorate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">16 August 1919<span style="display:none">(1919-08-16)</span> (aged 63)<br /><a href="/wiki/Biarritz" title="Biarritz">Biarritz</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tsarskoye_Selo_Lyceum" title="Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum">Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data">Diplomat, Foreign Minister</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data">see <a href="#Awards">awards</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Count Alexander Petrovich Izvolsky</b> or <b>Iswolsky</b> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Алекса́ндр Петро́вич Изво́льский</span>, 18 March [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 6 March] 1856 in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> – 16 August 1919 in Paris) was a <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian</a> diplomat remembered as a major architect of <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Russian_Entente" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Russian Entente">Russia's alliance</a> with <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">Great Britain</a> during the years leading to the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> in 1914.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Minister_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Minister of Russia">Foreign Minister</a>, he assented to <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>'s annexation of <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_rule_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> in 1908 in exchange for Austrian support for the opening of the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Straits" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Straits">Turkish Straits</a> to Russian warships. In the resultant <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Crisis" title="Bosnian Crisis">Bosnian Crisis</a> of 1908–1909 the Powers did not accept the opening of the Straits. Izvolsky, publicly humiliated and destroyed by the debacle, resigned as Foreign Minister<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1910. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_career">Early life and career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Izvolsky&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Izvolsky came from an aristocratic family of Russian descent.<sup id="cite_ref-Kowner_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kowner-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He graduated from the <a href="/wiki/Tsarskoye_Selo_Lyceum" title="Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum">Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum</a> with honours, and shortly thereafter married Countess von Toll, whose family had far-reaching connections at court. Through these connections, he joined the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_of_the_Russian_Empire" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Empire">Foreign Ministry</a>, where Prince <a href="/wiki/Aleksey_Lobanov-Rostovsky" title="Aleksey Lobanov-Rostovsky">Lobanov-Rostovsky</a> became his patron. </p><p>Izvolsky served as Russia's ambassador to the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Vatican</a>, followed by posts in <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a> (from 1899). In Tokyo, Izvolsky urged a peaceful accommodation with the rising power of <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Japan">Imperial Japan</a> over <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a>. He assisted Japanese former <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japan" title="Prime Minister of Japan">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/It%C5%8D_Hirobumi" title="Itō Hirobumi">Itō Hirobumi</a> arrange a trip to St. Petersburg in 1902 in an effort to defuse increasing tensions. The efforts incurred the wrath of Tsar <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas II of Russia">Nicholas II</a>, and Izvolsky found himself transferred to <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a> from 1903. From that posting, he continued to press for a diplomatic settlement with Japan before and during the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a> of 1904–1905.<sup id="cite_ref-Kowner_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kowner-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He served as Russia's <a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_Foreign_Ministers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Russian Foreign Ministers">Foreign Minister</a> between April 1906 and November 1910. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anglo-Russian_alliance">Anglo-Russian alliance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Izvolsky&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Anglo-Russian alliance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Russian_Entente" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Russian Entente">Anglo-Russian Entente</a></div> <p>In the wake of the disastrous Russian-Japanese War and the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution_of_1905" title="Russian Revolution of 1905">Russian Revolution of 1905</a>, Izvolsky was determined to give Russia a decade of peace. He believed that it was Russia's interest to disengage from the conundrum of European politics and to concentrate on internal reforms. A <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchist</a>, he undertook the reform and modernization of the Foreign Ministry. </p><p>In the realm of more practical politics, Izvolsky advocated a gradual <a href="/wiki/Rapprochement" title="Rapprochement">rapprochement</a> with Russia's traditional foes - Great Britain and Japan. He had to face vigorous opposition from several directions, notably from the public opinion and the hard-liners in the military, who demanded a revanchist war against Japan and a military advance into <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Afghanistan" title="Emirate of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>. His allies in the government included <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Stolypin" title="Pyotr Stolypin">Pyotr Stolypin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Kokovtsov" title="Vladimir Kokovtsov">Vladimir Kokovtsov</a>. He concluded the <a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Russia_Secret_Agreements" title="Japan–Russia Secret Agreements">Russo-Japanese Agreement</a> of 1907 to improve relations with Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-Kowner_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kowner-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Having been approached by King <a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Edward VII</a> during the Russo-Japanese War with a proposal of alliance, he made it a primary aim of his policy when he became Foreign Minister, feeling that Russia, weakened by the war with Japan, needed another ally besides <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a>, which resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Russian_Convention_of_1907" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907">Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bosnian_crisis">Bosnian crisis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Izvolsky&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Bosnian crisis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Crisis" title="Bosnian Crisis">Bosnian Crisis</a></div> <p>Another primary objective was to realize Russia's long-standing goal of opening (i.e., permitting free transit, without prior conditions; and in exclusive right to Russia) the <a href="/wiki/Bosporus" title="Bosporus">Bosporus</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Dardanelles</a> (known jointly as the "Straits") to Russian warships, giving Russia free passage to the Mediterranean and making it possible to use the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_Fleet" title="Black Sea Fleet">Black Sea Fleet</a> not just in the coastal defense of her Black Sea territory; but also in support of her global interests. </p><p>In one of the secret articles of the renewed <a href="/wiki/League_of_the_Three_Emperors" title="League of the Three Emperors">League of the Three Emperors</a> of 1881, Austria-Hungary had asserted the right 'to annex <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> at whatever moment she shall deem opportune', and the claim was repeated intermittently in Austro-Russian agreements.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was not contested by Russia, but St Petersburg maintained the right to impose conditions. Izvolsky, with the support of Tsar Nicholas II proposed that the annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina be exchanged for Austro-Hungarian support for improved Russian access to the Turkish Straits.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Izvolsky met with the Austro-Hungarian Foreign Minister, Baron (later Count) <a href="/wiki/Alois_Lexa_von_Aehrenthal" title="Alois Lexa von Aehrenthal">Alois Lexa von Aehrenthal</a>, at the <a href="/wiki/Moravia" title="Moravia">Moravian</a> castle of <a href="/wiki/Buchlov" title="Buchlov">Buchlov</a> on September 16, 1908, and there agreed to support Austria's annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina in exchange for Austria-Hungary's assent to the opening of the Straits to Russia; and to support such an opening, at any subsequent diplomatic conference. </p><p>Aehrenthal's announcement of the <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Bosnia" class="mw-redirect" title="Annexation of Bosnia">annexation</a> on 5 October 1908, secured through alterations of the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Berlin,_1878" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Berlin, 1878">Treaty of Berlin</a> at the expense of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, occasioned a major European crisis. Izvolsky denied having reached any agreement with Aehrenthal.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He subsequently denied any foreknowledge of Aehrenthal's intentions and tried unsuccessfully to have a meeting called to deal with the status of Bosnia-Herzegovina.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>impasse</i> in diplomacy was resolved only by the <i>St Petersburg note</i> of March 1909 in which the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germans</a> demanded that the Russians at last recognize the annexation and urge <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Serbia</a> to do likewise. If they did not, German Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Bernhard_von_B%C3%BClow" title="Bernhard von Bülow">Bülow</a> suggested, there was the possibility of an Austrian war on Serbia and the further direct possibility that the Germans would release the documents proving Izvolsky's connivance in the original annexation deal. Izvolsky backed down at once.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reviled by Russian <a href="/wiki/Pan-Slavism" title="Pan-Slavism">pan-Slavists</a> for "betraying" the Serbs, who felt Bosnia should be theirs, the embittered Izvolsky was eventually dismissed from office. </p><p>Historiography has traditionally laid most blame for the annexation crisis at Aehrenthal's door. The historian <a href="/wiki/Chris_Clark_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chris Clark (historian)">Christopher Clark</a> however, in his 2012 study of the causes of the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> <i>The Sleepwalkers</i>, has challenged this view: "the evidence suggests that the crisis took the course it did because Izvolsky lied in the most extravagant fashion in order to save his job and reputation. The Russian foreign minister had made two serious errors of judgement [firstly] that London would support his demand for the opening of the Turkish Straits to Russian warships - [and] he grossly underestimated the impact of the annexation on Russian nationalist opinion - [when] - he got wind of the press response in St Petersburg, he realized his error, panicked, and began to construct himself as Aehrenthal's dupe."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The years following the annexation crisis, with an atmosphere of increased 'chauvinist popular emotion' and with a sense of humiliation in a sphere of vital interest, saw the Russians launch a substantial programme of military investment.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life">Later life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Izvolsky&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Later life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Upon becoming ambassador in Paris in 1910, Izvolsky devoted his energies to strengthening Russia's <a href="/wiki/Germanophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanophobia">anti-German</a> alliance with both the <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">French Third Republic</a> and the United Kingdom and encouraging Russian rearmament. When <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> broke out, he is reputed to have remarked, <i>C'est ma guerre!</i> ("This is my war!"). </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a>, Izvolsky resigned but remained in Paris, where he was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Maklakov" title="Vasily Maklakov">Vasily Maklakov</a>. He advocated for <a href="/wiki/Allied_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War">Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War</a> and wrote a book of <a href="/wiki/Memoirs" class="mw-redirect" title="Memoirs">memoirs</a> before his last illness. </p><p>Shortly before his death, Isvolsky sat up and, greatly to their shock, he told his two children, "If I die, I do not wish to be buried in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a>. Let your mother's Protestant pastor read the funeral prayers."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His daughter, though shocked, later attributed her father's words to, "the long-repressed bitterness he had felt, at seeing the <a href="/wiki/Caesaropapism" title="Caesaropapism">abject subservience</a> of the Orthodox Hierarchy to the Tsar, and the corrupting influence of <a href="/wiki/Rasputin" class="mw-redirect" title="Rasputin">Rasputin</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-Helene_Iswolsky_1985_page_135_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Helene_Iswolsky_1985_page_135-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alexander Isvolsky died at <a href="/wiki/Biarritz" title="Biarritz">Biarritz</a> on November 16, 1919. In keeping with his wishes, a funeral service was read over his body by a Protestant minister. His children, however, also arranged for a <a href="/wiki/Panikhida" class="mw-redirect" title="Panikhida">Panikhida</a> to be offered for Isvolsky at the local Russian Orthodox Cathedral. A <a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine</a> <a href="/wiki/Requiem_Mass" class="mw-redirect" title="Requiem Mass">Requiem Mass</a> was also offered for Isvolsky by a <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_priest" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic priest">Roman Catholic priest</a> and friend of the family.<sup id="cite_ref-Helene_Iswolsky_1985_page_135_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Helene_Iswolsky_1985_page_135-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Izvolsky&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>His brother — Piotr Petrovich Izvolski (1863—1928) — was <a href="/wiki/Procurator_(Russia)" title="Procurator (Russia)">Oberprocurator</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Most_Holy_Synod" title="Most Holy Synod">Most Holy Synod</a> until he resigned, allegedly in protest over the growing influence of <a href="/wiki/Grigory_Rasputin" class="mw-redirect" title="Grigory Rasputin">Grigory Rasputin</a> over appointments to the Church Hierarchy. After emigrating to France, he was ordained to the Orthodox priesthood and became an <a href="/wiki/Archpriest" title="Archpriest">archpriest</a>. </p><p>Alexander Izvolsky married Countess Marguerite von Toll, a <a href="/wiki/Baltic_German_nobility" title="Baltic German nobility">Baltic German noblewoman</a> of great charm whose influence at court was impeded by her ignorance of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian language</a>. Their son fought in the <a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Dardanelles</a>. Their daughter <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_Iswolsky" title="Hélène Iswolsky">Hélène Iswolsky</a> was received into the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Russian Greek Catholic Church">Russian Greek Catholic Church</a> and became a prominent scholar and leader of the ecumenical movement, first as a <a href="/wiki/White_%C3%A9migr%C3%A9" title="White émigré">White émigré</a> in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> and later as a member of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Worker_Movement" title="Catholic Worker Movement">Catholic Worker Movement</a> and close friend of <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Dorothy Day</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards">Awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Izvolsky&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Stanislav" title="Order of St. Stanislav"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Order_of_Saint_Stanislaus_Ribbon.PNG/30px-Order_of_Saint_Stanislaus_Ribbon.PNG" decoding="async" width="30" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Order_of_Saint_Stanislaus_Ribbon.PNG/45px-Order_of_Saint_Stanislaus_Ribbon.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Order_of_Saint_Stanislaus_Ribbon.PNG/60px-Order_of_Saint_Stanislaus_Ribbon.PNG 2x" data-file-width="72" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Stanislaus" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of St. Stanislaus">Order of St. Stanislaus</a> 1st degree, 1901</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Anna" title="Order of St. Anna"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Order_of_Saint_Anna_ribbon_bar.svg/30px-Order_of_Saint_Anna_ribbon_bar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Order_of_Saint_Anna_ribbon_bar.svg/45px-Order_of_Saint_Anna_ribbon_bar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Order_of_Saint_Anna_ribbon_bar.svg/60px-Order_of_Saint_Anna_ribbon_bar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Anna" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of St. Anna">Order of St. Anne</a> 1st degree 1904</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Vladimir" title="Order of St. Vladimir"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Saint_vladimir_%28bande%29.png/30px-Saint_vladimir_%28bande%29.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Saint_vladimir_%28bande%29.png/45px-Saint_vladimir_%28bande%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Saint_vladimir_%28bande%29.png/60px-Saint_vladimir_%28bande%29.png 2x" data-file-width="72" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St_Vladimir" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of St Vladimir">Order of St Vladimir</a>, 1st degree, 1908</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_White_Eagle_(Poland)" title="Order of the White Eagle (Poland)"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Order_of_the_White_Eagle_War_Merit_ribbon.jpg/30px-Order_of_the_White_Eagle_War_Merit_ribbon.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Order_of_the_White_Eagle_War_Merit_ribbon.jpg/45px-Order_of_the_White_Eagle_War_Merit_ribbon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Order_of_the_White_Eagle_War_Merit_ribbon.jpg/60px-Order_of_the_White_Eagle_War_Merit_ribbon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="109" data-file-height="29" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_White_Eagle_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of the White Eagle (Russia)">Order of the White Eagle</a>, 1910</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Alexander_Nevsky" title="Order of St. Alexander Nevsky"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Band_to_Order_St_Alexander_Nevsky.png/30px-Band_to_Order_St_Alexander_Nevsky.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Band_to_Order_St_Alexander_Nevsky.png/45px-Band_to_Order_St_Alexander_Nevsky.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Band_to_Order_St_Alexander_Nevsky.png/60px-Band_to_Order_St_Alexander_Nevsky.png 2x" data-file-width="72" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Alexander_Nevsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of St. Alexander Nevsky">Order of St. Alexander Nevsky</a>, 1914</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Victorian_Order" title="Royal Victorian Order"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/JPN_Toka-sho_BAR.svg/30px-JPN_Toka-sho_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/JPN_Toka-sho_BAR.svg/45px-JPN_Toka-sho_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/JPN_Toka-sho_BAR.svg/60px-JPN_Toka-sho_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Paulownia_Flowers" title="Order of the Paulownia Flowers">Order of the Paulownia Flowers</a> Grand Cordon, 26 August 1907</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Victorian_Order" title="Royal Victorian Order"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/UK_Royal_Victorian_Order_honorary_member_ribbon.svg/30px-UK_Royal_Victorian_Order_honorary_member_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/UK_Royal_Victorian_Order_honorary_member_ribbon.svg/45px-UK_Royal_Victorian_Order_honorary_member_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/UK_Royal_Victorian_Order_honorary_member_ribbon.svg/60px-UK_Royal_Victorian_Order_honorary_member_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Royal_Victorian_Order" title="Royal Victorian Order">Royal Victorian Order</a> Honorary Grand Cross, 6 September 1907</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Screen_Portrayal">Screen Portrayal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Izvolsky&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Screen Portrayal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Izvolsky was depicted in the 1974 BBC mini-series <i><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Eagles" title="Fall of Eagles">Fall of Eagles</a></i>. He was played by actor <a href="/wiki/Peter_Vaughan" title="Peter Vaughan">Peter Vaughan</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Izvolsky&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Gooch, G. P. (<a href="/wiki/G._P._Gooch" class="mw-redirect" title="G. P. Gooch">G. P. Gooch</a>) <i>Before the war: studies in diplomacy</i> (vol 1 1936) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.2275">online</a> long chapters on Britain's Landsdowne; France's <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9ophile_Delcass%C3%A9" title="Théophile Delcassé">Théophile Delcassé</a>; Germany's <a href="/wiki/Bernhard_von_B%C3%BClow" title="Bernhard von Bülow">Bernhard von Bülow</a> pp 187–294; Russia's Izwolsky pp 285–365 and Austria's Aehrenthal.</li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKowner2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rotem_Kowner" title="Rotem Kowner">Kowner, Rotem</a> (2006). <i>Historical Dictionary of the Russo-Japanese War</i>. The Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8108-4927-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8108-4927-5"><bdi>0-8108-4927-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Russo-Japanese+War&rft.pub=The+Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-8108-4927-5&rft.aulast=Kowner&rft.aufirst=Rotem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Izvolsky" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlennerhassett1922" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Blennerhassett, William Lewis (1922). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Isvolsky, Alexander Petrovich"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1922_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Isvolsky,_Alexander_Petrovich">"Isvolsky, Alexander Petrovich" </a></span>. In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (12th ed.). London & New York: The Encyclopædia Britannica Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Isvolsky%2C+Alexander+Petrovich&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.place=London+%26+New+York&rft.edition=12th&rft.pub=The+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Company&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Blennerhassett&rft.aufirst=William+Lewis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Izvolsky" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Fay, Sidney B. (1928, repr. 1966). <i>The Origins of the World War</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/recollectionsofa008591mbp">Izvolsky, A.P. Recollections of a Foreign Minister. 1920</a></li> <li>Stieve, Friedrich (1926). <i>Izvolsky and the World War</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Izvolsky&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bolsover, G. H. "Izvol'sky and Reform of the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs." <i>The Slavonic and East European Review</i> 63.1 (1985): 21-40. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4209029">online</a></li> <li>Gardner, Hall. <i>The Failure to Prevent World War I: The Unexpected Armageddon</i> (Routledge, 2016).</li></ul> <ul><li>Kerensky, Alexander. "Izvolsky's Personal Diplomatic Correspondence." <i>The Slavonic and East European Review</i> 16.47 (1938): 386-392. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4203371">onlne</a></li> <li>Kocho-Williams, Alastair, and Alastair Kocho-Williams. "Before the Bolsheviks: The Last Years of Tsarist Diplomacy." in <i>Russian and Soviet Diplomacy, 1900–39</i> (2012): 11-44. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9780230355200_2">online</a></li> <li>Schmitt, Bernadotte E. "The Bosnian Annexation Crisis (I)." <i>The Slavonic and East European Review</i> 9.26 (1930): 312-334. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4202525">online</a></li> <li>Schmitt, Bernadotte Everly. <i>The annexation of Bosnia: 1908-1909</i> (Cambridge UP, 1937) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j-Y8AAAAIAAJ&dq=Schmitt%2C+Bernadotte+E.&pg=PA1">online</a></li> <li>Taylor, Carol D. "The troubled entente: Alexander Izvolsky and Russia's diplomatic relations with France and Great Britain, 1906–1910" (PhD dissertation, State University of New York at Albany; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 2008. 3319554).</li></ul> <ul><li>Wank, Solomon. <i>In the Twilight of Empire. Count Alois Lexa von Aehrenthal (1854–1912): Imperial Habsburg Patriot and Statesman. Vol. 2: From Foreign Minister in Waiting to de facto Chancellor</i> (Böhlau Wien, 2020).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Izvolsky&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/recollectionsofa008591mbp">Izvolsky, A.P. Recollections of a Foreign Minister. 1920</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/008594">Newspaper clippings about Alexander Izvolsky</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Izvolsky&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gooch 1936.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Spencer_C._Tucker" title="Spencer C. Tucker">Tucker, Spencer C.</a>, ed. (10 May 2019). "Russia". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H3iSDwAAQBAJ"><i>World War I: A Country-by-Country Guide</i></a>. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO (published 2019). p. 512. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781440863691" title="Special:BookSources/9781440863691"><bdi>9781440863691</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2021</span>. <q>Following the resignation of Aleksandr Izvolsky, Sazonov became foreign minister in 1910.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Russia&rft.btitle=World+War+I%3A+A+Country-by-Country+Guide&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+California&rft.pages=512&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2019-05-10&rft.isbn=9781440863691&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH3iSDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Izvolsky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kowner-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kowner_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kowner_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kowner_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kowner, <i> Historical Dictionary of the Russo-Japanese War</i>, p. 167-168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christopher Clark, the Sleepwalkers, p.83</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clark, The Sleepwalkers, p.85</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clark, p.85</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">N. Shebeko, <i>Sovenirs</i>, p.83 Paris 1936</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clark, The Sleepwalkers, p85</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clark, The Sleepwalkers, p.86</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clark, The Sleepwalkers, p.87; David Stevenson, Armaments and the Coming of War, Oxford 1996, pp. 162-63</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Helene Iswolsky (1985), <i>No Time to Grieve: An Autobiographical Journey from Russia to Paris to New York</i>, pages 134-135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Helene_Iswolsky_1985_page_135-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Helene_Iswolsky_1985_page_135_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Helene_Iswolsky_1985_page_135_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Helene Iswolsky (1985), <i>No Time to Grieve: An Autobiographical Journey from Russia to Paris to New York</i>, page 135.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lambsdorff" class="mw-redirect" title="Vladimir Lambsdorff">Vladimir Lambsdorff</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Minister_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Minister of Russia">Foreign Minister of Russia</a> </b><br />1906–1910 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Sazonov" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergei Sazonov">Sergei Sazonov</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FACEFF;">Diplomatic posts </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Rosen" title="Roman Rosen">Roman Rosen</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Russia_to_Japan" title="List of ambassadors of Russia to Japan">Ambassador of the Russian Empire to Japan</a> </b><br />1899–1902 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Rosen" title="Roman Rosen">Roman Rosen</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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id="Foreign_ministers_of_Russia_and_the_Soviet_Union" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Russia)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (Russia)">Foreign ministers of Russia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Soviet Union)">Soviet Union</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsardom of Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Mikhailovich_Viskovatyi" title="Ivan Mikhailovich Viskovatyi">Ivan Viskovatyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_and_Andrey_Shchelkalov" title="Vasily and Andrey Shchelkalov">Vasily and Andrey Shchelkalov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Gramotin" title="Ivan Gramotin">Ivan Gramotin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyotr_Tretyakov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pyotr Tretyakov (page does not exist)">Pyotr Tretyakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almaz_Ivanov" title="Almaz Ivanov">Almaz Ivanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afanasy_Ordin-Nashchokin" title="Afanasy Ordin-Nashchokin">Afanasy Ordin-Nashchokin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artamon_Matveyev" title="Artamon Matveyev">Artamon Matveyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larion_Ivanov" title="Larion Ivanov">Larion Ivanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Golitsyn_(born_1643)" title="Vasily Golitsyn (born 1643)">Vasily Golitsyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemelyan_Ukraintsev" title="Yemelyan Ukraintsev">Yemelyan Ukraintsev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Naryshkin" title="Lev Naryshkin">Lev Naryshkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Alexeyevich_Golovin" title="Fyodor Alexeyevich Golovin">Fyodor Golovin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Shafirov" title="Peter Shafirov">Peter Shafirov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gavriil_Golovkin" title="Gavriil Golovkin">Gavrila Golovkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrey_Osterman" title="Andrey Osterman">Andrey Osterman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexey_Cherkassky" title="Alexey Cherkassky">Aleksey Tcherkassky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexey_Bestuzhev-Ryumin" title="Alexey Bestuzhev-Ryumin">Alexey Bestuzhev-Ryumin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Illarionovich_Vorontsov" title="Mikhail Illarionovich Vorontsov">Mikhailo Vorontsov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Panin" title="Nikita Panin">Nikita Ivanovich Panin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Osterman" title="Ivan Osterman">Ivan Osterman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bezborodko" title="Alexander Bezborodko">Alexander Bezborodko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Rostopchin" title="Fyodor Rostopchin">Fyodor Rostopchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Petrovich_Panin" title="Nikita Petrovich Panin">Nikita Petrovich Panin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Kochubey" title="Viktor Kochubey">Viktor Kochubey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Vorontsov" title="Alexander Vorontsov">Alexander Vorontsov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Jerzy_Czartoryski" title="Adam Jerzy Czartoryski">Adam Jerzy Czartoryski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Eberhard_von_Budberg" title="Andreas Eberhard von Budberg">Andreas Eberhard von Budberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Rumyantsev" title="Nikolay Rumyantsev">Nikolay Rumyantsev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Kapodistrias" title="Ioannis Kapodistrias">Ioannis Kapodistrias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Nesselrode" title="Karl Nesselrode">Karl Robert Nesselrode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gorchakov" title="Alexander Gorchakov">Alexander Gorchakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Girs" title="Nikolay Girs">Nikolay Girs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksey_Lobanov-Rostovsky" title="Aleksey Lobanov-Rostovsky">Aleksey Lobanov-Rostovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikolay_Shishkin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikolay Shishkin (page does not exist)">Nikolay Shishkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Nikolayevich_Muravyov" title="Mikhail Nikolayevich Muravyov">Mikhail Muravyov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lamsdorf" title="Vladimir Lamsdorf">Vladimir Lamsdorf</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alexander Izvolsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Sazonov" title="Sergey Sazonov">Sergey Sazonov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Shturmer" title="Boris Shturmer">Boris Shturmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Pokrovsky" title="Nikolai Pokrovsky">Nikolai Pokrovsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Provisional_Government" title="Russian Provisional Government">Provisional Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Milyukov" title="Pavel Milyukov">Pavel Milyukov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Tereshchenko" title="Mikhail Tereshchenko">Mikhail Tereshchenko</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Soviet Russia</a> and<br />the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Chicherin" title="Georgy Chicherin">Georgy 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1148789">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd124721826.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/124721826">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/099252597">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" 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