CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Conscription in the United States - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"c5fc93cf-1e14-4bf7-8918-08f9636c6252","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Conscription_in_the_United_States","wgTitle":"Conscription in the United States","wgCurRevisionId":1252229319,"wgRevisionId":1252229319,"wgArticleId":1029446,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list","CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use American English from March 2019","All Wikipedia articles written in American English","Use mdy dates from August 2016","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014", "Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018","All articles with failed verification","Articles with failed verification from December 2015","Articles with unsourced statements from August 2021","Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2020","Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images","All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases","Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from May 2024","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Conscription in the United States","American nationalism","Conscription by country","United States military policies"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Conscription_in_the_United_States","wgRelevantArticleId":1029446,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia", "wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q5162775","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false, "wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging", "ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Young_men_registering_for_military_conscription%2C_New_York_City%2C_June_5%2C_1917.jpg/1200px-Young_men_registering_for_military_conscription%2C_New_York_City%2C_June_5%2C_1917.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="948"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Young_men_registering_for_military_conscription%2C_New_York_City%2C_June_5%2C_1917.jpg/800px-Young_men_registering_for_military_conscription%2C_New_York_City%2C_June_5%2C_1917.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="632"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Young_men_registering_for_military_conscription%2C_New_York_City%2C_June_5%2C_1917.jpg/640px-Young_men_registering_for_military_conscription%2C_New_York_City%2C_June_5%2C_1917.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="506"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Conscription in the United States - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscription_in_the_United_States"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_the_United_States&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscription_in_the_United_States"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Conscription_in_the_United_States rootpage-Conscription_in_the_United_States skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Conscription+in+the+United+States" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Conscription+in+the+United+States" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Conscription+in+the+United+States" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Conscription+in+the+United+States" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Colonial_era_to_1862" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial_era_to_1862"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Colonial era to 1862 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonial_era_to_1862-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Civil War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_Guard" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Guard"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 National Guard </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Guard-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 World War I </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Opposition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.1 Opposition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conscientious_objectors_in_WWI" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conscientious_objectors_in_WWI"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.2 Conscientious objectors in WWI </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conscientious_objectors_in_WWI-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interwar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interwar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Interwar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interwar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 World War II </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Opposition_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6.1 Opposition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposition_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conscientious_objectors_in_WWII" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conscientious_objectors_in_WWII"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6.2 Conscientious objectors in WWII </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conscientious_objectors_in_WWII-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Cold_War_and_Korean_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Cold_War_and_Korean_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 Early Cold War and Korean War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Cold_War_and_Korean_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vietnam_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vietnam_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8 Vietnam War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vietnam_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_conscription" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_conscription"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.9 End of conscription </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_conscription-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-1980_draft_registration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-1980_draft_registration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.10 Post-1980 draft registration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-1980_draft_registration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Healthcare_personnel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Healthcare_personnel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Healthcare personnel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Healthcare_personnel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Legality </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legality-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legality subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-National_Coalition_for_Men_v._Selective_Service_System" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Coalition_for_Men_v._Selective_Service_System"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 National Coalition for Men v. Selective Service System </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Coalition_for_Men_v._Selective_Service_System-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conscientious_objection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conscientious_objection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Conscientious objection </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conscientious_objection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selective_Service_reforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selective_Service_reforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Selective Service reforms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selective_Service_reforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conscription_controversies_and_proposals_since_2003" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conscription_controversies_and_proposals_since_2003"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Conscription controversies and proposals since 2003 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conscription_controversies_and_proposals_since_2003-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-citizens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-citizens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Non-citizens </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-citizens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Statistics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Statistics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Statistics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Selective_Service_System" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selective_Service_System"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Selective Service System </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selective_Service_System-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Footnotes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References_and_further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References_and_further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References and further reading </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References_and_further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References and further reading subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References_and_further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-American_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 American Revolution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_War_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_War_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Civil War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_War_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_I_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 World War I </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_I_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.4 World War II </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cold_War_and_Vietnam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cold_War_and_Vietnam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.5 Cold War and Vietnam </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cold_War_and_Vietnam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.6 Recent </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Conscription in the United States</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 5 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-5" aria-hidden="true" > 5 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%AC%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9" title="التجنيد الإجباري في الولايات المتحدة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="التجنيد الإجباري في الولايات المتحدة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscription_aux_%C3%89tats-Unis" title="Conscription aux États-Unis – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Conscription aux États-Unis" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98_%EB%B3%91%EC%97%AD_%EC%A0%9C%EB%8F%84" title="미국의 병역 제도 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미국의 병역 제도" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E3%81%AE%E5%BE%B4%E5%85%B5%E5%88%B6%E3%81%AE%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2" title="アメリカの徴兵制の歴史 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アメリカの徴兵制の歴史" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngh%C4%A9a_v%E1%BB%A5_qu%C3%A2n_s%E1%BB%B1_t%E1%BA%A1i_Hoa_K%E1%BB%B3" title="Nghĩa vụ quân sự tại Hoa Kỳ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nghĩa vụ quân sự tại Hoa Kỳ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5162775#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_United_States" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Conscription_in_the_United_States" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_United_States">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_the_United_States&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_the_United_States&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_United_States">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_the_United_States&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_the_United_States&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Conscription_in_the_United_States" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Conscription_in_the_United_States" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_the_United_States&oldid=1252229319" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_the_United_States&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Conscription_in_the_United_States&id=1252229319&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FConscription_in_the_United_States">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FConscription_in_the_United_States">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Conscription_in_the_United_States&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_the_United_States&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Conscription_in_the_United_States" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5162775" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Young_men_registering_for_military_conscription,_New_York_City,_June_5,_1917.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Young_men_registering_for_military_conscription%2C_New_York_City%2C_June_5%2C_1917.jpg/220px-Young_men_registering_for_military_conscription%2C_New_York_City%2C_June_5%2C_1917.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Young_men_registering_for_military_conscription%2C_New_York_City%2C_June_5%2C_1917.jpg/330px-Young_men_registering_for_military_conscription%2C_New_York_City%2C_June_5%2C_1917.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Young_men_registering_for_military_conscription%2C_New_York_City%2C_June_5%2C_1917.jpg/440px-Young_men_registering_for_military_conscription%2C_New_York_City%2C_June_5%2C_1917.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="2134" /></a><figcaption>Young men registering for <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">conscription</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, in June 1917</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#ddddff;"><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Caricature-1780-press_gang.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1780 caricature of a press gang"><img alt="1780 caricature of a press gang" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Caricature-1780-press_gang.jpg/250px-Caricature-1780-press_gang.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Caricature-1780-press_gang.jpg/375px-Caricature-1780-press_gang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Caricature-1780-press_gang.jpg/500px-Caricature-1780-press_gang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1471" data-file-height="954" /></a><div class="sidebar-caption">1780 caricature of a <a href="/wiki/Press_gang" class="mw-redirect" title="Press gang">press gang</a></div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Related concepts</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_civilian_service" title="Alternative civilian service">Alternative civilian service</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_conscription" title="Civil conscription">Civil conscription</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">Conscientious objector</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_crisis" title="Conscription crisis">Conscription crisis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Counter-recruitment" title="Counter-recruitment">Counter-recruitment</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Draft-card_burning" title="Draft-card burning">Draft-card burning</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Draft_evasion" title="Draft evasion">Draft evasion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Impressment" title="Impressment">Impressment</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lev%C3%A9e_en_masse" title="Levée en masse">Levée en masse</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Military_service" title="Military service">Military service</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/National_service" title="National service">National service</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Penal_military_unit" title="Penal military unit">Penal military unit</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/War_resister" title="War resister">War resister</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> By historical country</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Conscription in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Conscription in the Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Conscription in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/Conscription#By_country" title="Conscription">By modern country</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Argentina" title="Conscription in Argentina">Argentina</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Australia" title="Conscription in Australia">Australia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Azerbaijan" title="Conscription in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Military_service#Bermuda" title="Military service">Bermuda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Brazil" title="Conscription in Brazil">Brazil</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Canada" title="Conscription in Canada">Canada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_China" title="Conscription in China">China</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Conscription in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Congo-Kinshasa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Child_soldiers_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Child soldiers in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">child soldiers</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Cuba" title="Conscription in Cuba">Cuba</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Cyprus" title="Conscription in Cyprus">Cyprus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Reduction_of_military_conscription_in_Cyprus" title="Reduction of military conscription in Cyprus">reduction</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Denmark" title="Conscription in Denmark">Denmark</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Egypt" title="Conscription in Egypt">Egypt</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Eritrea" title="Conscription in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Finland" title="Conscription in Finland">Finland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_France" title="Conscription in France">France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Georgia" title="Conscription in Georgia">Georgia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Germany" title="Conscription in Germany">Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Greece" title="Conscription in Greece">Greece</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Israel" title="Conscription in Israel">Israel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Iran" title="Conscription in Iran">Iran</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_North_Korea" title="Conscription in North Korea">North Korea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_South_Korea" title="Conscription in South Korea">South Korea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_National_Armed_Forces#Conscription" title="Latvian National Armed Forces">Latvia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Armed_Forces#Conscription" title="Lithuanian Armed Forces">Lithuania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Myanmar" title="Conscription in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_Netherlands" title="Conscription in the Netherlands">the Netherlands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_military_training_in_New_Zealand" title="Compulsory military training in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Conscription in Norway">Norway</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Mexico" title="Conscription in Mexico">Mexico</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Monaco" title="Conscription in Monaco">Monaco</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Mozambique" title="Conscription in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_Philippines" title="Conscription in the Philippines">the Philippines</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Russia" title="Conscription in Russia">Russia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Serbia" title="Conscription in Serbia">Serbia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/National_service_in_Singapore" title="National service in Singapore">Singapore</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_South_Africa" title="Conscription in South Africa">South Africa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Conscription in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Sweden" title="Conscription in Sweden">Sweden</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Switzerland" title="Conscription in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Taiwan" title="Conscription in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Turkey" title="Conscription in Turkey">Turkey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Conscription in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Conscription in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Ukraine" title="Conscription in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Vietnam" title="Conscription in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> By geographical area</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Ireland" title="Conscription in Ireland">Ireland</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conscription" title="Template:Conscription"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conscription" title="Template talk:Conscription"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conscription" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conscription"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, military <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">conscription</a>, commonly known as the draft, has been employed by the <a href="/wiki/U.S._federal_government" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. federal government">U.S. federal government</a> in six conflicts: the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>. The fourth incarnation of the <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">draft</a> came into being in 1940, through the <a href="/wiki/Selective_Training_and_Service_Act_of_1940" title="Selective Training and Service Act of 1940">Selective Training and Service Act</a>; this was the country's first peacetime draft.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> From 1940 until 1973, during both peacetime and periods of conflict, men were drafted to fill vacancies in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">U.S. Armed Forces</a> that could not be filled through voluntary means. Active conscription in the United States ended in January 1973, and the U.S. Armed Forces moved to an all-volunteer <a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">military</a> except for draftees called up through the end of 1972. Conscription remains in place on a <a href="/wiki/Contingency_plan" title="Contingency plan">contingency</a> basis, however, in that all male U.S. citizens, even those residing abroad, and all male immigrants, whether documented or undocumented but residing within the United States, are required to register with the <a href="/wiki/Selective_Service_System" title="Selective Service System">Selective Service System (SSS)</a> between the ages of 18 and 25.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Failure to register for the SSS, when otherwise required, can mean denial of many federal services, such as federal health care programs. Although it has not been applied in recent American history, U.S. federal law continues to allow for compulsory conscription for <a href="/wiki/United_States_Militia" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Militia">militia service</a> under emergency or extraordinary security conditions. The law is described in <a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Section_8:_Powers_of_Congress" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Article I, Section 8</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a> and 10 U.S. Code § 246.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Such conscription would apply to able-bodied men between the ages of 17 and 44 who are, or who have made a declaration of intention to become, U.S. citizens, as well as women in certain health care occupations. Conscription has faced strong opposition throughout American history from prominent figures like <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Daniel Webster</a>, who stated, "A free government with an uncontrolled power of military conscription is the most ridiculous and abominable contradiction and nonsense that ever entered into the heads of men."<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objection_in_the_United_States#History" title="Conscientious objection in the United States">Conscientious objection in the United States § History</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial_era_to_1862">Colonial era to 1862</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Colonial era to 1862">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">colonial times</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a> used a <a href="/wiki/Militia_(United_States)" title="Militia (United States)">militia</a> system for defense. <a href="/wiki/Colonial_troops" title="Colonial troops">Colonial militia</a> laws—and after independence, those of the United States and the various states—required able-bodied males to enroll in the militia, to undergo a minimum of military training, and to serve for limited periods of time in war or emergency. This earliest form of <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">conscription</a> involved selective drafts of militiamen for service in particular campaigns. Following this system in its essentials, the <a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a> in 1778 recommended that the states draft men from their militias for one year's service in the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a>; this first national conscription was irregularly applied and failed to fill the Continental ranks. For long-term operations, conscription was occasionally used when volunteers or paid substitutes were insufficient to raise the needed manpower. During the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>, the states sometimes drafted men for militia duty or to fill state <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a> units, but the central government did not have the authority to conscript except for purposes of <a href="/wiki/Impressment#Continental_Navy" title="Impressment">naval impressment</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">1789 constitution</a> lists among of the <a href="/wiki/Enumerated_powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Enumerated powers">enumerated powers of Congress</a> the ability to create its own armies and navy for unlimited purposes, and to fund and regulate state militias that could be called up only for federal law enforcement and domestic defense. The new constitution also made<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> the President of the United States the <a href="/wiki/Powers_of_the_president_of_the_United_States" title="Powers of the president of the United States">commander-in-chief</a> of both the federal military and the militia when in federal service. The <a href="/wiki/Militia_Acts_of_1792" title="Militia Acts of 1792">Second Militia Act of 1792</a> defined the first group who could be called up as "each and every free able-bodied white male citizen" between the ages of 18 and 45. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:40%; ; font-size: 85%;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> The administration asserts the right to fill the ranks of the regular army by compulsion ... Is this, sir, consistent with the character of a free government? Is this civil liberty? Is this the real character of our <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">Constitution</a>? No, sir, indeed it is not ... Where is it written in the Constitution, in what article or section is it contained, that you may take children from their parents, and parents from their children, and compel them to fight the battles of any war, in which the folly or the wickedness of government may engage it? Under what concealment has this power lain hidden, which now for the first time comes forth, with a tremendous and baleful aspect, to trample down and destroy the dearest rights of personal liberty? </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">Daniel Webster, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Webster%27s_Speech_Against_Conscription" class="extiw" title="s:Webster's Speech Against Conscription">December 9, 1814 House of Representatives Address</a></cite> </div> During the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>, President <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a> and his Secretary of War <a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a> unsuccessfully attempted to create a national draft of 40,000 men.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> The proposal was fiercely criticized on the House floor by antiwar Congressman <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Daniel Webster</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_War">Civil War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Civil War">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union (American Civil War)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Confederate_Conscription_Acts_1862%E2%80%931864" title="Confederate Conscription Acts 1862–1864">Confederate Conscription Acts 1862–1864</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anti_Civil_War_Draft_Rioters_in_Lexington_Avenue_New_York_1863.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Anti_Civil_War_Draft_Rioters_in_Lexington_Avenue_New_York_1863.jpg/220px-Anti_Civil_War_Draft_Rioters_in_Lexington_Avenue_New_York_1863.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Anti_Civil_War_Draft_Rioters_in_Lexington_Avenue_New_York_1863.jpg/330px-Anti_Civil_War_Draft_Rioters_in_Lexington_Avenue_New_York_1863.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Anti_Civil_War_Draft_Rioters_in_Lexington_Avenue_New_York_1863.jpg/440px-Anti_Civil_War_Draft_Rioters_in_Lexington_Avenue_New_York_1863.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>An illustration of rioters attacking a building during the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_draft_riots" title="New York City draft riots">New York anti-draft riots</a> of 1863 in the middle of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></figcaption></figure> The United States first employed national conscription during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>. The vast majority of troops were volunteers; of the 2,200,000 Union soldiers, about 2% were draftees, and another 6% were substitutes paid by draftees.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederacy</a> had far fewer inhabitants than the <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a>, and Confederate President <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">Jefferson Davis</a> proposed the first conscription act on March 28, 1862; it was passed into law the next month.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Resistance was both widespread and violent, with comparisons made between conscription and slavery. Both sides permitted conscripts to hire substitutes to serve in their place. In the Union, many states and cities offered bounties and bonuses for enlistment. They also arranged to take credit against their draft quota by claiming freed slaves who enlisted in the Union Army. Although both sides resorted to conscription, the system did not work effectively for either.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Confederate_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress of the Confederate States">Confederate Congress</a> on April 16, 1862, passed an act requiring military service for three years from all white males aged 18 to 35 not legally exempt. It later extended the obligation. The U.S. Congress passed the <a href="/wiki/Militia_Act_of_1862" title="Militia Act of 1862">Militia Act of 1862</a> which mirrored the <a href="/wiki/Militia_Act_of_1792" class="mw-redirect" title="Militia Act of 1792">1792 Act</a> except to allow African-Americans to serve in the militias and authorizing a militia draft within a state when it could not meet its quota with volunteers.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] This state-administered system failed in practice and Congress passed the <a href="/wiki/Enrollment_Act" title="Enrollment Act">Enrollment Act</a> of 1863, the first genuine national conscription law, replacing the Militia Act of 1862, which required the enrollment of every male citizen and those immigrants (aliens) who had filed for citizenship, between 20 and 45 years of age, unless exempted by the Act. It set up under the Union Army an elaborate machine for enrolling and drafting men. Quotas were assigned in each state, the deficiencies in volunteers required to be met by conscription. Still, men drafted could provide substitutes, and until mid-1864 could also avoid service by paying commutation money. Many eligible men pooled their money to cover the cost of any one of them drafted. Families used the substitute provision to select which member should go into the army and which would stay home. Another popular means of procuring a substitute was to pay a soldier whose period of enlistment was about to expire—the advantage of this method was that the Army could retain a trained veteran in place of a raw recruit. Of the 168,649 men procured for the Union Army through the draft, 117,986 were substitutes, leaving 50,663 who had their personal services conscripted. There was much evasion and overt resistance to the draft, and the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_draft_riots" title="New York City draft riots">New York City draft riots</a> were in direct response to the draft and were the first large-scale resistance against the draft in the United States. The problem of Confederate desertion was aggravated by the inequitable inclinations of conscription officers and local judges. The three conscription acts of the Confederacy exempted certain categories, such as the <a href="/wiki/Plantations_in_the_American_South#Planter_(plantation_owner)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantations in the American South">planter class</a>. Enrollment officers and local judges often practiced favoritism, sometimes accepting bribes. Attempts to effectively deal with the issue were frustrated by conflict between state and local governments on the one hand and the national government of the Confederacy.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> During the Civil War, there were critics against the policy of conscription. For example, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a>, an escaped slave and abolitionist strongly advocated against the policy. Douglass asserted, "What is freedom? It is the right to choose one's own employment. Certainly it means that, if it means anything. And when any individual or combination of individuals, undertakes to decide for any man when he shall work, where he shall work, at what he shall work, and for what he shall work, he or they practically reduce him to slavery."<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_Guard">National Guard</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: National Guard">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Militia_Act_of_1903" title="Militia Act of 1903">Militia Act of 1903</a> reorganized the federally supported state militias as the National Guard, aligning their training with active duty needs so they could be quickly put into federal service. In 1933, Congress reorganized the National Guard under its <a href="/wiki/Enumerated_powers_(United_States)" title="Enumerated powers (United States)">Article I enumerated power</a> to "raise and support armies" instead of its power to "Provide for organizing, arming and disciplining the Militia".<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> This avoids the constraint on federal militia service that it can only be used "to execute the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections and repel invasions." Able-bodied men between the ages of 17 and 45 outside of the National Guard are defined in the Militia Act and under the laws of some states as the <a href="/wiki/Militia_(United_States)#Unorganized_militia" title="Militia (United States)">unorganized militia</a>, which may be called into state or federal service as needed. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_I">World War I</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: World War I">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:King,_Stoddard_WW1_draft_card.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/King%2C_Stoddard_WW1_draft_card.jpg/220px-King%2C_Stoddard_WW1_draft_card.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/King%2C_Stoddard_WW1_draft_card.jpg/330px-King%2C_Stoddard_WW1_draft_card.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/King%2C_Stoddard_WW1_draft_card.jpg/440px-King%2C_Stoddard_WW1_draft_card.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2528" data-file-height="1224" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>-era draft card belonging to writer <a href="/wiki/Stoddard_King" title="Stoddard King">Stoddard King</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:U.S._draft_lottery.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/U.S._draft_lottery.jpg/220px-U.S._draft_lottery.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/U.S._draft_lottery.jpg/330px-U.S._draft_lottery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/U.S._draft_lottery.jpg/440px-U.S._draft_lottery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2060" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a> <a href="/wiki/Newton_Baker" class="mw-redirect" title="Newton Baker">Newton Baker</a> draws the first draft number on July 20, 1917</figcaption></figure> In 1917, the administration of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> decided to rely primarily on conscription, rather than voluntary enlistment, to raise military manpower for <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> when only 73,000 volunteers enlisted out of the initial 1 million target in the first six weeks of the war.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> One ascribed motivation was to thwart former president <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a>, who proposed raising a volunteer division, which would have upstaged Wilson. However, there is no evidence that Roosevelt had enough support to carry out that plan, and because Wilson had just started his second term, the former President's prospects for substantial political gain seemed dubious. The <a href="/wiki/Selective_Service_Act_of_1917" title="Selective Service Act of 1917">Selective Service Act of 1917</a> was carefully drawn to remedy the defects in the Civil War system and—by allowing exemptions for dependency, essential occupations, and religious scruples—to place each man in his proper niche in a national war effort.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> The act established a "liability for military service of all male citizens"; authorized a selective draft of all those between 21 and 31 years of age (later from 18 to 45); and prohibited all forms of bounties, substitutions, or purchase of exemptions. Administration was entrusted to local boards composed of leading civilians in each community. These boards issued draft calls in order of numbers drawn in a national lottery and determined exemptions. In 1917, 10 million men were registered. This was deemed to be inadequate, so age ranges were increased and exemptions reduced, and so by the end of 1918 this increased to 24 million men that were registered with nearly 3 million inducted into the military services, with little of the resistance that characterized the Civil War, thanks to a well-received campaign by the government to increase support for the war, and shut down newspapers and magazines that published articles against the war,<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> but there was resistance in some areas (see <a href="/wiki/Green_Corn_Rebellion" title="Green Corn Rebellion">Green Corn Rebellion</a>). The draft was universal and included black men on the same terms as whites, although they served in different units. In all 367,710 black Americans were drafted (13% of the total), compared to 2,442,586 White (86.9%). Along with a general opposition to American involvement in a foreign conflict, Southern farmers objected to perceived unfair conscription practices that exempted members of the upper class and industrial workers. Draft boards were localized and based their decisions on <a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">social class</a>: the poorest were the most often conscripted because they were considered the least likely to be the skilled labor needed for the war effort. Poor men were also less likely to convince local boards that they were primary breadwinners who could be deferred to support dependents.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Forms of resistance ranged from peaceful protest to violent demonstrations and from humble letter-writing campaigns asking for mercy to newspapers demanding reform. The most common tactics were dodging and desertion, and some communities in isolationist areas even sheltered and defended their draft dodgers as political heroes. Nearly half a million immigrants were drafted, which forced the military to develop training procedures that took ethnic differences into account. Military leaders invited <a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States" title="Progressivism in the United States">Progressive</a> reformers and ethnic group leaders to assist in formulating new military policies. The military attempted to socialize and Americanize young immigrant recruits, not by forcing "angloconformity", but by showing remarkable sensitivity and respect for ethnic values and traditions and a concern for the morale of immigrant troops, with the aim of blending them into the larger society. Sports activities, keeping immigrant groups together, newspapers in various languages, the assistance of bilingual officers, and ethnic entertainment programs were all employed.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Opposition">Opposition</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Opposition">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blessed_are_the_Peacemakers.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Blessed_are_the_Peacemakers.gif/220px-Blessed_are_the_Peacemakers.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Blessed_are_the_Peacemakers.gif/330px-Blessed_are_the_Peacemakers.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Blessed_are_the_Peacemakers.gif 2x" data-file-width="349" data-file-height="432" /></a><figcaption>Blessed are the Peacemakers by <a href="/wiki/George_Bellows" title="George Bellows">George Bellows</a>, published in 1917</figcaption></figure> The Conscription Act of 1917 was passed in June. Conscripts were <a href="/wiki/Court-martial" title="Court-martial">court-martialed</a> by the Army if they refused to wear uniforms, bear arms, perform basic duties, or submit to military authority. Convicted objectors were often given long sentences of 20 years in <a href="/wiki/United_States_Disciplinary_Barracks" title="United States Disciplinary Barracks">Fort Leavenworth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> In 1918, Secretary of War <a href="/wiki/Newton_D._Baker" title="Newton D. Baker">Newton D. Baker</a> created the Board of Inquiry to question the conscientious objectors' sincerity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShenk200562-26">[26]</a> <a href="/wiki/Military_tribunals_in_the_United_States" title="Military tribunals in the United States">Military tribunals</a> tried men found by the Board to be insincere for a variety of offenses, sentencing 17 to <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">death</a>, 142 to <a href="/wiki/Life_imprisonment" title="Life imprisonment">life imprisonment</a>, and 345 to <a href="/wiki/Penal_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Penal labor">penal labor</a> camps.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShenk200562-26">[26]</a> Many of these sentences were commuted after the war's end. In 1917, a number of radicals and <a href="/wiki/Anarchists" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchists">anarchists</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Emma Goldman</a>, tried to challenge the new draft law in federal court, arguing that it was a direct violation of the <a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Thirteenth Amendment</a>'s prohibition against <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slavery and involuntary servitude</a>. The Supreme Court unanimously upheld the constitutionality of the draft act in the <a href="/wiki/Selective_Draft_Law_Cases" title="Selective Draft Law Cases">Selective Draft Law Cases</a> on January 7, 1918. The decision said the Constitution gave Congress the power to declare war and to raise and support armies. The Court, relying partly on <a href="/wiki/Emerich_de_Vattel" class="mw-redirect" title="Emerich de Vattel">Emerich de Vattel</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Law_of_Nations" title="The Law of Nations">The Law of Nations</a>, emphasized the principle of the reciprocal rights and duties of citizens:<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">It may not be doubted that the very conception of a just government and its duty to the citizen includes the reciprocal obligation of the citizen to render military service in case of need, and the right to compel it. To do more than state the proposition is absolutely unnecessary in view of the practical illustration afforded by the almost universal legislation to that effect now in force.</blockquote> Conscription was unpopular from left-wing sectors at the start, with many Socialists jailed for "obstructing the recruitment or enlistment service". The most famous was <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Debs" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugene Debs">Eugene Debs</a>, head of the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist Party of America</a>, who ran for president in 1920 from his <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a> prison cell. He had his sentence commuted to <a href="/wiki/Time_served" title="Time served">time served</a> and was released by President <a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a> on December 25, 1921. Also notably, the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Workers_of_the_World" title="Industrial Workers of the World">Industrial Workers of the World</a> attempted to obstruct the war effort through strikes in war-related industries and not registering, but it did not meet with large success. Although draft riots were not widespread, an estimated 171,000 people never registered for the draft, while another 360,000 people never responded to induction orders.<a href="#cite_note-:1-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Conscientious_objectors_in_WWI">Conscientious objectors in WWI</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Conscientious objectors in WWI">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">Conscientious objector</a> (CO) exemptions were allowed for the <a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mennonite" class="mw-redirect" title="Mennonite">Mennonites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Brethren" title="Church of the Brethren">Church of the Brethren</a> only. All other religious and political objectors were forced to participate. Some 64,700 men claimed conscientious objector status; local draft boards certified 57,000, of whom 30,000 passed the physical and 21,000 were inducted into the U.S. Army. About 80% of the 21,000 decided to abandon their objection and take up arms,<a href="#cite_note-:1-28">[28]</a> but 3,989 drafted objectors refused to serve. Most belonged to historically pacifist denominations, especially Quakers, Mennonites, and <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravian Brethren</a>, as well as a few <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witness" class="mw-redirect" title="Jehovah's Witness">Jehovah's Witnesses</a>. About 15% were religious objectors from non-pacifist churches.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ben_Salmon" title="Ben Salmon">Ben Salmon</a> was a nationally known political activist who encouraged men not to register and personally refused to comply with the draft procedures. He rejected the Army Review Board proposal that he perform noncombatant farm work. Sentenced to 25 years in prison, he again refused a proposed desk job. He was pardoned and released in November 1920 with a "dishonorable discharge".<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interwar">Interwar</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Interwar">edit</a>]</div> The draft ended in 1918, but the Army designed the modern draft mechanism in 1926 and built it based on military needs, despite an era of <a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">pacifism</a>. Working where Congress would not, it gathered a cadre of officers for its nascent Joint Army-Navy Selective Service Committee, most of whom were commissioned based on social standing rather than military experience.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-31">[31]</a> This effort did not receive congressionally approved funding until 1934, when Major General <a href="/wiki/Lewis_B._Hershey" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewis B. Hershey">Lewis B. Hershey</a> was assigned to the organization. The passage of a conscription act was opposed by some, including <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Dorothy Day</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Barry_O%27Toole" class="mw-redirect" title="George Barry O'Toole">George Barry O'Toole</a>, who were concerned that such conscription would not provide adequate protection for the rights of conscientious objectors. However, much of Hershey's work was codified into law with the <a href="/wiki/Selective_Training_and_Service_Act_of_1940" title="Selective Training and Service Act of 1940">Selective Training and Service Act of 1940</a> (STSA).<a href="#cite_note-Flynn1985-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: World War II">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lead_Belly_draft_registration_card,_ca._1942.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Lead_Belly_draft_registration_card%2C_ca._1942.jpg/220px-Lead_Belly_draft_registration_card%2C_ca._1942.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Lead_Belly_draft_registration_card%2C_ca._1942.jpg/330px-Lead_Belly_draft_registration_card%2C_ca._1942.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Lead_Belly_draft_registration_card%2C_ca._1942.jpg/440px-Lead_Belly_draft_registration_card%2C_ca._1942.jpg 2x" data-file-width="936" data-file-height="632" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>-era draft card belonging to musician Huddie Ledbetter, better known as <a href="/wiki/Lead_Belly" title="Lead Belly">Lead Belly</a></figcaption></figure> In the summer of 1940, after <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Nazi Germany conquered France</a>, Americans supported the return of conscription. One national survey found that 67% of respondents believed that a <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German</a>-<a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy_(1922%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist Italy (1922–1943)">Italian</a> victory would endanger the United States, and that 71% supported "the immediate adoption of compulsory military training for all young men".<a href="#cite_note-life19400729-33">[33]</a> Similarly, a November 1942 survey of American high-school students found that 69% favored compulsory postwar military training.<a href="#cite_note-life19421130110-34">[34]</a> The World War I system served as a model for that of World War II. President Roosevelt's signing of the Selective Training and Service Act on September 16, 1940, began the first peacetime draft in the United States. The 1940 law instituted conscription in peacetime, requiring the registration of all men between 21 and 35. It also reestablished the <a href="/wiki/Selective_Service_System" title="Selective Service System">Selective Service System</a> as an independent agency responsible for identifying young men and facilitating their military service. Roosevelt named <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Blaine_Hershey" title="Lewis Blaine Hershey">Lewis B. Hershey</a> to head the System on July 31, 1941; he remained in post until 1969.<a href="#cite_note-Flynn1985-32">[32]</a> This act came when other preparations, such as increased training and equipment production, had not yet been approved. Nevertheless, it served as the basis for the conscription programs that continue to the present. The act set a cap of 900,000 men to be in training at once, and limited military service to 12 months unless Congress deemed it necessary to extend such service in the interest of national defense. An amendment added 18 more months to this service period on August 18, 1941. After the <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor attack</a> the STSA was further amended (December 19, 1941), extending the term of service to the duration of the war plus six months and requiring the registration of all men 18 to 64 years of age. During World War II, 49 million men were registered, 36 million classified,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] and 10 million inducted.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> 18- and 19-year-olds were made liable for induction on November 13, 1942. By late 1942, the Selective Service System moved away from a national lottery to administrative selection by its more than 6,000 <a href="/wiki/Draft_board" title="Draft board">local boards</a>. On December 5, 1942, presidential <a href="/wiki/Executive_order_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive order (United States)">Executive Order</a> 9279 closed voluntary enlistment for all men from the ages of 18 to 37 for the duration of the war, providing protection for the nation's home front manpower pool. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">Navy</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a> began procuring their personnel through the Selective Service System in early 1943. The Navy and Marine Corps enlisted inductees and volunteers under the same service agreements, but with different service obligations, while the Army placed wartime inductees and volunteers into a special service component known as the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_United_States" title="Army of the United States">Army of the United States</a>, commonly known as the "AUS"; service commitments were set at the length of the war plus six months.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_V._McNutt" title="Paul V. McNutt">Paul V. McNutt</a>, head of the <a href="/wiki/War_Manpower_Commission" title="War Manpower Commission">War Manpower Commission</a>, estimated that the changes would increase the ratio of men drafted from one out of nine to one out of five. The commission's goal was to have nine million men in the armed forces by the end of 1943.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> This facilitated the massive requirement of up to 200,000 men per month and would remain the standard for the length of the war. The World War II draft operated from 1940 until 1946 when further inductions were suspended, and its legislative authorization expired without further extension by Congress in 1947. During this time, more than 10 million men had been inducted into military service.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-39">[39]</a> However, the Selective Service System remained intact. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Opposition_2">Opposition</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Opposition">edit</a>]</div> Draft evasion accounted for about 4% of the total inducted. About 373,000 alleged evaders were investigated with just over 16,000 being imprisoned.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated4-40">[40]</a> Opposition was nonetheless encountered, especially in the northern cities where some African-Americans protested the system. The <a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a> was at the forefront, with many <a href="/wiki/African-American_Muslims" title="African-American Muslims">Black Muslims</a> jailed for refusing the draft, and their leader <a href="/wiki/Elijah_Muhammad" title="Elijah Muhammad">Elijah Muhammad</a> was sentenced to federal prison for 5 years for inciting draft resistance. Organized draft resistance also developed in the <a href="/wiki/Internment_of_Japanese_Americans" title="Internment of Japanese Americans">Japanese American internment camps</a>, where groups like the <a href="/wiki/Heart_Mountain_Fair_Play_Committee" title="Heart Mountain Fair Play Committee">Heart Mountain Fair Play Committee</a> refused to serve unless they and their families were released. 300 <a href="/wiki/Nisei" title="Nisei">Nisei</a> men from eight of the ten <a href="/wiki/War_Relocation_Authority" title="War Relocation Authority">War Relocation Authority</a> camps were arrested and stood trial for felony <a href="/wiki/Draft_evasion" title="Draft evasion">draft evasion</a>; most were sentenced to federal prison.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">American Communists</a> also opposed the war by forming the "American Peace Committee", which tried to organize a coalition of anti-war groups. This lasted until <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Germany attacked the Soviet Union</a> in June 1941, whereupon they changed the committee's name to the "American People's Committee" and supported aid to Britain, the draft and other preparations for war.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Conscientious_objectors_in_WWII">Conscientious objectors in WWII</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Conscientious objectors in WWII">edit</a>]</div> Of the more than 72,000 men registering as <a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">conscientious objectors</a> (CO), nearly 52,000 received CO status. Of these, over 25,000 entered the military in noncombatant roles, another 12,000 went to the <a href="/wiki/Civilian_Public_Service" title="Civilian Public Service">Civilian Public Service</a> program, and nearly 6,000 went to prison. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Cold_War_and_Korean_War">Early Cold War and Korean War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Early Cold War and Korean War">edit</a>]</div> The second peacetime draft began with passage of the <a href="/wiki/Selective_Service_Act_of_1948" class="mw-redirect" title="Selective Service Act of 1948">Selective Service Act of 1948</a> after the STSA expired. The new law required all men of age 18 to 26 to register. It also created the system for the "Doctor Draft", aimed at inducting health professionals into military service.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Unless otherwise exempted or deferred (see <a href="/wiki/Berry_Plan" title="Berry Plan">Berry Plan</a>), these men could be called for up to 21 months of active duty and five years of reserve duty service. Congress further tweaked this act in 1950 although the post–World War II surplus of military manpower left little need for draft calls until <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">President Truman's</a> declaration of a national emergency in December 1950.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Only 20,348 men were inducted in 1948 and only 9,781 in 1949. Between the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>'s outbreak in June 1950 and the armistice agreement in 1953, Selective Service inducted over 1.5 million men.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-39">[39]</a> Another 1.3 million volunteered, usually choosing the Navy or Air Force.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated4-40">[40]</a> Congress passed the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Military_Training_and_Service_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Military Training and Service Act">Universal Military Training and Service Act</a> in 1951 to meet the demands of the war. It lowered the induction age to 18½ and extended active-duty service commitments to 24 months. Despite the early combat failures and later stalemate in Korea, the draft has been credited by some as playing a vital role in turning the tide of war.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-31">[31]</a> A February 1953 <a href="/wiki/Gallup_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup (company)">Gallup Poll</a> showed that 70 percent of Americans surveyed felt that the SSS had handled the draft fairly. Gallup reported that 64 percent of the demographic group including all draft age men (males 21 to 29) believed the draft to be fair.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> To improve equity in the system, President <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> signed an executive order on July 11, 1953, that ended the paternity deferment for married men.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> In large part, the change in the draft served the purposes of the burgeoning Cold War. From a program that had just barely passed Congressional muster during the fearful prelude to World War II, a more robust draft continued as fears now focused on the Soviet threat. Nevertheless, some dissenting voices in Congress continued to advocate for voluntary military service.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> The onset of the Cold War coincided with men born during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> beginning to reach military age. Hershey and other supporters of the draft frequently pointed out that the Depression had resulted in a substantial reduction of the <a href="/wiki/Birth_rate" title="Birth rate">birth rate</a> in order to back up their doubts regarding the return to an all-volunteer military at a time when it was known that the number of men reaching military age was going to fall significantly. The Korean War era marked the first time that any form of student deferment had been used. During the Korean War, a student carrying at least 12 semester hours was spared until the end of his current semester.<a href="#cite_note-Myra-49">[49]</a> Though the United States signed the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Armistice_Agreement" title="Korean Armistice Agreement">Korean War Armistice</a> on July 27, 1953, technology brought new promises and threats. American air and nuclear power fueled the Eisenhower doctrine of "massive retaliation." This strategy demanded more machines and fewer foot soldiers, so the draft slipped to the back burner. However, SSS director Gen. Hershey urged caution, fearing the conflict looming in Vietnam. In May 1953, he told his state directors to do everything possible to keep the SSS alive in order to meet expected needs.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Following the 1953 Korean War Armistice, Congress passed the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reserve_Forces_Act_of_1955&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reserve Forces Act of 1955 (page does not exist)">Reserve Forces Act of 1955</a> with the aim of improving <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Guard">National Guard</a> and federal <a href="/wiki/Reserve_components_of_the_United_States_Armed_Forces" title="Reserve components of the United States Armed Forces">Reserve Component</a> readiness while also constraining its use by the president. Toward this end, it mandated a six-year service commitment, in a combination of reserve and active duty time, for every line military member regardless of their means of entry. Meanwhile, the SSS kept itself alive by devising and managing a complex system of deferments for a swelling pool of candidates during a period of shrinking requirements. The greatest challenge to the draft came not from protesters but from lobbyists seeking additional deferments for their constituent groups such as scientists and farmers.<a href="#cite_note-Flynn1985-32">[32]</a> Many government leaders felt that the potential for a draft was a critical element in maintaining a constant flow of volunteers. On numerous occasions, General Hershey told Congress that for every man drafted, three or four more were scared into volunteering.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Assuming that his assessment was accurate, this would mean that more than 11 million men volunteered for service because of the draft between January 1954 and April 1975.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-31">[31]</a> The policy of using the draft to incentivize voluntary enlistment was unique in American history. Previous drafts had not aimed to encourage individuals to enlist in order to gain preferential placement or less dangerous postings. However, the incremental buildup of the Vietnam War without a clear threat to the country bolstered this focus.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-31">[31]</a> Some estimates suggest that almost one-third of all eligible men were conscripted during the period of 1965–69.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-Flynn2000-54">[54]</a> This group represented those without exemption or resources to avoid military service. During the active combat phase, the possibility of avoiding combat by selecting their service and military specialty led as many as four out of 11 eligible men to enlist.<a href="#cite_note-Useem-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> The military relied upon draft-induced volunteerism to meet its quotas, especially for the Army, which accounted for nearly 95% of all inductees during the Vietnam War era. For example, defense recruiting reports show that 34% of the recruits in 1964, up to 50% in 1970, indicated that they had joined voluntarily in order to avoid placement uncertainty via the draft.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> These rates dwindled to 24% in 1972 and 15% in 1973 after the change to a lottery system. Accounting for other factors, it can be argued up to 60% of those who served throughout the Vietnam War era did so directly or indirectly because of the draft.<a href="#cite_note-Useem-55">[55]</a> In addition, deferments provided an incentive for men to follow pursuits considered useful to the state. This process, known as channeling, helped push men into educational, occupational, and family choices that they might not otherwise have pursued. Undergraduate degrees were valued. Graduate work had varying value over time, though technical and religious training received nearly constant support. War-industry support in the form of teaching, research, or skilled labor also received deferred or exempt status. Finally, married and family men were exempted because of the positive social consequences.<a href="#cite_note-Flynn1985-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> This included using presidential orders to extend exemptions again to fathers and others.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Channeling was also seen as a means of preempting the early loss of the country's "best and brightest" who had historically joined and died early in war.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> In the only extended period of military conscription of U.S. males during a major peacetime period, the draft continued on a more limited basis during the late 1950s and early 1960s. While a far smaller percentage of eligible males were conscripted than in war periods, draftees by law served in the Army for two years. <a href="/wiki/Elvis_Presley" title="Elvis Presley">Elvis Presley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Willie_Mays" title="Willie Mays">Willie Mays</a> were two of the most famous people drafted during this period.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Public protests in the United States were few during the Korean War. However, the percentage of CO exemptions for inductees grew to 1.5%, compared to a rate of just .5% in the past two wars. The Justice Department also investigated more than 80,000 draft-evasion cases.<a href="#cite_note-Flynn2000-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vietnam_War">Vietnam War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Vietnam War">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_United_States_involvement_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War">Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Conscription-greeting-1970-09-24.pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img alt=""Greeting" letter from United States president ordering selective-service-system registrant to report for induction into the armed forces" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Conscription-greeting-1970-09-24.pdf/page1-220px-Conscription-greeting-1970-09-24.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Conscription-greeting-1970-09-24.pdf/page1-330px-Conscription-greeting-1970-09-24.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Conscription-greeting-1970-09-24.pdf/page1-440px-Conscription-greeting-1970-09-24.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1275" data-file-height="1650" /></a><figcaption>Conscription letter issued during the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GeraldFordDraft.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/GeraldFordDraft.jpg/220px-GeraldFordDraft.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/GeraldFordDraft.jpg/330px-GeraldFordDraft.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/GeraldFordDraft.jpg/440px-GeraldFordDraft.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2360" data-file-height="2360" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> announces amnesty for draft evaders at the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> in 1974</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Draft_card_burning_NYC_1967.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Draft_card_burning_NYC_1967.jpg/220px-Draft_card_burning_NYC_1967.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Draft_card_burning_NYC_1967.jpg/330px-Draft_card_burning_NYC_1967.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Draft_card_burning_NYC_1967.jpg/440px-Draft_card_burning_NYC_1967.jpg 2x" data-file-width="704" data-file-height="531" /></a><figcaption>Young men burn their draft cards at Sheep Meadow in <a href="/wiki/Central_Park" title="Central Park">Central Park</a>, New York City, on April 15, 1967</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">President Kennedy</a>'s decision to send military troops to Vietnam as <a href="/wiki/Military_advisor" title="Military advisor">advisors</a> was a signal that Selective Service Director Lewis B. Hershey needed to visit the <a href="/wiki/Oval_Office" title="Oval Office">Oval Office</a>. From that visit emerged two wishes of JFK with regard to conscription. The first was that the names of married men with children should occupy the very bottom of the callup list. Just above them should be the names of men who were married. This policy was implemented in practice, but was not encoded into statute by Congress. Men who fit into these categories became known as Kennedy Husbands. Many early rank-and-file anti-conscription protesters had been allied with the <a href="/wiki/National_Committee_for_a_Sane_Nuclear_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="National Committee for a Sane Nuclear Policy">National Committee for a Sane Nuclear Policy</a>. The signing in 1963 of the Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty left them free to focus on other issues.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Syndicated cartoonist <a href="/wiki/Al_Capp" title="Al Capp">Al Capp</a> portrayed them as S.W.I.N.E. (Students Wildly Indignant About Nearly Everything). Protest activity increased after the 1964 <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Tonkin_Resolution" title="Gulf of Tonkin Resolution">Gulf of Tonkin Resolution</a>. Consequently, there was some opposition to the draft even before the major U.S. involvement in the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> began. The large cohort of <a href="/wiki/Baby_Boomers" class="mw-redirect" title="Baby Boomers">Baby Boomers</a> who became eligible for military service during the Vietnam War allowed a steep increase in the number of exemptions and deferments, especially for college students. Besides being able to avoid the draft, college graduates who volunteered for military service (primarily as <a href="/wiki/Commissioned_officers" class="mw-redirect" title="Commissioned officers">commissioned officers</a>) had a much better chance of securing a preferential posting compared to less-educated inductees. Contrary to popular belief, the large majority of American soldiers who participated in the war, and who were killed in combat, were in fact volunteers and not draftees.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> As U.S. troop strength in <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a> increased, more young men were drafted for service there, and many of those still at home sought means of avoiding the draft. Since only 15,000 National Guard and Reserve soldiers were sent to South Vietnam, enlistment in the Guard or the Reserves became a popular means of avoiding serving in a war zone. For those who could meet the more stringent enlistment standards, service in the Air Force, Navy, or Coast Guard was a means of reducing the chances of being killed. Vocations to the ministry and the rabbinate soared, because divinity students were exempt from the draft. Doctors and <a href="/wiki/Draft_board" title="Draft board">draft board</a> members found themselves being pressured by relatives or family friends to exempt potential draftees. The marriage deferment ended suddenly on August 26, 1965. Around 3:10 pm, President Johnson signed an order allowing the draft of men who married after midnight that day, then around 5 pm, he announced the change for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> This caused a last-minute rush to the altar by thousands of American couples.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Some conscientious objectors objected to the war based on the theory of <a href="/wiki/Just_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Just War">Just War</a>. One of these, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Spiro" title="Stephen Spiro">Stephen Spiro</a>, was convicted of avoiding the draft, but given a suspended sentence of five years. He was later pardoned by President <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a>.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Between 1964 and 1973, 9,087,000 men and women would serve in the armed forces in some capacity. Of these, 2,594,000 would be deployed to Vietnam. 1,766,910 would be drafted into the military serving throughout the world. Most of those who were drafted went into the Army and less than 42,700 went into the Marine Corps. The Navy and Air Force did not accept draftees.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> From a pool of approximately 27 million, the draft raised 2,215,000 men for military service (in the United States, South Vietnam, and elsewhere) during the Vietnam War era. The majority of service members deployed to South Vietnam were volunteers, even though [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] hundreds of thousands of men opted to join the Army, Air Force, Navy, and Coast Guard (for three or four year terms of enlistment). If drafted, they would only serve for two years, but would have no choice over their military occupational specialty.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Of the nearly 16 million men not engaged in active military service, 96% were exempted (typically because of jobs including other military service), deferred (usually for educational reasons), or disqualified (usually for physical and mental deficiencies but also for criminal records including draft violations).<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-31">[31]</a> The requirements for obtaining and maintaining an educational deferment changed several times in the late 1960s. For several years, students were required to take an annual qualification test. In 1967 educational deferments were changed for graduate students. Those starting graduate studies in the fall of 1967 were given two semester deferments becoming eligible in June 1968. Those further along in their graduate study who entered prior to the summer of 1967 could continue to receive a deferment until they completed their studies. Peace Corps Volunteers were no longer given deferments and their induction was left to the discretion of their local boards. However most boards allowed Peace Corps Volunteers to complete their two-year assignment before inducting them into the military. On December 1, 1969, a <a href="/wiki/Draft_lottery_(1969)" class="mw-redirect" title="Draft lottery (1969)">lottery</a> was held to establish a draft priority for all those born between 1944 and 1950. Those with a high number no longer had to be concerned about the draft. Nearly 500,000 men were disqualified for criminal records, but fewer than 10,000 of them were convicted of draft violations.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated4-40">[40]</a> Finally, as many as 100,000 eligible men fled the country.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="End_of_conscription">End of conscription</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: End of conscription">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:190px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Jeffrey_Mellinger_in_1972.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Jeffrey_Mellinger_in_1972.png/142px-Jeffrey_Mellinger_in_1972.png" decoding="async" width="142" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Jeffrey_Mellinger_in_1972.png 1.5x" data-file-width="175" data-file-height="235" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:190px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Jeffrey_Mellinger_in_Iraq,_2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Jeffrey_Mellinger_in_Iraq%2C_2005.jpg/142px-Jeffrey_Mellinger_in_Iraq%2C_2005.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Jeffrey_Mellinger_in_Iraq%2C_2005.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="176" data-file-height="235" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Jeff Mellinger (left in 1972 and right in 2005) was the last active duty enlisted draftee in the U.S. Army before retiring in 2011</div></div></div></div> During the <a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="1968 United States presidential election">1968 presidential election</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> campaigned on a promise to end the draft.<a href="#cite_note-evans-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-74">[74]</a> He had become interested in the idea of an all-volunteer army during his time out of office, based upon a paper by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Anderson_(economist)" title="Martin Anderson (economist)">Martin Anderson</a> of <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>, and in part due to the efforts of ardent anti-draft activist-economist and <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel laureate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-aitken-75">[75]</a> Friedman has been quoted in interviews as stating: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">In the realm of policy, I regard eliminating the draft as my most important accomplishment.<a href="#cite_note-Best_of_Both_Worlds:_An_Interview_with_Milton_Friedman_–_Reason-76">[76]</a></blockquote> Nixon also saw ending the draft as an effective way to undermine the <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_United_States_involvement_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War">anti-Vietnam War movement</a> since he believed affluent youths would stop protesting the war once their own probability of having to fight in it was gone.<a href="#cite_note-:2-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> There was opposition to the all-volunteer notion from both Congress and the Department of Defense, so Nixon didn't take immediate action toward ending the draft early in his presidency.<a href="#cite_note-aitken-75">[75]</a> Instead, the Gates Commission was formed, headed by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Gates,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas S. Gates, Jr.">Thomas S. Gates, Jr.</a>, a former Secretary of Defense in the <a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Eisenhower administration">Eisenhower Administration</a>. Gates initially opposed the all-volunteer army idea but changed his mind during the course of the 15-member commission's work.<a href="#cite_note-aitken-75">[75]</a> The Gates Commission issued its report in February 1970, describing how adequate military strength could be maintained without having conscription.<a href="#cite_note-evans-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-griffith-78">[78]</a> The existing draft law was expiring at the end of June 1971, but the Department of Defense and Nixon administration decided the draft needed to continue for at least some time.<a href="#cite_note-griffith-78">[78]</a> In February 1971, the administration requested Congress to extend the draft for two years, to June 1973.<a href="#cite_note-nyt020371-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-black-80">[80]</a> Senatorial opponents of the war wanted to reduce this to a one-year extension, eliminate the draft altogether, or tie the draft renewal to a timetable for troop withdrawal from Vietnam;<a href="#cite_note-nyt060571-81">[81]</a> Senator <a href="/wiki/Mike_Gravel" title="Mike Gravel">Mike Gravel</a> of <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> took the most forceful approach, trying to <a href="/wiki/Filibuster" title="Filibuster">filibuster</a> the draft renewal legislation, shut conscription down, and directly force an end to the war.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Senators supporting Nixon's war efforts supported the bill even though some had qualms about ending the draft.<a href="#cite_note-black-80">[80]</a> After a prolonged battle in the Senate, a September 1971 <a href="/wiki/Cloture" title="Cloture">cloture</a> was achieved over the filibuster, and the draft renewal bill was approved.<a href="#cite_note-nyt092271-83">[83]</a> Meanwhile, military pay was increased as an incentive to attract volunteers, and television advertising for the U.S. Army began.<a href="#cite_note-evans-73">[73]</a> With the end of active U.S. ground participation in Vietnam, December 1972 saw the last men conscripted, who were born in 1952 and earlier.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> On February 2, 1972, a drawing was held to determine draft priority numbers for men born in 1953, but in January 1973, Secretary of Defense <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Laird" title="Melvin Laird">Melvin Laird</a> announced that no further draft orders would be issued.<a href="#cite_note-bbmdst-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-mdebld-86">[86]</a> In March 1973, 1974, and 1975, the Selective Service assigned draft priority numbers for all men born in 1954, 1955, and 1956 in case the draft was extended, but it never was.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> <a href="/wiki/Command_Sergeant_Major" class="mw-redirect" title="Command Sergeant Major">Command Sergeant Major</a> Jeff Mellinger, believed to be the last drafted <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_enlisted_rank_insignia" title="United States Army enlisted rank insignia">enlisted ranked</a> soldier still on active duty, retired in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> <a href="/wiki/Warrant_Officer#United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Warrant Officer">Chief Warrant Officer 5</a> Ralph E. Rigby, the last Vietnam War-era drafted soldier of Warrant Officer rank, retired from the army on November 10, 2014, after a 42-year career.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> December 28, 1972, had been scheduled to be the last day that draftees would be inducted that year. However, President Nixon declared that day a national day of mourning due to the death of former President Truman, and Federal offices were closed.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Men scheduled to report that day were never inducted since the draft was not resumed in 1973. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-1980_draft_registration">Post-1980 draft registration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Post-1980 draft registration">edit</a>]</div> On July 2, 1980, President <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> issued Presidential Proclamation 4771 and reinstated the requirement that young men register with the <a href="/wiki/Selective_Service_System" title="Selective Service System">Selective Service System</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> At that time, it was required that all males, born on or after January 1, 1960, register with the Selective Service System. Those who were now in this category were male U.S. citizens and male immigrant non-citizens between the ages of 18 and 25; they were required to register within 30 days of their 18th birthday even if they were not actually eligible to join the military.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Selective Service System, still essentially what it was in 1980, describes its mission as "to serve the emergency manpower needs of the Military by conscripting untrained manpower, or personnel with professional healthcare skills, if directed by Congress and the President in a national crisis."<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Registration is possible online or by mail. Registration forms are available at <a href="/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service" title="United States Postal Service">U.S. Post Offices</a>.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> The Selective Service registration form states that failure to register is a <a href="/wiki/Felony" title="Felony">felony</a> punishable by up to five years imprisonment or a $250,000 fine.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> In practice, though, no one has been prosecuted for failure to comply with draft registration since 1986,<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> in part because prosecutions of draft resisters in the 1980s proved counter-productive for the government,<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> and in part because of the difficulty of proving that noncompliance with the law was "knowing and willful". In interviews published in <a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News & World Report</a> in May 2016, current and former Selective Service System officials said that in 1988, the Department of Justice and Selective Service agreed to suspend any further prosecutions of nonregistrants.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> Many men do not register at all, register late, or change addresses without notifying the Selective Service System.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Even in the absence of prosecution, however, failure to register may lead to other consequences. Registration is a requirement for employment by the federal government and some state governments, as well as for receiving various state benefits such as driver's licenses.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Some collateral sanctions formerly in effect have been repealed: "From 1982 to 2021, males were required to register with Selective Service System to receive Title IV Federal student aid.... This requirement was eliminated by the FY 2021 Consolidated Appropriations Act.... [F]ailing to register with Selective Service System no longer impacts students' eligibility for Title IV student aid. Effective July 1, 2022, applicants will no longer be able to register with Selective Service System via the FAFSA."<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Healthcare_personnel">Healthcare personnel</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Healthcare personnel">edit</a>]</div> In 1951, the <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a> created the <a href="/wiki/Epidemic_Intelligence_Service" title="Epidemic Intelligence Service">Epidemic Intelligence Service</a> (EIS), a two-year program to train doctors, veterinarians, statisticians, and other health workers in epidemiology. Eligible health workers drafted into general military service during the Korean and Vietnam Wars could instead enlist in the EIS to guard against potential <a href="/wiki/Biological_warfare" title="Biological warfare">biological warfare</a>.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> On December 1, 1989, Congress ordered the Selective Service System to put in place a system capable of drafting "persons qualified for practice or employment in a health care and professional occupation", if such a special-skills draft should be ordered by Congress.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> In response, Selective Service published plans for the "Health Care Personnel Delivery System" (HCPDS) in 1989 and has had them ready ever since. The concept underwent a preliminary field exercise in Fiscal Year 1998, followed by a more extensive nationwide readiness exercise in Fiscal Year 1999. The HCPDS plans include women and men ages 20–54 in 57 different job categories.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> As of May 2003, the Defense Department has said the most likely form of draft is a special skills draft, probably of health care workers.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legality">Legality</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Legality">edit</a>]</div> In 1918, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> ruled that the World War I draft did not violate the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Selective_Draft_Law_Cases" title="Selective Draft Law Cases">Selective Draft Law Cases</a>. The Court summarized the history of conscription in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> and in colonial America, a history that it read as establishing that the <a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Framers</a> envisioned compulsory military service as a governmental power. It held that the Constitution's grant to Congress of the powers to declare war and to raise and support armies included the power to mandate conscription. It rejected arguments based on states' rights, the <a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">13th Amendment</a>, and other provisions of the Constitution. Later, during the Vietnam War, a lower <a href="/wiki/United_States_court_of_appeals" class="mw-redirect" title="United States court of appeals">appellate court</a> also concluded that the draft was constitutional. <a href="/wiki/Holmes_v._United_States" title="Holmes v. United States">United States v. Holmes</a>, 387 F.2d 781 (7th Cir.), cert. denied, 391 U.S. 936 (1968).<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> Justice <a href="/wiki/William_O._Douglas" title="William O. Douglas">William O. Douglas</a>, in voting to hear the appeal in Holmes, agreed that the government had the authority to employ conscription in wartime, but argued that the constitutionality of a draft in the absence of a declaration of war was an open question, which the Supreme Court should address. During the World War I era, the Supreme Court allowed the government great latitude in suppressing criticism of the draft. Examples include <a href="/wiki/Schenck_v._United_States" title="Schenck v. United States">Schenck v. United States</a>, 249 U.S. 47 (1919)<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> and Gilbert v. Minnesota, 254 U.S. 325 (1920).<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> In subsequent decades, however, the Court has taken a much broader view of the extent to which advocacy speech is protected by the <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">First Amendment</a>. Thus, in 1971 the Court held it unconstitutional for a state to punish a man who entered a county courthouse wearing a jacket with the words "Fuck the Draft" visible on it. <a href="/wiki/Cohen_v._California" title="Cohen v. California">Cohen v. California</a>, 403 U.S. 15 (1971).<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> Nevertheless, protesting the draft by the specific means of <a href="/wiki/Draft-card_burning" title="Draft-card burning">burning a draft registration card</a> can be constitutionally prohibited, because of the government's interest in prohibiting the "nonspeech" element involved in destroying the card. <a href="/wiki/United_States_v._O%27Brien" title="United States v. O'Brien">United States v. O'Brien</a>, 391 U.S. 367 (1968).<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> Since the reinstatement of draft registration in 1980, the Supreme Court has heard and decided four cases related to the Military Selective Service Act: Rostker v. Goldberg, 453 U.S. 57 (1981), upholding the Constitutionality of requiring men but not women to register for the draft; Selective Service v. Minnesota Public Interest Research Group (MPIRG), 468 U.S. 841 (1984), upholding the Constitutionality of the first of the federal "<a href="/wiki/Solomon_Amendment" title="Solomon Amendment">Solomon Amendment</a>" laws, which requires applicants for Federal student aid to certify that they have complied with draft registration, either by having registered or by not being required to register; Wayte v. United States, 470 U.S. 598 (1985), upholding the policies and procedures which the Supreme Court thought the government had used to select the "most vocal" nonregistrants for prosecution, after the government refused to comply with discovery orders by the trial court to produce documents and witnesses related to the selection of nonregistrants for prosecution; and <a href="/wiki/Elgin_v._Department_of_Treasury" title="Elgin v. Department of Treasury">Elgin v. Department of the Treasury, 567 U.S. 1 (2012)</a>, regarding procedures for judicial review of denial of Federal employment for nonregistrants.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> In 1981, several men filed lawsuit in the case <a href="/wiki/Rostker_v._Goldberg" title="Rostker v. Goldberg">Rostker v. Goldberg</a>, alleging that the Military Selective Service Act violates the <a href="/wiki/Due_Process_Clause" title="Due Process Clause">Due Process Clause</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fifth Amendment</a> by requiring that men only and not also women register with the Selective Service System. The Supreme Court upheld the act, stating that Congress's "decision to exempt women was not the accidental byproduct of a traditional way of thinking about women", that "since women are excluded from combat service by statute or military policy, men and women are simply not similarly situated for purposes of a draft or registration for a draft, and Congress' decision to authorize the registration of only men therefore does not violate the Due Process Clause", and that "the argument for registering women was based on considerations of equity, but Congress was entitled, in the exercise of its constitutional powers, to focus on the question of military need, rather than 'equity.'"<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> The Rostker v. Goldberg opinion's dependence upon deference on decision of the executive to exclude women from combat has garnered renewed scrutiny since the Department of Defense announced its decision in January 2013 to do away with most of the federal policies that have kept women from serving in combat roles in ground war situations.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> Both the U.S. Navy and the U.S. Air Force had by then already opened up virtually all positions in sea and air combat to women. Lawsuits were filed challenging the continued constitutionality of requiring men but not women to register with the Selective Service system: <a href="/wiki/National_Coalition_for_Men_v._Selective_Service_System" title="National Coalition for Men v. Selective Service System">National Coalition for Men v. Selective Service System</a> (filed April 4, 2013, <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Central_District_of_California" title="United States District Court for the Central District of California">U.S. District Court for the Central District of California</a>; dismissed by the District Court July 29, 2013 as not "ripe" for decision; appeal argued December 8, 2015 before the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Ninth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit">9th Circuit Court of Appeals</a>;<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> reversed and remanded February 19, 2016<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a>), and Kyle v. Selective Service System (filed July 3, 2015, <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_New_Jersey" title="United States District Court for the District of New Jersey">U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey</a>), brought on behalf of 17-year-old Elizabeth Kyle-LaBell by her mother, Allison. Elizabeth tried to register, but as a female, was not eligible.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_Coalition_for_Men_v._Selective_Service_System">National Coalition for Men v. Selective Service System</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: National Coalition for Men v. Selective Service System">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/National_Coalition_for_Men_v._Selective_Service_System" title="National Coalition for Men v. Selective Service System">National Coalition for Men v. Selective Service System</a></div> In February 2019, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Southern_District_of_Texas" title="United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas">United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas</a> ruled that male-only conscription registration breached the Fourteenth Amendment's equal protection clause, overturning the previous ruling on the grounds that the policies of the armed forces regarding women had changed significantly, such that they can now be used interchangeably with men. In a case brought by non-profit men's rights organisation the <a href="/wiki/National_Coalition_for_Men" title="National Coalition for Men">National Coalition for Men</a> against the U.S. Selective Service System, judge <a href="/wiki/Gray_H._Miller" title="Gray H. Miller">Gray H. Miller</a> issued a declaratory judgement that the male-only registration requirement is unconstitutional, though did not specify what action the government should take.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> That decision was reversed by the 5th Circuit Court of Appeals.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> A petition for review was then filed with the U.S. Supreme Court.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> In June 2021, the U.S. Supreme Court declined to review the decision by the Court of Appeals due to the fact that Congress was actively investigating removing the male-only requirement.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conscientious_objection">Conscientious objection</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Conscientious objection">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objection_in_the_United_States" title="Conscientious objection in the United States">Conscientious objection in the United States</a></div> According to the Selective Service System,<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> A conscientious objector is one who is opposed to serving in the armed forces and/or bearing arms on the grounds of moral or religious principles. ... Beliefs which qualify a registrant for CO status may be religious in nature, but don't have to be. Beliefs may be moral or ethical; however, a man's reasons for not wanting to participate in a war must not be based on politics, expediency, or self-interest. In general, the man's lifestyle prior to making his claim must reflect his current claims.</blockquote> The Supreme Court has ruled in cases <a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Seeger" title="United States v. Seeger">United States v. Seeger</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> (1965) and Welsh v. United States<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> (1970) that conscientious objection can be by non-religious beliefs as well as religious beliefs; but it has also ruled in <a href="/wiki/Gillette_v._United_States" title="Gillette v. United States">Gillette v. United States</a> (1971) against objections to specific wars as grounds for conscientious objection.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> There is currently no mechanism to indicate that one is a conscientious objector in the Selective Service system. According to the SSS, after a person is drafted, he can claim <a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">conscientious objector</a> status and then justify it before the Local Board. This is criticized because during the times of a draft, when the country is in emergency conditions, there could be increased pressure for Local Boards to be more harsh on conscientious objector claims. There are two types of status for conscientious objectors. If a person objects only to combat but not to service in the military, then the person could be given noncombatant service in the military without training of <a href="/wiki/Weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Weapons">weapons</a>. If the person objects to all military service, then the person could be ordered to "<a href="/wiki/Alternative_Service_Program" title="Alternative Service Program">alternative service</a>" with a job "deemed to make a meaningful contribution to the maintenance of the national health, safety, and interest". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selective_Service_reforms">Selective Service reforms</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Selective Service reforms">edit</a>]</div> The Selective Service System has maintained that they have implemented several reforms that would make the draft more fair and equitable. Some of the measures they have implemented include:<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> <ul><li>Before and during the Vietnam War, a young man could get a deferment by showing that he was a full-time student making satisfactory progress toward a degree; now deferment only lasts to the end of the semester. If the man is a senior he can defer until the end of the academic year.</li> <li>The government has said that draft boards are now more representative of the local communities in areas such as race and national origin.</li> <li>A lottery system would be used to determine the order of people being called up. Previously the oldest men who were found eligible for the draft would be taken first. In the new system, the men called first would be those who are or will turn 20 years old in the calendar year or those whose deferments will end in the calendar year. Following this, men above 20 years will be called in sequence up until their liability ends; eligible men below the 20-year cutoff (i.e. 18 and 19-year-olds) will then be called afterwards, being lowest priority.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conscription_controversies_and_proposals_since_2003">Conscription controversies and proposals since 2003</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Conscription controversies and proposals since 2003">edit</a>]</div> The effort to enforce Selective Service registration law was abandoned in 1986. Since then, no attempt to reinstate conscription has been able to attract much support in the legislature or among the public.<a href="#cite_note-Edward_Hasbrouck-129">[129]</a> Since early 2003, when the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> appeared imminent, there had been attempts through <a href="/wiki/Legislation" title="Legislation">legislation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Political_campaign" title="Political campaign">campaign</a> <a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">rhetoric</a> to begin a new public conversation on the topic. Public opinion since 1981 has been largely negative.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> In 2003, several <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> congressmen (<a href="/wiki/Charles_Rangel" title="Charles Rangel">Charles Rangel</a> of New York, <a href="/wiki/Jim_McDermott" title="Jim McDermott">Jim McDermott</a> of <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Conyers" title="John Conyers">John Conyers</a> of <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">John Lewis</a> of <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pete_Stark" title="Pete Stark">Pete Stark</a> of <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neil_Abercrombie" title="Neil Abercrombie">Neil Abercrombie</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>) introduced <a href="/wiki/Universal_National_Service_Act" title="Universal National Service Act">legislation</a> that would draft both men and women into either military or civilian government service, should there be a draft in the future. The bill was defeated on October 5, 2004, with two members voting for it and 402 members voting against. Of those who introduced the bill, only Stark voted in support.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> This statement was in reference to the U.S. Department of Defense use of <a href="/wiki/Stop-loss_policy" title="Stop-loss policy">"stop-loss"</a> orders, which have extended the Active Duty periods of some military personnel. All enlistees, upon entering the service, volunteer for a minimum eight-year Military Service Obligation (MSO). This MSO is split between a minimum active duty period, followed by a reserve period where enlistees may be called back to active duty for the remainder of the eight years.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> Some of these active duty extensions have been for as long as two years. The Pentagon stated that as of August 24, 2004, 20,000 Soldiers, Sailors, Airmen, and Marines had been affected.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> As of January 31, 2006 it has been reported that more than 50,000 soldiers and reservists had been affected.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> Despite arguments by defense leaders that they had no interest in re-instituting the draft, Representative <a href="/wiki/Neil_Abercrombie" title="Neil Abercrombie">Neil Abercrombie</a>'s (D-HI) inclusion of a DOD memo in the <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Record" title="Congressional Record">Congressional Record</a> which detailed a meeting by senior leaders signaled renewed interest. Though the conclusion of the meeting memo did not call for a reinstatement of the draft, it did suggest Selective Service Act modifications to include registration by women and self-reporting of critical skills that could serve to meet military, homeland-defense, and humanitarian needs.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> This hinted at more targeted draft options being considered, perhaps like that of the "Doctor Draft" that began in the 1950s to provide nearly 66% of the medical professionals who served in the Army in Korea.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> Once created, this manpower tool continued to be used through 1972. The meeting memo gave DOD's primary reason for opposing a draft as a matter of cost effectiveness and efficiency. Draftees with less than two years' retention were said to be a net drain on military resources providing insufficient benefit to offset overhead costs of using them.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-31">[31]</a> Mentions of the draft during the presidential campaign[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words">which?</a>] led to a resurgence of anti-draft and draft resistance organizing.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> One poll of young voters in October 2004 found that 29% would resist if drafted.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> In November 2006, Representative <a href="/wiki/Charles_B._Rangel" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles B. Rangel">Charles B. Rangel</a> (D-NY) again called for the draft to be reinstated; <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker of the House</a> <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Nancy Pelosi</a> rejected the proposal.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> On December 19, 2006, President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> announced that he was considering sending more troops to Iraq. The next day, the Selective Service System's director for operations and chief information officer, Scott Campbell, announced plans for a "readiness exercise" to test the system's operations in 2006, for the first time since 1998.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> On December 21, 2006, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Veterans_Affairs" title="United States Department of Veterans Affairs">Veterans Affairs</a> Secretary <a href="/wiki/Jim_Nicholson_(U.S._politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jim Nicholson (U.S. politician)">Jim Nicholson</a>, when asked by a reporter whether the draft should be reinstated to make the military more equal, said, "I think that our society would benefit from that, yes sir." Nicholson proceeded to relate his experience as a company commander in an infantry unit which brought together soldiers of different socioeconomic backgrounds and education levels, noting that the draft "does bring people from all quarters of our society together in the common purpose of serving". Nicholson later issued a statement saying he does not support reinstating the draft.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> On August 10, 2007, with <a href="/wiki/National_Public_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="National Public Radio">National Public Radio</a> on "All Things Considered", <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant General">Lieutenant General</a> <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Lute" title="Douglas Lute">Douglas Lute</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Security" class="mw-redirect" title="National Security">National Security</a> Adviser to the President and Congress for all matters pertaining to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Military">United States Military</a> efforts in <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, expressed support for a draft to alleviate the stress on the Army's all-volunteer force. He cited the fact that repeated deployments place much strain upon one soldier's family and himself which, in turn, can affect retention.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> A similar bill to Rangel's 2003 one was introduced in 2007, called the <a href="/wiki/Universal_National_Service_Act_of_2007" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal National Service Act of 2007">Universal National Service Act of 2007</a> (H.R. 393), but it has not received a hearing or been scheduled for consideration. At the end of June 2014 in Pennsylvania, 14,250 letters were erroneously posted to men born in the 19th century calling upon them to register with the Selective Service. This was attributed to a clerk at the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation who failed to select a century during a transfer of 400,000 records to the Selective Service; as a result, the system did not differentiate between men born in 1993 (who would need to register) and those born in 1893 (who would almost certainly be dead).<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> This was compared to the "<a href="/wiki/Year_2000_problem" title="Year 2000 problem">Year 2000 problem</a>" ("Y2K bug"), in which computer programs that represented years using two digits instead of four digits were expected to have problems beginning in the year 2000.<a href="#cite_note-:0-144">[144]</a> The Selective Service identified 27,218 records of men born in the 19th century made errantly applicable by the change of century and began sending out notices to them on June 30.<a href="#cite_note-:0-144">[144]</a> On June 14, 2016, the Senate voted to require women to register for the draft, though language requiring this was dropped from later versions of the bill.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> In 2020, the <a href="/wiki/Bipartisanship" title="Bipartisanship">bipartisan</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Commission_on_Military,_National,_and_Public_Service" title="National Commission on Military, National, and Public Service">National Commission on Military, National, and Public Service</a> issued a final report recommending that the military improve enlistment rates through improved outreach and recruiting rather than a renewed draft. However, it also recommended that the U.S. Department of Defense perform regular national mobilization drills to rehearse a recommencement of the draft.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> In 2020 and 2021, bills were introduced in Congress either to repeal the Military Selective Service Act<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> or, alternatively, to replace all references to "male" in that act with non-gendered language.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> Either of these proposals, if enacted, would remove any gender and sex conditionality related to the draft. Neither proposal was enacted. In 2024, an amendment to the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2025 was proposed that males "between the ages of eighteen and twenty-six, shall be automatically registered" with Selective Service. If enacted, the amendment would enable automatic draft registration using data from other federal databases.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> Other proposed amendments to the 2025 NDAA included exempting any potential conscripted females from combat assignments during a future draft, removing the registration requirement for federal employees, and requiring Senate confirmation of the Selective Service System Director.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Non-citizens">Non-citizens</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Non-citizens">edit</a>]</div> The Selective Service (and the draft) in the United States is not limited to citizens. <a href="/wiki/Howard_Stringer" title="Howard Stringer">Howard Stringer</a>, for example, was drafted six weeks after arriving from his native Britain in 1965.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> Today, non-citizen males of appropriate age in the United States, who are <a href="/wiki/Permanent_residence_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Permanent residence (United States)">permanent residents</a> (holders of <a href="/wiki/Permanent_residence_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Permanent residence (United States)">green cards</a>), seasonal agricultural workers not holding an <a href="/wiki/H-2A_visa" title="H-2A visa">H-2A Visa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Refugee" title="Refugee">refugees</a>, parolees, <a href="/wiki/Asylum_in_the_United_States" title="Asylum in the United States">asylees</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">illegal immigrants</a>, are required to register with the Selective Service System.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> Refusal to do so is grounds for denial of a future citizenship application. In addition, immigrants who seek to <a href="/wiki/Naturalization" title="Naturalization">naturalize</a> as citizens must, as part of the Oath of Citizenship, recite the following:<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> ... that I will bear arms on behalf of the United States when required by the law; that I will perform noncombatant service in the armed forces of the United States when required by the law; that I will perform work of national importance under civilian direction when required by the law;</blockquote> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Citizenship_and_Immigration_Services" title="United States Citizenship and Immigration Services">United States Citizenship and Immigration Services</a> (USCIS) also allows the recital of a "Modified Oath for Religious or Conscientious Objections" with either or both of the clauses "that I will bear arms on behalf of the United States when required by law; that I will perform noncombatant service in the Armed Forces of the United States when required by law" deleted.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Statistics">Statistics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Statistics">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Selective_Service_System">Selective Service System</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Selective Service System">edit</a>]</div> Numbers reflect the year draftees entered military service. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Conflict</th> <th>Dates active</th> <th>Number of wartime draftees<a href="#cite_note-sss.gov-157">[157]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></td> <td>September 1917 – November 1918</td> <td align="right">2,810,296 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></td> <td>November 1940 – October 1946</td> <td align="right">10,110,104 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></td> <td>June 1950 – June 1953</td> <td align="right">1,529,539 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></td> <td>August 1964 – February 1973</td> <td align="right">1,857,304 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Total draftees<a href="#cite_note-sss.gov-157">[157]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>1917 </th> <td>516,212 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1918 </th> <td>2,294,084 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1940 </th> <td>18,633 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1941 </th> <td>923,842 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1942 </th> <td>3,033,361 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1943 </th> <td>3,323,970 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1944 </th> <td>1,591,942 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1945 </th> <td>945,862 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1946 </th> <td>183,383 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1947 </th> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1948 </th> <td>20,348 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1949 </th> <td>9,781 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1950 </th> <td>219,771 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1951 </th> <td>551,806 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1952 </th> <td>438,479 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1953 </th> <td>473,806 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1954 </th> <td>253,230 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1955 </th> <td>152,777 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1956 </th> <td>137,940 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1957 </th> <td>138,504 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1958 </th> <td>142,246 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1959 </th> <td>96,143 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1960 </th> <td>86,602 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1961 </th> <td>118,586 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1962 </th> <td>82,060 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1963 </th> <td>119,265 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1964 </th> <td>112,386 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1965 </th> <td>230,991 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1966 </th> <td>382,010 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1967 </th> <td>228,263 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1968 </th> <td>296,406 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1969 </th> <td>283,586 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1970 </th> <td>162,746 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1971 </th> <td>94,092 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1972 </th> <td>49,514 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1973 </th> <td>646 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_history_of_soldiers_and_veterans_in_the_United_States" title="Social history of soldiers and veterans in the United States">Social history of soldiers and veterans in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_crisis" title="Conscription crisis">Conscription crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demobilization_of_United_States_armed_forces_after_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Demobilization of United States armed forces after World War II">Demobilization of United States armed forces after World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_service" title="National service">National service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_churches" title="Peace churches">Peace churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_Service_System" title="Selective Service System">Selective Service System</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Footnotes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHolbrook2001" class="citation web cs1">Holbrook, Heber A. (July 4, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060714115901/http://www.pacshiprev.com/PacificArchivesSubDirectory/page32.html">"The Crisis Years: 1940 and 1941"</a>. The Pacific Ship and Shore Historical Review. p. 2. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pacshiprev.com/PacificArchivesSubDirectory/page32.html">the original</a> on July 14, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Pacific+Ship+and+Shore+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Crisis+Years%3A+1940+and+1941&rft.pages=2&rft.date=2001-07-04&rft.aulast=Holbrook&rft.aufirst=Heber+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pacshiprev.com%2FPacificArchivesSubDirectory%2Fpage32.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200316113435/https://www.sss.gov/Registration/Why-Register">"Registration > Why Register"</a>. Selective Service System. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sss.gov/Registration/Why-Register">the original</a> on March 16, 2020. Retrieved January 3, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Selective+Service+System&rft.atitle=Registration+%3E+Why+Register&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sss.gov%2FRegistration%2FWhy-Register&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090507213840/http://www.sss.gov/FSwho.htm">"Who Must Register"</a>. sss.gov. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sss.gov/FSwho.htm">the original</a> on May 7, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Who+Must+Register&rft.pub=sss.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sss.gov%2FFSwho.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sss.gov/faq/">"Frequently Asked Questions"</a>. Selective Service System. Retrieved June 12, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Selective+Service+System&rft.atitle=Frequently+Asked+Questions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sss.gov%2Ffaq%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/10/246">"10 U.S. Code § 246 – Militia: Composition and classes"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=10+U.S.+Code+%C2%A7+246+%E2%80%93+Militia%3A+Composition+and+classes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.cornell.edu%2Fuscode%2Ftext%2F10%2F246&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStentiford2002" class="citation book cs1">Stentiford, Barry M. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sNYc6alAb4IC&q=unorganized+militia+conscription&pg=PA18">The American Home Guard: The State Militia in the Twentieth Century</a>. Texas A&M University Press. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58544-181-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58544-181-5"><bdi>978-1-58544-181-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Home+Guard%3A+The+State+Militia+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-58544-181-5&rft.aulast=Stentiford&rft.aufirst=Barry+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsNYc6alAb4IC%26q%3Dunorganized%2Bmilitia%2Bconscription%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreeman1971" class="citation journal cs1">Freeman, Harrop A. (Spring 1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/ilj/vol46/iss3/2">"The Constitutionality of Direct Federal Military Conscription"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Indiana_Law_Journal" title="Indiana Law Journal">Indiana Law Journal</a>. 46 (3) 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indiana+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Constitutionality+of+Direct+Federal+Military+Conscription&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=3&rft.artnum=2&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Freeman&rft.aufirst=Harrop+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.repository.law.indiana.edu%2Filj%2Fvol46%2Fiss3%2F2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHouse1955" class="citation book cs1">House, United States Congress (1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SQVvM0BJ_hwC&dq=daniel+webster+conscription+%22a+free+government+with+an+uncontrolled+power+of+military+conscription+is+the+most+ridiculous+and+abominable+contradiction%22&pg=PA2071">Hearings</a>. U.S. Government Printing Office.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hearings&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1955&rft.aulast=House&rft.aufirst=United+States+Congress&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSQVvM0BJ_hwC%26dq%3Ddaniel%2Bwebster%2Bconscription%2B%2522a%2Bfree%2Bgovernment%2Bwith%2Ban%2Buncontrolled%2Bpower%2Bof%2Bmilitary%2Bconscription%2Bis%2Bthe%2Bmost%2Bridiculous%2Band%2Babominable%2Bcontradiction%2522%26pg%3DPA2071&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Article_Two_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article Two of the United States Constitution">Article Two of the United States Constitution</a>, section 2, clause 1 </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> John W. Chambers, II (ed.-in-chief), The Oxford Companion to American Military History (Oxford University Press, 1999, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-507198-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-507198-0">0-19-507198-0</a>), 180. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Webster, Daniel</a> (December 9, 1814) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/journals/lar/pdfs/1_2/1_2_5.pdf">On Conscription</a>, reprinted in <a href="/wiki/Left_and_Right:_A_Journal_of_Libertarian_Thought" title="Left and Right: A Journal of Libertarian Thought">Left and Right: A Journal of Libertarian Thought</a> (Autumn 1965) </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Chambers, ed. The Oxford Companion to American Military History, 181. </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> James W. Geary, We Need Men: The Union Draft in the Civil War (1991) </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Escott, Paul. Military Necessity: Civil-Military Relations in the Confederacy. Westport, CT: Praeger Security International, 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShankman1977" class="citation journal cs1">Shankman, Arnold (April 1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.psu.edu/pmhb/article/view/43334">"Draft Resistance in Civil War Pennsylvania"</a>. The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography. 101 (2): 190–204. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20091147">20091147</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Pennsylvania+Magazine+of+History+and+Biography&rft.atitle=Draft+Resistance+in+Civil+War+Pennsylvania&rft.volume=101&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=190-204&rft.date=1977-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20091147%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Shankman&rft.aufirst=Arnold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.psu.edu%2Fpmhb%2Farticle%2Fview%2F43334&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Moore 1924 </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://storyoftheweek.loa.org/2018/02/what-black-man-wants.html">"What the Black Man Wants"</a>. Retrieved September 20, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+the+Black+Man+Wants&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstoryoftheweek.loa.org%2F2018%2F02%2Fwhat-black-man-wants.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> H.R. Report No. 141, 73rd Cong. 1st session at 2-5 (1933) </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Howard Zinn, People's History of the United States. (Harper Collins, 2003): 134 </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeva2013" class="citation book cs1">Geva, Dorit (July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/conscription-family-and-the-modern-state/E2A70D9397699B2C33A94699A106A3CD">Conscription, Family, and the Modern State: A Comparative Study of France and the United States</a>. Cambridge Core. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9781139177139">10.1017/CBO9781139177139</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-17713-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-17713-9"><bdi>978-1-139-17713-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved May 2, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conscription%2C+Family%2C+and+the+Modern+State%3A+A+Comparative+Study+of+France+and+the+United+States&rft.pub=Cambridge+Core&rft.date=2013-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9781139177139&rft.isbn=978-1-139-17713-9&rft.aulast=Geva&rft.aufirst=Dorit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fconscription-family-and-the-modern-state%2FE2A70D9397699B2C33A94699A106A3CD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Chambers (1987) </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Zinn (2003) </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeva2011" class="citation journal cs1">Geva, Dorit (October 1, 2011). "Different and Unequal? Breadwinning, Dependency Deferments, and the Gendered Origins of the U.S. Selective Service System". Armed Forces & Society. 37 (4): 598–618. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0095327X09358654">10.1177/0095327X09358654</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0095-327X">0095-327X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145781367">145781367</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Armed+Forces+%26+Society&rft.atitle=Different+and+Unequal%3F+Breadwinning%2C+Dependency+Deferments%2C+and+the+Gendered+Origins+of+the+U.S.+Selective+Service+System&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=598-618&rft.date=2011-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145781367%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0095-327X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0095327X09358654&rft.aulast=Geva&rft.aufirst=Dorit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Nancy Ford, Americans all!: foreign-born soldiers in World War I (2001) </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Chambers, To Raise an Army: The Draft Comes to Modern America (1987), p. 218 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShenk200562-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShenk200562_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShenk200562_26-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFShenk2005">Shenk 2005</a>, p. 62. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Chambers, To Raise an Army: The Draft Comes to Modern America (1987), pp. 219–220 </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_28-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_President's_Commission_on_an_All-Volunteer_Armed_Force1971" class="citation book cs1">United States President's Commission on an All-Volunteer Armed Force (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UdelqRn46SgC">Studies Prepared for the President's Commission on an All-Volunteer Armed Force</a>. U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. III-1-22 to III-1-23. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/72610221">72610221</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+Prepared+for+the+President%27s+Commission+on+an+All-Volunteer+Armed+Force&rft.pages=III-1-22+to+III-1-23&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F72610221&rft.au=United+States+President%27s+Commission+on+an+All-Volunteer+Armed+Force&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUdelqRn46SgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> John Whiteclay Chambers II, To Raise an Army: The Draft Comes to Modern America (1987), pp. 216–217 </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff_of_the_Catholic_Peace_Fellowship2007" class="citation journal cs1">Staff of the Catholic Peace Fellowship (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholicpeacefellowship.org/downloads/March_2007.pdf">"The Life and Witness of Ben Salmon"</a> (PDF). Sign of Peace. 6.1 (Spring 2007): 9–16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sign+of+Peace&rft.atitle=The+Life+and+Witness+of+Ben+Salmon&rft.volume=6.1&rft.issue=Spring+2007&rft.pages=9-16&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Staff+of+the+Catholic+Peace+Fellowship&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicpeacefellowship.org%2Fdownloads%2FMarch_2007.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated2-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_31-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_31-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_31-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_31-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_31-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_31-6">g</a> Morris, Brett. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA450937.pdf">The Effects of the Draft on US Presidential Approval Ratings during the Vietnam War, 1954–1975</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111128105356/http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf&AD=ADA450937">Archived</a> November 28, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Doctoral dissertation, University of Alabama (Tuscaloosa). </li> <li id="cite_note-Flynn1985-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Flynn1985_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Flynn1985_32-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Flynn1985_32-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Flynn1985_32-3">d</a> Flynn, G. (1985), Lewis B. Hershey, Mr. Selective Service. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-life19400729-33"><a href="#cite_ref-life19400729_33-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xz8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA20">"What the U.S.A. Thinks"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Life_(magazine)" title="Life (magazine)">Life</a>. July 29, 1940. p. 20. Retrieved November 10, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Life&rft.atitle=What+the+U.S.A.+Thinks&rft.pages=20&rft.date=1940-07-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxz8EAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-life19421130110-34"><a href="#cite_ref-life19421130110_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RkEEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA110">"Survey Shows What Youth is Thinking"</a>. Life. November 30, 1942. p. 110. Retrieved November 23, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Life&rft.atitle=Survey+Shows+What+Youth+is+Thinking&rft.pages=110&rft.date=1942-11-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRkEEAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> George Q. Flynn, The Draft, 1940–1973. (1993) </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Clifford, J., & Spencer, S. (1986). First Peacetime Draft. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> "Conscription Order #1", Office of the War Department, Records of the Personnel Division (G-1), U.S. National Archives Record Group 165 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/165.html#165.3">[1]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NVEEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA27">"Manpower: Sweeping Changes Halt Enlistments, Cut Top Draft Age to 38, Give McNutt Selective Service Control"</a>. Life. December 21, 1942. p. 27. Retrieved November 24, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Life&rft.atitle=Manpower%3A+Sweeping+Changes+Halt+Enlistments%2C+Cut+Top+Draft+Age+to+38%2C+Give+McNutt+Selective+Service+Control&rft.pages=27&rft.date=1942-12-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNVEEAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_39-1">b</a> Selective Service System. (May 27, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sss.gov/induct.htm">Induction Statistics. In Inductions (by year) from World War I Through the End of the Draft (1973)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090507211238/http://www.sss.gov/induct.htm">Archived</a> May 7, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved May 5, 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated4-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated4_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated4_40-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated4_40-2">c</a> Chambers, J. (1987). To Raise an Army: The Draft Comes to Modern America. New York: Free Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuller" class="citation web cs1">Muller, Eric L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encyclopedia.densho.org/Draft%20resistance/">"Draft resistance"</a>. Densho Encyclopedia. Retrieved August 27, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Draft+resistance&rft.pub=Densho+Encyclopedia&rft.aulast=Muller&rft.aufirst=Eric+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia.densho.org%2FDraft%2520resistance%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuhle" class="citation web cs1">Buhle, Paul. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/history/usa/parties/cpusa/encyclopedia-american-left.htm">"Communist Party, USA"</a>. Encyclopedia of the American Left. Retrieved January 2, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Communist+Party%2C+USA&rft.pub=Encyclopedia+of+the+American+Left&rft.aulast=Buhle&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Fhistory%2Fusa%2Fparties%2Fcpusa%2Fencyclopedia-american-left.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Hershey, L. (1960). Outline of Historical Background of Selective Service and Chronology. (Available from Selective Service System, 1724 F Street NW, Washington, D.C. 20435) </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Selective Service System. (1953). Selective Service under the 1948 Act extended (212278-53-7). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Gallup, G. (1972). The Gallup Poll: Public opinion, 1935–1971 (Vol. 2). New York: Random House. </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Office of Public and Intergovernmental Affairs, Selective Service System. (February 19, 2004). Fast facts. In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sss.gov/FactSheets/FSeffects.pdf">Effects of Marriage and Fatherhood on Draft Eligibility</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090507224610/https://www.sss.gov/FactSheets/FSeffects.pdf">Archived</a> May 7, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved May 5, 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> Gilliam, R. (1982). The Peacetime Draft: Voluntarism to Coercion. In M. Anderson (Ed.), The Military Draft: Selected Readings on Conscription (pp. 97–116). Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press. (Original work published 1968) </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> O'Sullivan, J. & A. Meckler. (Eds.). (1974). The Draft and Its Enemies: A Documentary History. Urbana, Ill.: University of Illinois Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-Myra-49"><a href="#cite_ref-Myra_49-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMyra_MacPherson2001" class="citation book cs1">Myra MacPherson (2001). Long Time Passing, New Edition: Vietnam and the Haunted Generation. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. p. 92.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Long+Time+Passing%2C+New+Edition%3A+Vietnam+and+the+Haunted+Generation&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+Indiana&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Myra+MacPherson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Hershey, 1953 </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> House Committee on Appropriations Hearings, 1958. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bXg0AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA215">United States Congress House Committee on Appropriations 1958</a>. 1958.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=United+States+Congress+House+Committee+on+Appropriations+1958&rft.date=1958&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbXg0AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA215&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Chambers, J. (ed), 1987 </li> <li id="cite_note-Flynn2000-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Flynn2000_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Flynn2000_54-1">b</a> Flynn, G. (2000). The Draft, 1940–1973. Lawrence, KS: University of Kansas Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-Useem-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Useem_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Useem_55-1">b</a> Useem, M. (1973). Conscription, Protest and Social Conflict: The Life and Death of a Draft Resistance Movement. New York: Wiley. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Oi, W. (1982). "The Economic Cost of the Draft". In M. Anderson (Ed.), The Military Draft: Selected Readings on Conscription (pp. 317–346). Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAngrist1991" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Angrist" title="Joshua Angrist">Angrist, Joshua D.</a> (September 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nber.org/papers/w3514.pdf">"The Draft Lottery and Voluntary Enlistment in the Vietnam Era"</a> (PDF). Journal of the American Statistical Association. 86 (415): 584–595. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2290386">10.2307/2290386</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2290386">2290386</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Statistical+Association&rft.atitle=The+Draft+Lottery+and+Voluntary+Enlistment+in+the+Vietnam+Era&rft.volume=86&rft.issue=415&rft.pages=584-595&rft.date=1991-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2290386&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2290386%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Angrist&rft.aufirst=Joshua+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nber.org%2Fpapers%2Fw3514.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Binkin, M., & Johnston, J. (1973), All-volunteer Armed Forces: Progress, Problems, and Prospects, report by the <a href="/wiki/Brookings_Institution" title="Brookings Institution">Brookings Institution</a> prepared for the Senate Armed Services Committee, 93rd Congress, First Session. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiu2008" class="citation journal cs1">Siu, Henry E. (September 2008). "The fiscal role of conscription in the U.S. World War II effort". Journal of Monetary Economics. 55 (6): 1094–1112. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FJ.JMONECO.2008.07.005">10.1016/J.JMONECO.2008.07.005</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14697432">14697432</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Monetary+Economics&rft.atitle=The+fiscal+role+of+conscription+in+the+U.S.+World+War+II+effort&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1094-1112&rft.date=2008-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FJ.JMONECO.2008.07.005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14697432%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Siu&rft.aufirst=Henry+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> Marmion, H. (1968). Selective Service: Conflict and Compromise. New York: John Wiley & Sons. </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Office of Public and Intergovernmental Affairs, 2004 </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Senate Committee on Labor and Public Welfare, The nation's manpower revolution, 88th Cong., 2817 (1963) (testimony of Lewis B. Hershey). </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Chambers, 1987 </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKohn1986" class="citation book cs1">Kohn, S. (1986). Jailed for Peace: The History of American Draft Law Violations, 1658–1985. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jailed+for+Peace%3A+The+History+of+American+Draft+Law+Violations%2C+1658%E2%80%931985&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Kohn&rft.aufirst=S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/five-myths/five-myths-about-the-vietnam-war/2017/09/29/467ef3e0-a474-11e7-ade1-76d061d56efa_story.html">"Five myths about the Vietnam War"</a>. Washington Post. September 29, 2017. Retrieved June 26, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Five+myths+about+the+Vietnam+War&rft.date=2017-09-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Foutlook%2Ffive-myths%2Ffive-myths-about-the-vietnam-war%2F2017%2F09%2F29%2F467ef3e0-a474-11e7-ade1-76d061d56efa_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrvedahl2006" class="citation web cs1">Orvedahl, Reid (January 6, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/Primetime/story?id=132298">"PrimeTime: Marrying to Avoid Draft"</a>. ABC News. Retrieved June 6, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=PrimeTime%3A+Marrying+to+Avoid+Draft&rft.date=2006-01-06&rft.aulast=Orvedahl&rft.aufirst=Reid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FPrimetime%2Fstory%3Fid%3D132298&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2017/09/23/a-rush-to-the-altar-to-avoid-the-vietnam-draft-the-day-lbj-eliminated-the-marriage-exemption/">"A rush to wed to avoid the Vietnam draft: The day LBJ eliminated the marriage exemption"</a>. Washington Post. Retrieved July 27, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=A+rush+to+wed+to+avoid+the+Vietnam+draft%3A+The+day+LBJ+eliminated+the+marriage+exemption&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fretropolis%2Fwp%2F2017%2F09%2F23%2Fa-rush-to-the-altar-to-avoid-the-vietnam-draft-the-day-lbj-eliminated-the-marriage-exemption%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCornell2008" class="citation journal cs1">Cornell, Tom (2008). "Stephen Spiro, 1940–2007". The Catholic Worker. LXXV (May–June): 6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Catholic+Worker&rft.atitle=Stephen+Spiro%2C+1940%E2%80%932007&rft.volume=LXXV&rft.issue=May%E2%80%93June&rft.pages=6&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Cornell&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRottman2005" class="citation book cs1">Rottman, Gordon L. (2005). "CONSCRIPTION". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qrXvCwAAQBAJ">US Army Infantryman in Vietnam 1965-73</a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78200-468-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78200-468-4"><bdi>978-1-78200-468-4</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=CONSCRIPTION&rft.btitle=US+Army+Infantryman+in+Vietnam+1965-73&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-78200-468-4&rft.aulast=Rottman&rft.aufirst=Gordon+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqrXvCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunnigan1999" class="citation book cs1">Dunnigan, James F (1999). Dirty Little Secrets of the Vietnam War (1st ed.). St martin's Press. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-19857-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-19857-2"><bdi>978-0-312-19857-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dirty+Little+Secrets+of+the+Vietnam+War&rft.pages=18&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=St+martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-312-19857-2&rft.aulast=Dunnigan&rft.aufirst=James+F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Chambers, J. (Ed.). (1999). The Oxford Companion to American Military History. </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Reeves, T. & Hess, K. (1970). The End of the Draft. New York: Random House. </li> <li id="cite_note-evans-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-evans_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-evans_73-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-evans_73-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_W._Evans1993" class="citation web cs1">Thomas W. Evans (Summer 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130808222147/http://www.shsu.edu/~his_ncp/VolArm.html">"The All-Volunteer Army After Twenty Years: Recruiting in the Modern Era"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sam_Houston_State_University" title="Sam Houston State University">Sam Houston State University</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shsu.edu/~his_ncp/VolArm.html">the original</a> on August 8, 2013. Retrieved May 5, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+All-Volunteer+Army+After+Twenty+Years%3A+Recruiting+in+the+Modern+Era&rft.pub=Sam+Houston+State+University&rft.date=1993&rft.au=Thomas+W.+Evans&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shsu.edu%2F~his_ncp%2FVolArm.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_74-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_Glass2012" class="citation web cs1">Andrew Glass (January 27, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/news/stories/0112/72085.html">"U.S. military draft ends, Jan. 27, 1973"</a>. POLITICO. Retrieved February 29, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=POLITICO&rft.atitle=U.S.+military+draft+ends%2C+Jan.+27%2C+1973&rft.date=2012-01-27&rft.au=Andrew+Glass&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fnews%2Fstories%2F0112%2F72085.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-aitken-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-aitken_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-aitken_75-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-aitken_75-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAitken1996" class="citation book cs1">Aitken, Jonathan (1996). Nixon: A Life. <a href="/wiki/Regnery_Publishing" title="Regnery Publishing">Regnery Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89526-720-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89526-720-7"><bdi>978-0-89526-720-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nixon%3A+A+Life&rft.pub=Regnery+Publishing&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-89526-720-7&rft.aulast=Aitken&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> pp. 396–397. </li> <li id="cite_note-Best_of_Both_Worlds:_An_Interview_with_Milton_Friedman_–_Reason-76"><a href="#cite_ref-Best_of_Both_Worlds:_An_Interview_with_Milton_Friedman_–_Reason_76-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoherty1995" class="citation web cs1">Doherty, Brian (June 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reason.com/1995/06/01/best-of-both-worlds/">"Best of Both Worlds: An Interview with Milton Friedman"</a>. reason.com. Reason. Retrieved April 20, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=reason.com&rft.atitle=Best+of+Both+Worlds%3A+An+Interview+with+Milton+Friedman&rft.date=1995-06&rft.aulast=Doherty&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freason.com%2F1995%2F06%2F01%2Fbest-of-both-worlds%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmbrose1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Ambrose" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Ambrose">Ambrose, Stephen</a> (1989). Nixon, Volume Two: The Triumph of a Politician 1962–1972. <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nixon%2C+Volume+Two%3A+The+Triumph+of+a+Politician+1962%E2%80%931972&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Ambrose&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> pp. 264–266. </li> <li id="cite_note-griffith-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-griffith_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-griffith_78-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffithRobert_K._Griffith,_Jr.,_John_Wyndham_Mountcastle1997" class="citation book cs1">Griffith, Robert K.; Robert K. Griffith, Jr., John Wyndham Mountcastle (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yMLjkonemcsC&q=laird+%22volunteer+army%22+draft&pg=PA61">U.S. Army's Transition to the All-volunteer Force, 1868–1974</a>. DIANE Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7881-7864-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7881-7864-1"><bdi>978-0-7881-7864-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=U.S.+Army%27s+Transition+to+the+All-volunteer+Force%2C+1868%E2%80%931974&rft.pub=DIANE+Publishing&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-7881-7864-1&rft.aulast=Griffith&rft.aufirst=Robert+K.&rft.au=Robert+K.+Griffith%2C+Jr.%2C+John+Wyndham+Mountcastle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyMLjkonemcsC%26q%3Dlaird%2B%2522volunteer%2Barmy%2522%2Bdraft%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) pp. 40–41. </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt020371-79"><a href="#cite_ref-nyt020371_79-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenbaum1971" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_E._Rosenbaum" class="mw-redirect" title="David E. Rosenbaum">Rosenbaum, David E.</a> (February 3, 1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=F50C12FD3A55127B93C1A91789D85F458785F9">"Stennis Favors 4-Year Draft Extension, but Laird Asks 2 Years"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved December 30, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Stennis+Favors+4-Year+Draft+Extension%2C+but+Laird+Asks+2+Years&rft.date=1971-02-03&rft.aulast=Rosenbaum&rft.aufirst=David+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fselect.nytimes.com%2Fmem%2Farchive%2Fpdf%3Fres%3DF50C12FD3A55127B93C1A91789D85F458785F9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-black-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-black_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-black_80-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Black" title="Conrad Black">Black, Conrad</a> (2007). "Waging Peace". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781586485191">Richard M. Nixon: A Life in Full</a>. <a href="/wiki/PublicAffairs" title="PublicAffairs">PublicAffairs</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-519-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-519-1"><bdi>978-1-58648-519-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Waging+Peace&rft.btitle=Richard+M.+Nixon%3A+A+Life+in+Full&rft.pub=PublicAffairs&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-58648-519-1&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Conrad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9781586485191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt060571-81"><a href="#cite_ref-nyt060571_81-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_E._Rosenbaum1971" class="citation news cs1">David E. Rosenbaum (June 5, 1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=F40F1EFB3D5A1A7493C7A9178DD85F458785F9">"Senators Reject Limits on Draft; 2-Year Plan Gains"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved December 29, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Senators+Reject+Limits+on+Draft%3B+2-Year+Plan+Gains&rft.date=1971-06-05&rft.au=David+E.+Rosenbaum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fselect.nytimes.com%2Fmem%2Farchive%2Fpdf%3Fres%3DF40F1EFB3D5A1A7493C7A9178DD85F458785F9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_W._Finney1971" class="citation news cs1">John W. Finney (May 9, 1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=F60E11F6345F127A93CBA9178ED85F458785F9">"Congress vs. President"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved December 31, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Congress+vs.+President&rft.date=1971-05-09&rft.au=John+W.+Finney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fselect.nytimes.com%2Fmem%2Farchive%2Fpdf%3Fres%3DF60E11F6345F127A93CBA9178ED85F458785F9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt092271-83"><a href="#cite_ref-nyt092271_83-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_E._Rosenbaum1971" class="citation news cs1">David E. Rosenbaum (September 22, 1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=F50B10FD385C1A7493C0AB1782D85F458785F9">"Senate Approves Draft Bill, 55-30; President to Sign"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved December 29, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Senate+Approves+Draft+Bill%2C+55-30%3B+President+to+Sign&rft.date=1971-09-22&rft.au=David+E.+Rosenbaum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fselect.nytimes.com%2Fmem%2Farchive%2Fpdf%3Fres%3DF50B10FD385C1A7493C0AB1782D85F458785F9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_M._Crewdson1974" class="citation news cs1">John M. Crewdson (November 23, 1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1974/11/23/archives/last-draftees-are-discharged-making-the-army-allvolunteer-back-to.html">"Last Draftees Are Discharged, Making the Army All Volunteer"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved September 4, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Last+Draftees+Are+Discharged%2C+Making+the+Army+All+Volunteer.&rft.date=1974-11-23&rft.au=John+M.+Crewdson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1974%2F11%2F23%2Farchives%2Flast-draftees-are-discharged-making-the-army-allvolunteer-back-to.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbmdst-85"><a href="#cite_ref-bbmdst_85-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=rjoTAAAAIBAJ&pg=6104%2C3785258">"Military draft system stopped"</a>. The Bulletin. Bend, Oregon. UPI. January 27, 1973. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Military+draft+system+stopped&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1973-01-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DrjoTAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D6104%252C3785258&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mdebld-86"><a href="#cite_ref-mdebld_86-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=_6ojAAAAIBAJ&pg=5837%2C1959488">"Military draft ended by Laird"</a>. The Times-News. Hendersonville, North Carolina. Associated Press. January 27, 1973. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times-News&rft.atitle=Military+draft+ended+by+Laird&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1973-01-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3D_6ojAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D5837%252C1959488&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121006225530/http://www.sss.gov/lotter1.htm">"Selective Service System: History and Records"</a>. Sss.gov. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sss.gov/lotter1.htm">the original</a> on October 6, 2012. Retrieved October 28, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Selective+Service+System%3A+History+and+Records&rft.pub=Sss.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sss.gov%2Flotter1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2011/07/04/set_to_retire_the_last_army_draftee_loves_being_a_soldier/?camp=pm">"Set to retire, the last Army draftee 'loves being a soldier'"</a>. Boston Globe. Associated Press. July 4, 2011. Retrieved February 6, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Set+to+retire%2C+the+last+Army+draftee+%27loves+being+a+soldier%27&rft.date=2011-07-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fnews%2Fnation%2Farticles%2F2011%2F07%2F04%2Fset_to_retire_the_last_army_draftee_loves_being_a_soldier%2F%3Fcamp%3Dpm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1877943,00.html">"America's Last Draftee: "I'm a Relic""</a>. Time. February 7, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=America%27s+Last+Draftee%3A+%22I%27m+a+Relic%22&rft.date=2009-02-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fnation%2Farticle%2F0%2C8599%2C1877943%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips2014" class="citation news cs1">Phillips, Michael M. (November 18, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/a-reluctant-soldier-completes-his-duty-1416337417">"A Reluctant Soldier Completes His Duty"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a>. Retrieved August 31, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=A+Reluctant+Soldier+Completes+His+Duty&rft.date=2014-11-18&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Michael+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fa-reluctant-soldier-completes-his-duty-1416337417&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1972/12/28/archives/mourning-day-gives-300-draft-reprieve.html">"MOURNING DAY GIVES 300 DRAFT REPRIEVE (Published 1972)"</a>. The New York Times. December 28, 1972. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved January 17, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=MOURNING+DAY+GIVES+300+DRAFT+REPRIEVE+%28Published+1972%29&rft.date=1972-12-28&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1972%2F12%2F28%2Farchives%2Fmourning-day-gives-300-draft-reprieve.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Proclamation 4771, Registration Under the Military Selective Service Act, July 2, 1980, 45 <a href="/wiki/Federal_Register" title="Federal Register">FR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/link/fr/45/45247">45247</a>, 94 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-94-3775">3775</a>. Amended by Proclamation 7275, Registration Under the Military Selective Service Act, February 22, 2000, 65 <a href="/wiki/Federal_Register" title="Federal Register">FR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.federalregister.gov/citation/65-FR-9199">9199</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150713031436/https://www.sss.gov/">"Selective Service System"</a>. Sss.gov. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sss.gov/">the original</a> on July 13, 2015. Retrieved October 28, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Selective+Service+System&rft.pub=Sss.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sss.gov%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://about.usps.com/handbooks/el312/el312c5_005.htm">"515 Selective Service System Registration Requirement"</a>. about.usps.com. Retrieved June 12, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=about.usps.com&rft.atitle=515+Selective+Service+System+Registration+Requirement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabout.usps.com%2Fhandbooks%2Fel312%2Fel312c5_005.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usa.gov/register-selective-service">"Register for Selective Service (the draft) | USAGov"</a>. www.usa.gov. Retrieved June 13, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.usa.gov&rft.atitle=Register+for+Selective+Service+%28the+draft%29+%7C+USAGov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usa.gov%2Fregister-selective-service&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sss.gov/FSbenefits.htm">Selective Service System: Fast Facts</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080727071105/http://www.sss.gov/FSbenefits.htm">Archived</a> July 27, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdward_Hasbrouck" class="citation web cs1">Edward Hasbrouck. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.resisters.info/prosecutions.html">"Prosecutions of Draft Registration Resisters"</a>. Resisters.info. Retrieved August 28, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prosecutions+of+Draft+Registration+Resisters&rft.pub=Resisters.info&rft.au=Edward+Hasbrouck&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.resisters.info%2Fprosecutions.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdward_Hasbrouck" class="citation web cs1">Edward Hasbrouck. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.resisters.info/background.html#history">"The History of Draft Registration and Draft Resistance Since 1980"</a>. Resisters.info. Retrieved August 28, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Draft+Registration+and+Draft+Resistance+Since+1980&rft.pub=Resisters.info&rft.au=Edward+Hasbrouck&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.resisters.info%2Fbackground.html%23history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson2016" class="citation news cs1">Nelson, Steven (May 3, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2016-05-03/gender-neutral-draft-registration-would-create-millions-of-female-felons">"Gender-Neutral Draft Registration Would Create Millions of Female Felons: It's unlikely any would face prison, but jailed draft resisters and former officials urge caution"</a>. U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved May 15, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Gender-Neutral+Draft+Registration+Would+Create+Millions+of+Female+Felons%3A+It%27s+unlikely+any+would+face+prison%2C+but+jailed+draft+resisters+and+former+officials+urge+caution.&rft.date=2016-05-03&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usnews.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2016-05-03%2Fgender-neutral-draft-registration-would-create-millions-of-female-felons&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdward_Hasbrouck" class="citation web cs1">Edward Hasbrouck. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.resisters.info/compliance.html">"Compliance, noncompliance, and enforcement of Selective Service registration"</a>. Resisters.info. Retrieved August 28, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Compliance%2C+noncompliance%2C+and+enforcement+of+Selective+Service+registration&rft.pub=Resisters.info&rft.au=Edward+Hasbrouck&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.resisters.info%2Fcompliance.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150429185756/http://www.sss.gov/fsstateleg.htm">"State / Commonwealth and Territory Legislation"</a>. Selective Service System. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sss.gov/FSstateleg.htm">the original</a> on April 29, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=State+%2F+Commonwealth+and+Territory+Legislation&rft.pub=Selective+Service+System&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sss.gov%2FFSstateleg.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSelective_Service_System" class="citation web cs1">Selective Service System. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sss.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/FY2022-NDAA-SEC.-529a-7-28-2022.pdf">"Report on Review of Processes and Procedures Employed by Agencies for Appeals by Individuals Denied Federal Benefits for Failing to Register with Selective Service System FY2022 NDAA, Section 529A"</a> (PDF). p. 6. Retrieved August 24, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Report+on+Review+of+Processes+and+Procedures+Employed+by+Agencies+for+Appeals+by+Individuals+Denied+Federal+Benefits+for+Failing+to+Register+with+Selective+Service+System+FY2022+NDAA%2C+Section+529A&rft.pages=6&rft.au=Selective+Service+System&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sss.gov%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2022%2F08%2FFY2022-NDAA-SEC.-529a-7-28-2022.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEickhoff1996" class="citation journal cs1">Eickhoff, T. C. (October 15, 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/aje/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/aje/144.Supplement_8.S39">"Airborne Disease: Including Chemical and Biological Warfare"</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Epidemiology" title="American Journal of Epidemiology">American Journal of Epidemiology</a>. 144 (Supplement 8): S39–S46. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Faje%2F144.Supplement_8.S39">10.1093/aje/144.Supplement_8.S39</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9262">0002-9262</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8857841">8857841</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Epidemiology&rft.atitle=Airborne+Disease%3A+Including+Chemical+and+Biological+Warfare&rft.volume=144&rft.issue=Supplement+8&rft.pages=S39-S46&rft.date=1996-10-15&rft.issn=0002-9262&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8857841&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Faje%2F144.Supplement_8.S39&rft.aulast=Eickhoff&rft.aufirst=T.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Faje%2Farticle-lookup%2Fdoi%2F10.1093%2Faje%2F144.Supplement_8.S39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/items/show/4697">"Langmuir, Alexander D."</a> Global Health Chronicles. June 2, 1979. Retrieved April 15, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+Health+Chronicles&rft.atitle=Langmuir%2C+Alexander+D.&rft.date=1979-06-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalhealthchronicles.org%2Fitems%2Fshow%2F4697&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdward_Hasbrouck" class="citation web cs1">Edward Hasbrouck. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.medicaldraft.info">"FAQ about Health Care Workers and the Draft"</a>. Medicaldraft.info. Retrieved October 28, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FAQ+about+Health+Care+Workers+and+the+Draft&rft.pub=Medicaldraft.info&rft.au=Edward+Hasbrouck&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.medicaldraft.info&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.resisters.info/HCPDS-15AUG1989.pdf">Proposed Health care personnel delivery System (HCPDS)</a>, 54 Federal Register, 33644-33654, August 15, 1989. </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLalich2004" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roger_A._Lalich" title="Roger A. Lalich">Lalich, Roger A.</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100702181554/http://www.wisconsinmedicalsociety.org/_WMS/publications/wmj/issues/wmj_v103n1/Lalich.pdf">"Health care personnel delivery System: Another Doctor Draft?"</a> (PDF). Wisconsin Medical Journal. 104 (1): 21–24. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15101462">15101462</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21391468">21391468</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wisconsinmedicalsociety.org/_WMS/publications/wmj/pdf/103/1/21.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on July 2, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wisconsin+Medical+Journal&rft.atitle=Health+care+personnel+delivery+System%3A+Another+Doctor+Draft%3F&rft.volume=104&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=21-24&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15101462&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A21391468%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Lalich&rft.aufirst=Roger+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wisconsinmedicalsociety.org%2F_WMS%2Fpublications%2Fwmj%2Fpdf%2F103%2F1%2F21.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/cgi-bin/getcase.pl?court=US&vol=391&invol=936">"Holmes v. United States, 391 U.S. 936 (1968)"</a>. Caselaw.lp.findlaw.com. Retrieved October 28, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Holmes+v.+United+States%2C+391+U.S.+936+%281968%29&rft.pub=Caselaw.lp.findlaw.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcaselaw.lp.findlaw.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Fgetcase.pl%3Fcourt%3DUS%26vol%3D391%26invol%3D936&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?navby=case&court=us&vol=249&page=47">"Schenck v. United States, 249 U.S. 47 (1919)"</a>. Caselaw.lp.findlaw.com. Retrieved October 28, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Schenck+v.+United+States%2C+249+U.S.+47+%281919%29&rft.pub=Caselaw.lp.findlaw.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcaselaw.lp.findlaw.com%2Fscripts%2Fgetcase.pl%3Fnavby%3Dcase%26court%3Dus%26vol%3D249%26page%3D47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?navby=case&court=us&vol=254&page=325">"Gilbert v. Minnesota"</a>. Caselaw.lp.findlaw.com. Retrieved October 28, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gilbert+v.+Minnesota&rft.pub=Caselaw.lp.findlaw.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcaselaw.lp.findlaw.com%2Fscripts%2Fgetcase.pl%3Fnavby%3Dcase%26court%3Dus%26vol%3D254%26page%3D325&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?navby=search&court=US&case=/us/403/15.html">"Cohen v. California, 403 U.S. 15 (1971)"</a>. Caselaw.lp.findlaw.com. Retrieved October 28, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cohen+v.+California%2C+403+U.S.+15+%281971%29&rft.pub=Caselaw.lp.findlaw.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcaselaw.lp.findlaw.com%2Fscripts%2Fgetcase.pl%3Fnavby%3Dsearch%26court%3DUS%26case%3D%2Fus%2F403%2F15.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?navby=case&court=us&vol=391&page=367">"United States v. O'Brien, 391 U.S. 367 (1968)"</a>. Caselaw.lp.findlaw.com. Retrieved October 28, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+States+v.+O%27Brien%2C+391+U.S.+367+%281968%29&rft.pub=Caselaw.lp.findlaw.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcaselaw.lp.findlaw.com%2Fscripts%2Fgetcase.pl%3Fnavby%3Dcase%26court%3Dus%26vol%3D391%26page%3D367&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.resisters.info/#supremecourt">"Draft Registration, Draft Resistance, the Military Draft, and Health Care Workers and Women and the Draft"</a>. Resisters.info. Retrieved February 21, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Resisters.info&rft.atitle=Draft+Registration%2C+Draft+Resistance%2C+the+Military+Draft%2C+and+Health+Care+Workers+and+Women+and+the+Draft&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.resisters.info%2F%23supremecourt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0453_0057_ZS.html">Rostker v. Goldberg</a>, Cornell Law School, retrieved December 26, 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeva2015" class="citation journal cs1">Geva, Dorit (April 1, 2015). "Dependency as a Keyword of the American Draft System and Persistence of Male-only Registration". Polity. 47 (2): 199–224. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2Fpol.2015.6">10.1057/pol.2015.6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1744-1684">1744-1684</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:152359164">152359164</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Polity&rft.atitle=Dependency+as+a+Keyword+of+the+American+Draft+System+and+Persistence+of+Male-only+Registration&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=199-224&rft.date=2015-04-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A152359164%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1744-1684&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2Fpol.2015.6&rft.aulast=Geva&rft.aufirst=Dorit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHasbrouck" class="citation web cs1">Hasbrouck, Edward. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hasbrouck.org/blog/archives/002204.html">"Extend draft registration to women – or end it?"</a>. The Practical Nomad. Retrieved February 22, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Practical+Nomad&rft.atitle=Extend+draft+registration+to+women+%E2%80%93+or+end+it%3F&rft.aulast=Hasbrouck&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhasbrouck.org%2Fblog%2Farchives%2F002204.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHasbrouck2016" class="citation web cs1">Hasbrouck, Edward (February 20, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldbeyondwar.org/future-of-draft-for-men-and-women-goes-to-court-and-congress/">"Future of Draft for Men and Women Goes to Court and Congress"</a>. WorldBeyondWar.org. Retrieved February 22, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WorldBeyondWar.org&rft.atitle=Future+of+Draft+for+Men+and+Women+Goes+to+Court+and+Congress&rft.date=2016-02-20&rft.aulast=Hasbrouck&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldbeyondwar.org%2Ffuture-of-draft-for-men-and-women-goes-to-court-and-congress%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.resisters.info/#othercourts">"Draft Registration, Draft Resistance, the Military Draft, and Health Care Workers and Women and the Draft"</a>. Resisters.info. Retrieved February 21, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Resisters.info&rft.atitle=Draft+Registration%2C+Draft+Resistance%2C+the+Military+Draft%2C+and+Health+Care+Workers+and+Women+and+the+Draft&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.resisters.info%2F%23othercourts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKorte2019" class="citation web cs1">Korte, Gregory (February 24, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2019/02/24/military-draft-judge-rules-male-only-registration-unconstitutional/2968872002/">"With women in combat roles, a federal court rules the male-only draft unconstitutional"</a>. <a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a>. Retrieved February 24, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=With+women+in+combat+roles%2C+a+federal+court+rules+the+male-only+draft+unconstitutional&rft.date=2019-02-24&rft.aulast=Korte&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fusatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fnation%2F2019%2F02%2F24%2Fmilitary-draft-judge-rules-male-only-registration-unconstitutional%2F2968872002%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHasbrouck" class="citation web cs1">Hasbrouck, Edward. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hasbrouck.org/blog/archives/002378.html">"Court of Appeals overturns ruling that male-only draft registration requirement is unconstitutional"</a>. Resisters.Info. Retrieved January 23, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Resisters.Info&rft.atitle=Court+of+Appeals+overturns+ruling+that+male-only+draft+registration+requirement+is+unconstitutional&rft.aulast=Hasbrouck&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhasbrouck.org%2Fblog%2Farchives%2F002378.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHasbrouck" class="citation web cs1">Hasbrouck, Edward. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hasbrouck.org/blog/archives/002587.html">"Supreme Court asked to review Constitutionality of current male-only draft registration requirement"</a>. Resisters.info. Retrieved January 23, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Resisters.info&rft.atitle=Supreme+Court+asked+to+review+Constitutionality+of+current+male-only+draft+registration+requirement&rft.aulast=Hasbrouck&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhasbrouck.org%2Fblog%2Farchives%2F002587.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiggens2021" class="citation web cs1">Higgens, Tucker (June 7, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2021/06/07/supreme-court-wont-hear-case-challenging-male-only-draft-registration.html">"Supreme Court won't hear case arguing military draft registration discriminates against men"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNBC" title="CNBC">CNBC</a>. Retrieved June 7, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNBC&rft.atitle=Supreme+Court+won%27t+hear+case+arguing+military+draft+registration+discriminates+against+men&rft.date=2021-06-07&rft.aulast=Higgens&rft.aufirst=Tucker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2021%2F06%2F07%2Fsupreme-court-wont-hear-case-challenging-male-only-draft-registration.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090507211133/http://www.sss.gov/FSconsobj.htm">"Selective Service System: Fast Facts"</a>. Sss.gov. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sss.gov/FSconsobj.htm">the original</a> on May 7, 2009. Retrieved October 28, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Selective+Service+System%3A+Fast+Facts&rft.pub=Sss.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sss.gov%2FFSconsobj.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/cgi-bin/getcase.pl?court=us&vol=380&invol=163">"United States v. Seeger"</a>. Caselaw.lp.findlaw.com. March 8, 1965. Retrieved October 28, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+States+v.+Seeger&rft.pub=Caselaw.lp.findlaw.com&rft.date=1965-03-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcaselaw.lp.findlaw.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Fgetcase.pl%3Fcourt%3Dus%26vol%3D380%26invol%3D163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/cgi-bin/getcase.pl?court=US&vol=398&invol=333">"Welsh v. United States"</a>. Caselaw.lp.findlaw.com. Retrieved October 28, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welsh+v.+United+States&rft.pub=Caselaw.lp.findlaw.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcaselaw.lp.findlaw.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Fgetcase.pl%3Fcourt%3DUS%26vol%3D398%26invol%3D333&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/cgi-bin/getcase.pl?court=us&vol=401&invol=437">"Gillette v. United States"</a>. Caselaw.lp.findlaw.com. Retrieved October 28, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gillette+v.+United+States&rft.pub=Caselaw.lp.findlaw.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcaselaw.lp.findlaw.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Fgetcase.pl%3Fcourt%3Dus%26vol%3D401%26invol%3D437&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130513130402/https://www.sss.gov/FSdiffer.htm">"Differences Between The Selective Service Today And During Vietnam"</a>. sss.gov. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sss.gov/FSdiffer.htm">the original</a> on May 13, 2013. Retrieved May 1, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sss.gov&rft.atitle=Differences+Between+The+Selective+Service+Today+And+During+Vietnam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sss.gov%2FFSdiffer.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sss.gov/about/return-to-draft/lottery/">"Lottery"</a>. Selective Service System. Retrieved October 20, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Selective+Service+System&rft.atitle=Lottery&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sss.gov%2Fabout%2Freturn-to-draft%2Flottery%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Edward_Hasbrouck-129"><a href="#cite_ref-Edward_Hasbrouck_129-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdward_Hasbrouck" class="citation web cs1">Edward Hasbrouck. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.resisters.info/prosecutions.html">"Prosecutions of Draft Registration Resisters"</a>. Resisters.info. Retrieved October 28, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prosecutions+of+Draft+Registration+Resisters&rft.pub=Resisters.info&rft.au=Edward+Hasbrouck&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.resisters.info%2Fprosecutions.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2007" class="citation news cs1">Jones, Jeffrey M. (September 7, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.gallup.com/poll/28642/Vast-Majority-Americans-Opposed-Reinstituting-Military-Draft.aspx">"Vast Majority of Americans Opposed to Reinstituting Military Draft"</a>. Gallup.com. Retrieved February 29, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gallup.com&rft.atitle=Vast+Majority+of+Americans+Opposed+to+Reinstituting+Military+Draft&rft.date=2007-09-07&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.gallup.com%2Fpoll%2F28642%2FVast-Majority-Americans-Opposed-Reinstituting-Military-Draft.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWashingtonp:225-70002004" class="citation web cs1">Washington, U. S. Capitol Room H154; p:225-7000, DC 20515-6601 (October 5, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://clerk.house.gov/Votes/2004494">"Roll Call 494 Roll Call 494, Bill Number: H. R. 163, 108th Congress, 2nd Session"</a>. Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives. Retrieved September 19, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+of+the+Clerk%2C+U.S.+House+of+Representatives&rft.atitle=Roll+Call+494+Roll+Call+494%2C+Bill+Number%3A+H.+R.+163%2C+108th+Congress%2C+2nd+Session&rft.date=2004-10-05&rft.aulast=Washington&rft.aufirst=U.+S.+Capitol+Room+H154&rft.au=p%3A225-7000%2C+DC+20515-6601&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fclerk.house.gov%2FVotes%2F2004494&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041114101343/http://www.dtic.mil/whs/directives/corres/rtf/i130425x.rtf">"Directive 1304.25 Fulfilling the Military Service Obligation (MSO)"</a>. U.S. Department of Defense. August 25, 1997. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dtic.mil/whs/directives/corres/rtf/i130425x.rtf">the original</a> on November 14, 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Directive+1304.25+Fulfilling+the+Military+Service+Obligation+%28MSO%29&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Defense&rft.date=1997-08-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dtic.mil%2Fwhs%2Fdirectives%2Fcorres%2Frtf%2Fi130425x.rtf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlterNet_/_By_Richard_Muhammad2004" class="citation web cs1">AlterNet / By Richard Muhammad (August 23, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alternet.org/waroniraq/19643">"War on Iraq: Firing Back"</a>. AlterNet. Retrieved October 28, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=War+on+Iraq%3A+Firing+Back&rft.pub=AlterNet&rft.date=2004-08-23&rft.au=AlterNet+%2F+By+Richard+Muhammad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alternet.org%2Fwaroniraq%2F19643&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080925095209/http://www.csmonitor.com/2006/0131/dailyUpdate.html">"Stop-loss used to retain 50,000 troops | csmonitor.com"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Science_Monitor" title="The Christian Science Monitor">The Christian Science Monitor</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csmonitor.com/2006/0131/dailyUpdate.html">the original</a> on September 25, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.atitle=Stop-loss+used+to+retain+50%2C000+troops+%26%23124%3B+csmonitor.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2F2006%2F0131%2FdailyUpdate.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> Congressional Record. 108th Cong., 2d sess., 2004. Vol. 150, No. 130: E1938. </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> Salyer, J. (April 26, 1954). "Training of medical officers". In Medical Science Publication 4, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history.amedd.army.mil/booksdocs/korea/recad2/ch2-3.htm">Recent Advances in Medicine and Surgery (19–30 April 1954): Based on Professional Medical Experiences in Japan and Korea 1950–1953 (chap.2)</a>. Retrieved May 5, 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070810173535/http://history.amedd.army.mil/booksdocs/korea/recad2/ch2-3.htm">Archived</a> August 10, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdward_Hasbrouck" class="citation web cs1">Edward Hasbrouck. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.resisters.info">"Draft Registration, Draft Resistance, the Military Draft, and the Medical Draft in the USA"</a>. Resisters.info. Retrieved October 28, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Draft+Registration%2C+Draft+Resistance%2C+the+Military+Draft%2C+and+the+Medical+Draft+in+the+USA&rft.pub=Resisters.info&rft.au=Edward+Hasbrouck&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.resisters.info&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=109&STORY=/www/story/10-18-2004/0002284900&EDATE=">"Newsweek Poll: Youth Vote Shows Bush, Kerry Neck-and-Neck (47% for Kerry, 45% for Bush); But Kerry's Lead Grows Among Likely Voters (52% to 42%)"</a> (Press release). Prnewswire.com. Retrieved October 28, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Newsweek+Poll%3A+Youth+Vote+Shows+Bush%2C+Kerry+Neck-and-Neck+%2847%25+for+Kerry%2C+45%25+for+Bush%29%3B+But+Kerry%27s+Lead+Grows+Among+Likely+Voters+%2852%25+to+42%25%29&rft.pub=Prnewswire.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prnewswire.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Fstories.pl%3FACCT%3D109%26STORY%3D%2Fwww%2Fstory%2F10-18-2004%2F0002284900%26EDATE%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2006/POLITICS/11/20/rangel.draft/">"Pelosi says no to draft legislation"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. November 20, 2006. Retrieved July 10, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Pelosi+says+no+to+draft+legislation&rft.date=2006-11-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2006%2FPOLITICS%2F11%2F20%2Frangel.draft%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120701142317/http://abclocal.go.com/kabc/story?section=nation_world&id=4875201">"abc7.com: U.S. Testing National Draft Readiness 12/22/06"</a>. Abclocal.go.com. December 22, 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://abclocal.go.com/kabc/story?section=nation_world&id=4875201">the original</a> on July 1, 2012. Retrieved October 28, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=abc7.com%3A+U.S.+Testing+National+Draft+Readiness+12%2F22%2F06&rft.pub=Abclocal.go.com&rft.date=2006-12-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fabclocal.go.com%2Fkabc%2Fstory%3Fsection%3Dnation_world%26id%3D4875201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080515235056/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/12/22/ap/national/mainD8M5I0IO0.shtml">"VA Head: Draft Beneficial to Society, Veterans Affairs Secretary Says Military Draft Beneficial, but He Doesn't Support It"</a>. CBS News. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/12/22/ap/national/mainD8M5I0IO0.shtml">the original</a> on May 15, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBS+News&rft.atitle=VA+Head%3A+Draft+Beneficial+to+Society%2C+Veterans+Affairs+Secretary+Says+Military+Draft+Beneficial%2C+but+He+Doesn%27t+Support+It&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fstories%2F2006%2F12%2F22%2Fap%2Fnational%2FmainD8M5I0IO0.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/story/bush-war-adviser-supports-considering-a-military-draft">Bush War Adviser Supports Considering a Military Draft </a> FOXNews.com </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pittsburgh.cbslocal.com/2014/07/10/14000-draft-notices-sent-to-pa-men-born-in-1800s/">"14,000 Draft Notices Sent To Pa. Men Born In 1800s"</a>. July 10, 2014. Retrieved November 29, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=14%2C000+Draft+Notices+Sent+To+Pa.+Men+Born+In+1800s&rft.date=2014-07-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpittsburgh.cbslocal.com%2F2014%2F07%2F10%2F14000-draft-notices-sent-to-pa-men-born-in-1800s%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-144">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_144-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_144-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibbs2014" class="citation news cs1">Gibbs, Samuel (July 11, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/jul/11/y2k-bug-us-army-conscription-1800s-pennsylvania">"Y2K bug triggers army conscription notices sent to 14,000 dead men"</a>. The Guardian – via www.theguardian.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Y2K+bug+triggers+army+conscription+notices+sent+to+14%2C000+dead+men&rft.date=2014-07-11&rft.aulast=Gibbs&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftechnology%2F2014%2Fjul%2F11%2Fy2k-bug-us-army-conscription-1800s-pennsylvania&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinhauer2016" class="citation news cs1">Steinhauer, Jennifer (June 14, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/15/us/politics/congress-women-military-draft.html">"Senate Votes to Require Women to Register for the Draft"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Retrieved June 16, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Senate+Votes+to+Require+Women+to+Register+for+the+Draft&rft.date=2016-06-14&rft.aulast=Steinhauer&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F06%2F15%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Fcongress-women-military-draft.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200401203435/https://www.inspire2serve.gov/reports/final-report">"Final Report | Inspire2Serve"</a>. www.inspire2serve.gov. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inspire2serve.gov/reports/final-report">the original</a> on April 1, 2020. Retrieved December 8, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.inspire2serve.gov&rft.atitle=Final+Report+%7C+Inspire2Serve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.inspire2serve.gov%2Freports%2Ffinal-report&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeFazio2021" class="citation web cs1">DeFazio, Peter (April 14, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://defazio.house.gov/media-center/press-releases/defazio-wyden-paul-davis-introduce-bipartisan-bill-to-abolish-the">"DeFazio, Wyden, Paul, Davis Introduce Bipartisan Bill to Abolish the Selective Service"</a>. Congress.gov. Retrieved December 10, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Congress.gov&rft.atitle=DeFazio%2C+Wyden%2C+Paul%2C+Davis+Introduce+Bipartisan+Bill+to+Abolish+the+Selective+Service&rft.date=2021-04-14&rft.aulast=DeFazio&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdefazio.house.gov%2Fmedia-center%2Fpress-releases%2Fdefazio-wyden-paul-davis-introduce-bipartisan-bill-to-abolish-the&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurner2021" class="citation web cs1">Turner, Trish (July 24, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abc7chicago.com/10907316/">"New legislation would require women, like men, to sign up for potential military draft"</a>. ABC7 Chicago. Retrieved August 2, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC7+Chicago&rft.atitle=New+legislation+would+require+women%2C+like+men%2C+to+sign+up+for+potential+military+draft&rft.date=2021-07-24&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=Trish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabc7chicago.com%2F10907316%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNieberg2024" class="citation web cs1">Nieberg, Patty (May 29, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://taskandpurpose.com/news/congress-weighing-automatic-registration-for-wartime-draft/">"Congress is weighing automatic registration for wartime draft"</a>. Task & Purpose. Retrieved June 11, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Task+%26+Purpose&rft.atitle=Congress+is+weighing+automatic+registration+for+wartime+draft&rft.date=2024-05-29&rft.aulast=Nieberg&rft.aufirst=Patty&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftaskandpurpose.com%2Fnews%2Fcongress-weighing-automatic-registration-for-wartime-draft%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIIIHarris2024" class="citation web cs1">III, Leo Shane; Harris, Bryant (May 23, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.militarytimes.com/news/pentagon-congress/2024/05/23/lawmakers-move-to-automate-selective-service-registration-for-all-men/">"Lawmakers move to automate Selective Service registration for all men"</a>. Military Times. Retrieved June 11, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Military+Times&rft.atitle=Lawmakers+move+to+automate+Selective+Service+registration+for+all+men&rft.date=2024-05-23&rft.aulast=III&rft.aufirst=Leo+Shane&rft.au=Harris%2C+Bryant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.militarytimes.com%2Fnews%2Fpentagon-congress%2F2024%2F05%2F23%2Flawmakers-move-to-automate-selective-service-registration-for-all-men%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHasbrouck2024" class="citation web cs1">Hasbrouck, Edward (July 9, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hasbrouck.org/blog/archives/002742.html">"Senate joins House in proposal for "automatic" draft registration"</a>. Retrieved July 11, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Senate+joins+House+in+proposal+for+%22automatic%22+draft+registration&rft.date=2024-07-09&rft.aulast=Hasbrouck&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhasbrouck.org%2Fblog%2Farchives%2F002742.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> Grifiths, Katherine. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/sir-howard-stringer-us-head-of-sony-sonys-knight-buys-tinseltown-dream-546718.html">Sir Howard Stringer, U.S. Head Of Sony: Sony's knight buys Tinseltown dream</a>." <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a>, September 18, 2004. </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100805062826/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/the-interview-howard-stringer-530696.html">The Interview: Howard Stringer.</a>" The Independent, March 21, 2005. </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sss.gov/MUST.HTM">Selective Service System – Who Must Register</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061105210320/http://www.sss.gov/MUST.HTM">Archived</a> November 5, 2006, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uscis.gov/policy-manual/volume-12-part-j-chapter-2">"Chapter 2 - The Oath of Allegiance | USCIS"</a>. www.uscis.gov. April 4, 2023. Retrieved April 18, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.uscis.gov&rft.atitle=Chapter+2+-+The+Oath+of+Allegiance+%7C+USCIS&rft.date=2023-04-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uscis.gov%2Fpolicy-manual%2Fvolume-12-part-j-chapter-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uscis.gov/policy-manual/volume-12-part-j-chapter-3">"Chapter 3 - Oath of Allegiance Modifications and Waivers | USCIS"</a>. www.uscis.gov. October 19, 2022. Retrieved April 18, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.uscis.gov&rft.atitle=Chapter+3+-+Oath+of+Allegiance+Modifications+and+Waivers+%7C+USCIS&rft.date=2022-10-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uscis.gov%2Fpolicy-manual%2Fvolume-12-part-j-chapter-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sss.gov-157">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sss.gov_157-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sss.gov_157-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sss.gov/About/History-And-Records/Induction-Statistics">"Induction Statistics"</a>. www.sss.gov. Retrieved July 4, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sss.gov&rft.atitle=Induction+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sss.gov%2FAbout%2FHistory-And-Records%2FInduction-Statistics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References_and_further_reading">References and further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References and further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Conscription_in_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Conscription in the United States">Conscription in the United States</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin_AndersonValerie_Bloom1976" class="citation book cs1">Martin Anderson; Valerie Bloom (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yrCOBIn1m1IC">Conscription: a select and annotated bibliography</a>. Hoover Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8179-2571-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8179-2571-0"><bdi>978-0-8179-2571-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conscription%3A+a+select+and+annotated+bibliography&rft.pub=Hoover+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-8179-2571-0&rft.au=Martin+Anderson&rft.au=Valerie+Bloom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyrCOBIn1m1IC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988">. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yrCOBIn1m1IC&pg=PP1">Full text</a>).</li> <li>Leach, Jack F. Conscription in the United States: Historical Background. (Rutland, Vt., 1952)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_Revolution">American Revolution</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: American Revolution">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Dougherty, Keith L. Collective Action under the Articles of Confederation. Cambridge U. Press, 2001. 211 pp.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_War_2">Civil War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Civil War">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_draft_riots" title="New York City draft riots">New York City draft riots</a></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnbinder2006" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tyler_Anbinder" title="Tyler Anbinder">Anbinder, Tyler</a> (December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/894744">"Which Poor Man's Fight? Immigrants and the Federal Conscription of 1863"</a>. Civil War History. 52 (4): 344–372. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2FCWH.2006.0068">10.1353/CWH.2006.0068</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143629700">143629700</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Civil+War+History&rft.atitle=Which+Poor+Man%27s+Fight%3F+Immigrants+and+the+Federal+Conscription+of+1863&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=344-372&rft.date=2006-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2FCWH.2006.0068&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143629700%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Anbinder&rft.aufirst=Tyler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F894744&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Bernstein, Iver. The New York City Draft Riots: Their Significance for American Society and Politics in the Age of the Civil War (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=24653364">online edition</a></li> <li>Cruz, Barbara C. and Jennifer Marques Patterson. "'In the Midst of Strange and Terrible Times': The New York City Draft Riots of 1863." Social Education. v. 69#1 2005. pp. 10+, with teacher's guide and URL's. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5008899272">online version</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071130113448/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5008899272">Archived</a> November 30, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Geary, James W. We Need Men: The Union Draft in the Civil War (1991) pp. 264</li> <li>Geary, James W. "Civil War Conscription in the North: A Historiographical Review," Civil War History 32 (1986): 208–228, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/login?auth=0&type=summary&url=/journals/civil_war_history/v032/32.3.geary.html">online</a></li> <li>Hilderman, Walter C., III. They Went into the Fight Cheering! Confederate Conscription in North Carolina. Boone, N.C.: Parkway, 2005. pp. 272</li> <li>Hyman, Harold M. A More Perfect Union: The Impact of the Civil War and Reconstruction on the Constitution. (1973), ch 13. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=58673628">online edition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110816230917/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=58673628">Archived</a> August 16, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenny2013" class="citation journal cs1">Kenny, Kevin (2013). "Abraham Lincoln and the American Irish". American Journal of Irish Studies. 10: 39–64. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23595037">23595037</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Irish+Studies&rft.atitle=Abraham+Lincoln+and+the+American+Irish&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=39-64&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23595037%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kenny&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevine1981" class="citation journal cs1">Levine, Peter (March 1981). "Draft Evasion in the North during the Civil War, 1863–1865". The Journal of American History. 67 (4): 816–834. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1888051">10.2307/1888051</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1888051">1888051</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+American+History&rft.atitle=Draft+Evasion+in+the+North+during+the+Civil+War%2C+1863%E2%80%931865&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=816-834&rft.date=1981-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1888051&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1888051%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Levine&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMan1951" class="citation journal cs1">Man, Albon P. Jr. (1951). "Labor competition and the New York draft riots of 1863". Journal of Negro History. 36 (4): 375–405. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2715371">10.2307/2715371</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2715371">2715371</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Negro+History&rft.atitle=Labor+competition+and+the+New+York+draft+riots+of+1863&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=375-405&rft.date=1951&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2715371&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2715371%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Man&rft.aufirst=Albon+P.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988">: On Black role</li> <li>Moore, Albert Burton. Conscription and Conflict in the Confederacy 1924 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=10517499">online edition</a></li> <li>Murdoch, Eugene C. One Million Men: The Civil War Draft in the North (1971).</li> <li>Perri, Timothy J. "The Economics of US Civil War Conscription." American Law and Economics Review 10#2 (2008), pp. 424–53. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/42705538">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShankman1977" class="citation journal cs1">Shankman, Arnold (April 1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.psu.edu/pmhb/article/view/43334">"Draft Resistance in Civil War Pennsylvania"</a>. The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography. 101 (2): 190–204. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20091147">20091147</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Pennsylvania+Magazine+of+History+and+Biography&rft.atitle=Draft+Resistance+in+Civil+War+Pennsylvania&rft.volume=101&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=190-204&rft.date=1977-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20091147%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Shankman&rft.aufirst=Arnold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.psu.edu%2Fpmhb%2Farticle%2Fview%2F43334&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Wheeler, Kenneth H. "Local Autonomy and Civil War Draft Resistance: Holmes County, Ohio." Civil War History. v.45#2 1999. pp. 147+ <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5001276214">online edition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110816213255/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5001276214">Archived</a> August 16, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_I_2">World War I</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: World War I">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Chambers II, John Whiteclay. To Raise an Army: The Draft Comes to Modern America (1987), comprehensive look at the national level.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFord2001" class="citation book cs1">Ford, Nancy Gentile (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DrDvJBie0R0C&q=World+War+I,+non+citizen+immigrant+soldiers+from+enemy+empires+and+countries&pg=PA59">Americans All!: Foreign-born Soldiers in World War I</a>. Texas A&M University Military History Series:73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60344-132-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60344-132-2"><bdi>978-1-60344-132-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Americans+All%21%3A+Foreign-born+Soldiers+in+World+War+I&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+University+Military+History+Series%3A73&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-60344-132-2&rft.aulast=Ford&rft.aufirst=Nancy+Gentile&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDrDvJBie0R0C%26q%3DWorld%2BWar%2BI%2C%2Bnon%2Bcitizen%2Bimmigrant%2Bsoldiers%2Bfrom%2Benemy%2Bempires%2Band%2Bcountries%26pg%3DPA59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Ford, Nancy Gentile. "'Mindful of the Traditions of His Race': Dual Identity and Foreign-born Soldiers in the First World War American Army." Journal of American Ethnic History 1997 16(2): 35–57. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0278-5927">0278-5927</a> Fulltext: in Ebsco</li> <li>Hickle, K. Walter. "'Justice and the Highest Kind of Equality Require Discrimination': Citizenship, Dependency, and Conscription in the South, 1917–1919." Journal of Southern History. v. 66#4 2000. pp. 749+ <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5002373106">online version</a></li> <li>Keith, Jeanette. "The Politics of Southern Draft Resistance, 1917–1918: Class, Race, and Conscription in the Rural South." Journal of American History 2000 87(4): 1335–1361. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0021-8723">0021-8723</a> Fulltext: in Jstor and Ebsco</li> <li>Keith, Jeanette. Rich Man's War, Poor Man's Fight: Race, Class, and Power in the Rural South during the First World War. 2004. 260pp.</li> <li>Kennedy, David M. Over Here: The First World War and American Society (1980), ch 3 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130104111912/http://www.questia.com/library/book/over-here-the-first-world-war-and-american-society-by-david-m-kennedy.jsp">online edition</a></li> <li>Shenk, Gerald E. "Race, Manhood, and Manpower: Mobilizing Rural Georgia for World War I," Georgia Historical Quarterly, 81 (Fall 1997), 622–662</li> <li>Woodward, C. Vann. Tom Watson, Agrarian Rebel (1938), pp. 451–463.</li> <li>Sieger, Susan. "She Didn't Raise Her Boy to Be a Slacker: Motherhood, Conscription, and the Culture of the First World War." Feminist Studies. v. 22#1 1996. pp. 7+ <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071208122115/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=95162844">online edition</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShenk2005" class="citation book cs1">Shenk, Gerald E. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oZyu0cQqR-gC&pg=PA62">"Work or fight!": Race, Gender, and the Draft in World War One</a>. <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-6175-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-6175-4"><bdi>978-1-4039-6175-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Work+or+fight%21%22%3A+Race%2C+Gender%2C+and+the+Draft+in+World+War+One&rft.pub=Macmillan+Publishers&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-4039-6175-4&rft.aulast=Shenk&rft.aufirst=Gerald+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoZyu0cQqR-gC%26pg%3DPA62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II_2">World War II</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: World War II">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Flynn, George Q. The Draft, 1940–1973. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1993; the standard history</li> <li>Garry, Clifford J. and Samuel R. Spencer Jr. The First Peacetime Draft. 1986.</li> <li>Goossen, Rachel Waltner; Women against the Good War: Conscientious Objection and Gender on the American Home Front, 1941–1947 1997 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=55106584">online edition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080317043852/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=55106584">Archived</a> March 17, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Westbrook, Robert. "'I Want a Girl Just Like the Girl That Married Harry James': American Women and the Problem of Political Obligation in WWII," American Quarterly 42 (December 1990): 587–614; online in JSTOR</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cold_War_and_Vietnam">Cold War and Vietnam</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Cold War and Vietnam">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrence_M._BaskirWilliam_A._Strauss1978" class="citation book cs1">Lawrence M. Baskir; William A. Strauss (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chancecircumstan00bask">Chance and Circumstance: The Draft, the War, and the Vietnam Generation</a>. Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-72749-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-72749-3"><bdi>978-0-394-72749-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chance+and+Circumstance%3A+The+Draft%2C+the+War%2C+and+the+Vietnam+Generation&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-394-72749-3&rft.au=Lawrence+M.+Baskir&rft.au=William+A.+Strauss&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchancecircumstan00bask&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Flynn, George Q. The Draft, 1940–1973. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1993; the standard history</li> <li>Marc Leepson, "What It Was Like to Be Drafted," <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/21/opinion/what-it-was-like-to-be-drafted.html">The New York Times, "Vietnam '67," July 21, 2017</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recent">Recent</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Recent">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Halstead, Fred. GIs Speak out against the War: The Case of the Ft. Jackson 8. 128 pages. New York: Pathfinder Press. 1970.</li> <li>Warner, John T. and Beth J. Asch. "The Record and Prospects of the All-volunteer Military in the United States." Journal of Economic Perspectives 2001 15(2): 169–192. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0895-3309">0895-3309</a> Fulltext: in Jstor and Ebsco</li> <li>Wooten; Evan M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholarship.law.wm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1246&context=wmlr">"Banging on the Backdoor Draft: The Constitutional Validity of Stop-Loss in the Military"</a>, William and Mary Law Review, Vol. 47, 2005</li> <li>Chambers II, John Whiteclay, ed. Draftees or Volunteers: A Documentary History of the Debate over Military Conscription in the United States, 1787–1973, (1975) (1976) (2011)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/conscription" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:conscription">conscription</a> at Wiktionary <ul><li>"What It Was Like to be Drafted," <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/21/opinion/what-it-was-like-to-be-drafted.html">The New York Times, "Vietnam '67," July 21, 2017</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sss.gov/">Selective Service System official website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060316104102/http://www.rollingstone.com/politics/story/6862691/the_return_of_the_draft/">Rolling Stone magazine: "The Return of the Draft" 2005</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/How_To_Beat_The_Draft_Board" class="extiw" title="b:How To Beat The Draft Board">How To Beat The Draft Board</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.townhall.com/columnists/WalterEWilliams/2006/12/27/reinstating_the_military_draft">Reinstating the military draft by Walter E. Williams</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160529112949/http://www.townhall.com/columnists/WalterEWilliams/2006/12/27/reinstating_the_military_draft">Archived</a> May 29, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usmilitary.about.com/cs/wars/a/draft.htm">Are You Going to be Drafted? by Rod Powers. Discusses the improbability of the draft returning.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070212043447/http://usmilitary.about.com/cs/wars/a/draft.htm">Archived</a> February 12, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.loc.gov/loc/2016/09/world-war-i-conscription-laws/">World War I: Conscription Laws from the Library of Congress Blog</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_the_United_States&oldid=1252229319">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_the_United_States&oldid=1252229319</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conscription_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Conscription in the United States">Conscription in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_nationalism" title="Category:American nationalism">American nationalism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conscription_by_country" title="Category:Conscription by country">Conscription by country</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_military_policies" title="Category:United States military policies">United States military policies</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_American_English_from_March_2019" title="Category:Use American English from March 2019">Use American English from March 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_American_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in American English">All Wikipedia articles written in American English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_August_2016" title="Category:Use mdy dates from August 2016">Use mdy dates from August 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2014" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2018" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018">Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_failed_verification" title="Category:All articles with failed verification">All articles with failed verification</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_failed_verification_from_December_2015" title="Category:Articles with failed verification from December 2015">Articles with failed verification from December 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from August 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_March_2018" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018">Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_September_2020" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2020">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images" title="Category:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images">Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases" title="Category:All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases">All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases_from_May_2024" title="Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from May 2024">Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from May 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 20 October 2024, at 12:12 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_the_United_States&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b8d669998-bpvhz","wgBackendResponseTime":173,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.829","walltime":"2.183","ppvisitednodes":{"value":9551,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":252759,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":11019,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":18,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":446711,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1910.197 1 -total"," 51.02% 974.661 1 Template:Reflist"," 23.93% 457.190 58 Template:Cite_web"," 6.57% 125.564 17 Template:Cite_book"," 6.26% 119.488 1 Template:Conscription"," 6.18% 118.081 1 Template:Short_description"," 6.09% 116.238 1 Template:Sidebar"," 5.76% 110.002 19 Template:Cite_news"," 5.67% 108.234 15 Template:Cite_journal"," 5.17% 98.793 1 Template:Commons_category"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.141","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":8863232,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAitken1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlterNet_/_By_Richard_Muhammad2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAmbrose1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnbinder2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAndrew_Glass2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAngrist1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlack2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuhle\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCornell2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid_E._Rosenbaum1971\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFDeFazio2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoherty1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDunnigan1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdward_Hasbrouck\"] = 6,\n [\"CITEREFEickhoff1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFord2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFreeman1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeva2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeva2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeva2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGibbs2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGriffithRobert_K._Griffith,_Jr.,_John_Wyndham_Mountcastle1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHasbrouck\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFHasbrouck2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHasbrouck2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHiggens2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolbrook2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHouse1955\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIIIHarris2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_M._Crewdson1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_W._Finney1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKenny2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKohn1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKorte2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLalich2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLawrence_M._BaskirWilliam_A._Strauss1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevine1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMan1951\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin_AndersonValerie_Bloom1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMuller\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMyra_MacPherson2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNelson2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNieberg2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrvedahl2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhillips2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosenbaum1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRottman2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSelective_Service_System\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShankman1977\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFShenk2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSiu2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStaff_of_the_Catholic_Peace_Fellowship2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteinhauer2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStentiford2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas_W._Evans1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurner2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnited_States_President\u0026#039;s_Commission_on_an_All-Volunteer_Armed_Force1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWashingtonp:225-70002004\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 4,\n [\"'\\\"\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 4,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 17,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 15,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 19,\n [\"Cite press release\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 58,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Conscription\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Conscription In The United States\"] = 1,\n [\"Failed verification\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"ISSN\"] = 3,\n [\"Main\"] = 3,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote box\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 2,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"USFedReg\"] = 2,\n [\"USStat\"] = 1,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 12,\n [\"Which\"] = 1,\n [\"Wiktionary-inline\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","240","20.3"],["?","240","20.3"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","60","5.1"],["\u003CModule:Citation/CS1:813\u003E","40","3.4"],["init \u003CModule:Citation/CS1/Utilities\u003E","40","3.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","40","3.4"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","40","3.4"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","40","3.4"],["select_one \u003CModule:Citation/CS1/Utilities:426\u003E","40","3.4"],["init \u003CModule:Citation/CS1/Date_validation\u003E","40","3.4"],["[others]","360","30.5"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-57488d5c7d-6zg9s","timestamp":"20241128043113","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Conscription in the United States","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Conscription_in_the_United_States","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q5162775","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q5162775","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-09-30T13:28:37Z","dateModified":"2024-10-20T12:12:18Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/8\/82\/Young_men_registering_for_military_conscription%2C_New_York_City%2C_June_5%2C_1917.jpg","headline":"\"The draft\" in the United States"}</script> </body> </html>