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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Grammar subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Morphology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morphology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Morphology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Morphology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocabulary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocabulary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Vocabulary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Writing system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writing_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Vandalic language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 40 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">40 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandaals" title="Vandaals – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Vandaals" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_vandalo" title="Idioma vandalo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Idioma vandalo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_v%C3%A1ndalu" title="Idioma vándalu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma vándalu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandaleg" title="Vandaleg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Vandaleg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llengua_v%C3%A0ndala" title="Llengua vàndala – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llengua vàndala" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandal%C5%A1tina" title="Vandalština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vandalština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vand%C3%A1lagiella" title="Vandálagiella – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Vandálagiella" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandalische_Sprache" title="Vandalische Sprache – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vandalische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_v%C3%A1ndalo" title="Idioma vándalo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma vándalo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandala_lingvo" title="Vandala lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vandala lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="زبان وندالی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان وندالی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandale_(langue)" title="Vandale (langue) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vandale (langue)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fandaalsk" title="Fandaalsk – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Fandaalsk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%85%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B3%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B6%F0%90%8C%B3%F0%90%8C%B0" title="𐍅𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍅𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%98%EB%8B%AC%EC%96%B4" title="반달어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="반달어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandalski_jezik" title="Vandalski jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vandalski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandala_linguo" title="Vandala linguo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Vandala linguo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/As%E1%BB%A5s%E1%BB%A5_Vandalic" title="Asụsụ Vandalic – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Asụsụ Vandalic" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Vandal" title="Bahasa Vandal – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Vandal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_vandalica" title="Lingua vandalica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua vandalica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Вандал тілі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Вандал тілі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandal%C5%B3_kalba" title="Vandalų kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vandalų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandal_(lingua)" title="Vandal (lingua) – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Vandal (lingua)" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vand%C3%A1l_nyelv" title="Vandál nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vandál nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Вандалски јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Вандалски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandaals" title="Vandaals – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vandaals" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandoals" title="Vandoals – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Vandoals" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandalsk" title="Vandalsk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vandalsk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandalisk" title="Vandalisk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Vandalisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_wandalski" title="Język wandalski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język wandalski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_v%C3%A2ndala" title="Língua vândala – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua vândala" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_vandalic%C4%83" title="Limba vandalică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba vandalică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Вандальский язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вандальский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandal%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Vandalščina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vandalščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandaalin_kieli" title="Vandaalin kieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vandaalin kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandaliska" title="Vandaliska – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vandaliska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandalca" title="Vandalca – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Vandalca" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Вандальська мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вандальська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B1%AA%E8%BE%BE%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD" title="汪达尔语 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="汪达尔语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandali_zyvon" title="Vandali zyvon – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Vandali zyvon" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q36835#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the ancient Germanic language. For the modern Slavic language of the Slovenes once thought to be descendants of the Vandals, see <a href="/wiki/Prekmurje_Slovene" title="Prekmurje Slovene">Prekmurje Slovene</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Vandalic</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">Extinct</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/6th_century" title="6th century">6th century</a> AD</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East Germanic</a> †<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Vandalic</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/xvn" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:xvn">xvn</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Linguist_List" title="Linguist List">Linguist List</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200101010101/http://multitree.org/codes/xvn">xvn</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/vand1245">vand1245</a></code></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/Gothic_alphabet" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic</a> characters.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support#Gothic" title="Help:Multilingual support">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of letters.</div></div> </div> <p><b>Vandalic</b> was the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic language</a> spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a> during roughly the 3rd to 6th centuries. It was probably closely related to <a href="/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Gothic</a>, and, as such, is traditionally classified as an <a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="East Germanic language">East Germanic language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hartmann_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hartmann-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 9">: 9 </span></sup> Its attestation is very fragmentary, mainly due to the Vandals' constant migrations and late adoption of writing. All modern sources from the time when Vandalic was spoken are <a href="/wiki/Protohistoric" class="mw-redirect" title="Protohistoric">protohistoric</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Reichert_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reichert-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 43–44">: 43–44 </span></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vandalic_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vandalic is traditionally classified as an East Germanic language,<sup id="cite_ref-Wrede_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wrede-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 4">: 4 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hennings_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hennings-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the reasons for this classification are mostly historical and not linguistical.<sup id="cite_ref-Hartmann_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hartmann-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 7">: 7 </span></sup> Due to the perception of Vandalic as an East Germanic language, its reconstruction from <a href="/wiki/Onomastics" title="Onomastics">onomastics</a> recorded by Greek and Roman sources relies on Gothic forms. Therefore, it is difficult to assess whether or not Vandalic is closely related to Gothic.<sup id="cite_ref-Hartmann_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hartmann-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 9">: 9 </span></sup> </p><p>Theories range from Gothic and Vandalic, together with <a href="/wiki/Burgundian_language_(Germanic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Burgundian language (Germanic)">Burgundian</a>, form a <a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">dialect continuum</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Riegger_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Riegger-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or that language of the Vandals was actually Gothic,<sup id="cite_ref-Reichert_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reichert-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 47">: 47 </span></sup> to them being different languages separating early on, without having an intermediary East Germanic ancestor.<sup id="cite_ref-Phylogeny_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phylogeny-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vandalic_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vandals_Migration_pt.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Vandals_Migration_pt.gif/220px-Vandals_Migration_pt.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Vandals_Migration_pt.gif/330px-Vandals_Migration_pt.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Vandals_Migration_pt.gif/440px-Vandals_Migration_pt.gif 2x" data-file-width="1725" data-file-height="1739" /></a><figcaption>The Vandals during the <a href="/wiki/Migration_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Migration period">Migration period</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>According to their own mythology, the <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a> originally came from <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a>. It is therefore debated, whether Gothic and by extension Vandalic, came from Scandinavia or not. Linguistic evidence shows no specific relation between <a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North Germanic</a> and either Gothic or Vandalic. Still, it is possible that both the Goths and the Vandals migrated from Scandinavia southwards, where their respective languages started to diverge from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Phylogeny_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phylogeny-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The linguistic <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_homeland" title="Linguistic homeland">urheimat</a> of Vandalic probably lies south of the Baltic sea. They <a href="/wiki/Crossing_of_the_Rhine" title="Crossing of the Rhine">crossed the Rhine</a> in the fifth century,<sup id="cite_ref-Phylogeny_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phylogeny-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> establishing themselves together with the <a href="/wiki/Hasdingi" title="Hasdingi">Hasdingi</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Silingi" title="Silingi">Silingi</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gallaecia" title="Gallaecia">Gallaecia</a> (northern <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)" title="Galicia (Spain)">Galicia</a>) and in <a href="/wiki/Andalusia" title="Andalusia">southern Spain</a>, following other Germanic and non-Germanic peoples (<a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alans" title="Alans">Alans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suebi" title="Suebi">Suebi</a>) in c. 410 before they moved <a href="/wiki/Vandal_Kingdom" title="Vandal Kingdom">to North Africa</a> in the 430s. Their kingdom flourished in the early 6th century, but after their <a href="/wiki/Vandalic_War" title="Vandalic War">defeat</a> in 534 they were placed <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_Africa" title="Praetorian prefecture of Africa">under Byzantine administration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Miles_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miles-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 1">: 1 </span></sup> The Vandalic language is presumed to still have been spoken at the time of the Byzantine conquest.<sup id="cite_ref-Miles_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miles-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 95">: 95 </span></sup> It likely disappeared before the end of the century.<sup id="cite_ref-Hennings_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hennings-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Attestation">Attestation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vandalic_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Attestation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Very little is known about the Vandalic language other than various phrases and a small number of personal names of Vandalic origin, mainly known from documents and coins.<sup id="cite_ref-Hartmann_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hartmann-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 7">: 7 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Reichert_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reichert-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 44">: 44 </span></sup> Most Vandalic names were recorded by native speakers of Latin or Greek, who might have misinterpreted phonemes or assimilated names to those common in their mother tongue.<sup id="cite_ref-Reichert_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reichert-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The regional name <a href="/wiki/Andalusia" title="Andalusia">Andalusia</a> is traditionally believed to have derived from Vandalic, although this <a href="/wiki/Name_of_Andalusia" class="mw-redirect" title="Name of Andalusia">claim is contested</a>. Following the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_conquest_of_Hispania" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad conquest of Hispania">Umayyad conquest of Hispania</a>, from the 8th century to the end of the 15th the region was called <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a></i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In one inscription from the <a href="/wiki/Vandal_Kingdom" title="Vandal Kingdom">Vandal Kingdom</a>, the Christian incantation of <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kyrie_eleison" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyrie eleison">Kyrie eleison</a></i></span> is given in Vandalic as "<span title="Vandalic-language text"><span lang="xvn" style="font-style: normal;">Froia arme</span></span>" ("Lord, have mercy!").<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tiefenbach_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tiefenbach-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same phrase appears in <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Collatio Beati Augustini cum Pascentio ariano</i></span> 15 by <a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Augustine" title="Pseudo-Augustine">Pseudo-Augustine</a>: "<span title="Vandalic-language text"><span lang="xvn" style="font-style: normal;">Froja armes</span></span>".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is possible that this sentence is, in fact, Gothic since the Vandals might have used Gothic as liturgical language.<sup id="cite_ref-Tiefenbach_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tiefenbach-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 262">: 262 </span></sup> </p><p>The epigram <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la-015"><a href="/wiki/De_conviviis_barbaris" title="De conviviis barbaris">De conviviis barbaris</a></i></span> in the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Anthology" title="Latin Anthology">Latin Anthology</a>, of North African origin and disputed date, contains a fragment in a Germanic language that some authors believe to be Vandalic,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Reichert_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reichert-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 49–50">: 49–50 </span></sup> although the fragment itself refers to the language as "Gothic". This may be because both languages were East Germanic and closely related; scholars have pointed out in this context<sup id="cite_ref-Reichert_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reichert-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 48">: 48 </span></sup> that <a href="/wiki/Procopius" title="Procopius">Procopius</a> refers to the <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a>, Vandals, <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gepids" title="Gepids">Gepids</a> as "Gothic nations" and opines that they "are all of the <a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arian</a> faith, and have one language called Gothic".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fragment reads: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1157697682">.mw-parser-output .verse_translation .translated{padding-left:2em!important}@media only screen and (max-width:43.75em){.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small td{display:block;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small .translated{padding-left:0.5em!important}}</style> </p> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> <p><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la-015">Inter "<span title="Vandalic-language text"><i lang="xvn">eils</i></span>" Goticum "<span title="Vandalic-language text"><i lang="xvn">scapia matzia ia drincan!</i></span>"<br /> non audet quisquam dignos educere versus.<br /> Calliope madido trepidat se iungere Baccho.<br /> ne pedibus non stet ebria Musa suis.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i></span> </p> </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="en" class="poem"> <p>Amid the Gothic "Hail! Let's get [something to] eat and drink"<br /> nobody dares to put forth decent verses.<br /> <a href="/wiki/Calliope" title="Calliope">Calliope</a> hurries to depart from wet <a href="/wiki/Bacchus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacchus">Bacchus</a>.<br /> An inebriated Muse may not stand on her feet. </p> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Other surviving Vandalic words are <span title="Vandalic-language text"><i lang="xvn">Baudus</i></span>, "master" <sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <span title="Vandalic-language text"><i lang="xvn">Vandalirice</i></span>, "King of the Vandals".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vandalic_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The phonological features of Vandalic are similar to those of Gothic.<sup id="cite_ref-Wrede_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wrede-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 7">: 7 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vandalic_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following vowel inventory is based on Wrede:<sup id="cite_ref-Wrede_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wrede-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 91–101">: 91–101 </span></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><small>short</small></th> <th><small>long</small> </th> <th><small>short</small></th> <th><small>long</small> </th> <th><small>short</small></th> <th><small>long</small> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/High_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="High vowel">High</a> </th> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">i</span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">iː</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">u</span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">uː</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">eː</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">oː</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Low_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Low vowel">Low</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">a</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Vandalic <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> was sometimes written <span class="nowrap">⟨e⟩</span> by Latin authors.<sup id="cite_ref-Reichert_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reichert-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 96">: 96 </span></sup></li></ul> <p>The Proto-Germanic long vowel *<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e:/</span> is often written in Vandalic names as <span class="nowrap">⟨e⟩</span> (<span title="Vandalic-language text"><i lang="xvn">Gunthimer</i></span>, <span title="Vandalic-language text"><i lang="xvn">Geilimer</i></span>), but it is also represented as <span class="nowrap">⟨i⟩</span> <span title="Vandalic-language text"><i lang="xvn">Geilamir</i></span>, <span title="Vandalic-language text"><i lang="xvn">Vitarit</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wrede_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wrede-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 91">: 91 </span></sup> </p><p>The Proto-Germanic short vowel *<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span> is often written as <span class="nowrap">⟨i⟩</span> in Vandalic<sup id="cite_ref-Reichert_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reichert-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 96">: 96 </span></sup> when it was not preceded by *<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r,<span class="wrap"> </span>h,<span class="wrap"> </span>w/</span>. For example, <span title="Vandalic-language text"><i lang="xvn">Sigisteun</i></span> contains -<i>i</i> because <i>g</i> precedes the vowel, but <span title="Vandalic-language text"><i lang="xvn">Beremut</i></span> retains the *e since <i>r</i> precedes the vowel.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It could either mean that *<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span> turned into <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> in Vandalic<sup id="cite_ref-Onesti2_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Onesti2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or that the Vandalic short <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span> was interpreted as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> by non-natives.<sup id="cite_ref-Reichert_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reichert-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 97">: 97 </span></sup> </p><p>Similar to Gothic, Vandalic does not seem to have <a href="/wiki/Germanic_umlaut" title="Germanic umlaut">i-umlaut</a>. One example of items that demonstrate the lack of umlaut are names that contain the form *<span title="Vandalic-language text"><i lang="xvn">ari</i></span> (< Proto-Germanic <span title="Proto-Germanic-language text">*<i lang="gem">harjaz</i></span> 'army'): <span title="Vandalic-language text"><i lang="xvn">Ariarith</i></span>, <span title="Vandalic-language text"><i lang="xvn">Arifridos</i></span>, <span title="Vandalic-language text"><i lang="xvn">Guntari</i></span>, <span title="Vandalic-language text"><i lang="xvn">Raginari</i></span> vs. Old English <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">here</i></span>, the latter of which does show umlaut with the Proto-Germanic *<i>a</i> having shifted to <i>e</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Onesti2_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Onesti2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Proto-Germanic *<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o:/</span> is written <span class="nowrap">⟨u⟩</span>; <span title="Vandalic-language text"><i lang="xvn">Blumarit</i></span> (compare Proto-Germanic <span title="Proto-Germanic-language text">*<i lang="gem">blōmô</i></span>), <span title="Vandalic-language text"><i lang="xvn">Vilimut</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Onesti2_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Onesti2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This could either mean that *<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o:/</span> turned into <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span> in Vandalic<sup id="cite_ref-Onesti2_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Onesti2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or that it is a misinterpretation of the sound by Latin authors.<sup id="cite_ref-Reichert_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reichert-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 98">: 98 </span></sup> In Gothic documents, *<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o:/</span> is mostly written <span class="nowrap">⟨o⟩</span>, but sometimes also <span class="nowrap">⟨u⟩</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Reichert_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reichert-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 98">: 98 </span></sup> </p><p>The Proto-Germanic diphthong *eu tends to come down to Vandalic as <i>eu</i>. Take for example the form <span title="Vandalic-language text"><i lang="xvn">teudo</i></span>- ('people'),<sup id="cite_ref-Onesti2_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Onesti2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as opposed to the Gothic <span title="Gothic-language text"><span lang="got">𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰</span></span> (<span title="Gothic-language text"><i lang="got-Latn">þiuda</i></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where it has changed to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iu/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Onesti2_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Onesti2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Proto-Germanic diphthong *ai is preserved as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ai/</span>, but tends to become <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ei/</span> later on. For example, the name <span title="Vandalic-language text"><i lang="xvn">Gaisericus</i></span> changes to <span title="Vandalic-language text"><i lang="xvn">Geiseric</i></span> in later documents.<sup id="cite_ref-Onesti2_18-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Onesti2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vandalic_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Vandalic consonant inventory according to Wrede.<sup id="cite_ref-Wrede_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wrede-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 101–109">: 101–109 </span></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th>  </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labialized_velar_consonant" title="Labialized velar consonant">Labiovelar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><span class="nowrap">⟨m⟩</span> </td> <td colspan="2">  </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="nowrap">⟨n⟩</span> </td> <td colspan="2">  </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="nowrap">⟨ng⟩</span> </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/M" title="M">m</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2">  </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">n</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2">  </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/%C5%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="Ŋ">ŋ</a></span> </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Stop</a> </th> <td><span class="nowrap">⟨p⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap">⟨b⟩</span> </td> <td colspan="2">  </td> <td><span class="nowrap">⟨t⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap">⟨d⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap">⟨c⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap">⟨g⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap">⟨c⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap">⟨g⟩</span> </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/P" title="P">p</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/B" title="B">b</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2">  </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/T" title="T">t</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/D" title="D">d</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/C" title="C">c</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/%C9%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="ɟ">ɟ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">k</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/%EA%9E%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="Ɡ">ɡ</a></span> </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <td><span class="nowrap">⟨f⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap">⟨b⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap">⟨th⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap">⟨d⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap">⟨s⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap">⟨s, z⟩</span> </td> <td colspan="2">  </td> <td>? <span class="nowrap">⟨h⟩</span> </td> <td>? <span class="nowrap">⟨g⟩</span> </td> <td>  </td> <td>? <span class="nowrap">⟨h⟩</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/%C9%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="ɸ">ɸ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/%CE%92" class="mw-redirect" title="Β">β</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/%CE%98" class="mw-redirect" title="Θ">θ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/%C3%90" class="mw-redirect" title="Ð">ð</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_sibilant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar sibilant">s</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_sibilant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar sibilant">z</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2">  </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a></span> </td> <td>  </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/H" title="H">h</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <td colspan="2">  </td> <td colspan="2">  </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="nowrap">⟨l⟩</span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="nowrap">⟨i, j⟩</span> </td> <td colspan="2">  </td> <td><span class="nowrap">⟨w, v⟩</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">  </td> <td colspan="2">  </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/L" title="L">l</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/J" title="J">j</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2">  </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/W" title="W">w</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <td colspan="2">  </td> <td colspan="2">  </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="nowrap">⟨r⟩</span> </td> <td colspan="2">  </td> <td colspan="2">  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">  </td> <td colspan="2">  </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental,_alveolar_and_postalveolar_trills" title="Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar trills">r</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2">  </td> <td colspan="2">  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>It is unclear how <span class="nowrap">⟨h⟩</span> was originally pronounced.<sup id="cite_ref-Wrede_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wrede-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 107–108">: 107–108 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Reichert_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reichert-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 101">: 101 </span></sup></li> <li>It is likely that [<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/%C6%94" class="mw-redirect" title="Ɣ">ɣ</a></span>] occurred in Vandalic, but there is not enough evidence for the sound.<sup id="cite_ref-Wrede_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wrede-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 107">: 107 </span></sup></li></ul> <p>The Proto-Germanic *<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/z/</span> is also preserved in the language as a <a href="/wiki/Sibilant" title="Sibilant">sibilant</a> (always found written <span class="nowrap">⟨s⟩</span> or as part of <span class="nowrap">⟨x⟩</span>), as opposed to having undergone <a href="/wiki/Rhotacism" title="Rhotacism">rhotacism</a> as it has in <a href="/wiki/North_Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="North Germanic">North</a> or <a href="/wiki/West_Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="West Germanic">West Germanic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Onesti1_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Onesti1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, compare the Vandalic form <span title="Vandalic-language text"><i lang="xvn">geis</i></span> (as in <span title="Vandalic-language text"><i lang="xvn">Geiseric</i></span>) 'spear' to Old English <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">gār</i></span>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The word-initial <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span> inherited from Proto-Germanic does not consistently appear in Vandalic names recorded by Greek or Latin authors (e.g., the element <span title="Vandalic-language text"><i lang="xvn">ari</i></span> in <span title="Vandalic-language text"><i lang="xvn">Arifridos</i></span> and <span title="Vandalic-language text"><i lang="xvn">Guntari</i></span>, from Proto-Germanic <span title="Proto-Germanic-language text">*<i lang="gem">harja-</i></span> 'army'). Sometimes the same name appears with and without <span class="nowrap">⟨h⟩</span>, depending on the author. However, royal names on Vandal coins use a conservative official spelling, with the <span class="nowrap">⟨h⟩</span> always being written.<sup id="cite_ref-Onesti2_18-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Onesti2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This could point to either a loss of the sound represented by <span class="nowrap">⟨h⟩</span><sup id="cite_ref-Onesti2_18-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Onesti2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or errors introduced by authors unfamiliar with the sound.<sup id="cite_ref-Wrede_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wrede-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 107">: 107 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Reichert_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reichert-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 100">: 100 </span></sup> </p><p>The Proto-Germanic fricatives *<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/þ/</span> and *<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ð/</span> often turned into <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d/</span>, but there are also some names in which they were retained or otherwise represented distinctly: <span title="Vandalic-language text"><i lang="xvn">Thrasamundus</i></span>, <span title="Vandalic-language text"><i lang="xvn">Guntha</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Onesti2_18-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Onesti2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Initial <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w/</span> is sometimes written as <span class="nowrap">⟨gu⟩</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Reichert_2-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reichert-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 104">: 104 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Onesti2_18-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Onesti2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This could be an issue of Latin spelling<sup id="cite_ref-Reichert_2-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reichert-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 104">: 104 </span></sup> or a point to the development of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/gw/</span>. Examples are <span title="Vandalic-language text"><i lang="xvn">Guiliaruna</i></span>, < Proto-Germanic <span title="Proto-Germanic-language text">*<i lang="gem">wilja-</i></span> and <span title="Vandalic-language text"><i lang="xvn">Guitifrida</i></span>, < <span title="Proto-Germanic-language text">*<i lang="gem">wīti-</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Onesti2_18-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Onesti2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Proto-Germanic cluster *<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/-ww-/</span> can be found strengthened to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/-g-/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Onesti2_18-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Onesti2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Proto-Germanic cluster *<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/-tj-/</span> can become <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tsj]</span>, as in <span title="Vandalic-language text"><i lang="xvn">matzia</i></span> from Proto-Germanic <span title="Proto-Germanic-language text">*<i lang="gem">matjaną</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Onesti2_18-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Onesti2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vandalic_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Very little is known about Vandalic grammar, but some things can be extracted from extant Vandalic material.<sup id="cite_ref-Reichert_2-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reichert-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 105">: 105 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Morphology">Morphology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vandalic_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Morphology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The original Proto-Germanic <i>*-z</i> used to mark the nominative masculine singular in <a href="/wiki/Nominal_(linguistics)" title="Nominal (linguistics)">nominals</a>, which was lost in <a href="/wiki/West_Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="West Germanic">West Germanic</a> early on, is attested within some preserved Vandalic forms as -<i>s</i> or as part of -<i>x</i> (occasionally found <a href="/wiki/Romanization_(cultural)" title="Romanization (cultural)">Romanized</a> in some name attestations as <i>-us</i>). This marker is potentially to be deemed an archaic feature since it is lost in most words, with complete lost within <a href="/wiki/Ostrogoths" title="Ostrogoths">Ostrogothic</a> names from the 6th century onward.<sup id="cite_ref-Onesti2_18-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Onesti2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Reichert_2-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reichert-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 106">: 106 </span></sup> </p><p>The epithet <span title="Vandalic-language text"><i lang="xvn">Vandalirice</i></span> 'king of the Vandals' gives possible attestation of a genitive plural ending <i>-e</i> (cf. Gothic -ē), albeit written as <span class="nowrap">⟨i⟩</span> within this form.<sup id="cite_ref-Onesti2_18-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Onesti2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tiefenbach_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tiefenbach-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Old Germanic languages outside of East Germanic have -<i>a</i> (as in <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or -<i>o</i> (as in <a href="/wiki/Old_Dutch" title="Old Dutch">Old Dutch</a> or <a href="/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German">Old High German</a>) as their equivalents of this ending instead;<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> compare Old English <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">Wendla</i></span> against the potential Vandalic form *<span title="Vandalic-language text"><i lang="xvn">Vandali</i></span>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vandalic_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Vocabulary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The tables below show various Vandalic words, phrases and forms that survive in (or as) names and various Latin texts. The majority of these were taken from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicoletta_Francovich_Onesti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicoletta Francovich Onesti (page does not exist)">Nicoletta Francovich Onesti</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicoletta_Francovich_Onesti" class="extiw" title="fr:Nicoletta Francovich Onesti">fr</a>]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Onesti2_18-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Onesti2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (September 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Vandalic words attested outside of names </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Attested<br />Vandalic form </th> <th>Gothic cognate </th> <th>Gloss of Vandalic form </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Vandalic-language text"><span lang="xvn" style="font-style: normal;">arme</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Gothic-language text"><span lang="got">𐌰𐍂𐌼𐌰</span></span>𐌹 (<span title="Gothic-language text"><span lang="got-Latn" style="font-style: normal;">armai</span></span>)<br />(2.sg.ipv. form of <span title="Gothic-language text"><span lang="got">𐌰𐍂𐌼𐌰𐌽</span></span> (<span title="Gothic-language text"><span lang="got-Latn" style="font-style: normal;">arman</span></span>)) </td> <td>'have mercy!' </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Vandalic-language text"><span lang="xvn" style="font-style: normal;">baudus</span></span><br /> (cf. -<i><span title="Vandalic-language text"><i lang="xvn">baudes</i></span></i>) </td> <td>— </td> <td>'ruler, master' </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Vandalic-language text"><span lang="xvn" style="font-style: normal;">drincan</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Gothic-language text"><span lang="got">𐌳𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌺𐌰𐌽</span></span> (<span title="Gothic-language text"><span lang="got" style="font-style: normal;">drigkan</span></span>) </td> <td>'drink (<a href="/wiki/Infinitive" title="Infinitive"><abbr title="infinitive">inf.</abbr></a>)' </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Vandalic-language text"><span lang="xvn" style="font-style: normal;">eils</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Gothic-language text"><span lang="got">𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌻𐍃</span></span> (<span title="Gothic-language text"><span lang="got" style="font-style: normal;">hails</span></span>) </td> <td>'hail!' (greeting) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Vandalic-language text"><span lang="xvn" style="font-style: normal;">ia</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Gothic-language text"><span lang="got">𐌾𐌰𐌷</span></span> (<span title="Gothic-language text"><span lang="got-Latn" style="font-style: normal;">jah</span></span>) </td> <td>'and' </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Vandalic-language text"><span lang="xvn" style="font-style: normal;">froia</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Gothic-language text"><span lang="got">𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌰</span></span> (<span title="Gothic-language text"><span lang="got-Latn" style="font-style: normal;">frauja</span></span>) </td> <td>'lord, (the) Lord' </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Vandalic-language text"><span lang="xvn" style="font-style: normal;">matzia</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Gothic-language text"><span lang="got">𐌼𐌰𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽</span></span> (<span title="Gothic-language text"><span lang="got-Latn" style="font-style: normal;">matjan</span></span>) </td> <td>'eat (<a href="/wiki/Infinitive" title="Infinitive"><abbr title="infinitive">inf.</abbr></a>),<br /> have one's meal (<a href="/wiki/Infinitive" title="Infinitive"><abbr title="infinitive">inf.</abbr></a>)' </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Vandalic-language text"><span lang="xvn" style="font-style: normal;">scapia</span></span> </td> <td>*<span title="Gothic-language text"><span lang="got">𐍃𐌺𐌰𐍀𐌾𐌰𐌽</span></span> (*<span title="Gothic-language text"><span lang="got-Latn" style="font-style: normal;">skapjan</span></span>),<br />cf. <span title="Gothic-language text"><span lang="got">𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌺𐌰𐍀𐌾𐌰𐌽</span></span> (<span title="Gothic-language text"><span lang="got-Latn" style="font-style: normal;">gaskapjan</span></span>) </td> <td>'make, create' </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Vandalic-language text"><span lang="xvn" style="font-style: normal;">vandalirice</span></span> </td> <td>— (-<span title="Gothic-language text"><span lang="got">𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌴</span></span> (<span title="Gothic-language text"><span lang="got-Latn" style="font-style: normal;">reikē</span></span>)) </td> <td>'king of the Vandals' </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Vandalic words and forms attested in or as personal names </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Attested<br />Vandalic form(s) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Gothic</a> cognate </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a><br /> etymon </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Old_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old English language">Old English</a> cognate </th> <th>Gloss of Vandalic form </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Vandalic-language text"><span lang="xvn" style="font-style: normal;">ari</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Gothic-language text"><span lang="got" style="font-style: normal;">𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌹𐍃</span></span> (<span title="Gothic-language text"><span lang="got-Latn" style="font-style: normal;">harjis</span></span>) </td> <td><span title="Proto-Germanic-language text">*<i lang="gem">harjaz</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><span lang="ang" style="font-style: normal;">here</span></span> </td> <td>'army' </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Vandalic-language text"><span lang="xvn" style="font-style: normal;">baudes</span></span><br />(cf. <span title="Vandalic-language text"><span lang="xvn" style="font-style: normal;">baudus</span></span>) </td> <td>— </td> <td><span title="Proto-Germanic-language text">*<i lang="gem">baudiz</i></span> </td> <td>— </td> <td>'master, ruler' </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Vandalic-language text"><span lang="xvn" style="font-style: normal;">bere</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Gothic-language text"><span lang="got" style="font-style: normal;">𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰-</span></span> (<span title="Gothic-language text"><span lang="got-Latn" style="font-style: normal;">baira-</span></span>) </td> <td><span title="Proto-Germanic-language text">*<i lang="gem">bera-</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><span lang="ang" style="font-style: normal;">bera-</span></span> </td> <td>'bear, carry' </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Vandalic-language text"><span lang="xvn" style="font-style: normal;">bluma</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Gothic-language text"><span lang="got" style="font-style: normal;">𐌱𐌻𐍉𐌼𐌰</span></span> (<span title="Gothic-language text"><span lang="got-Latn" style="font-style: normal;">blōma</span></span>) </td> <td><span title="Proto-Germanic-language text">*<i lang="gem">blōmô</i></span> </td> <td>*<span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><span lang="ang" style="font-style: normal;">blōma</span></span> </td> <td>'bloom, flower' </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Vandalic-language text"><span lang="xvn" style="font-style: normal;">dagila</span></span> </td> <td>*<span title="Gothic-language text"><span lang="got" style="font-style: normal;">𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌹𐌻𐌰</span></span> (*<span title="Gothic-language text"><span lang="got-Latn" style="font-style: normal;">dagila</span></span>)<br /> cf. <span title="Gothic-language text"><span lang="got" style="font-style: normal;">𐌳𐌰𐌲𐍃</span></span> (<span title="Gothic-language text"><span lang="got-Latn" style="font-style: normal;">dags</span></span>) </td> <td><span title="Proto-Germanic-language text">*<i lang="gem">dag-</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><span lang="ang" style="font-style: normal;">(dæġ)</span></span> </td> <td>'day (<a href="/wiki/Diminutive" title="Diminutive"><abbr title="diminutive">dim.</abbr></a>)' </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Vandalic-language text"><span lang="xvn" style="font-style: normal;">frida</span></span><br /><span title="Vandalic-language text"><span lang="xvn" style="font-style: normal;">frede</span></span><br /><span title="Vandalic-language text"><span lang="xvn" style="font-style: normal;">feua</span></span> </td> <td>*<span title="Gothic-language text"><span lang="got" style="font-style: normal;">𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌸𐌿𐍃</span></span> (*<span title="Gothic-language text"><span lang="got-Latn" style="font-style: normal;">friþus</span></span>) </td> <td><span title="Proto-Germanic-language text">*<i lang="gem">friþu-</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><span lang="ang" style="font-style: normal;">friþ(u)</span></span><br />(cf. <abbr title="Modern English">MnE</abbr> †frith) </td> <td>'peace' </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Vandalic-language text"><span lang="xvn" style="font-style: normal;">geis</span></span> </td> <td>*<span title="Gothic-language text"><span lang="got" style="font-style: normal;">𐌲𐌰𐌹𐍃</span></span> (*<span title="Gothic-language text"><span lang="got-Latn" style="font-style: normal;">gais</span></span>)<br />cf. <span title="Gothic-language text"><span lang="got" style="font-style: normal;">𐌿𐍃<b>𐌲𐌰𐌹𐍃</b>𐌾𐌰𐌽</span></span> (<span title="Gothic-language text"><span lang="got-Latn" style="font-style: normal;">us<b>gais</b>jan</span></span>)<br />('frighten, scare') </td> <td><span title="Proto-Germanic-language text">*<i lang="gem">gaiza-</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><span lang="ang" style="font-style: normal;">gār</span></span><br />(cf. <abbr title="Modern English">MnE</abbr> <b>gar</b>lic) </td> <td>'spear' </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Vandalic-language text"><span lang="xvn" style="font-style: normal;">gunda</span></span><br /><span title="Vandalic-language text"><span lang="xvn" style="font-style: normal;">guntha</span></span> </td> <td>— </td> <td><span title="Proto-Germanic-language text">*<i lang="gem">gunþjo</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><span lang="ang" style="font-style: normal;">gūþ</span></span> </td> <td>'battle' </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Vandalic-language text"><span lang="xvn" style="font-style: normal;">hildi-</span></span>, <span title="Vandalic-language text"><span lang="xvn" style="font-style: normal;">-ild</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Gothic-language text"><span lang="got" style="font-style: normal;">𐌷𐌹𐌻𐌳𐌹-</span></span> (<span title="Gothic-language text"><span lang="got-Latn" style="font-style: normal;">hildi-</span></span>) </td> <td><span title="Proto-Germanic-language text">*<i lang="gem">hildjō</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><span lang="ang" style="font-style: normal;">hild</span></span> </td> <td>'battle' </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Vandalic-language text"><span lang="xvn" style="font-style: normal;">mir</span></span><br /><span title="Vandalic-language text"><span lang="xvn" style="font-style: normal;">mer</span></span> </td> <td>*<span title="Gothic-language text"><span lang="got">𐌼𐌴𐍂𐍃</span></span> (*<span title="Gothic-language text"><span lang="got-Latn" style="font-style: normal;">mērs</span></span>) </td> <td><span title="Proto-Germanic-language text">*<i lang="gem">mēraz</i></span>, <span title="Proto-Germanic-language text">*<i lang="gem">mērijaz</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><span lang="ang" style="font-style: normal;">mǣre</span></span><br />(cf. <abbr title="Modern English">MnE</abbr> ‡mere) </td> <td>'famous' </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Vandalic-language text"><span lang="xvn" style="font-style: normal;">munds</span></span> </td> <td>— </td> <td><span title="Proto-Germanic-language text">*<i lang="gem">mundō</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><span lang="ang" style="font-style: normal;">mund</span></span><br />(cf. <abbr title="Modern English">MnE</abbr> ‡mound) </td> <td>'defender' </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Vandalic-language text"><span lang="xvn" style="font-style: normal;">mut</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Gothic-language text"><span lang="got" style="font-style: normal;">𐌼𐍉𐌸𐍃</span></span> (<span title="Gothic-language text"><span lang="got-Latn" style="font-style: normal;">mōþs</span></span>)<br />('mood, anger') </td> <td><span title="Proto-Germanic-language text">*<i lang="gem">moda-</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><span lang="ang" style="font-style: normal;">mōd</span></span><br /> (cf. <abbr title="Modern English">MnE</abbr> mood) </td> <td>'courage' </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Vandalic-language text"><span lang="xvn" style="font-style: normal;">oa</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Gothic-language text"><span lang="got" style="font-style: normal;">𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐍃</span></span> (<span title="Gothic-language text"><span lang="got-Latn" style="font-style: normal;">hauhs</span></span>) </td> <td><span title="Proto-Germanic-language text">*<i lang="gem">hauha-</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><span lang="ang" style="font-style: normal;">hēah</span></span> </td> <td>'high' </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Vandalic-language text"><span lang="xvn" style="font-style: normal;">osta</span></span><br /><span title="Vandalic-language text"><span lang="xvn" style="font-style: normal;">hostra</span></span> </td> <td>*<span title="Gothic-language text"><span lang="got" style="font-style: normal;">𐌰𐌿𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰-</span></span> (*<span title="Gothic-language text"><span lang="got-Latn" style="font-style: normal;">austra-</span></span>) </td> <td><span title="Proto-Germanic-language text">*<i lang="gem">austra-</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><span lang="ang" style="font-style: normal;">ēast</span></span> </td> <td>'east' </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Vandalic-language text"><span lang="xvn" style="font-style: normal;">rit</span></span><br /><span title="Vandalic-language text"><span lang="xvn" style="font-style: normal;">rith</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Gothic-language text"><span lang="got" style="font-style: normal;">-𐍂𐌴𐌳𐌰𐌽</span></span> (<span title="Gothic-language text"><span lang="got" style="font-style: normal;">-rēdan</span></span>)<br />('to advise') </td> <td><span title="Proto-Germanic-language text">*<i lang="gem">rēdaz</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><span lang="ang" style="font-style: normal;">rǣd</span></span>, <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><span lang="ang" style="font-style: normal;">rēd</span></span><br />(cf. <abbr title="Modern English">MnE</abbr> †rede) </td> <td>'advice, counsel' </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Vandalic-language text"><span lang="xvn" style="font-style: normal;">rix</span></span><br /><span title="Vandalic-language text"><span lang="xvn" style="font-style: normal;">ricus</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Gothic-language text"><span lang="got" style="font-style: normal;">𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌺𐍃</span></span> (<span title="Gothic-language text"><span lang="got-Latn" style="font-style: normal;">reiks</span></span>) </td> <td><span title="Proto-Germanic-language text">*<i lang="gem">rīk-</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><span lang="ang" style="font-style: normal;">rice</span></span> ('dominion') </td> <td>'king' </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Vandalic-language text"><span lang="xvn" style="font-style: normal;">runa</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Gothic-language text"><span lang="got" style="font-style: normal;">𐍂𐌿𐌽𐌰</span></span> (<span title="Gothic-language text"><span lang="got-Latn" style="font-style: normal;">rūna</span></span>) </td> <td><span title="Proto-Germanic-language text">*<i lang="gem">rūnō</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><span lang="ang" style="font-style: normal;">rūn</span></span><br />(cf. <abbr title="Modern English">MnE</abbr> †roun, rune) </td> <td>'secret' </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Vandalic-language text"><span lang="xvn" style="font-style: normal;">scarila</span></span> </td> <td>— </td> <td><span title="Proto-Germanic-language text">*<i lang="gem">skarō</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><span lang="ang" style="font-style: normal;">scearu</span></span><br />(cf. <abbr title="Modern English">MnE</abbr> share) </td> <td>'band (<abbr title="diminutive">dim.</abbr>)' </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Vandalic-language text"><span lang="xvn" style="font-style: normal;">sifila</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Gothic-language text"><span lang="got" style="font-style: normal;">𐍃𐌹𐌱𐌾𐌰</span></span> (<span title="Gothic-language text"><span lang="got-Latn" style="font-style: normal;">sibja</span></span>) </td> <td><span title="Proto-Germanic-language text">*<i lang="gem">sibjō</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><span lang="ang" style="font-style: normal;">sibb</span></span><br />(cf. <abbr title="Modern English">MnE</abbr> <i><b>sib</b>ling</i>) </td> <td>'kindred (<abbr title="diminutive">dim.</abbr>)' </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Vandalic-language text"><span lang="xvn" style="font-style: normal;">sindi-</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Gothic-language text"><span lang="got">𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍃</span></span> (<span title="Gothic-language text"><span lang="got-Latn" style="font-style: normal;">sinþs</span></span>)<br />('time, occurrence') </td> <td><span title="Proto-Germanic-language text">*<i lang="gem">sinþa-</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><span lang="ang" style="font-style: normal;">sīþ</span></span><br />(cf. <abbr title="Modern English">MnE</abbr> <i>send</i>) </td> <td>'travel, path' </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Vandalic-language text"><span lang="xvn" style="font-style: normal;">trioua</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Gothic-language text"><span lang="got" style="font-style: normal;">𐍄𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌰</span></span> (<span title="Gothic-language text"><span lang="got-Latn" style="font-style: normal;">triggwa</span></span>) </td> <td><span title="Proto-Germanic-language text">*<i lang="gem">triwwa</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><span lang="ang" style="font-style: normal;">trīewu</span></span> </td> <td>'loyal, true (<a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender"><abbr title="feminine">f.</abbr></a>)' </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Vandalic-language text"><span lang="xvn" style="font-style: normal;">teus</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Gothic-language text"><span lang="got" style="font-style: normal;">𐌸𐌹𐌿𐍃</span></span> (<span title="Gothic-language text"><span lang="got-Latn" style="font-style: normal;">þius</span></span>) </td> <td><span title="Proto-Germanic-language text">*<i lang="gem">þewaz</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><span lang="ang" style="font-style: normal;">þēow</span></span><br />(cf. <abbr title="Modern English">MnE</abbr> †thew) </td> <td>'slave, servant' </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Vandalic-language text"><span lang="xvn" style="font-style: normal;">theudo</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Gothic-language text"><span lang="got" style="font-style: normal;">𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰</span></span> (<span title="Gothic-language text"><span lang="got-Latn" style="font-style: normal;">þiuda</span></span>) </td> <td><span title="Proto-Germanic-language text">*<i lang="gem">þeudō</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><span lang="ang" style="font-style: normal;">þēod</span></span><br />(cf. <abbr title="Modern English">MnE</abbr> †thede) </td> <td>'folk' </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Vandalic-language text"><span lang="xvn" style="font-style: normal;">vili</span></span>, <span title="Vandalic-language text"><span lang="xvn" style="font-style: normal;">guilia</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Gothic-language text"><span lang="got" style="font-style: normal;">𐍅𐌹𐌻𐌾𐌰</span></span> (<span title="Gothic-language text"><span lang="got-Latn" style="font-style: normal;">wilja</span></span>) </td> <td><span title="Proto-Germanic-language text">*<i lang="gem">wiljô</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><span lang="ang" style="font-style: normal;">willa</span></span> </td> <td>'will (noun)' </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Vandalic-language text"><span lang="xvn" style="font-style: normal;">uit-</span></span><br /><span title="Vandalic-language text"><span lang="xvn" style="font-style: normal;">guit-</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Gothic-language text">*<span lang="got">𐍅𐌴𐌹𐍄𐌹-</span></span> (<span title="Gothic-language text">*<span lang="got-Latn" style="font-style: normal;">weiti-</span></span>) </td> <td><span title="Proto-Germanic-language text">*<i lang="gem">wīti-</i></span> </td> <td>— </td> <td>'struggle, combat' </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Vandalic-language text"><span lang="xvn" style="font-style: normal;">vult</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Gothic-language text"><span lang="got" style="font-style: normal;">𐍅𐌿𐌻𐌸𐌿𐍃</span></span> (<span title="Gothic-language text"><span lang="got-Latn" style="font-style: normal;">wulþus</span></span>) </td> <td><span title="Proto-Germanic-language text">*<i lang="gem">wulþu-</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><span lang="ang" style="font-style: normal;">wuldor</span></span> </td> <td>'glory' </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing_system">Writing system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vandalic_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Writing system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The few names on coins issued by the Vandalic kingdom were written in Latin script.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vandalic_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Gothic language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East Germanic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Languages of the Roman Empire">Languages of the Roman Empire</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vandalic_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Hartmann-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hartmann_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hartmann_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hartmann_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hartmann_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHartmann2020" class="citation book cs1">Hartmann, Frederik (2020). <i>The Vandalic language – origins and relationships</i>. Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8253-4752-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8253-4752-9"><bdi>978-3-8253-4752-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vandalic+language+%E2%80%93+origins+and+relationships&rft.place=Heidelberg&rft.pub=Universit%C3%A4tsverlag+Winter&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-3-8253-4752-9&rft.aulast=Hartmann&rft.aufirst=Frederik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVandalic+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reichert-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reichert_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reichert_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reichert_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reichert_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reichert_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reichert_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reichert_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reichert_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reichert_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reichert_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reichert_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reichert_2-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reichert_2-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reichert_2-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reichert_2-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reichert_2-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reichert_2-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReichert2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Reichert, Hermann (2009). "Sprache und Namen der Wandalen in Afrika" [The language and names of the Vandals in Africa]. In Greule, Albrecht; Springer, Matthias (eds.). <i>Namen des Frühmittelalters als Sprachliche Zeugnisse und als Geschichtsquellen</i> [<i>Names from the early Middle Ages as linguistical evidence and as historical sources</i>] (in German). Berlin: W. de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110208153" title="Special:BookSources/9783110208153"><bdi>9783110208153</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sprache+und+Namen+der+Wandalen+in+Afrika&rft.btitle=Namen+des+Fr%C3%BChmittelalters+als+Sprachliche+Zeugnisse+und+als+Geschichtsquellen&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=W.+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9783110208153&rft.aulast=Reichert&rft.aufirst=Hermann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVandalic+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wrede-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wrede_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wrede_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wrede_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wrede_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wrede_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wrede_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wrede_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wrede_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWrede2018" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wrede, Ferdinand (2018) [1886]. <i>Über die Sprache der Wandalen</i> [<i>On the language of the Vandals</i>] (in German). Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783111347615" title="Special:BookSources/9783111347615"><bdi>9783111347615</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C3%9Cber+die+Sprache+der+Wandalen&rft.place=Berlin%2FBoston&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9783111347615&rft.aulast=Wrede&rft.aufirst=Ferdinand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVandalic+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hennings-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hennings_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hennings_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHennings2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hennings, Thordis (2012). <i>Einführung in das Mittelhochdeutsche</i> [<i>Introduction to Middle High German</i>] (in German) (3 ed.). Berlin: De Gruyter. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-025959-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-025959-9"><bdi>978-3-11-025959-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Einf%C3%BChrung+in+das+Mittelhochdeutsche&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=26&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-3-11-025959-9&rft.aulast=Hennings&rft.aufirst=Thordis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVandalic+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Riegger-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Riegger_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartmannRiegger2022" class="citation journal cs1">Hartmann, Frederik; Riegger, Chiara (16 March 2022). "The Burgundian language and its phylogeny: A cladistical investigation". <i>NOWELE. North-Western European Language Evolution</i>. <b>75</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">42–</span>80. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Fnowele.00062.har">10.1075/nowele.00062.har</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:247514646">247514646</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NOWELE.+North-Western+European+Language+Evolution&rft.atitle=The+Burgundian+language+and+its+phylogeny%3A+A+cladistical+investigation&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E42-%3C%2Fspan%3E80&rft.date=2022-03-16&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1075%2Fnowele.00062.har&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A247514646%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hartmann&rft.aufirst=Frederik&rft.au=Riegger%2C+Chiara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVandalic+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Phylogeny-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Phylogeny_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Phylogeny_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Phylogeny_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartmann2023" class="citation book cs1">Hartmann, Frederik (2023). "Genealogical implications and Germanic phylogeny". <i>Germanic Phylogeny</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">172–</span>211. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foso%2F9780198872733.003.0005">10.1093/oso/9780198872733.003.0005</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191983719" title="Special:BookSources/9780191983719"><bdi>9780191983719</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Genealogical+implications+and+Germanic+phylogeny&rft.btitle=Germanic+Phylogeny&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E172-%3C%2Fspan%3E211&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foso%2F9780198872733.003.0005&rft.isbn=9780191983719&rft.aulast=Hartmann&rft.aufirst=Frederik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVandalic+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoorhead2013" class="citation book cs1">Moorhead, John (2013). "Goths and Vandals, migration history". <i>The Encyclopedia of Global Human Migration</i> (1 ed.). Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-3489-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-3489-0"><bdi>978-1-4443-3489-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Goths+and+Vandals%2C+migration+history&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Global+Human+Migration&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-3489-0&rft.aulast=Moorhead&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVandalic+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miles-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Miles_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miles_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerrillsMiles2010" class="citation book cs1">Merrills, Andrew H.; Miles, Richard (2010). <i>The Vandals</i>. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781444318074" title="Special:BookSources/9781444318074"><bdi>9781444318074</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vandals&rft.place=Chichester&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781444318074&rft.aulast=Merrills&rft.aufirst=Andrew+H.&rft.au=Miles%2C+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVandalic+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarcía_Sanjuán2017" class="citation book cs1">García Sanjuán, Alejandro (2017). "al-Andalus, etymology and name". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Stewart, Devin J. (eds.). <i>The encyclopaedia of Islam. 2017,5: Band</i>. Leiden/Boston: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004335745" title="Special:BookSources/9789004335745"><bdi>9789004335745</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=al-Andalus%2C+etymology+and+name&rft.btitle=The+encyclopaedia+of+Islam.+2017%2C5%3A+Band&rft.place=Leiden%2FBoston&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9789004335745&rft.aulast=Garc%C3%ADa+Sanju%C3%A1n&rft.aufirst=Alejandro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVandalic+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchäferdiek2016" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Schäferdiek, Knut (2016). "Ulfila und der sogenannte gotische Arianismus" [Ulfila and the so-called Gothic Arianism]. In Berndt, Guido M.; Steinacher, Roland (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8RsGDAAAQBAJ"><i>Arianism: Roman Heresy and Barbarian Creed</i></a> (in English and German). Abingdon/New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317178651" title="Special:BookSources/9781317178651"><bdi>9781317178651</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ulfila+und+der+sogenannte+gotische+Arianismus&rft.btitle=Arianism%3A+Roman+Heresy+and+Barbarian+Creed&rft.place=Abingdon%2FNew+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781317178651&rft.aulast=Sch%C3%A4ferdiek&rft.aufirst=Knut&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8RsGDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVandalic+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tiefenbach-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tiefenbach_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tiefenbach_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tiefenbach_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTiefenbach1991" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tiefenbach, Heinrich (1991). "Das wandalische Domine miserere" [The Vandalic Domine miserere]. <i>Historische Sprachforschung / Historical Linguistics</i> (in German). <b>104</b> (2). Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht: <span class="nowrap">251–</span>268. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0935-3518">0935-3518</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40849030">40849030</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historische+Sprachforschung+%2F+Historical+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Das+wandalische+Domine+miserere&rft.volume=104&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E251-%3C%2Fspan%3E268&rft.date=1991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40849030%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0935-3518&rft.aulast=Tiefenbach&rft.aufirst=Heinrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVandalic+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinacher2008" class="citation conference cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Steinacher, Roland (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120317062529/http://homepage.uibk.ac.at/~c61705/downloads/GruppenundIdentitaeten2008.pdf">"Gruppen und Identitäten. Gedanken zur Bezeichnung "vandalisch"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> [Groups and identities. Thoughts on the term "Vandalic"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Berndt, Guido M.; Steinacher, Roland (eds.). <i>Das Reich der Vandalen und seine (Vor-)Geschichten</i>. 2005 (in German). Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. p. 254. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://homepage.uibk.ac.at/~c61705/downloads/GruppenundIdentitaeten2008.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 17 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Gruppen+und+Identit%C3%A4ten.+Gedanken+zur+Bezeichnung+%22vandalisch%22&rft.btitle=Das+Reich+der+Vandalen+und+seine+%28Vor-%29Geschichten&rft.place=Vienna&rft.pages=254&rft.pub=Verlag+der+%C3%96sterreichischen+Akademie+der+Wissenschaften&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Steinacher&rft.aufirst=Roland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhomepage.uibk.ac.at%2F~c61705%2Fdownloads%2FGruppenundIdentitaeten2008.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVandalic+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101017022045/http://www.univie.ac.at/indogermanistik/quellentexte.cgi?5">"Inter eils Goticum (De conviviis barbaris)"</a>. <i>Indogermanistik Wien: Quellentexte</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.univie.ac.at/indogermanistik/quellentexte.cgi?5">the original</a> on 17 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Indogermanistik+Wien%3A+Quellentexte&rft.atitle=Inter+eils+Goticum+%28De+conviviis+barbaris%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.univie.ac.at%2Findogermanistik%2Fquellentexte.cgi%3F5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVandalic+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/16765/16765-h/16765-h.htm">Procopius of Caesarea, THE VANDALIC WAR I,2–8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted in Magnús Snædal, '<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/758303">The "Vandal" Epigram</a>', in <i>Filologia Germanica/Germanic Philology</i>, 1 (2009), 181–213 (pp. 183–84).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anthologia Latina No. 307, I. 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anthologia Latina No. 215, 523–543</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Onesti2-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Onesti2_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Onesti2_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Onesti2_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Onesti2_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Onesti2_18-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Onesti2_18-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Onesti2_18-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Onesti2_18-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Onesti2_18-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Onesti2_18-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Onesti2_18-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Onesti2_18-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Onesti2_18-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Onesti2_18-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Onesti2_18-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Onesti2_18-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Onesti2_18-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancovich_Onesti2013" class="citation book cs1">Francovich Onesti, Nicoletta (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/691311">"Tracing the language of the Vandals"</a>. <i>Goti e Vandali</i>. Rome: Artemide. pp. <span class="nowrap">179–</span>195. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788875751821" title="Special:BookSources/9788875751821"><bdi>9788875751821</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tracing+the+language+of+the+Vandals&rft.btitle=Goti+e+Vandali&rft.place=Rome&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E179-%3C%2Fspan%3E195&rft.pub=Artemide&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9788875751821&rft.aulast=Francovich+Onesti&rft.aufirst=Nicoletta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F691311&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVandalic+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalg1887" class="citation book cs1">Balg, Gerhard Hubert (1887). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/comparativegloss00balguoft/page/n3/mode/2up"><i>A comparative glossary of the Gothic language with especial reference to English and German</i></a>. Halle: Max Niemeyer. p. 470.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+comparative+glossary+of+the+Gothic+language+with+especial+reference+to+English+and+German&rft.place=Halle&rft.pages=470&rft.pub=Max+Niemeyer&rft.date=1887&rft.aulast=Balg&rft.aufirst=Gerhard+Hubert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcomparativegloss00balguoft%2Fpage%2Fn3%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVandalic+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Onesti1-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Onesti1_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancovich_Onesti2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Francovich Onesti, Nicoletta (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1516556">"Zeugnisse der vandalischen Sprache"</a>. In Hattler, Claus; Erbelding, Susanne; Wenzel, Astrid (eds.). <i>Das Königreich der Vandalen: Erben des Imperiums in Nordafrika; Große Landesausstellung Baden-Württemberg 2009 im Badischen Landesmuseum Schloss Karlsruhe, 24. Oktober 2009 bis 21. Februar 2010</i> (in German). Mainz: von Zabern. pp. <span class="nowrap">228–</span>233. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3805340830" title="Special:BookSources/978-3805340830"><bdi>978-3805340830</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Zeugnisse+der+vandalischen+Sprache&rft.btitle=Das+K%C3%B6nigreich+der+Vandalen%3A+Erben+des+Imperiums+in+Nordafrika%3B+Gro%C3%9Fe+Landesausstellung+Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg+2009+im+Badischen+Landesmuseum+Schloss+Karlsruhe%2C+24.+Oktober+2009+bis+21.+Februar+2010&rft.place=Mainz&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E228-%3C%2Fspan%3E233&rft.pub=von+Zabern&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-3805340830&rft.aulast=Francovich+Onesti&rft.aufirst=Nicoletta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1516556&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVandalic+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrunner1965" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Brunner, Karl (1965). <i>Altenglische Grammatik</i> [<i>Anglo-Saxon grammar</i>] (in German) (3 ed.). Tübingen: Niemeyer. p. 195.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Altenglische+Grammatik&rft.place=T%C3%BCbingen&rft.pages=195&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Niemeyer&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Brunner&rft.aufirst=Karl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVandalic+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoreen1970" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Noreen, Adolf (1970). <i>Altnordische Grammatik. 1: Altisländische und altnorwegische Grammatik (Laut- und Flexionslehre) unter Berücksichtigung des Urnordischen</i> [<i>Old Norse grammar. 1: Old Islandic and Old Norwegen grammar (phonology and morphology)</i>] (in German) (5 ed.). Tübingen: Niemeyer. p. 246. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3484101458" title="Special:BookSources/3484101458"><bdi>3484101458</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Altnordische+Grammatik.+1%3A+Altisl%C3%A4ndische+und+altnorwegische+Grammatik+%28Laut-+und+Flexionslehre%29+unter+Ber%C3%BCcksichtigung+des+Urnordischen&rft.place=T%C3%BCbingen&rft.pages=246&rft.edition=5&rft.pub=Niemeyer&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=3484101458&rft.aulast=Noreen&rft.aufirst=Adolf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVandalic+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalléeTiefenbachLochner1993" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gallée, Johan Hendrik; Tiefenbach, Heinrich; Lochner, Johannes (1993). <i>Altsächsische Grammatik</i> [<i>Old Saxon grammar</i>] (in German) (3 ed.). Tübingen: Niemeyer. p. 195. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3484106816" title="Special:BookSources/3484106816"><bdi>3484106816</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alts%C3%A4chsische+Grammatik&rft.place=T%C3%BCbingen&rft.pages=195&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Niemeyer&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=3484106816&rft.aulast=Gall%C3%A9e&rft.aufirst=Johan+Hendrik&rft.au=Tiefenbach%2C+Heinrich&rft.au=Lochner%2C+Johannes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVandalic+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrauneEbbinghaus1989" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Braune, Wilhelm; Ebbinghaus, Ernst A. (1989). <i>Abriss der althochdeutschen Grammatik: mit Berücksichtigung des Altsächsischen</i> [<i>Basics of Old High German grammar</i>] (in German) (15 ed.). Tübingen: Niemeyer. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3484106433" title="Special:BookSources/3484106433"><bdi>3484106433</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abriss+der+althochdeutschen+Grammatik%3A+mit+Ber%C3%BCcksichtigung+des+Alts%C3%A4chsischen&rft.place=T%C3%BCbingen&rft.pages=34&rft.edition=15&rft.pub=Niemeyer&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=3484106433&rft.aulast=Braune&rft.aufirst=Wilhelm&rft.au=Ebbinghaus%2C+Ernst+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVandalic+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedländer1849" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Friedländer, Julius (1849). <i>Die Münzen der Vandalen</i> [<i>The coins of the Vandals</i>] (in German). Leipzig: Wigand. p. 6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+M%C3%BCnzen+der+Vandalen&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Wigand&rft.date=1849&rft.aulast=Friedl%C3%A4nder&rft.aufirst=Julius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVandalic+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vandalic_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWrede2018" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wrede, Ferdinand (2018) [1886]. <i>Über die Sprache der Wandalen</i> [<i>On the language of the Vandals</i>] (in German). Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783111347615" title="Special:BookSources/9783111347615"><bdi>9783111347615</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C3%9Cber+die+Sprache+der+Wandalen&rft.place=Berlin%2FBoston&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9783111347615&rft.aulast=Wrede&rft.aufirst=Ferdinand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVandalic+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReichert2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Reichert, Hermann (2009). "Sprache und Namen der Wandalen in Afrika" [The language and names of the Vandals in Africa]. In Greule, Albrecht; Springer, Matthias (eds.). <i>Namen des Frühmittelalters als Sprachliche Zeugnisse und als Geschichtsquellen</i> [<i>Names from the early Middle Ages as linguistical evidence and as historical sources</i>] (in German). Berlin: W. de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110208153" title="Special:BookSources/9783110208153"><bdi>9783110208153</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sprache+und+Namen+der+Wandalen+in+Afrika&rft.btitle=Namen+des+Fr%C3%BChmittelalters+als+Sprachliche+Zeugnisse+und+als+Geschichtsquellen&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=W.+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9783110208153&rft.aulast=Reichert&rft.aufirst=Hermann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVandalic+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancovich_Onesti2013" class="citation book cs1">Francovich Onesti, Nicoletta (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/691311">"Tracing the language of the Vandals"</a>. <i>Goti e Vandali</i>. Rome: Artemide. pp. <span class="nowrap">179–</span>195. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788875751821" title="Special:BookSources/9788875751821"><bdi>9788875751821</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tracing+the+language+of+the+Vandals&rft.btitle=Goti+e+Vandali&rft.place=Rome&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E179-%3C%2Fspan%3E195&rft.pub=Artemide&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9788875751821&rft.aulast=Francovich+Onesti&rft.aufirst=Nicoletta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F691311&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVandalic+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartmann2020" class="citation book cs1">Hartmann, Frederik (2020). <i>The Vandalic language – origins and relationships</i>. Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8253-4752-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8253-4752-9"><bdi>978-3-8253-4752-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vandalic+language+%E2%80%93+origins+and+relationships&rft.place=Heidelberg&rft.pub=Universit%C3%A4tsverlag+Winter&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-3-8253-4752-9&rft.aulast=Hartmann&rft.aufirst=Frederik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVandalic+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="West377" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Frisian_languages" title="Anglo-Frisian languages">Anglo-Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglic languages">Anglic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dialects_of_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialects of English">dialects</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Modern_English" title="Modern English">Modern English</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_English" title="Early Modern English">Early Modern English</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i>Irish Middle English</i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fingallian" title="Fingallian">Fingallian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kildare_Poems#Linguistic_features" title="Kildare Poems">Kildare</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yola_dialect" title="Yola dialect">Yola</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Early_Scots" title="Early Scots">Early Scots</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Scots" title="Middle Scots">Middle Scots</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Frisian_languages" title="Frisian languages">Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Frisian" title="Old Frisian">Old Frisian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Frisian" title="Middle Frisian">Middle Frisian</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Frisian_language" title="East Frisian language">East Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ems <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saterland_Frisian_language" title="Saterland Frisian language">Saterland Frisian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Upgant_Frisian" title="Upgant Frisian">Upgant Frisian</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i>Weser</i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Wangerooge_Frisian" title="Wangerooge Frisian">Wangerooge Frisian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wursten_Frisian" title="Wursten Frisian">Wursten Frisian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harlingerland_Frisian" title="Harlingerland Frisian">Harlingerland Frisian</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Frisian_language" title="North Frisian language">North Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Insular <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Eiderstedt_Frisian" title="Eiderstedt Frisian">Eiderstedt</a></i></li> <li>Föhr–Amrum <ul><li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%B6hr_North_Frisian" title="Föhr North Frisian">Föhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amrum_North_Frisian" title="Amrum North Frisian">Amrum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heligoland_Frisian" title="Heligoland Frisian">Heligolandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylt_North_Frisian" title="Sylt North Frisian">Sylt</a></li></ul></li> <li>Mainland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6kingharde_North_Frisian" title="Bökingharde North Frisian">Bökingharde</a> <ul><li>Mooring</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halligen_Frisian" title="Halligen Frisian">Halligen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goesharde_Frisian" title="Goesharde Frisian">Goesharde</a> <ul><li>Northern</li> <li>Central</li> <li><i>Southern</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karrharde_Frisian" title="Karrharde Frisian">Karrharde</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Strand_Frisian" title="Strand Frisian">Strand</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiedingharde_Frisian" title="Wiedingharde Frisian">Wiedingharde</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_languages" title="West Frisian languages">West Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindeloopen_Frisian" title="Hindeloopen Frisian">Hindeloopen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schiermonnikoog_Frisian" title="Schiermonnikoog Frisian">Schiermonnikoog</a></li> <li>Westlauwers–Terschellings <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_language" title="West Frisian language">Mainland West Frisian</a> <ul><li>Clay Frisian</li> <li>Wood Frisian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Westereendersk" title="Westereendersk">Westereendersk</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terschelling_Frisian" title="Terschelling Frisian">Terschelling</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Saxon" title="Old Saxon">Old Saxon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Low_German" title="Middle Low German">Middle Low German</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Low_German" class="mw-redirect" title="West Low German">West Low German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Low_Saxon" title="Dutch Low Saxon">Dutch Low Saxon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stellingwarfs_dialect" title="Stellingwarfs dialect">Stellingwarfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tweants_dialect" title="Tweants dialect">Tweants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gronings_dialect" title="Gronings dialect">Gronings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr%C3%A8ents_dialects" title="Drèents dialects">Drèents</a></li> <li>Gelders-Overijssels <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achterhooks" title="Achterhooks">Achterhooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sallaans_dialect" title="Sallaans dialect">Sallaans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urkers_dialect" title="Urkers dialect">Urkers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veluws_dialect" title="Veluws dialect">Veluws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Low_Saxon" title="Northern Low Saxon">Northern Low Saxon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Frisian_Low_Saxon" title="East Frisian Low Saxon">East Frisian Low Saxon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastphalian_language" title="Eastphalian language">Eastphalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westphalian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Westphalian language">Westphalian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Low_German" title="East Low German">East Low German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch_dialect" title="Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch dialect">Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandenburgisch_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Brandenburgisch dialect">Brandenburgisch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Pomeranian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Pomeranian (page does not exist)">Central Pomeranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Pomeranian" class="mw-redirect" title="East Pomeranian">East Pomeranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_Prussian_dialect" title="Low Prussian dialect">Low Prussian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plautdietsch" title="Plautdietsch">Plautdietsch / Mennonite Low German</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Low_Franconian" title="Low Franconian">Low Franconian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_language" title="Frankish language">Frankish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Dutch" title="Old Dutch">Old Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Dutch" title="Middle Dutch">Middle Dutch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">Standard variants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kaaps" title="Kaaps">Kaaps</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West Low Franconian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Dutch_dialects" title="Central Dutch dialects">Central Dutch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hollandic_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Hollandic dialect">Hollandic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Flemish" title="West Flemish">West Flemish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Flemish" title="French Flemish">French Flemish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeelandic" title="Zeelandic">Zeelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Flemish" title="East Flemish">East Flemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brabantian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Brabantian dialect">Brabantian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleverlandish" title="Kleverlandish">Kleverlandish</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surinamese_Dutch" title="Surinamese Dutch">Surinamese Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Dutch_language" title="Jersey Dutch language">Jersey Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_Dutch" title="Mohawk Dutch">Mohawk Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadsfries_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadsfries dialects">Stadsfries</a>/<a href="/wiki/Bildts" title="Bildts">Bildts</a>/<a href="/wiki/Amelands" title="Amelands">Amelands</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Midslands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Midslands (page does not exist)">Midslands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Low_Franconian" title="South Low Franconian">East Low Franconian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limburgish" title="Limburgish">Limburgish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cover groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bergish_dialects" title="Bergish dialects">Bergish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meuse-Rhenish" title="Meuse-Rhenish">Meuse-Rhenish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High_German_languages" title="High German languages">High German</a> <br /> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German">Old High German</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_High_German" title="Middle High German">Middle High German</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_High_German" title="New High German">New High German</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Early_New_High_German" title="Early New High German">Early New High German</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Standard_German" title="Standard German">Standard German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Standard_German" title="German Standard German">German Standard German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_German" title="Austrian German">Austrian Standard German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Standard_German" title="Swiss Standard German">Swiss Standard German</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-<a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">standard variants</a><br /> and <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">creoles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Namibian German">Namibian German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_Black_German" title="Namibian Black German">Namibian Black German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_German" title="Berlin German">Berlinerisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unserdeutsch" title="Unserdeutsch">Unserdeutsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barossa_German" title="Barossa German">Barossa German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotwelsch" title="Rotwelsch">Rotwelsch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lotegorisch" title="Lotegorisch">Lotegorisch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yenish_language" title="Yenish language">Yenish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_dialects#Eastern_Yiddish" title="Yiddish dialects">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_dialects#Western_Yiddish" title="Yiddish dialects">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Scotland#"Scots-Yiddish"" title="History of the Jews in Scotland">Scots Yiddish</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Klezmer-loshn" title="Klezmer-loshn">Klezmer-loshn</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachoudisch" title="Lachoudisch">Lachoudisch</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_German" title="Central German">Central German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Central_German" title="West Central German">West Central German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Franconian_languages" title="Central Franconian languages">Central Franconian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ripuarian_language" title="Ripuarian language">Ripuarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colognian_dialect" title="Colognian dialect">Colognian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Limburgish_dialect" title="Southeast Limburgish dialect">Southeast Limburgish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moselle_Franconian_language" title="Moselle Franconian language">Moselle Franconian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish" title="Luxembourgish">Luxembourgish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Saxon_dialect" title="Transylvanian Saxon dialect">Transylvanian Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunsr%C3%BCckisch_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunsrückisch dialect">Hunsrückisch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hunsrik" title="Hunsrik">Hunsrik</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhenish_Franconian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhenish Franconian languages">Rhine Franconian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lorraine_Franconian" title="Lorraine Franconian">Lorraine Franconian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palatine_German_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatine German language">Palatine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volga_Germans#Language" title="Volga Germans">Volga German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch_language" title="Pennsylvania Dutch language">Pennsylvania Dutch</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hessian_dialects" title="Hessian dialects">Hessian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Hessian" title="Central Hessian">Central Hessian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amana_German" title="Amana German">Amana German</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Central_German" title="East Central German">East Central German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thuringian_dialect" title="Thuringian dialect">Thuringian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Saxon_German" title="Upper Saxon German">Upper Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzgebirgisch" title="Erzgebirgisch">Erzgebirgisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusatian_dialects" title="Lusatian dialects">Lusatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_German" title="Silesian German">Silesian German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Prussian_dialect" title="High Prussian dialect">High Prussian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wymysorys_language" title="Wymysorys language">Wymysorys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alzenau_dialect" title="Alzenau dialect">Halcnovian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Upper_German" title="Upper German">Upper German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alemannic_German" title="Alemannic German">Alemannic</a> in the broad sense <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low_Alemannic_German" title="Low Alemannic German">Low Alemannic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alsatian_dialect" title="Alsatian dialect">Alsatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonia_Tovar_dialect" title="Colonia Tovar dialect">Coloniero</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Alemannic_German" title="High Alemannic German">High Alemannic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_German" title="Swiss German">Swiss German</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highest_Alemannic_German" title="Highest Alemannic German">Highest Alemannic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walser_German" title="Walser German">Walser German</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swabian_German" title="Swabian German">Swabian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_language" title="Bavarian language">Bavarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Bavarian" title="Northern Bavarian">Northern Bavarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bavarian" title="Central Bavarian">Central Bavarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viennese_German" title="Viennese German">Viennese German</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Bavarian" title="Southern Bavarian">Southern Bavarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Tyrolean_dialect" title="South Tyrolean dialect">South Tyrolean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimbrian_language" title="Cimbrian language">Cimbrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B2cheno_language" title="Mòcheno language">Mòcheno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutterite_German" title="Hutterite German">Hutterite German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottscheerish" title="Gottscheerish">Gottscheerish</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Franconian_German" title="South Franconian German">South Franconian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Franconian_German" title="East Franconian German">East Franconian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vogtlandian" title="Vogtlandian">Vogtlandian</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lombardic_language" title="Lombardic language">Langobardic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="North_and_East377" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Norse_language" title="Proto-Norse language">Proto-Norse</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a></i> <ul><li><i>Old West Norse</i></li> <li><i>Old East Norse</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Gutnish" title="Old Gutnish">Old Gutnish</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bergensk" title="Bergensk">Bergensk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebabnorsk" title="Kebabnorsk">Kebabnorsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sognam%C3%A5l_dialect" title="Sognamål dialect">Sognamål</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%B8ndersk" title="Trøndersk">Trøndersk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallingm%C3%A5l-Valdris" title="Hallingmål-Valdris">Valdris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestlandsk" title="Vestlandsk">Vestlandsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikv%C3%A6rsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Vikværsk">Vikværsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l" title="Bokmål">Bokmål</a> (written)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nynorsk" title="Nynorsk">Nynorsk</a> (written)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Norwegian" title="Old Norwegian">Old Norwegian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Norwegian" title="Middle Norwegian">Middle Norwegian</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_language" title="Faroese language">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse#Old_Icelandic" title="Old Norse">Old Icelandic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Icelandic#Middle_Icelandic_(1350–1550)" title="History of Icelandic">Middle Icelandic</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_Norse" title="Greenlandic Norse">Greenlandic Norse</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Norn_language" title="Norn language">Norn</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_dialects" title="Swedish dialects">Swedish dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinkeby_Swedish" title="Rinkeby Swedish">Rinkebysvenska</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_dialects" title="Danish dialects">Danish dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Danish" title="Insular Danish">Insular Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jutlandic_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Jutlandic dialect">Jutlandic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Jutlandic" title="South Jutlandic">South Jutlandic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Danish" title="East Danish">East Danish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bornholm_dialect" title="Bornholm dialect">Bornholmsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scanian_dialect" title="Scanian dialect">Scanian</a> (historically)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Schleswig_Danish" title="Southern Schleswig Danish">Southern Schleswig Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B8tudanskt_accent" title="Gøtudanskt accent">Gøtudanskt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perkerdansk" title="Perkerdansk">Perkerdansk</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Danish" title="History of Danish">Old Danish</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Danish" title="History of Danish">Middle Danish</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalecarlian_language" title="Dalecarlian language">Dalecarlian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elfdalian" title="Elfdalian">Elfdalian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Gutnish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gutnish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gutnish language">Mainland Gutnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A5r%C3%B6m%C3%A5l_dialect" title="Fårömål dialect">Fårö Gutnish</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Gothic</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Gothic" title="Crimean Gothic">Crimean Gothic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ostrogoths#Gothic_language" title="Ostrogoths">Ostrogoth</a></i></li> <li><i>Visigoth</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gepids#Language" title="Gepids">Gepid</a></i> ?</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Burgundians#Language" title="Burgundians">Burgundian</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vandalic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heruli#Language" title="Heruli">Herulian</a></i> ?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sciri#Language" title="Sciri">Skirian</a></i> ?</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Philology377" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_philology" title="Germanic philology">Philology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Maurer_(linguist)" title="Friedrich Maurer (linguist)">Language subgroups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elbe_Germanic" title="Elbe Germanic">Elbe (Irminonic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weser-Rhine_Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Weser-Rhine Germanic">Weser-Rhine (Istvaeonic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Germanic" title="North Sea Germanic">North Sea (Ingvaeonic)</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Germanic" title="Northwest Germanic">Northwest</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gotho-Nordic" class="mw-redirect" title="Gotho-Nordic">Gotho-Nordic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/South_Germanic" title="South Germanic">South</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reconstructed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_grammar" title="Proto-Germanic grammar">Proto-Germanic grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_parent_language" title="Germanic parent language">Germanic parent language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Belgian_language" title="Ancient Belgian language">Ancient Belgian language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diachronic features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grimm%27s_law" title="Grimm's law">Grimm's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verner%27s_law" title="Verner's law">Verner's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holtzmann%27s_law" title="Holtzmann's law">Holtzmann's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sievers%27s_law" title="Sievers's law">Sievers's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kluge%27s_law" title="Kluge's law">Kluge's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_substrate_hypothesis" title="Germanic substrate hypothesis">Germanic substrate hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_gemination" title="West Germanic gemination">West Germanic gemination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_German_consonant_shift" title="High German consonant shift">High German consonant shift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_a-mutation" title="Germanic a-mutation">Germanic a-mutation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_umlaut" title="Germanic umlaut">Germanic umlaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_spirant_law" title="Germanic spirant law">Germanic spirant law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingvaeonic_nasal_spirant_law" title="Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law">Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Vowel_Shift" title="Great Vowel Shift">Great Vowel Shift</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Synchronic features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic verb">Germanic verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_strong_verb" title="Germanic strong verb">Germanic strong verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_weak_verb" title="Germanic weak verb">Germanic weak verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_verb#Preterite-presents" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic verb">Preterite-present verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatischer_Wechsel" title="Grammatischer Wechsel">Grammatischer Wechsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_ablaut" title="Indo-European ablaut">Indo-European ablaut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></li> <li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vandalic_language&oldid=1256107815">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vandalic_language&oldid=1256107815</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:East_Germanic_languages" title="Category:East Germanic languages">East Germanic languages</a></li><li><a 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