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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Grammar subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Personal_Pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_Pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Personal Pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_Pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Idioms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Idioms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Idioms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Idioms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialeutu_de_Berl%C3%ADn" title="Dialeutu de Berlín – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Dialeutu de Berlín" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berliner_Dialekt" title="Berliner Dialekt – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Berliner Dialekt" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialecto_berlin%C3%A9s" title="Dialecto berlinés – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dialecto berlinés" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li 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.hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="font-size:100%; padding: 0px;"><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; padding-right: 3em; font-weight: normal; text-align: left">You can help <b>expand this article with text translated from <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berliner_Dialekt" class="extiw" title="de:Berliner Dialekt">the corresponding article</a> in German</b>.  <i><small>(August 2017)</small></i> <small>Click [show] for important translation instructions.</small></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" 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color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Berlin German</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Berlinese</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de-DE">Berliner Dialekt</i></span>, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de-DE">Berliner Mundart</i></span>, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de-DE">Berlinerisch</i></span>, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de-DE">Berlinisch</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Elbe_Germanic" title="Elbe Germanic">Elbe Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/High_German" class="mw-redirect" title="High German">High German</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Berlin German</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early form</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Brandenburgisch_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Brandenburgisch dialect">Brandenburgisch dialect</a> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/German_alphabet" title="German alphabet">German alphabet</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">–</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/berl1235">berl1235</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/IETF_language_tag" title="IETF language tag">IETF</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code>de-u-sd-debe</code></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heinrich_Zille_Konsum-Genossenschaft.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Heinrich_Zille_Konsum-Genossenschaft.jpg/220px-Heinrich_Zille_Konsum-Genossenschaft.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Heinrich_Zille_Konsum-Genossenschaft.jpg/330px-Heinrich_Zille_Konsum-Genossenschaft.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Heinrich_Zille_Konsum-Genossenschaft.jpg/440px-Heinrich_Zille_Konsum-Genossenschaft.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="492" /></a><figcaption><i>Konsum-Genossenschaft</i>, watercolor by <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Zille" title="Heinrich Zille">Heinrich Zille</a>, 1924</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Berlin German</b>, or <b>Berlinese</b> (<a href="/wiki/Standard_High_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard High German">High German</a>: <i lang="de">Berliner Dialekt</i>, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Berliner Mundart</i></span>, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Berlinerisch</i></span> or <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Berlinisch</i></span>; derogative: <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Berliner Schnauze</i></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[bɛʁˌliːnɐ<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈʃnaʊtsə]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/6\/6e\/De-Berliner_Schnauze.ogg\/De-Berliner_Schnauze.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Berliner Schnauze.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6e/De-Berliner_Schnauze.ogg/De-Berliner_Schnauze.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:De-Berliner_Schnauze.ogg" title="File:De-Berliner Schnauze.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>), is the regiolect spoken in the city of <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> as well as its <a href="/wiki/Berlin/Brandenburg_Metropolitan_Region" title="Berlin/Brandenburg Metropolitan Region">surrounding metropolitan area</a>. It originates from a <a href="/wiki/Brandenburgisch_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Brandenburgisch dialect">Brandenburgisch dialect</a>. However, several phrases in Berlin German are typical of and unique to the city, indicating the manifold origins of immigrants, such as the <a href="/wiki/Huguenots" title="Huguenots">Huguenots</a> from <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlin_German&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The area of Berlin was one of the first to abandon <a href="/wiki/East_Low_German" title="East Low German">East Low German</a> as a written language, which occurred in the 16th century, and later also as a spoken language. That was the first <a href="/wiki/Regiolect" class="mw-redirect" title="Regiolect">regiolect</a> of <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">Standard German</a> with definite <a href="/wiki/High_German" class="mw-redirect" title="High German">High German</a> roots but a <a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a> <a href="/wiki/Substrata_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Substrata (linguistics)">substratum</a> apparently formed (<i>Berlinerisch</i> may therefore be considered an early form of <i><a href="/wiki/Missingsch" title="Missingsch">Missingsch</a></i>). Only recently has the new dialect expanded into the surroundings, which had used East Low German. </p><p>Since the 20th century, the Berlin dialect has been a colloquial standard in the surrounding Brandenburg region. However, in Berlin proper, especially in the former <a href="/wiki/West_Berlin" title="West Berlin">West Berlin</a>, the dialect is now seen more as a <a href="/wiki/Sociolect" title="Sociolect">sociolect</a>, largely through increased immigration and trends among the educated population to speak <a href="/wiki/Standard_German" title="Standard German">Standard German</a> in everyday life.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Occasionally, the regiolect is found on advertising. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlin_German&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The area now known as Berlin was originally settled by <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> tribes, who may have given their name to the <a href="/wiki/Havel" title="Havel">Havel</a> River in West Berlin. The area was later inhabited by immigrant <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavs</a>, as evidenced by place and field names such as <a href="/wiki/Kladow" title="Kladow">Kladow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buckow_(Berlin)" title="Buckow (Berlin)">Buckow</a> and <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6penick" title="Köpenick">Köpenick</a>, and by the Berlin word Kietz, ‘city neighborhood.’ </p><p>The city of Berlin lies south of the <a href="/wiki/Benrath_line" title="Benrath line">Benrath Line</a> and has been influenced by <a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_German" title="Central German">Central German</a> since its first documented mention in 1237. From 1300-1500, immigration from the <a href="/wiki/Flemish_people" title="Flemish people">Flemish</a> areas of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> the <a href="/wiki/East_Low_German" title="East Low German">East Low German</a> spoken in Berlin underwent a number of changes but was eventually abandoned as a colloquial language. This resulted in a separate variety of <a href="/wiki/Standard_High_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard High German">Standard High German</a> with a clear Middle German basis but a strong Low German substrate. Only recently has this new dialect spread to the surrounding area, which had previously remained East Low German. Berlin German has parallels to <a href="/wiki/Colognian_dialect" title="Colognian dialect">Colognian</a> ("Kölsch"), which also has strong features of a <a href="/wiki/Regiolect" class="mw-redirect" title="Regiolect">regiolect</a> and has been shaped by immigration over the centuries. Both exhibit the characteristic softening of initial sounds, such as in <i>jut</i> (<i>gut,</i> 'good') and <i>jehen</i> (<i>gehen,</i> 'to go'). </p><p>In the late 18th century, the common colloquial Brandenburg (or Markish) dialect, was replaced by a Central German <a href="/wiki/Koin%C3%A9_language" title="Koiné language">koiné</a> based on Upper Saxon. This is similar to developments in other Low German regions, which first developed Missingsch dialects as a mixed language with the law firm language and changed their use to colloquial language. The newly created koiné dialect, which was very similar to modern Berlin German, adopted individual words (<i>ick, det, wat, doof</i>) from the neighboring Low German-speaking areas. </p><p>Berlin was a destination for ever increasing immigration starting in 1871. Large numbers of immigrants from <a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Siliesia</a> pushed back against some of the Low German elements of the Berlin dialect. The 1900s saw large waves of emigration out of Berlin and into <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a>, the first starting in1945 and the second in 1961.   </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dialect">Dialect</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlin_German&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Dialect"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to the extensive commonalities with High German, Berlin German is classified as a dialect of German. Berlinish has long been looked down upon as a dialect of "the common people," and the educated class has historically distanced themselves through use of the High German dialect, which is considered the standard. </p><p>Berliners use written conventions of High German, but there does exist a Brandenburg-Berlin dictionary which includes vocabulary specific to the Berlin dialect. When recording Berlinish speech in writing, there is no consensus on transcription. Pronunciation varies among speakers and individual speakers may alter their pronunciation depending on communicative context. For published texts, each publisher determines its own transcription system for embedded passages of Berlin German within texts. The majority use High German orthography, only changing letters or words to mark prominent differences in pronunciation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Present_Day">Present Day</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlin_German&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Present Day"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Berlin German is the central language variety of a regiolect area extending across Berlin, Brandenburg, and parts of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania and Saxony-Anhalt. In Brandenburg, Berlin German has been considered the colloquial variety since the 20th century, but In Berlin itself, especially in West Berlin, an influx of people with educated middle-class dialects has resulted in Berlin German becoming one of many dialects in the region, no longer a regiolect but a sociolect. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlin_German&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Berliner pronunciation is similar to that of other High German varieties. Nevertheless, it maintains unique characteristics, which set it apart from other variants. The most notable are the strong contraction trends over several words and the rather irreverent adaptation of foreign words and <a href="/wiki/Anglicisms" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglicisms">anglicisms</a> that are difficult to understand for many speakers of <a href="/wiki/Upper_German" title="Upper German">Upper German</a>. Also, some words contain the letter j (representing IPA: [j]) instead of g, as is exemplified in the word for <i>good</i>, in which <i>gut</i> becomes <i>jut</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="'j'_in_place_of_'g'"><span id=".27j.27_in_place_of_.27g.27"></span>'j' in place of 'g'</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlin_German&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 'j' in place of 'g'"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Word initially and after <a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">front vowels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">approximants</a>, 'g' is realized as the <a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">voiced palatal approximant</a> [j]. After back vowels, the sound is pronounced as a <a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">voiced velar fricative</a> [ɣ], the same sound as High German 'r.' </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monophthongs">Monophthongs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlin_German&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Monophthongs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthongs</a> are realized as long <a href="/wiki/Monophthong" title="Monophthong">monophthongs</a> in Berlin German: au [au] to oo [o:], ei [aɪ] to ee [e:]. However, this pattern holds only for words with a historic au/oo or ei/ee split between the Middle High German and Low German dialects. For example, <i>ein/een</i> ("a/an") and <i>Rauch/Rooch</i> ("smoke") conform to the split, but <i>Eis</i> ("ice") and <i>Haus</i> ("house") do not. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="High_German_Consonant_Shift">High German Consonant Shift</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlin_German&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: High German Consonant Shift"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a Central German dialect bordering Low German regions, Berlin German does not exhibit all features of the <a href="/wiki/High_German_consonant_shift" title="High German consonant shift">High German consonant shift</a>, retaining some older features, such as <a href="/wiki/Gemination" title="Gemination">geminate</a> 'p' [pp], as in <i>Appel</i> and <i>Kopp</i> for High German <i>Apfel</i> and <i>Kopf</i>, as well as <i>det/dit</i>, <i>wat,</i> and <i>et</i> for <i>das,</i> <i>was,</i> and <i>es,</i> respectively. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reductions_and_Contractions">Reductions and Contractions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlin_German&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Reductions and Contractions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Berlin dialect speakers often reduce and contract words that are separated in High German. For example, High German <i>auf dem</i> becomes Berlin German <i>uffm</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlin_German&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Berlinese grammar contains some notable differences from that of Standard German. For instance, the <a href="/wiki/Accusative_case" title="Accusative case">accusative case</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dative_case" title="Dative case">dative case</a> are not distinguished. Similarly, conjunctions that are distinguished in standard German are not in Berlinese. For example, in Standard German, <i>wenn</i> (when, if) is used for conditional, theoretical or consistent events, and <i>wann</i> (when) is used for events that are currently occurring or for questions. There is no difference between the two in Berlinese.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Genitive forms are also replaced by prepositional accusative forms, some still with an inserted pronoun: <i>dem sein Haus</i> (this one his house) rather than the standard <i>sein Haus</i> (his house). Plural forms often have an additional -s, regardless of the standard plural ending.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Words ending in <i>-ken</i> are often written colloquially and pronounced as <i>-sken</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronouns">Pronouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlin_German&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Personal_Pronouns">Personal Pronouns</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlin_German&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Personal Pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The accusative and dative case pronouns are almost identical in Berlin German. While in High German the first-person singular accusative is <i>mich</i>, and the first-person singular dative is <i>mir</i>, Berlin German uses <i>mir</i> for both cases. A popular saying is "Der Berlina sacht imma mir, ooch wenn et richtich is"<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ("The Berliner always says <i>mir</i>, even if it is right."). In contrast, speakers in southern Brandenburg, use the pronoun <i>mich</i> in both cases, as in "<i>Bringt mich mal die Zeitung</i>" ("Bring me the newspaper."). </p><p>The lack of distinction between these pronouns may be attributed to the influence of Brandenburg Low German, in which both <i>mir</i> and <i>mich</i> sound like <i>mi</i> [mi] or <i>mai</i> [maɪ]<i>.</i> Second-person singular familiar pronouns <i>dir</i> (dative) and <i>dich</i> (accusative) follow the same pattern, sounding like <i>di</i> [di] or <i>dai</i> [daɪ]. </p><p>Berlin German uses <i>ick</i> or <i>icke</i> for first-person singular subject pronoun <i>ich</i>, as shown in the old Berlin saying, <i>Icke, dette, kieke mal, Oogn, Fleesch und Beene, wenn de mir nich lieben tust, lieb ick mir alleene</i>. The high German equivalent is <i>Ich, das, schau mal, Augen, Fleisch und Beine, wenn du mich nicht liebst, liebe ich mich alleine</i>. ("I, that, just look, eyes, flesh, and legs, if you don't love me, I love me alone.") </p><p>Personal pronouns: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>1st sg.</th> <th>2nd sg.</th> <th colspan="3">3rd sg.:<br /> m. / f. / n.</th> <th>1st pl.</th> <th>2nd pl.</th> <th>3rd pl.</th> <th>polite address </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nom. </th> <td>ick<br /> icke (absolute, standing without verb)<br /> -'k (enclitic)</td> <td>du<br /> due (alternatively when absolute, rare)<br /> -e (enclitic)</td> <td>er</td> <td>sie, se</td> <td>et<br /> -'t (enclitic)</td> <td>wir</td> <td>ihr</td> <td>sie, se</td> <td>Sie, Se </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dat.-Acc. </th> <td>mir (emphatic: mia, unemphatic: ma)</td> <td>dir</td> <td>ihn<br /> ihm (occasionally, and then more common in Acc.)</td> <td>ihr</td> <td>et<br /> -'t (enclitic)</td> <td>uns</td> <td>euch</td> <td>sie, se<br /> ihr (occasionally)</td> <td>Ihn'<br /> Sie (alternatively after prepositions) </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Interrogative pronoun: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>m. (f.)</th> <th>n. </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nom. </th> <td>wer</td> <td>wat </td></tr> <tr> <th>Gen. </th> <td>wems<br /> wemst </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dat.-Acc. </th> <td>wem </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b><i>Er/Wir</i> for Direct Address</b> </p><p><i>Er</i> ('he') as a form of direct address was previously widespread among German speakers when speaking to subordinates and those of lower social rank.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In modern Berlin German, <i>er</i> may be used for direct address, as in <i>Hatter denn ooch’n jült’jen Fahrausweis?</i> ("Hat er denn auch einen gültigen Fahrausweis?"or "Does he [=do you] also have a valid ticket?" ). This can also be see with the feminine <i>sie</i> (she), as in <i>Hattse denn die fümf</i><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Euro nich’n bisken kleena?</i> ("Hat sie denn die fünf Euro nicht ein bisschen kleiner? or “Doesn't she [=don't you] have something smaller than five Euros?") . </p><p>The third-person plural nominative <i>wir</i> is also sometimes used for second-person address in Berlin German. "<i>Na, hamwa nu det richt’je Bier jewählt?</i> ("Na, haben wir nun das richtige Bier gewählt?" or "Well, have we now selected the right beer?") </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Idioms">Idioms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlin_German&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Idioms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Berlin regiolect has a number of distinctive idioms, including the following:<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i><b>JWD</b></i> <i>(janz weit draußen)</i> = Really far out there</li> <li><i><b>Na Mann, du hast heut’ aba wieda ’ne Kodderschnauze</b></i> (Literally: "Well, man, you have a bit of a dirty snout today.") This expression means the addressee has a loose tongue, giving their unsolicited comments.</li> <li><i><b>bis in die Puppen</b></i> (Literally: "until in the dolls") This expression, meaning "until the wee hours" originated in the 18th century. The Berlin park Großer Tiergarten had a square decorated with statues called “The Dolls.” If you strolled particularly far on Sundays, you walked “until you were in the dolls.”</li> <li><b>Da kamma nich meckan.</b> "You can't complain about that." This is supposedly the highest praise a Berliner can offer.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlin_German&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kiezdeutsch" title="Kiezdeutsch">Kiezdeutsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missingsch" title="Missingsch">Missingsch</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlin_German&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dw.com/de/deutsch-lernen/berlinerisch/s-12462">Berlinerisch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Icke, icke bin Berlina, wer mir haut, den hau ich wieda</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zfs.uni-freiburg.de/zfs/arbeiten/ws-07-08-journ-grundl-recherche-und-interview-neubauer/berlindialekt_artikel_woelke">Wölke</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101205121214/http://www.zfs.uni-freiburg.de/zfs/arbeiten/ws-07-08-journ-grundl-recherche-und-interview-neubauer/berlindialekt_artikel_woelke">Archived</a> December 5, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.snafu.de/mat/karte_viertel_sieben.gif">Viertel-Dreiviertel-Verbreitungskarte</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hans Ostwald: <i>Der Urberliner</i>. Paul Franke, Berlin 1928</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Cf: Icke, icke bin Berlina, wer mir haut, den hau ick wieda</i> nach Wölke (Memento vom 5. Dezember 2010 im <i>Internet Archive</i>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hans Meyer: <i>Der richtige Berliner in Wörtern und Redensarten</i> <ul><li>[Hans Meyer]: <i>Der richtige Berliner in Wörtern und Redensarten.</i> 2nd edition, Druck und Verlag von H. S. Hermann, Berlin, 1879, especially p. VIII, X, 23f. s.v. <i>Ick, Icke</i>, and 70 s.v. <i>Wemst</i></li> <li>Hans Meyer: <i>Der Richtige Berliner in Wörtern und Redensarten.</i> 6th edition, Druck und Verlag von H. S. Hermann, Berlin, 1904, p. XV</li> <li>Hans Meyer, Siegfried Mauermann, Walther Kiaulehn: <i>Der richtige Berliner in Wörtern und Redensarten verfaßt von Hans Meyer und Siegfried Mauermann bearbeitet und ergänzt von Walther Kiaulehn.</i> 13th edition, Verlag C. H. Beck, 2000, p. 49f.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karl Lentzner: <i>Der Berlinische Dialekt. Untersucht und nach Aufzeichnungen „richtiger Berliner“ herausgegeben.</i> 1893, p. 10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Georg Büchners Dramenfragment <i>Woyzeck</i>: „Ich hab’s gesehn, Woyzeck; er hat an die Wand gepißt, wie ein Hund“</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hans Meyer: <i>Der Richtige Berliner in Wörtern und Redensarten.</i> 6. Auflage. Berlin 1904, S. 2 (Stichwort <i>Abklawieren</i>) u. vgl. S. XIII Digitalisat. (Memento vom 8. August 2014 im <i>Internet Archive</i>; PDF; 6,5 MB)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Berliner Mundart und weitere Sprüche. berlin.de</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlin_German&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040803100629/http://www.berlin-and-more.de/Berlin/berlinering_intro.htm">Berlinerisch-German dictionary</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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