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vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Musicians_and_bands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Musicians_and_bands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.1 Musicians and bands </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Musicians_and_bands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cinema_and_theatre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cinema_and_theatre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Cinema and theatre </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cinema_and_theatre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Art </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Attire </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnic_flag" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_flag"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Ethnic flag </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_flag-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Literature </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Literature-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Literature subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Authors_and_poets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Authors_and_poets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Authors and poets </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Authors_and_poets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Law </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Architecture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geographic_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographic_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Geographic distribution </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geographic_distribution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geographic distribution subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geographic_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notable_individuals_of_the_diaspora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_individuals_of_the_diaspora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Notable individuals of the diaspora </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_individuals_of_the_diaspora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Genetics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Genetics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Uniparental_lineages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uniparental_lineages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 Uniparental lineages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uniparental_lineages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Autosomal_ancestry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Autosomal_ancestry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2 Autosomal ancestry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Autosomal_ancestry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Somali_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Somali_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Somali studies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Somali_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Somali people</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 60 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-60" aria-hidden="true" > 60 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali%C3%ABrs" title="Somaliërs – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Somaliërs" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B6%E1%88%9B%E1%88%8C_(%E1%89%A5%E1%88%94%E1%88%AD)" title="ሶማሌ (ብሔር) – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሶማሌ (ብሔር)" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="صوماليون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صوماليون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="সোমালি জাতি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সোমালি জাতি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Самалійцы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Самалійцы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Сомалийци – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сомалийци" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalci" title="Somalci – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Somalci" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalis" title="Somalis – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Somalis" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Som%C3%A1lci" title="Somálci – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Somálci" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_(Ethnie)" title="Somali (Ethnie) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Somali (Ethnie)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etnia_somal%C3%AD" title="Etnia somalí – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Etnia somalí" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaloj" title="Somaloj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Somaloj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaliar" title="Somaliar – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Somaliar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7" title="سومالیایی‌ها – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سومالیایی‌ها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalis" title="Somalis – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Somalis" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Som%C3%A1laigh" title="Somálaigh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Somálaigh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobo_somal%C3%AD" title="Pobo somalí – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pobo somalí" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%86%8C%EB%A7%90%EB%A6%AC%EC%9D%B8" title="소말리인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="소말리인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Սոմալներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սոմալներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalci" title="Somalci – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Somalci" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Somali" title="Orang Somali – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Orang Somali" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_(gruppo_etnico)" title="Somali (gruppo etnico) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Somali (gruppo etnico)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D" title="סומלים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סומלים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="სომალელები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სომალელები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Сомалиліктер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сомалиліктер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasomali" title="Wasomali – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Wasomali" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali" title="Somali – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Somali" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Som%C4%81lie%C5%A1i" title="Somālieši – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Somālieši" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaliai" title="Somaliai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Somaliai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szom%C3%A1liak" title="Szomáliak – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szomáliak" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Сомалијци – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Сомалијци" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B4maly_(vahoaka)" title="Sômaly (vahoaka) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Sômaly (vahoaka)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="صوماليون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="صوماليون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Somali" title="Orang Somali – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Orang Somali" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali%C3%ABrs" title="Somaliërs – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Somaliërs" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BD%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AA%E4%BA%BA" title="ソマリ人 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ソマリ人" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Самалой – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Самалой" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaliere" title="Somaliere – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Somaliere" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumaalee" title="Sumaalee – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Sumaalee" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalilar" title="Somalilar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Somalilar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C_%D9%82%D9%88%D9%85" title="صومالی قوم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="صومالی قوم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سوماليان – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سوماليان" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalowie" title="Somalowie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Somalowie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalis" title="Somalis – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Somalis" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalezi" title="Somalezi – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Somalezi" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Сомалийцы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сомалийцы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalez%C3%ABt" title="Somalezët – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Somalezët" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Som%C3%A1l%C4%8Dania" title="Somálčania – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Somálčania" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soomaalida" title="Soomaalida – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Soomaalida" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Сомалци – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сомалци" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalci" title="Somalci – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Somalci" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Cushitic ethnic group native to the Horn of Africa</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Somali ethnic group. For the general population of the Federal Republic of Somalia, see <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Somalia" title="Demographics of Somalia">Demographics of Somalia</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Somali_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Somali (disambiguation)">Somali (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Somali people</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div lang="so">Soomaalida 𐒈𐒝𐒑𐒛𐒐𐒘𐒆𐒖 صومالِدَ</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_Somalia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Greater_Somalia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/220px-Greater_Somalia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Greater_Somalia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/330px-Greater_Somalia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Greater_Somalia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/440px-Greater_Somalia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Traditional area inhabited by the Somali ethnic group</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">26.5 million<a href="#cite_note-WorldData.info-1">[1]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Somali_people_around_the_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Somali_people_around_the_world.svg/260px-Somali_people_around_the_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Somali_people_around_the_world.svg/390px-Somali_people_around_the_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Somali_people_around_the_world.svg/520px-Somali_people_around_the_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1398" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[a]</a></th><td class="infobox-data">18,143,378 (2023)<a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">4,581,793 (2007)<a href="#cite_note-CSA-5">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2,780,502 (2019)<a href="#cite_note-Census2019-6">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/23px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/35px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/45px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></th><td class="infobox-data">560,000 (2024)<a href="#cite_note-JoshDJ-7">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/45px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></th><td class="infobox-data">500,000 (2014)<a href="#cite_note-Gramer-8">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="infobox-data">176,645 (2021)<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></th><td class="infobox-data">169,799 (2023)<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></th><td class="infobox-data">112,000 (2020)<a href="#cite_note-auto-11">[10]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></th><td class="infobox-data">101,000<a href="#cite_note-UAEData-12">[11]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></th><td class="infobox-data">68,290<a href="#cite_note-SCB-13">[12]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></th><td class="infobox-data">66,000<a href="#cite_note-PPTZ-14">[13]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></th><td class="infobox-data">65,550<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></th><td class="infobox-data">60,295<a href="#cite_note-GermanyCensus-16">[15]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></th><td class="infobox-data">51,536<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">45,710<a href="#cite_note-GLMM-18">[17]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /> <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></th><td class="infobox-data">43,196<a href="#cite_note-NorwayCensus-19">[18]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></th><td class="infobox-data">41,064<a href="#cite_note-NetherlandsCensus-20">[19]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></th><td class="infobox-data">27,000–40,000<a href="#cite_note-Mhiahlusiilrj-21">[20]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /> <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></th><td class="infobox-data">24,647<a href="#cite_note-FinCensus-22">[21]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></th><td class="infobox-data">21,000<a href="#cite_note-auto-11">[10]</a>–200,000<a href="#cite_note-IOM-23">[22]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">18,401<a href="#cite_note-AustraliaCensus-24">[23]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /> <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></th><td class="infobox-data">11,041<a href="#cite_note-DenmarkCensus-25">[24]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></th><td class="infobox-data">9,349<a href="#cite_note-ItalyCensus-26">[25]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" />  <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></th><td class="infobox-data">8,625<a href="#cite_note-SwissCensus-27">[26]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></th><td class="infobox-data">8,000<a href="#cite_note-auto-11">[10]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7,101<a href="#cite_note-AustriaCensus-28">[27]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></th><td class="infobox-data">5,518<a href="#cite_note-TRDat-29">[28]</a> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; ;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Other countries</div></th> </tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3,000–4,000<a href="#cite_note-ZBIData-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3,000<a href="#cite_note-auto-11">[10]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2,627<a href="#cite_note-Jan_Hertogen-32">[31]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/46px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2,604<a href="#cite_note-ERDat-33">[32]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2,500<a href="#cite_note-Fakhr-34">[33]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2,150<a href="#cite_note-Ireland_Census-35">[34]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,617<a href="#cite_note-NewZealandCensus-36">[35]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,170<a href="#cite_note-UNHCR-37">[36]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> (Sunni)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Afar_people" title="Afar people">Afar</a> • <a href="/wiki/Saho_people" title="Saho people">Saho</a> • <a href="/wiki/Oromo_people" title="Oromo people">Oromo</a> • <a href="/wiki/Rendille_people" title="Rendille people">Rendille</a> • <a href="/wiki/Cushitic_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Cushitic peoples">Cushites</a><a href="#cite_note-Joireman-38">[37]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Somali_man.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/A_Somali_man.jpeg/191px-A_Somali_man.jpeg" decoding="async" width="191" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/A_Somali_man.jpeg/287px-A_Somali_man.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/A_Somali_man.jpeg/383px-A_Somali_man.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="583" data-file-height="704" /></a><figcaption>A Somali man in a traditional <a href="/wiki/Taqiyah_(cap)" title="Taqiyah (cap)">Koofiyad</a></figcaption></figure> The Somali people (<a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a>: Soomaalida, <a href="/wiki/Osmanya_alphabet" title="Osmanya alphabet">Osmanya</a>: 𐒈𐒝𐒑𐒛𐒐𐒘𐒆𐒖, <a href="/wiki/Wadaad%27s_writing" title="Wadaad's writing">Wadaad</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1227789315">.mw-parser-output .script-arabic{font-family:"Scheherazade New","SF Arabic",Amiri,"Noto Naskh Arabic","Droid Arabic Naskh","Noto Sans Arabic","Sakkal Majalla","Harmattan","Arabic Typesetting","Arabic Transparent","Times New Roman",Arial,Calibri,"Microsoft Sans Serif","Segoe UI",serif,sans-serif;font-weight:normal}</style> صومالِدَ‎) are a <a href="/wiki/Cushitic_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Cushitic peoples">Cushitic</a> <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic group</a> native to the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-2009factbook-40">[39]</a> who share a common ancestry, culture and history. The <a href="/wiki/Lowland_East_Cushitic_languages" title="Lowland East Cushitic languages">East Cushitic</a> <a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali language</a> is the shared mother tongue of ethnic Somalis, which is part of the <a href="/wiki/Cushitic_languages" title="Cushitic languages">Cushitic</a> branch of the <a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a> language family. They are predominantly <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Muslim</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mohamed_Diriye_Abdullahi-42">[41]</a> Forming one of the largest ethnic groups on the continent, they cover one of the most expansive landmasses by a single ethnic group in <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> According to most scholars, the ancient <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Punt" title="Land of Punt">Land of Punt</a> and its native inhabitants formed part of the ethnogenesis of the Somali people. This ancient historical kingdom is where a great portion of their cultural traditions and ancestry are said to derive from.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-44">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-45">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-46">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceD-47">[46]</a> Somalis share many historical and cultural traits with other <a href="/wiki/Cushitic_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Cushitic peoples">Cushitic peoples</a>, especially with <a href="/wiki/Lowland_East_Cushitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Lowland East Cushitic">Lowland East Cushitic</a> people, specifically the <a href="/wiki/Afar_people" title="Afar people">Afar</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Saho_people" title="Saho people">Saho</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> Ethnic Somalis are principally concentrated in <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> (around 17.6 million),<a href="#cite_note-UNFPA_Somali_Population_Survey_2014-49">[48]</a> <a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a> (5.7 million),<a href="#cite_note-somalilandchronicle1-50">[49]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> (4.6 million),<a href="#cite_note-CSA-5">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> (2.8 million),<a href="#cite_note-Census2019-6">[5]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a> (534,000).<a href="#cite_note-Ethnologue-51">[50]</a> <a href="/wiki/Somali_diaspora" title="Somali diaspora">Somali diasporas</a> are also found in parts of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/African_Great_Lakes" title="African Great Lakes">African Great Lakes</a> region, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Proto-Somali" title="Proto-Somali">proto-Somali</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Samaale" title="Samaale">Samaale</a>, the oldest common ancestor of several <a href="#clan">Somali clans</a>, is generally regarded as the source of the <a href="/wiki/Ethnonym" title="Ethnonym">ethnonym</a> Somali. One other theory is that the name is held to be derived from the words soo and maal, which together mean "go and milk". This interpretation differs depending on region with northern Somalis imply it refers to go and milk in regards to the camel's milk,<a href="#cite_note-:0-52">[51]</a> southern Somalis use the transliteration "sa' maal" which refers to cow's milk.<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> This is a reference to the ubiquitous <a href="/wiki/Pastoralism" title="Pastoralism">pastoralism</a> of the Somali people.<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> Another plausible <a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">etymology</a> proposes that the term Somali is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> word for "wealthy" (zāwamāl), again referring to Somali riches in livestock.<a href="#cite_note-Lewis-55">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> Alternatively, the ethnonym Somali is believed to have been derived from the Automoli (Asmach), a group of warriors from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a> described by <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>. Asmach is thought to have been their Egyptian name, with Automoli being a Greek derivative of the Hebrew word S’mali (meaning "on the left hand side").<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang Chinese</a> document from the 9th century CE referred to the northern Somalia coast — which was then part of a broader region in <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Africa" title="Northeast Africa">Northeast Africa</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Barbara_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbara (region)">Barbaria</a>, in reference to the area's <a href="/wiki/Barbara_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbara (region)">Barbars</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cushitic-speaking_peoples" title="Cushitic-speaking peoples">Cushitic</a>) inhabitants<a href="#cite_note-Laitin-58">[57]</a> — as Po-pa-li.<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-Singh-60">[59]</a> The first clear written reference of the sobriquet Somali dates back to the early 15th century CE during the reign of Ethiopian Emperor <a href="/wiki/Yeshaq_I" title="Yeshaq I">Yeshaq I</a> who had one of his court officials compose a <a href="/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn">hymn</a> celebrating a military victory over the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Ifat" title="Sultanate of Ifat">Sultanate of Ifat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> Simur was also an ancient <a href="/wiki/Harari_people" title="Harari people">Harari</a> alias for the Somali people.<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> Somalis overwhelmingly prefer the demonym Somali over the incorrect Somalian since the former is an endonym, while the latter is an exonym with double suffixes.<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Hypernym" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypernym">hypernym</a> of the term Somali from a geopolitical sense is <a href="/wiki/Horner_(demography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Horner (demography)">Horner</a> and from an ethnic sense, it is <a href="/wiki/Cushitic_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Cushitic peoples">Cushite</a>.<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Somalia" title="Category:History of Somalia">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Somalia" title="History of Somalia">History of Somalia</a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;padding:0.5em 0;"><a href="/wiki/File:Stefano_Bonsignori_-_Horn_of_Africa-_Ethiopia_and_Somalia_(Africa)_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Stefano_Bonsignori_-_Horn_of_Africa-_Ethiopia_and_Somalia_%28Africa%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/150px-Stefano_Bonsignori_-_Horn_of_Africa-_Ethiopia_and_Somalia_%28Africa%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Stefano_Bonsignori_-_Horn_of_Africa-_Ethiopia_and_Somalia_%28Africa%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/225px-Stefano_Bonsignori_-_Horn_of_Africa-_Ethiopia_and_Somalia_%28Africa%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Stefano_Bonsignori_-_Horn_of_Africa-_Ethiopia_and_Somalia_%28Africa%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/300px-Stefano_Bonsignori_-_Horn_of_Africa-_Ethiopia_and_Somalia_%28Africa%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6619" data-file-height="6854" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="height:auto;padding-top:0.2em;background:#e3e3ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Somalia#Prehistory" title="History of Somalia">Prehistory</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laas_Geel" title="Laas Geel">Laas Geel</a> (3,500-2,500 BCE )</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Punt" title="Land of Punt">Land of Punt</a> (2,500–1,500 BCE)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="height:auto;padding-top:0.2em;background:#e3e3ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Somalia#Ancient" title="History of Somalia">Ancient</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macrobians" title="Macrobians">Macrobians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Somali_City-States" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Somali City-States">Ancient Somali City-States</a> (c. 1st century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azania" title="Azania">Azania city-states</a></li></ul> (c. 1st century)</div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="height:auto;padding-top:0.2em;background:#e3e3ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Somalia#Medieval" title="History of Somalia">Middle Ages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Ifat" title="Sultanate of Ifat">Sultanate of Ifat</a> (940–1415)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adal_Sultanate" title="Adal Sultanate">Adal Sultanate</a> (1415–1577)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajuran_Sultanate" title="Ajuran Sultanate">Ajuran Sultanate</a> (13th–17th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Mogadishu" title="Sultanate of Mogadishu">Sultanate of Mogadishu</a> (13th–16th c.)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="height:auto;padding-top:0.2em;background:#e3e3ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Somalia#Early_modern" title="History of Somalia">Early modern</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_the_Geledi" title="Sultanate of the Geledi">Sultanate of the Geledi</a> (17th–1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaaq_Sultanate" title="Isaaq Sultanate">Isaaq Sultanate</a> (1750–1884)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habr_Yunis_Sultanate" title="Habr Yunis Sultanate">Habr Yunis Sultanate</a> (1769–1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiraab_Imamate" title="Hiraab Imamate">Hiraab Imamate</a> (17th–1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khedivate%27s_Somali_Coast" title="Khedivate's Somali Coast">Khedivate's Somali Coast</a> (1874–1884)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majeerteen_Sultanate" title="Majeerteen Sultanate">Majeerteen Sultanate</a> (18th–1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Hobyo" title="Sultanate of Hobyo">Sultanate of Hobyo</a> (1876–1926)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="height:auto;padding-top:0.2em;background:#e3e3ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Somalia#20th_century" title="History of Somalia">Colonial period (1884–1960)</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Somaliland" title="Italian Somaliland">Italian Somaliland</a> (1889–1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Somaliland" title="British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a> (1888–1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dervish_movement_(Nugaal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dervish movement (Nugaal)">Dervish State</a> (1895–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trust_Territory_of_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Trust Territory of Somalia">Trust Territory</a> (1941–1960)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="height:auto;padding-top:0.2em;background:#e3e3ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Somalia#Independence" title="History of Somalia">Modern Somalia (since 1960)</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Republic" title="Somali Republic">Somali Republic</a> (1960-1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Democratic_Republic" title="Somali Democratic Republic">Mohamed Siad Barre regime</a> (1969–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_War_of_Independence" title="Somaliland War of Independence">Somaliland independence</a> (1981–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_Government_of_Somalia" title="Interim Government of Somalia">Interim Government</a> (1991–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transitional_National_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Transitional National Government">Transitional National Government</a> (2000–2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transitional_Federal_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Transitional Federal Government">Transitional Federal Government</a> (2004–2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Government_of_Somalia" title="Federal Government of Somalia">Federal Government</a> (2012–)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/16px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/24px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Somalia" title="Portal:Somalia">Somalia portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Somalia" title="Template:History of Somalia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Somalia" title="Template talk:History of Somalia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Somalia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Somalia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Somaliland" title="Category:History of Somaliland">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Somaliland" title="History of Somaliland">History of Somaliland</a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;padding:0.5em 0;"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Somaliland.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Somalia"><img alt="Coat of arms of Somalia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Emblem_of_Somaliland.svg/150px-Emblem_of_Somaliland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Emblem_of_Somaliland.svg/225px-Emblem_of_Somaliland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Emblem_of_Somaliland.svg/300px-Emblem_of_Somaliland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="height:auto;padding-top:0.2em;background:#e3e3ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Somaliland#Prehistory" title="History of Somaliland">Prehistory</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caves_in_Somaliland" title="Caves in Somaliland">Caves in Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laas_Gaal" class="mw-redirect" title="Laas Gaal">Laas Gaal</a> (10,000 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhambalin" title="Dhambalin">Dhambalin</a> (5,000 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhaymoole" title="Dhaymoole">Dhaymoole</a> (5,000~3,500 BC)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="height:auto;padding-top:0.2em;background:#e3e3ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Somaliland#Ancient" title="History of Somaliland">Ancient</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Punt" title="Land of Punt">Land of Punt</a> (2500~2000 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrobians" title="Macrobians">Macrobians</a> (525 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbara (region)">Land of the Berbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malao_(ancient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Malao (ancient)">Malao</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Mosylon" title="Mosylon">Mosylon</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="height:auto;padding-top:0.2em;background:#e3e3ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Somaliland#Medieval" title="History of Somaliland">Middle Ages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adal_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Adal Kingdom">Kingdom of Adal</a> (9th-12th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifat_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ifat Sultanate">Ifat Sultanate</a> (12th-15th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adal_Sultanate" title="Adal Sultanate">Adal Sultanate</a> (15th-16th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian%E2%80%93Adal_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian–Adal war">Ethiopian–Adal war</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="height:auto;padding-top:0.2em;background:#e3e3ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Somaliland#Early_modern" title="History of Somaliland">Early modern</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaaq_Sultanate" title="Isaaq Sultanate">Isaaq Sultanate</a> (17th-19th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habr_Yunis_Sultanate" title="Habr Yunis Sultanate">Habr Yunis Sultanate</a> (18th-19th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeila" title="Zeila">Zeila</a> • <a href="/wiki/Berbera" title="Berbera">Berbera</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bulhar" title="Bulhar">Bulhar</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="height:auto;padding-top:0.2em;background:#e3e3ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Somaliland#20th_century" title="History of Somaliland">Colonial period (1884–1960)</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Somaliland" title="British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a> (1884-1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dervish_movement_(Somali)" title="Dervish movement (Somali)">Dervish movement</a> (1884-1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_campaign" title="Somaliland campaign">Somaliland campaign</a> (1901-1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_campaign_(1920)" class="mw-redirect" title="Somaliland campaign (1920)">Somaliland campaign</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1922_Burao_Tax_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="1922 Burao Tax Revolt">Burao Tax Revolt</a> (1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_British_Somaliland" title="Italian invasion of British Somaliland">Italian invasion</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1945_Sheikh_Bashir_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="1945 Sheikh Bashir Rebellion">Sheikh Bashir Rebellion</a> (1945)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="height:auto;padding-top:0.2em;background:#e3e3ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Somaliland#Independence" title="History of Somaliland">Modern Somaliland (since 1960)</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Somaliland" title="State of Somaliland">State of Somaliland</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Republic" title="Somali Republic">Somali Republic</a> (1960-1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1961_revolt_in_Somalia" title="1961 revolt in Somalia">1961 revolt in Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Democratic_Republic" title="Somali Democratic Republic">Somali Democratic Republic</a> (1969-1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_War_of_Independence" title="Somaliland War of Independence">Somaliland War of Independence</a> (1981-1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaaq_genocide" title="Isaaq genocide">Isaaq genocide</a> (1982-1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_Peace_Process" title="Somaliland Peace Process">Peace process</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Somaliland Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_treaties_of_the_Somaliland_War_of_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace treaties of the Somaliland War of Independence">Peace treaties of the Somaliland War of Independence</a> (1991-1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Somaliland_constitutional_referendum" title="2001 Somaliland constitutional referendum">Constitutional referendum</a> (2001)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Somaliland.svg/16px-Flag_of_Somaliland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Somaliland.svg/24px-Flag_of_Somaliland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Somaliland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Somaliland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Somaliland" title="Portal:Somaliland">Somaliland portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Somaliland" title="Template:History of Somaliland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Somaliland" title="Template talk:History of Somaliland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Somaliland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Somaliland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Somalia" title="History of Somalia">History of Somalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Somaliland" title="History of Somaliland">History of Somaliland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Somalia" title="Maritime history of Somalia">Maritime history of Somalia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zeila_ruins.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Zeila_ruins.jpeg/220px-Zeila_ruins.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Zeila_ruins.jpeg/330px-Zeila_ruins.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Zeila_ruins.jpeg/440px-Zeila_ruins.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="584" data-file-height="438" /></a><figcaption>Ruins of the <a href="/wiki/Adal_Sultanate" title="Adal Sultanate">Adal Sultanate</a> in <a href="/wiki/Zeila" title="Zeila">Zeila</a>, a kingdom led in the 16th century by Imam <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Ibrihim_al-Ghazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi">Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi</a> (Ahmed Gurey).</figcaption></figure> The origin of the Somali people which was previously theorized to have been from Southern <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> since 1000 BC or from the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a> in the eleventh century has now been overturned by newer archeological and linguistic studies which puts the original homeland of the Somali people in <a href="/wiki/Somaliland#Prehistory" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a> region, which concludes that the Somalis are the indigenous inhabitants of the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a> for the last 7000 years.<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> Ancient <a href="/wiki/Cave_painting" title="Cave painting">rock paintings</a>, which date back 5000 years (estimated), have been found in <a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a> region. These engravings depict early life in the territory.<a href="#cite_note-Dawn-66">[65]</a> The most famous of these is the <a href="/wiki/Laas_Geel" title="Laas Geel">Laas Geel complex</a>. It contains some of the earliest known <a href="/wiki/Rock_art" title="Rock art">rock art</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">African continent</a> and features many elaborate pastoralist sketches of animal and human figures. In other places, such as the <a href="/wiki/Dhambalin" title="Dhambalin">Dhambalin</a> region, a depiction of a man on a horse is postulated as being one of the earliest known examples of a mounted huntsman.<a href="#cite_note-Dawn-66">[65]</a> <a href="/wiki/Epigraphy" title="Epigraphy">Inscriptions</a> have been found beneath many of the rock paintings, but <a href="/wiki/Archaeologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeologist">archaeologists</a> have so far been unable to decipher this form of ancient writing.<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Buur_Heybe" title="Buur Heybe">Doian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hargeisa" title="Hargeisa">Hargeisan</a> cultures flourished here with their respective <a href="/wiki/Industry_(archaeology)" title="Industry (archaeology)">industries</a> and factories.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> The oldest evidence of burial customs in the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a> comes from <a href="/wiki/Cemeteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Cemeteries">cemeteries</a> in Somalia dating back to <a href="/wiki/4th_millennium_BC" title="4th millennium BC">4th millennium BC</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Stone_tool" title="Stone tool">stone implements</a> from the Jalelo <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_site" title="Archaeological site">site</a> in Somalia are said to be the most important link in evidence of the universality in <a href="/wiki/Palaeolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaeolithic">palaeolithic</a> times between the <a href="/wiki/East" title="East">East</a> and the <a href="/wiki/West" title="West">West</a>.<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">antiquity</a>, the ancestors of the Somali people were an important link in the Horn of Africa connecting the region's commerce with the rest of the ancient world. Somali sailors and merchants were the main suppliers of <a href="/wiki/Frankincense" title="Frankincense">frankincense</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myrrh" title="Myrrh">myrrh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spice" title="Spice">spices</a>, items which were considered valuable luxuries by the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egyptians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaeans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylonians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Queen_of_punt2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Queen_of_punt2.jpg/160px-Queen_of_punt2.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Queen_of_punt2.jpg/240px-Queen_of_punt2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Queen_of_punt2.jpg/320px-Queen_of_punt2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1008" data-file-height="1792" /></a><figcaption>Queen Ati of Land of Punt as depicted on the walls of <a href="/wiki/Deir_el-Bahari" title="Deir el-Bahari">Deir el-Bahari</a></figcaption></figure>According to most scholars, the ancient <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Punt" title="Land of Punt">Land of Punt</a> and its native inhabitants formed part of the <a href="/wiki/Ethnogenesis" title="Ethnogenesis">ethnogenesis</a> of the Somali people.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-44">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-45">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-46">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceD-47">[46]</a> The ancient Puntites were a nation of people that had close relations with <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaonic Egypt</a> during the times of <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a> <a href="/wiki/Sahure" title="Sahure">Sahure</a> and <a href="/wiki/Queen_regnant" title="Queen regnant">Queen</a> <a href="/wiki/Hatshepsut" title="Hatshepsut">Hatshepsut</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of Somalia">pyramidal structures</a>, temples and ancient houses of <a href="/wiki/Masonry" title="Masonry">dressed stone</a> littered around Somalia may date from this period.<a href="#cite_note-Man,_God_and_Civilization_pg_216-73">[72]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical antiquity</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Macrobians" title="Macrobians">Macrobians</a>, who may have been ancestral to the Automoli or ancient Somalis, established a powerful tribal kingdom that ruled large parts of modern <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>. They were reputed for their longevity and wealth, and were said to be the "tallest and handsomest of all men".<a href="#cite_note-Wheeler_pg_526-74">[73]</a> The Macrobians were warrior herders and seafarers. According to Herodotus' account, the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Cambyses_II" title="Cambyses II">Cambyses II</a>, upon <a href="/wiki/First_Achaemenid_conquest_of_Egypt" title="First Achaemenid conquest of Egypt">his conquest of Egypt in 525 BCE</a>, sent ambassadors to Macrobia, bringing luxury gifts for the Macrobian king to entice his submission. The Macrobian ruler, who was elected based on his stature and beauty, replied instead with a challenge for his Persian counterpart in the form of an unstrung bow: if the Persians could manage to draw it, they would have the right to invade his country; but until then, they should thank the gods that the Macrobians never decided to invade their empire.<a href="#cite_note-Wheeler_pg_526-74">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kitto2-75">[74]</a> The Macrobians were a regional power reputed for their advanced architecture and <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> wealth, which was so plentiful that they shackled their prisoners in golden chains.<a href="#cite_note-Kitto2-75">[74]</a> Several ancient city-states, such as <a href="/wiki/Opone" title="Opone">Opone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Essina" title="Essina">Essina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarapion" title="Sarapion">Sarapion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikon_(Somalia)" title="Nikon (Somalia)">Nikon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malao_(ancient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Malao (ancient)">Malao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Damo,_Somalia" title="Damo, Somalia">Damo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mosylon" title="Mosylon">Mosylon</a> near <a href="/wiki/Cape_Guardafui" title="Cape Guardafui">Cape Guardafui</a>, which competed with the <a href="/wiki/Sabaeans" title="Sabaeans">Sabaeans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aksumite_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Aksumite Empire">Axumites</a> for the wealthy <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">Indo</a>-<a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_world" title="Greco-Roman world">Greco-Roman</a> trade, also flourished in Somalia.<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ifat.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Ifat.png/220px-Ifat.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Ifat.png/330px-Ifat.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Ifat.png/440px-Ifat.png 2x" data-file-width="485" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Ifat_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ifat Sultanate">Ifat Sultanate</a>'s realm in the 14th century.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> was introduced to the area early on by the first Muslims of <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> fleeing prosecution during the first <a href="/wiki/Migration_to_Abyssinia" title="Migration to Abyssinia">Hejira</a> with <a href="/wiki/Masjid_al-Qiblatayn_(Somalia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Masjid al-Qiblatayn (Somalia)">Masjid al-Qiblatayn</a> being built before the <a href="/wiki/Qibla" title="Qibla">Qiblah</a> faced towards <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>. The town of <a href="/wiki/Zeila" title="Zeila">Zeila</a>'s two-<a href="/wiki/Mihrab" title="Mihrab">mihrab</a> Masjid al-Qiblatayn dates to the 7th century, and is one of the oldest <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosques</a> in Africa.<a href="#cite_note-Btgpb-77">[76]</a> Consequently the Somalis were some of the earliest non-Arabs that converted to Islam.<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> The peaceful conversion of the Somali population by <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Somalia" title="Islam in Somalia">Somali Muslim scholars</a> in the following centuries, the ancient city-states eventually transformed into Islamic <a href="/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu">Mogadishu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berbera" title="Berbera">Berbera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zeila" title="Zeila">Zeila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barawa" title="Barawa">Barawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hafun" title="Hafun">Hafun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Merca" title="Merca">Merca</a>, which were part of the Berberi civilization. The city of Mogadishu came to be known as the City of Islam,<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> and controlled the East African gold trade for several centuries.<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Ifat" title="Sultanate of Ifat">Sultanate of Ifat</a>, led by the <a href="/wiki/Walashma_dynasty" title="Walashma dynasty">Walashma dynasty</a> with its capital at <a href="/wiki/Zeila" title="Zeila">Zeila</a>, ruled over parts of what is now eastern Ethiopia, Djibouti and Somaliland. The historian <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Fadlallah_al-Umari" title="Ibn Fadlallah al-Umari">al-Umari</a> records that Ifat was situated near the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> coast, and states its size as 15 days travel by 20 days travel. Its army numbered 15,000 horsemen and 20,000 foot soldiers. Al-Umari also credits Ifat with seven "mother cities": Belqulzar, Kuljura, Shimi, <a href="/wiki/Shewa" title="Shewa">Shewa</a>, Adal, Jamme and Laboo.<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, several powerful Somali empires dominated the regional trade including the <a href="/wiki/Ajuran_Sultanate" title="Ajuran Sultanate">Ajuran Sultanate</a>, which excelled in <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_engineering" title="Hydraulic engineering">hydraulic engineering</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fortress" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortress">fortress</a> building,<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Adal_Sultanate" title="Adal Sultanate">Adal Sultanate</a>, whose general <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Ibrahim_al-Ghazi" title="Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi">Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi</a> (Ahmed Gurey) was the first <a href="/wiki/Commander" title="Commander">commander</a> to use cannon warfare on the continent during Adal's conquest of the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian Empire</a>,<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_the_Geledi" title="Sultanate of the Geledi">Sultanate of the Geledi</a>, whose military dominance forced governors of the <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Omani empire</a> north of the city of <a href="/wiki/Lamu" title="Lamu">Lamu</a> to pay tribute to the Somali Sultan <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Yusuf_(Gobroon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmed Yusuf (Gobroon)">Ahmed Yusuf</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Harla_people" title="Harla people">Harla</a>, an early group who inhabited parts of Somalia, Tchertcher and other areas in the Horn, also erected various <a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">tumuli</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> These masons are believed to have been ancestral to the Somalis ("proto-Somali").<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gondereshe2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Gondereshe2008.jpg/220px-Gondereshe2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Gondereshe2008.jpg/330px-Gondereshe2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Gondereshe2008.jpg/440px-Gondereshe2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="331" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Citadel" title="Citadel">Citadel</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gondershe" title="Gondershe">Gondershe</a> was an important site in the medieval <a href="/wiki/Ajuran_Sultanate" title="Ajuran Sultanate">Ajuran Empire</a>.</figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Berbera" title="Berbera">Berbera</a> was the most important port in the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a> between the 18th–19th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> For centuries, <a href="/wiki/Berbera" title="Berbera">Berbera</a> had extensive trade relations with several historic ports in the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a>. Additionally, the Somali and Ethiopian interiors were very dependent on <a href="/wiki/Berbera" title="Berbera">Berbera</a> for trade, where most of the goods for export arrived from. During the 1833 trading season, the port town swelled to over 70,000 people, and upwards of 6,000 camels laden with goods arrived from the interior within a single day. <a href="/wiki/Berbera" title="Berbera">Berbera</a> was the main marketplace in the entire Somali seaboard for various goods procured from the interior, such as <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">coffee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frankincense" title="Frankincense">frankincense</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myrrh" title="Myrrh">myrrh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acacia_gum" class="mw-redirect" title="Acacia gum">acacia gum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saffron" title="Saffron">saffron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feathers" class="mw-redirect" title="Feathers">feathers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghee" title="Ghee">ghee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hide_(skin)" title="Hide (skin)">hide (skin)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">ivory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> Historically, the port of <a href="/wiki/Berbera" title="Berbera">Berbera</a> was controlled indigenously between the <a href="/wiki/Mercantile" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercantile">mercantile</a> Reer Ahmed Nur and Reer Yunis Nuh sub-clans of the <a href="/wiki/Habar_Awal" class="mw-redirect" title="Habar Awal">Habar Awal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Berbera,_1884.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Berbera%2C_1884.png/300px-Berbera%2C_1884.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Berbera%2C_1884.png/450px-Berbera%2C_1884.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Berbera%2C_1884.png/600px-Berbera%2C_1884.png 2x" data-file-width="996" data-file-height="443" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of Berbera, 1884</figcaption></figure> According to a trade journal published in 1856, <a href="/wiki/Berbera" title="Berbera">Berbera</a> was described as “the freest port in the world, and the most important trading place on the whole Arabian Gulf.”: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">“The only seaports of importance on this coast are Feyla [Zeila] and Berbera; the former is an Arabian colony, dependent of Mocha, but Berbera is independent of any foreign power. It is, without having the name, the freest port in the world, and the most important trading place on the whole Arabian Gulf. From the beginning of November to the end of April, a large fair assembles in Berbera, and caravans of 6,000 camels at a time come from the interior loaded with coffee, (considered superior to Mocha in Bombay), gum, ivory, hides, skins, grain, cattle, and sour milk, the substitute of fermented drinks in these regions; also much cattle is brought there for the Aden market.”<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a></blockquote> As a tributary of <a href="/wiki/Mocha,_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Mocha, Yemen">Mocha</a>, which in turn was part of the Ottoman possessions in Western Arabia, the port of <a href="/wiki/Zeila" title="Zeila">Zeila</a> had seen several men placed as governors over the years. The Ottomans based in Yemen held nominal authority of Zeila when <a href="/wiki/Sharmarke_Ali_Saleh" title="Sharmarke Ali Saleh">Sharmarke Ali Saleh</a>, who was a successful and ambitious Somali merchant, purchased the rights of the town from the Ottoman governor of Mocha and Hodeida.<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> <blockquote>Allee Shurmalkee [Ali Sharmarke] has since my visit either seized or purchased this town, and hoisted independent colours upon its walls; but as I know little or nothing save the mere fact of its possession by that Soumaulee chief, and as this change occurred whilst I was in Abyssinia, I shall not say anything more upon the subject.<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a></blockquote> However, the previous governor was not eager to relinquish his control of Zeila. Hence in 1841, Sharmarke chartered two dhows (ships) along with fifty Somali <a href="/wiki/Matchlock" title="Matchlock">Matchlock</a> men and two <a href="/wiki/Cannons" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannons">cannons</a> to target <a href="/wiki/Zeila" title="Zeila">Zeila</a> and depose its Arab Governor, Syed Mohammed Al Barr. Sharmarke initially directed his cannons at the city walls which frightened Al Barr's followers and caused them to abandon their posts and succeeded Al Barr as the ruler of Zeila. Sharmarke's governorship had an instant effect on the city, as he maneuvered to monopolize as much of the regional trade as possible, with his sights set as far as <a href="/wiki/Harar" title="Harar">Harar</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Somali_Region" title="Somali Region">Ogaden</a>.<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> In 1845, Sharmarke deployed a few matchlock men to wrest control of neighboring Berbera from that town's then feuding Somali local authorities.<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> Sharmarke's influence was not limited to the Somali coast as he had allies and influence in the interior of the Somali country, the Danakil coast and even further afield in Abyssinia. Among his allies were the Kings of Shewa. When there was tension between the Amir of Harar <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_II_ibn_%60Abd_al-Munan" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Bakr II ibn `Abd al-Munan">Abu Bakr II ibn `Abd al-Munan</a> and Sharmarke, as a result of the Amir arresting one of his agents in <a href="/wiki/Harar" title="Harar">Harar</a>, Sharmarke persuaded the son of <a href="/wiki/Sahle_Selassie" title="Sahle Selassie">Sahle Selassie</a>, ruler of <a href="/wiki/Shewa" title="Shewa">Shewa</a>, to imprison on his behalf about 300 citizens of Harar then resident in Shewa, for a length of two years.<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:XaajiSuudicropped2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/XaajiSuudicropped2.png/170px-XaajiSuudicropped2.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/XaajiSuudicropped2.png/255px-XaajiSuudicropped2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/XaajiSuudicropped2.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Dervish commander <a href="/wiki/Haji_Sudi" title="Haji Sudi">Haji Sudi</a> on the left with his brother in-law Duale Idres. Aden, 1892.</figcaption></figure> In the late 19th century, after the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Conference" title="Berlin Conference">Berlin Conference</a> had ended, the <a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">Scramble for Africa</a> reached the Horn of Africa. Increasing foreign influence in the region culminated in the creation of the first Darawiish, an armed resistance movement calling for the independence from the European powers.<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-AngusHamilton-100">[99]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Dervish_movement_(Nugaal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dervish movement (Nugaal)">Dervish</a> had their leaders, <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Abdullah_Hassan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed Abdullah Hassan">Mohammed Abdullah Hassan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haji_Sudi" title="Haji Sudi">Haji Sudi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nur_Ahmed_Aman" title="Nur Ahmed Aman">Sultan Nur Ahmed Aman</a>, who sought a state in the Nugaal<a href="#cite_note-dervishletter-101">[100]</a> and began one of the longest African conflicts in modern history.<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> The news of the incident that sparked the 21 year long <a href="/wiki/Somaliland_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Somaliland Campaign">Dervish rebellion</a>, according to the consul-general <a href="/wiki/James_Hayes_Sadler_(colonial_administrator)" title="James Hayes Sadler (colonial administrator)">James Hayes Sadler</a>, was spread or as he claimed was concocted by Sultan Nur of the <a href="/wiki/Habr_Yunis_Sultanate" title="Habr Yunis Sultanate">Habr Yunis</a>. The incident in question was that of a group of Somali children who were converted to Christianity and adopted by the French Catholic Mission at <a href="/wiki/Berbera" title="Berbera">Berbera</a> in 1899. Whether Sultan Nur experienced the incident first hand or whether he was told of it is not clear but what is known is that he propagated the incident in June 1899, precipitating the religious rebellion of the Dervishes.<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Dervish_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Dervish State">Dervish movement</a> successfully stymied <a href="/wiki/British_Armed_Forces" title="British Armed Forces">British forces</a> four times and forced them to retreat to the coastal region.<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> As a result of its successes against the British, the Dervish movement received support from the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germans</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Sublime_Porte" title="Sublime Porte">Ottoman government</a> also named Hassan <a href="/wiki/Emir" title="Emir">Emir</a> of the Somali nation,<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Germany">German government</a> promised to officially recognise any territories the Dervishes were to acquire.<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> After a quarter of a century of military successes against the British, the Dervishes were finally defeated by Britain in 1920 in part due to the successful deployment of the newly-formed <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">British government</a>.<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sultan_Ali_Yusuf_Kenadid.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Sultan_Ali_Yusuf_Kenadid.jpg/170px-Sultan_Ali_Yusuf_Kenadid.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Sultan_Ali_Yusuf_Kenadid.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="344" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ali_Yusuf_Kenadid" title="Ali Yusuf Kenadid">Ali Yusuf Kenadid</a>, 2nd Sultan of the <a href="/wiki/Hobyo_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hobyo Sultanate">Hobyo Sultanate</a>.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Majeerteen_Sultanate" title="Majeerteen Sultanate">Majeerteen Sultanate</a> was founded in the early-1700s and rose to prominence in the following century, under the reign of the resourceful Boqor (King) <a href="/wiki/Osman_Mahamuud" class="mw-redirect" title="Osman Mahamuud">Osman Mahamuud</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Metz-109">[108]</a> His Kingdom controlled Bari Karkaar, Nugaaal, and also central Somalia in the 19th and early 20th centuries. The Majeerteen Sultanate maintained a robust trading network, entered into treaties with foreign powers, and exerted strong centralized authority on the domestic front.<a href="#cite_note-HOA-110">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-WSP-111">[110]</a> The Majeerteen Sultanate was nearly dismantled in the late-1800s by a power struggle between Boqor <a href="/wiki/Osman_Mahamuud" class="mw-redirect" title="Osman Mahamuud">Osman Mahamuud</a> and his ambitious cousin, <a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Ali_Kenadid" title="Yusuf Ali Kenadid">Yusuf Ali Kenadid</a> who founded the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Hobyo" title="Sultanate of Hobyo">Sultanate of Hobyo</a> in 1878. Initially Kenadid wanted to seize control of the neighbouring Sultanate. However, he was unsuccessful in this endeavour, and was eventually forced into exile in <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a> Both sultanates maintained written records of their activities, which still exist.<a href="#cite_note-Ssarif-113">[112]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sultan_Abdillahi_Sultan_Deria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Sultan_Abdillahi_Sultan_Deria.jpg/170px-Sultan_Abdillahi_Sultan_Deria.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Sultan_Abdillahi_Sultan_Deria.jpg/255px-Sultan_Abdillahi_Sultan_Deria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Sultan_Abdillahi_Sultan_Deria.jpg/340px-Sultan_Abdillahi_Sultan_Deria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="651" data-file-height="887" /></a><figcaption>Sultan <a href="/wiki/Abdillahi_Deria" title="Abdillahi Deria">Abdillahi Deria</a>, a prominent <a href="/wiki/Isaaq_Sultanate" title="Isaaq Sultanate">Grand Sultan</a> of British Somaliland of the delegation sent from <a href="/wiki/British_Somaliland" title="British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a> Protectorate to the British government in London to appeal for the return of <a href="/wiki/Haud" title="Haud">Haud Reserve Area</a>, a territory ceded by the British to <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopia</a> in 1954.</figcaption></figure> In late 1888, Sultan Yusuf Ali Kenadid entered into a treaty with the Italian government, making his Sultanate of Hobyo an Italian <a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorate</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Italian_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Somalia">Italian Somalia</a>. His rival Boqor Osman Mahamuud was to sign a similar agreement vis-a-vis his own Majeerteen Sultanate the following year. In signing the agreements, both rulers also hoped to exploit the rival objectives of the European imperial powers so as to more effectively assure the continued independence of their territories.<a href="#cite_note-Issa-Salwe-114">[113]</a> The Italians, for their part, were interested in the territories mainly because of its <a href="/wiki/Port" title="Port">ports</a> specifically Port of <a href="/wiki/Bosaso" title="Bosaso">Bosaso</a> which could grant them access to the strategically important <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aden" title="Gulf of Aden">Gulf of Aden</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fitz-33-115">[114]</a> The terms of each treaty specified that Italy was to steer clear of any interference in the Sultanates' respective administrations.<a href="#cite_note-Issa-Salwe-114">[113]</a> In return for Italian arms and an annual subsidy, the Sultans conceded to a minimum of oversight and economic concessions.<a href="#cite_note-Hess-116">[115]</a> The Italians also agreed to dispatch a few ambassadors to promote both the Sultanates' and their own interests.<a href="#cite_note-Issa-Salwe-114">[113]</a> The new protectorates were thereafter managed by <a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Filonardi" title="Vincenzo Filonardi">Vincenzo Filonardi</a> through a <a href="/wiki/Chartered_company" title="Chartered company">chartered company</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hess-116">[115]</a> An Anglo-Italian border protocol was later signed on 5 May 1894, followed by an agreement in 1906 between Cavalier Pestalozza and General Swaine acknowledging that <a href="/wiki/Buraan" title="Buraan">Baran</a> fell under the Majeerteen Sultanate's administration.<a href="#cite_note-Issa-Salwe-114">[113]</a> With the gradual extension into northern Somalia of Italian colonial rule, both Kingdoms were eventually annexed in the early 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-Majsult-117">[116]</a> However, unlike the southern territories, the northern sultanates were not subject to direct rule due to the earlier treaties they had signed with the Italians.<a href="#cite_note-Gtsahos-118">[117]</a> Following <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Britain retained control of both <a href="/wiki/British_Somaliland" title="British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Somalia">Italian Somalia</a> as <a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorates</a>. In 1945, during the <a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Conference" title="Potsdam Conference">Potsdam Conference</a>, the United Nations granted Italy trusteeship of Italian Somalia, but only under close supervision and on the condition — first proposed by the <a href="/wiki/Somali_Youth_League" title="Somali Youth League">Somali Youth League</a> (SYL) and other nascent Somali political organizations, such as Hizbia Digil Mirifle Somali (HDMS) and the Somali National League (SNL) — that Somalia achieve independence within ten years.<a href="#cite_note-Zolberg-119">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gates1999-120">[119]</a> British Somalia remained a protectorate of Britain until 1960.<a href="#cite_note-Tripodi1999-121">[120]</a> To the extent that Italy held the territory by UN mandate, the trusteeship provisions gave the Somalis the opportunity to gain experience in political education and self-government. These were advantages that British Somaliland, which was to be incorporated into the new <a href="/wiki/Somali_Republic" title="Somali Republic">Somali Republic</a> state, did not have. Although in the 1950s British colonial officials attempted, through various administrative development efforts, to make up for past neglect, the protectorate stagnated. The disparity between the two territories in economic development and political experience would cause serious difficulties when it came time to integrate the two parts.<a href="#cite_note-ChapinMetz-122">[121]</a> Meanwhile, in 1948, under pressure from their <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">World War II allies</a> and to the dismay of the Somalis,<a href="#cite_note-Federal-123">[122]</a> the British ceded official control of the <a href="/wiki/Haud" title="Haud">Haud</a> (an important Somali grazing area that was brought under British protection via treaties with the Somalis in 1884 and 1886) and the <a href="/wiki/Ogaden" title="Ogaden">Ogaden</a> to Ethiopia, based on a treaty they signed in 1897 in which the British ceded Somali territory to the Ethiopian Emperor <a href="/wiki/Menelek_II_of_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Menelek II of Ethiopia">Menelik</a> in exchange for his help against raids by Somali clans.<a href="#cite_note-Laitin1977-124">[123]</a> Britain included the proviso that the Somali nomads would retain their autonomy, but Ethiopia immediately claimed sovereignty over them.<a href="#cite_note-Zolberg-119">[118]</a> This prompted an unsuccessful bid by Britain in 1956 to purchase back the Somali lands it had turned over.<a href="#cite_note-Zolberg-119">[118]</a> The British government also granted administration of the almost exclusively Somali-inhabited<a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> <a href="/wiki/Northern_Frontier_District" title="Northern Frontier District">Northern Frontier District</a> (NFD) to the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Kenya" title="Government of Kenya">Kenyan government</a> despite an informal <a href="/wiki/Plebiscite" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebiscite">plebiscite</a> demonstrating the overwhelming desire of the region's population to join the newly formed Somali Republic.<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile vcard"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Djibouti" title="Category:History of Djibouti">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Djibouti" title="History of Djibouti">History of Djibouti</a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Djibouti.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of Djibouti"><img alt="Emblem of Djibouti" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Emblem_of_Djibouti.svg/100px-Emblem_of_Djibouti.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Emblem_of_Djibouti.svg/150px-Emblem_of_Djibouti.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Emblem_of_Djibouti.svg/200px-Emblem_of_Djibouti.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="540" /></a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:lavender"> Prehistory</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asa_Koma" title="Asa Koma">Asa Koma</a> (3,000~2,500 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handoga" title="Handoga">Handoga</a> (4,000~3,000 BC)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:lavender"> Antiquity</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Punt" title="Land of Punt">Kingdom of Punt</a> (2500~2000 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrobians" title="Macrobians">Macrobians</a> (525 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Axum" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Axum">Kingdom of Axum</a> (100~940 AD)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:lavender"> Middle Ages</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adal_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Adal Kingdom">Kingdom of Adal</a> (9th–12th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Ifat" title="Sultanate of Ifat">Ifat Sultanate</a> (12th–15th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adal_Sultanate" title="Adal Sultanate">Adal Sultanate</a> (15th–16th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_of_Aussa" title="Imamate of Aussa">Imamate of Aussa</a> (16th–18th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Egypt" title="Ottoman Egypt">Ottoman Egypt</a> (16th–19th c.)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:lavender"> Colonial period</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Obock_Territory" title="Obock Territory">Obock Territory</a> (1862-1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Somaliland" title="French Somaliland">French Somaliland</a> (1896–1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Territory_of_the_Afars_and_the_Issas" title="French Territory of the Afars and the Issas">French Territory of the Afars and the Issas</a> (1967–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_French_Somaliland" title="List of governors of French Somaliland">Colonial governors</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:lavender"> Modern period</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:lavender"> <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Republic of Djibouti</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> </td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Africa" title="Portal:Africa">Africa portal</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/31px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/47px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/62px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Djibouti" title="Template:History of Djibouti"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Djibouti" title="Template talk:History of Djibouti"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Djibouti" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Djibouti"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mahmoud_Harbi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/83/Mahmoud_Harbi.jpg/170px-Mahmoud_Harbi.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/83/Mahmoud_Harbi.jpg/255px-Mahmoud_Harbi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/83/Mahmoud_Harbi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="299" data-file-height="239" /></a><figcaption>Mahmoud Harbi, a Somali politician who campaigned for <a href="/wiki/French_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="French Somalia">French Somalia</a> to join a united Somali state.</figcaption></figure> A <a href="/wiki/1958_French_Somaliland_constitutional_referendum" title="1958 French Somaliland constitutional referendum">referendum</a> was held in neighboring <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a> (then known as <a href="/wiki/French_Somaliland" title="French Somaliland">French Somaliland</a>) in 1958, on the eve of Somalia's independence in 1960, to decide whether or not to join the Somali Republic or to remain with France. The referendum turned out in favour of a continued association with France, largely due to a combined yes vote by the sizable <a href="/wiki/Afar_people" title="Afar people">Afar</a> ethnic group and resident Europeans.<a href="#cite_note-Barrington2006-127">[126]</a> There was also widespread <a href="/wiki/Vote_rigging" class="mw-redirect" title="Vote rigging">vote rigging</a>, with the French expelling thousands of Somalis before the referendum reached the polls.<a href="#cite_note-Kseoah-128">[127]</a> The majority of those who voted no were Somalis who were strongly in favour of joining a united Somalia, as had been proposed by <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Harbi" title="Mahmoud Harbi">Mahmoud Harbi</a>, Vice President of the Government Council. Harbi was killed in a plane crash two years later.<a href="#cite_note-Barrington2006-127">[126]</a> Djibouti finally gained its independence from <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> in 1977, and <a href="/wiki/Hassan_Gouled_Aptidon" title="Hassan Gouled Aptidon">Hassan Gouled Aptidon</a>, a Somali who had campaigned for a yes vote in the referendum of 1958, eventually wound up as Djibouti's first president (1977–1991).<a href="#cite_note-Barrington2006-127">[126]</a> British Somaliland became independent on 26 June 1960 as the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Somaliland" title="State of Somaliland">State of Somaliland</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Trust_Territory_of_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Trust Territory of Somalia">Trust Territory of Somalia</a> (the former Italian Somalia) followed suit five days later.<a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a> On 1 July 1960, the two territories united to form the <a href="/wiki/Somali_Republic" title="Somali Republic">Somali Republic</a>, albeit within boundaries drawn up by Italy and Britain.<a href="#cite_note-buluugleey.com-130">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a> A government was formed by <a href="/wiki/Abdullahi_Issa_Mohamud" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdullahi Issa Mohamud">Abdullahi Issa Mohamud</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Haji_Ibrahim_Egal" title="Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal">Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal</a> other members of the trusteeship and protectorate governments, with <a href="/wiki/Haji_Bashir_Ismail_Yusuf" class="mw-redirect" title="Haji Bashir Ismail Yusuf">Haji Bashir Ismail Yusuf</a> as president of the Somali National Assembly, <a href="/wiki/Aden_Abdullah_Osman_Daar" class="mw-redirect" title="Aden Abdullah Osman Daar">Aden Abdullah Osman Daar</a> as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of Somalia">president</a> of the Somali Republic and <a href="/wiki/Abdirashid_Ali_Shermarke" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdirashid Ali Shermarke">Abdirashid Ali Shermarke</a> as <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Somalia">Prime Minister</a> (later to become president from 1967 to 1969). On 20 July 1961 and through a popular <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">referendum</a>, the people of Somalia ratified a new <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">constitution</a>, which was first drafted in 1960. The constitution was rejected by the people of Somaliland.<a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a> In 1967, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Haji_Ibrahim_Egal" title="Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal">Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal</a> became Prime Minister, a position to which he was appointed by Shermarke. On 15 October 1969, while paying a visit to the northern town of <a href="/wiki/Las_Anod" title="Las Anod">Las Anod</a>, Somalia's then President Abdirashid Ali Shermarke was shot dead by one of his own bodyguards. His assassination was quickly followed by a military <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a> on 21 October 1969 (the day after his funeral), in which the <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Somalia">Somali Army</a> seized power without encountering armed opposition — essentially a bloodless takeover. The putsch was spearheaded by Major General <a href="/wiki/Siad_Barre" title="Siad Barre">Mohamed Siad Barre</a>, who at the time commanded the army.<a href="#cite_note-Myswenvwp-133">[132]</a> Alongside Barre, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Revolutionary_Council_(Somalia)" title="Supreme Revolutionary Council (Somalia)">Supreme Revolutionary Council</a> (SRC) that assumed power after President Sharmarke's assassination was led by Lieutenant Colonel <a href="/wiki/Salaad_Gabeyre_Kediye" title="Salaad Gabeyre Kediye">Salaad Gabeyre Kediye</a> and Chief of Police <a href="/wiki/Jama_Ali_Korshel" title="Jama Ali Korshel">Jama Korshel</a>. The SRC subsequently renamed the country the <a href="/wiki/Somali_Democratic_Republic" title="Somali Democratic Republic">Somali Democratic Republic</a>,<a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-Grolierenc-135">[134]</a> dissolved the parliament and the Supreme Court, and suspended the constitution.<a href="#cite_note-Pjdlfw-136">[135]</a> The revolutionary army established large-scale public works programs and successfully implemented an urban and rural <a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">literacy</a> campaign, which helped dramatically increase the literacy rate. In addition to a nationalization program of industry and land, the new regime's foreign policy placed an emphasis on Somalia's traditional and religious links with the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a>, eventually joining the <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a> (AL) in 1974.<a href="#cite_note-Frankel-137">[136]</a> That same year, Barre also served as chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_African_Unity" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization of African Unity">Organization of African Unity</a> (OAU), the predecessor of the <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a> (AU).<a href="#cite_note-Yang-138">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Somalia" title="Demographics of Somalia">Demographics of Somalia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Somali_clans" title="Somali clans">Somali clans</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clans">Clans</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Isaaq_Chiefs_Hargeisa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Isaaq_Chiefs_Hargeisa.jpg/210px-Isaaq_Chiefs_Hargeisa.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Isaaq_Chiefs_Hargeisa.jpg/315px-Isaaq_Chiefs_Hargeisa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Isaaq_Chiefs_Hargeisa.jpg/420px-Isaaq_Chiefs_Hargeisa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1279" data-file-height="1137" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image" style="background-color:white;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Somalia" title="Category:Somalia">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color:white;"><a href="/wiki/Somali_clans" title="Somali clans">Somali clans</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:white;;height:auto;padding-top:0.2em;background:#dcf5dc;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Darod" title="Darod">Darod</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marehan" title="Marehan">Marehan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darod" title="Darod">Absame</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ogaden_(clan)" title="Ogaden (clan)">Ogaden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jidwaq_(clan)" title="Jidwaq (clan)">Jidwaq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abaskuul" title="Abaskuul">Abaskuul</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harti" title="Harti">Harti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhulbahante" title="Dhulbahante">Dhulbahante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majerten" class="mw-redirect" title="Majerten">Majerten</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Mohamoud" title="Omar Mohamoud">Omar Mohamoud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osman_Mohamoud_(clan)" title="Osman Mohamoud (clan)">Osman Mohamoud</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dishiishe" class="mw-redirect" title="Dishiishe">Dishiishe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsangali" title="Warsangali">Warsangali</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lailkase" class="mw-redirect" title="Lailkase">Lailkase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awrtable" title="Awrtable">Awrtable</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:white;;height:auto;padding-top:0.2em;background:#dcf5dc;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Isaaq" title="Isaaq">Isaaq</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arap" title="Arap">Arap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaaq" title="Isaaq">Ayub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habr_Awal" title="Habr Awal">Habr Awal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sa%27ad_Musa" title="Sa'ad Musa">Sa'ad Musa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issa_Musa" class="mw-redirect" title="Issa Musa">Issa Musa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garhajis" title="Garhajis">Garhajis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Habr_Yunis" class="mw-redirect" title="Habr Yunis">Habr Yunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eidagale" title="Eidagale">Eidagale</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habr_Je%27lo" title="Habr Je'lo">Habr Je'lo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Abokor" title="Mohamed Abokor">Mohamed Abokor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musa_Abokor" title="Musa Abokor">Musa Abokor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanbuur" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanbuur">Sanbuur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimraan" class="mw-redirect" title="Cimraan">Cimraan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaaq" title="Isaaq">Tol Je'lo</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:white;;height:auto;padding-top:0.2em;background:#dcf5dc;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Dir_(clan)" title="Dir (clan)">Dir</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akisho" title="Akisho">Akisho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bursuuk" title="Bursuuk">Bursuuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurgura" title="Gurgura">Gurgura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurre" title="Gurre">Gurre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadabuursi" title="Gadabuursi">Gadabuursi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issa_(clan)" title="Issa (clan)">Issa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surre_(clan)" title="Surre (clan)">Surre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qubeys" title="Qubeys">Qubeys</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimaal" title="Bimaal">Bimaal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaadsen" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaadsen">Gaadsen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garre" title="Garre">Garre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garre" title="Garre">Quranyow</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:white;;height:auto;padding-top:0.2em;background:#dcf5dc;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hawiye" title="Hawiye">Hawiye</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karanle" title="Karanle">Karanle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Murusade" title="Murusade">Murusade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sabti" title="Sabti">Sabti</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degoodi" title="Degoodi">Degoodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaalje%27el" title="Gaalje'el">Gaalje'el</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badi_Ade" title="Badi Ade">Badi Ade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiraab" title="Hiraab">Hiraab</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Habar_Gidir" title="Habar Gidir">Habar Gidir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abgaal" title="Abgaal">Abgaal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duduble" title="Duduble">Duduble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wa%27daan" title="Wa'daan">Wa'daan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikhaal" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheikhaal">Sheikhaal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udejeen" title="Udejeen">Udejeen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawadle" title="Hawadle">Hawadle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajuran_(clan)" title="Ajuran (clan)">Ajuran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhiban" title="Madhiban">Muhammed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murule" title="Murule">Murule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silcis" title="Silcis">Silcis</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:white;;height:auto;padding-top:0.2em;background:#dcf5dc;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Rahanweyn" title="Rahanweyn">Rahanweyn</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digil" class="mw-redirect" title="Digil">Digil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geledi" title="Geledi">Geledi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunni" title="Tunni">Tunni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garre" title="Garre">Garre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirifle" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirifle">Mirifle</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:white;;height:auto;padding-top:0.2em;background:#dcf5dc;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Benadiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Benadiri">Benadiri</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asharaf" title="Asharaf">Asharaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haatim" title="Haatim">Haatim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reer_faqi" class="mw-redirect" title="Reer faqi">Reer Faqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanshiyo" title="Shanshiyo">Shanshiyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheekhaal" title="Sheekhaal">Sheekhaal</a></li> <li>'Amuudi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reer_Manyo" title="Reer Manyo">Reer Manyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biido" title="Biido">Biido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaameedle" title="Gaameedle">Gaameedle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiikhall_Gendershe" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiikhall Gendershe">Shiikhall Gendershe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duruqbo" title="Duruqbo">Duruqbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reer_Ahmed_Nur" class="mw-redirect" title="Reer Ahmed Nur">Reer Ahmed Nur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shukureere" class="mw-redirect" title="Shukureere">Shukureere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juunji" title="Juunji">Juunji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasahaale" title="Fasahaale">Fasahaale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiikhall_Jasiira" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiikhall Jasiira">Shiikhall Jasiira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba_Fadal" title="Ba Fadal">Ba Fadal</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="font-weight:normal; border-top:#aaa 1px solid"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Somalia" title="Portal:Somalia">Somalia portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="background:black; padding:0 5px"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Somali_clans" title="Template:Somali clans"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Somali_clans" title="Template talk:Somali clans"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Somali_clans" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Somali clans"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Somalis are ethnically of <a href="/wiki/Cushitic_ancestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Cushitic ancestry">Cushitic ancestry</a>, but have genealogical traditions of descent from various patriarchs associated with the spread of Islam.<a href="#cite_note-James_Currey_Publishers-139">[138]</a> Being one tribe, they are segmented into various <a href="/wiki/Clan" title="Clan">clan</a> groupings, which are important <a href="/wiki/Kinship" title="Kinship">kinship</a> units that play a central part in Somali culture and politics. Clan families are <a href="/wiki/Patrilineality" title="Patrilineality">patrilineal</a>, and are divided into clans, primary lineages or subclans, and <a href="/wiki/Diyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Diyya">dia</a>-paying kinship groups. The lineage terms qabiil, qolo, jilib and reer are often interchangeably used to indicate the different segmentation levels. The clan represents the highest kinship level. It owns territorial properties and is typically led by a clan-head or <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a>. Primary lineages are immediately descended from the clans, and are exogamous political units with no formally installed leader. They comprise the segmentation level that an individual usually indicates he or she belongs to, with their founding patriarch reckoned to between six and ten generations.<a href="#cite_note-Lewis1999vvii-140">[139]</a> The five major clan families are the traditionally nomadic pastoralist <a href="/wiki/Dir_(clan)" title="Dir (clan)">Dir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isaaq" title="Isaaq">Isaaq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Darod" title="Darod">Darod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawiye" title="Hawiye">Hawiye</a> and the sedentary agropastoralist <a href="/wiki/Rahanweyn" title="Rahanweyn">Rahanweyn</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lewis1999vvii-140">[139]</a> Minor Somali clans include <a href="/wiki/Asharaf" title="Asharaf">Asharaf</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Abdullahi8-141">[140]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Dir_(clan)" title="Dir (clan)">Dir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawiye" title="Hawiye">Hawiye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gardhere" title="Gardhere">Gardere</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gaalje%27el" title="Gaalje'el">Gaalje'el</a>, <a href="/wiki/Degodia_(Clan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Degodia (Clan)">Degodia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garre" title="Garre">Garre</a>), <a href="/wiki/Hawadle" title="Hawadle">Hawadle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ajuran_(clan)" title="Ajuran (clan)">Ajuran</a> trace agnatic origins to the patriarch <a href="/wiki/Samaale" title="Samaale">Samaale</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lewis19991113-142">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-143">[142]</a> The Darod have separate paternal traditions of descent through <a href="/wiki/Abdirahman_bin_Isma%27il_al-Jabarti" title="Abdirahman bin Isma'il al-Jabarti">Abdirahman bin Isma'il al-Jabarti</a> (Sheikh Darod), who is said to have <a href="/wiki/Banu_Hashim" title="Banu Hashim">Banu Hashim</a> origins through <a href="/wiki/Aqeel_ibn_Abi_Talib" class="mw-redirect" title="Aqeel ibn Abi Talib">Aqiil</a> <a href="/wiki/Abu_Talib_ibn_Abd_al-Muttalib" title="Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib">Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib</a>. He arrived at a later date from the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a> in the 10th or 11th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-Lewismhs-144">[143]</a> Sheikh Darod is asserted to have married a woman from the Dir (while some accounts say Hawiye<a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a>), thus establishing <a href="/wiki/Matrilateral" title="Matrilateral">matrilateral</a> ties with the Samaale family.<a href="#cite_note-Lewis19991113-142">[141]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Isaaq" title="Isaaq">Isaaq</a> clan trace paternal descent to the Islamic leader <a href="/wiki/Ishaaq_bin_Ahmed" title="Ishaaq bin Ahmed">Ishaaq bin Ahmed al-Hashimi</a> (Sheikh Isaaq). The Digil & Mirifle (Rahanweyn) trace their ancestry back to the patriarch Sab. Both Samaale and Sab are supposed to have descended from a common ancestor with origins in the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lewis19991113-142">[141]</a> Contemporary genetic studies indicate that Somalis in general do not possess any noticeable Arab ancestry.<a href="#cite_note-Sanchez2005-147">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cruciani2007-148">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a> The traditions of descent from noble elite forefathers who settled on the littoral are debated, although they are based on early Arab documents and northern folklore.<a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-AppiahGates2010p395-151">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a> A comprehensive genealogy of Somali clans can be found in Abbink (2009), providing detailed <a href="/wiki/Family_tree" title="Family tree">family trees</a> and historical background information.<a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Tomb" title="Tomb">tombs</a> of the founders of Darod, Dir and Isaaq as well as the <a href="/wiki/Abgaal" title="Abgaal">Abgaal</a> subclan of Hawiye are all located in northern Somalia. Tradition holds this area as the ancestral homeland of the Somali people.<a href="#cite_note-Abdullahi8-141">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mosislsol2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Mosislsol2.jpg/150px-Mosislsol2.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Mosislsol2.jpg/225px-Mosislsol2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Mosislsol2.jpg/300px-Mosislsol2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="346" data-file-height="496" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Mosque_of_Islamic_Solidarity" title="Mosque of Islamic Solidarity">Mosque of Islamic Solidarity</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu">Mogadishu</a> is the largest mosque in the Horn region.</figcaption></figure> According to data from the <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a>, the creed breakdown of Muslims in the Somali-majority <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a> is as follows: 77% adhere to <a href="/wiki/Sunnism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunnism">Sunnism</a>, 8% are <a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim" title="Non-denominational Muslim">non-denominational Muslim</a>, 2% are <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a> and 13% declined to answer, and a further report inclusive of <a href="/wiki/Somali_Region" title="Somali Region">Somali Region</a> stipulating 2% adherence to a minority sect (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Ibadism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibadism">Ibadism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quranism</a> etc.).<a href="#cite_note-154">[153]</a> In the neighboring country of <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>, 99.8% of the population is <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> according to the Pew Research Center.<a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a> The majority belong to the <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> branch of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Shafi%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Shafi'i">Shafi'i</a> school of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic jurisprudence">Islamic jurisprudence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">mystical</a> sect of Islam, is also well established, with many local jama'a (<a href="/wiki/Zaouia" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaouia">zawiya</a>) or congregations of the various <a href="/wiki/Tariqah" class="mw-redirect" title="Tariqah">tariiqa</a> or Sufi orders.<a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a> The constitution of Somalia likewise defines Islam as the state religion of the Federal Republic of Somalia, and Islamic <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">sharia</a> law as the basic source for national legislation. It also stipulates that no law that is inconsistent with the basic tenets of Shari'a can be enacted.<a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a> There are some nobles who believe with great pride that they are of Arabian ancestry, and trace their stirp to Muhammad's lineage of <a href="/wiki/Quraysh" title="Quraysh">Quraysh</a> and those of his companions. Although they do not consider themselves culturally Arabs, except for the shared religion, their presumed noble Arabian origins genealogically unite them.<a href="#cite_note-pastoral_dem-159">[158]</a> The purpose behind claiming genealogical traditions of descent from the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a> is used to reinforce one's lineage and the various associated patriarchs with the spread of Islam.<a href="#cite_note-James_Currey_Publishers-139">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Languages">Languages</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali language</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wadaad%27s-Writing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Wadaad%27s-Writing.jpg" decoding="async" width="192" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="146" /></a><figcaption>Old Somali stone tablet: After <a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a> had lost its ancient writing script,<a href="#cite_note-WOSL-160">[159]</a> <a href="/wiki/Somali_literature" title="Somali literature">Somali scholars</a> over the following centuries developed a writing system known as <a href="/wiki/Wadaad_writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Wadaad writing">Wadaad writing</a> to transcribe the language.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali language</a> (Af-Soomaali) is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Cushitic_languages" title="Cushitic languages">Cushitic</a> branch of the <a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a> family. Its nearest relatives are the <a href="/wiki/Afar_language" title="Afar language">Afar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saho_language" title="Saho language">Saho</a> languages.<a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a> Somali is the best documented of the Cushitic languages<a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a> with academic studies dating from the 19th century. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="62" data-mwtitle="Shaxmednuradc1.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Shaxmednuradc1.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Shaxmednuradc1.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c9/Shaxmednuradc1.ogg/Shaxmednuradc1.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio><figcaption>Speech sample in <a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Standard Somali</a>.</figcaption></figure> The exact number of speakers of Somali is unknown. One source estimates that there are 16.3 million speakers of Somali within Somalia and 25.8 million speakers globally.<a href="#cite_note-163">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a> Recent estimates had approximately 24 million speakers of Somali, spread in <a href="/wiki/Greater_Somalia" title="Greater Somalia">Greater Somalia</a> of which around 17 million resided in Somalia.<a href="#cite_note-eth2-165">[164]</a> The Somali language is spoken by ethnic Somalis in Greater Somalia and the Somali diaspora. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Somlangbooks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Somlangbooks.jpg/170px-Somlangbooks.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Somlangbooks.jpg/255px-Somlangbooks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Somlangbooks.jpg/340px-Somlangbooks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4272" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali language</a> books on display.</figcaption></figure> Somali dialects are divided into three main groups: <a href="/wiki/Northern_Somali" title="Northern Somali">Northern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benadiri_Somali" title="Benadiri Somali">Benadiri</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Maay_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Maay language">Maay</a>. Northern Somali (or Northern-Central Somali) forms the basis for Standard Somali. Benadiri (also known as Coastal Somali) is spoken on the <a href="/wiki/Benadir" class="mw-redirect" title="Benadir">Benadir</a> coast from <a href="/wiki/Adale" title="Adale">Adale</a> to south of <a href="/wiki/Merca" title="Merca">Merca</a>, including Mogadishu, as well as in the immediate hinterland. The coastal dialects have additional <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemes</a> which do not exist in Standard Somali. Maay is principally spoken by the Digil and Mirifle (<a href="/wiki/Rahanweyn" title="Rahanweyn">Rahanweyn</a>) clans in the southwestern areas of Somalia.<a href="#cite_note-Dalby-166">[165]</a> A number of <a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">writing systems</a> have been used over the years for transcribing the Somali language. Of these, the <a href="/wiki/Somali_Latin_alphabet" title="Somali Latin alphabet">Somali Latin alphabet</a> is the most widely used, and has been the official writing script in Somalia since the government of former President of Somalia Mohamed Siad Barre formally introduced it in October 1972.<a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a> The script was developed by the Somali linguist <a href="/wiki/Shire_Jama_Ahmed" title="Shire Jama Ahmed">Shire Jama Ahmed</a> specifically for the Somali language. It uses all letters of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a>, except p, v, and z. Besides the Latin script, other orthographies that have been used for centuries for writing Somali include the long-established <a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic script</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wadaad_writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Wadaad writing">Wadaad writing</a>. Other writing systems developed in the twentieth century including the <a href="/wiki/Osmanya_alphabet" title="Osmanya alphabet">Osmanya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Borama_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Borama alphabet">Borama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kaddare_alphabet" title="Kaddare alphabet">Kaddare</a> scripts, which were invented by <a href="/wiki/Osman_Yusuf_Kenadid" title="Osman Yusuf Kenadid">Osman Yusuf Kenadid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abdurahman_Sheikh_Nuur" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdurahman Sheikh Nuur">Abdurahman Sheikh Nuur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hussein_Sheikh_Ahmed_Kaddare" title="Hussein Sheikh Ahmed Kaddare">Hussein Sheikh Ahmed Kaddare</a> respectively.<a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a> In addition to Somali, <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, which is also an Afro-Asiatic tongue, is an official national language in Somalia and Djibouti. Many Somalis speak it due to millennia-old ties with the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a>, the far-reaching influence of the Arabic media, and religious education.<a href="#cite_note-Dubnov-169">[168]</a> Somalia and Djibouti are also both members of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2009factbook-40">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-SCT-170">[169]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Somali_traditional_doorway_with_decorative_carving,_set_into_white_stone_wall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Somali_traditional_doorway_with_decorative_carving%2C_set_into_white_stone_wall.jpg/210px-Somali_traditional_doorway_with_decorative_carving%2C_set_into_white_stone_wall.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Somali_traditional_doorway_with_decorative_carving%2C_set_into_white_stone_wall.jpg/315px-Somali_traditional_doorway_with_decorative_carving%2C_set_into_white_stone_wall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Somali_traditional_doorway_with_decorative_carving%2C_set_into_white_stone_wall.jpg/420px-Somali_traditional_doorway_with_decorative_carving%2C_set_into_white_stone_wall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="495" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Somalia" title="Category:Somalia">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Somalia" title="Culture of Somalia">Culture of Somalia</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Somalia" title="Culture of Somalia">Culture</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somali_architecture" title="Somali architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_art" title="Somali art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Somalia" title="Cinema of Somalia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_cuisine" title="Somali cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Somalia" title="History of Somalia">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalian_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Somalian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Somalia" title="Maritime history of Somalia">Maritime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Somalia">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Somalia" title="Music of Somalia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_mythology" title="Somali mythology">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Somalia" title="Religion in Somalia">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Somalia" title="Sports in Somalia">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Somalia" title="Tourism in Somalia">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditions_of_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditions of Somalia">Traditions</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Somalia" title="Demographics of Somalia">People</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Somalis">Somalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benadiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Benadiri">Benadiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bravanese_people" title="Bravanese people">Bravanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajuni_people" title="Bajuni people">Bajunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Bantu" class="mw-redirect" title="Somali Bantu">Bantus</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Somalia" title="Religion in Somalia">Religion</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Somalia" title="Islam in Somalia">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Somalia" title="Christianity in Somalia">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Somalia#Traditional_faiths" title="Religion in Somalia">Traditional faiths</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Somalia" title="Languages of Somalia">Language</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a> (<a href="/wiki/Maay_Maay" title="Maay Maay">Maay Maay</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soqotri_language" title="Soqotri language">Soqotri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Somalia" title="Politics of Somalia">Politics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Parliament_of_Somalia" title="Federal Parliament of Somalia">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Armed_Forces" title="Somali Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Somalia" title="Economy of Somalia">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Somalia" title="Judiciary of Somalia">Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Somalia" title="National symbols of Somalia">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Somalia" title="Transport in Somalia">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Somalia" title="Communications in Somalia">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Somalia" title="Education in Somalia">Education</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="font-weight:normal; border-top:#aaa 1px solid"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Somalia" title="Portal:Somalia">Somalia portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Culture_of_Somalia" title="Template:Culture of Somalia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culture_of_Somalia" title="Template talk:Culture of Somalia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culture_of_Somalia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culture of Somalia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Somalia" title="Culture of Somalia">Culture of Somalia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Somali_woman_shows_traditional_incense_during_an_event_to_showcase_traditional_Somali_culture_week.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/A_Somali_woman_shows_traditional_incense_during_an_event_to_showcase_traditional_Somali_culture_week.jpg/220px-A_Somali_woman_shows_traditional_incense_during_an_event_to_showcase_traditional_Somali_culture_week.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/A_Somali_woman_shows_traditional_incense_during_an_event_to_showcase_traditional_Somali_culture_week.jpg/330px-A_Somali_woman_shows_traditional_incense_during_an_event_to_showcase_traditional_Somali_culture_week.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/A_Somali_woman_shows_traditional_incense_during_an_event_to_showcase_traditional_Somali_culture_week.jpg/440px-A_Somali_woman_shows_traditional_incense_during_an_event_to_showcase_traditional_Somali_culture_week.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3984" data-file-height="2656" /></a><figcaption> Somali woman shows traditional incense during an event to showcase traditional Somali culture</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Somali_women_building_a_somali_house.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Somali_women_building_a_somali_house.jpg/220px-Somali_women_building_a_somali_house.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Somali_women_building_a_somali_house.jpg/330px-Somali_women_building_a_somali_house.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Somali_women_building_a_somali_house.jpg/440px-Somali_women_building_a_somali_house.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1153" /></a><figcaption> Somali woman building a Somali aqal or buul</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Somalia" title="Culture of Somalia">culture of Somalia</a> is an amalgamation of traditions developed independently and through interaction with neighbouring and far away civilizations, such as other parts of <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Africa" title="Northeast Africa">Northeast Africa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Abdullahi2-171">[170]</a> The textile-making communities in Somalia are a continuation of an ancient textile industry, as is the culture of <a href="/wiki/Wood_carving" title="Wood carving">wood carving</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">pottery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">monumental architecture</a> that dominates Somali interiors and landscapes. The cultural diffusion of <a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Somalia" title="Maritime history of Somalia">Somali commercial enterprise</a> can be detected in its <a href="/wiki/Somalian_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Somalian cuisine">cuisine</a>, which contains Southeast Asian influences. Due to the Somali people's passionate love for and facility with poetry, Somalia has often been referred to by scholars as a "Nation of Poets" and a "Nation of <a href="/wiki/Bards" class="mw-redirect" title="Bards">Bards</a>" including, among others, the <a href="/wiki/Canadians" title="Canadians">Canadian</a> novelist <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Laurence" title="Margaret Laurence">Margaret Laurence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-172">[171]</a> According to Canadian novelist and scholar <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Laurence" title="Margaret Laurence">Margaret Laurence</a>, who originally coined the term "Nation of Poets" to describe the Somali Peninsular, the Eidagale clan were viewed as "the recognized experts in the composition of poetry" by their fellow Somali contemporaries: <blockquote>Among the tribes, the Eidagalla are the recognized experts in the composition of poetry. One individual poet of the Eidagalla may be no better than a good poet of another tribe, but the Eidagalla appear to have more poets than any other tribe. "if you had a hundred Eidagalla men here," Hersi Jama once told me, "And asked which of them could sing his own gabei ninety-five would be able to sing. The others would still be learning."<a href="#cite_note-173">[172]</a></blockquote> All of these traditions, including <a href="/wiki/Festival" title="Festival">festivals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Istunka" title="Istunka">martial arts</a>, dress, literature, sport and games such as <a href="/wiki/Shax_(board_game)" title="Shax (board game)">Shax</a>, have immensely contributed to the enrichment of Somali heritage. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Somalia" title="Music of Somalia">Music of Somalia</a></div> Somalis have a rich musical heritage centered on traditional Somali <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a>. Most Somali songs are <a href="/wiki/Pentatonic_scale" title="Pentatonic scale">pentatonic</a>. That is, they only use five <a href="/wiki/Pitch_(music)" title="Pitch (music)">pitches</a> per <a href="/wiki/Octave" title="Octave">octave</a> in contrast to a <a href="/wiki/Heptatonic_scale" title="Heptatonic scale">heptatonic</a> (seven note) scale, such as the <a href="/wiki/Major_scale" title="Major scale">major scale</a>. At first listen, Somali music might be mistaken for the sounds of nearby regions such as Ethiopia, <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> or <a href="/wiki/Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabia">Arabia</a>, but it is ultimately recognizable by its own unique tunes and styles. Somali songs are usually the product of collaboration between <a href="/wiki/Lyricist" title="Lyricist">lyricists</a> (midho), songwriters (laxan) and singers (Codka or "voice").<a href="#cite_note-174">[173]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Musicians_and_bands">Musicians and bands</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saadoaliw1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Saadoaliw1.jpg/220px-Saadoaliw1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Saadoaliw1.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="240" /></a><figcaption>Somali singer <a href="/wiki/Saado_Ali_Warsame" title="Saado Ali Warsame">Saado Ali Warsame</a>.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aar_Maanta" title="Aar Maanta">Aar Maanta</a> – UK-based Somali singer, composer, writer and music producer.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdi_Sinimo" title="Abdi Sinimo">Abdi Sinimo</a> – Prominent Somali artist and inventor of the <a href="/wiki/Balwo" title="Balwo">Balwo</a> musical style.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullahi_Qarshe" title="Abdullahi Qarshe">Abdullahi Qarshe</a> – Somali musician, poet and playwright known for his innovative styles of music, which included a wide variety of musical instruments such as the guitar, piano and <a href="/wiki/Oud" title="Oud">oud</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Feiruz" title="Ali Feiruz">Ali Feiruz</a> – Somali musician from Djibouti; part of the Radio <a href="/wiki/Hargeisa" title="Hargeisa">Hargeisa</a> generation of Somali artists.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dur-Dur" class="mw-redirect" title="Dur-Dur">Dur-Dur</a> – Somali band active during the 1980s and 1990s in Somalia, Djibouti and Ethiopia.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_Adan_Samatar" title="Hasan Adan Samatar">Hasan Adan Samatar</a> – popular male artist during the 1970s and 80s.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibo_Nuura" class="mw-redirect" title="Hibo Nuura">Hibo Nuura</a> – popular Somali singer.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonis_Bashir" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonis Bashir">Jonis Bashir</a> – Somali-Italian actor and singer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khadija_Qalanjo" title="Khadija Qalanjo">Khadija Qalanjo</a> – popular Somali singer in the 1970s and 1980s.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%27naan" title="K'naan">K'naan</a> – award-winning Somali-Canadian hip hop artist.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magool" title="Magool">Magool</a> (2 May 1948 – 19 March 2004) – prominent Somali singer considered in <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> as one of the greatest entertainers of all time.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryam_Mursal" title="Maryam Mursal">Maryam Mursal</a> (born 1950) – Somali musician, composer and vocalist whose work has been produced by the record label <a href="/wiki/Real_World_Records" title="Real World Records">Real World</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Mooge_Liibaan" title="Mohamed Mooge Liibaan">Mohammed Mooge</a> – Prominent Somali artist from the Radio Hargeisa generation.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poly_Styrene" title="Poly Styrene">Poly Styrene</a> – Somali-British punk rock singer; best known as being the lead singer of <a href="/wiki/X_Ray_Spex" class="mw-redirect" title="X Ray Spex">X Ray Spex</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saado_Ali_Warsame" title="Saado Ali Warsame">Saado Ali Warsame</a> – Somali singer-songwriter and modern Qaraami exponent.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waaberi" title="Waaberi">Waaberi</a> – Somalia's foremost musical group that toured through several countries in Northeast Africa and Asia, including <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> and <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waayaha_Cusub" title="Waayaha Cusub">Waayaha Cusub</a> – Somali music collective. Organized the international Reconciliation Music Festival in 2013 in Mogadishu.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cinema_and_theatre">Cinema and theatre</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Somalia" title="Cinema of Somalia">Cinema of Somalia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ali_Said_Hassan_in_an_Event.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Ali_Said_Hassan_in_an_Event.png/170px-Ali_Said_Hassan_in_an_Event.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Ali_Said_Hassan_in_an_Event.png/255px-Ali_Said_Hassan_in_an_Event.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Ali_Said_Hassan_in_an_Event.png/340px-Ali_Said_Hassan_in_an_Event.png 2x" data-file-width="672" data-file-height="796" /></a><figcaption>Somali film producer and director <a href="/wiki/Ali_Said_Hassan" title="Ali Said Hassan">Ali Said Hassan</a>.</figcaption></figure> Growing out of the Somali people's rich storytelling tradition, the first few feature-length Somali films and cinematic festivals emerged in the early 1960s, immediately after independence. Following the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Somali_Film_Agency" title="Somali Film Agency">Somali Film Agency</a> (SFA) regulatory body in 1975, the local film scene began to expand rapidly. <a href="/wiki/Hassan_Sheikh_Mumin" title="Hassan Sheikh Mumin">Hassan Sheikh Mumin</a> was considered one of the most prolific and early playwrights and composers in Somali literature. Mumin's most important work is Shabeel Naagood (1965), a piece that touches on the social position of women, urbanization, changing traditional practices, and the importance of education during the early pre-independence period. Although the issues it describes were later to some degree redressed, the work remains a mainstay of Somali literature.<a href="#cite_note-Aaasc-175">[174]</a> Shabeel Naagood was translated into English in 1974 under the title Leopard Among the Women by the <a href="/wiki/Somali_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Somali Studies">Somali Studies</a> pioneer <a href="/wiki/Bogumi%C5%82_W._Andrzejewski" class="mw-redirect" title="Bogumił W. Andrzejewski">Bogumił W. Andrzejewski</a>, who also wrote the introduction. Mumin composed both the play itself and the music used in it.<a href="#cite_note-Haywardlewis-176">[175]</a> The piece is regularly featured in various school curricula, including <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University">Oxford University</a>, which first published the English translation under its <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">press house</a>. During one decisive passage in the play, the heroine, Shallaayo, laments that she has been tricked into a false marriage by the Leopard in the title: <div class="center"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">"Women have no share in the encampments of this world And it is men who made these laws, to their own advantage. By God, by God, men are our enemies, though we ourselves nurtured them We suckled them at our breasts, and they maimed us: We do not share peace with them."</blockquote> </div> The Somali filmmaker <a href="/wiki/Ali_Said_Hassan" title="Ali Said Hassan">Ali Said Hassan</a> concurrently served as the SFA's representative in Rome. In the 1970s and early 1980s, popular musicals known as riwaayado were the main driving force behind the Somali movie industry. Epic and period films as well as international co-productions followed suit, facilitated by the proliferation of <a href="/wiki/Video" title="Video">video</a> technology and national television networks. <a href="/wiki/Said_Salah_Ahmed" title="Said Salah Ahmed">Said Salah Ahmed</a> during this period directed his first feature film, The Somali Darwish (The Somalia Dervishes), devoted to the Dervish movement. In the 1990s and 2000s, a new wave of more entertainment-oriented movies emerged. Referred to as <a href="/wiki/Somaliwood" title="Somaliwood">Somaliwood</a>, this upstart, youth-based cinematic movement has energized the Somali film industry and in the process introduced innovative storylines, marketing strategies and production techniques. The young directors <a href="/wiki/Abdisalam_Aato" title="Abdisalam Aato">Abdisalam Aato</a> of Olol Films and Abdi Malik Isak are at the forefront of this quiet revolution.<a href="#cite_note-Somaliwood-177">[176]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art">Art</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Somali_art" title="Somali art">Somali art</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ucidlhd29.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Ucidlhd29.png/220px-Ucidlhd29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Ucidlhd29.png/330px-Ucidlhd29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Ucidlhd29.png/440px-Ucidlhd29.png 2x" data-file-width="1251" data-file-height="696" /></a><figcaption>A Somali woman with <a href="/wiki/Kohl_(cosmetics)" title="Kohl (cosmetics)">kohl</a> eyes.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Somali_woman_shows_traditional_items_during_an_event_to_showcase_traditional_Somali_culture_week.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/A_Somali_woman_shows_traditional_items_during_an_event_to_showcase_traditional_Somali_culture_week.jpg/220px-A_Somali_woman_shows_traditional_items_during_an_event_to_showcase_traditional_Somali_culture_week.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/A_Somali_woman_shows_traditional_items_during_an_event_to_showcase_traditional_Somali_culture_week.jpg/330px-A_Somali_woman_shows_traditional_items_during_an_event_to_showcase_traditional_Somali_culture_week.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/A_Somali_woman_shows_traditional_items_during_an_event_to_showcase_traditional_Somali_culture_week.jpg/440px-A_Somali_woman_shows_traditional_items_during_an_event_to_showcase_traditional_Somali_culture_week.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3984" data-file-height="2656" /></a><figcaption> Somali women knitting</figcaption></figure> Somalis have old visual art traditions, which include pottery, jewelry and wood carving. In the medieval period, affluent urbanites commissioned local wood and marble carvers to work on their interiors and houses. Intricate patterns also adorn the <a href="/wiki/Mihrab" title="Mihrab">mihrabs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Column" title="Column">pillars</a> of ancient Somali <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosques</a>. Artistic carving was considered the province of men, whereas the textile industry was mainly that of women. Among the nomads, carving, especially <a href="/wiki/Woodwork" class="mw-redirect" title="Woodwork">woodwork</a>, was widespread and could be found on the most basic objects such as <a href="/wiki/Spoon" title="Spoon">spoons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comb" title="Comb">combs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bowl_(vessel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bowl (vessel)">bowls</a>. It also included more complex structures, such as the portable nomadic house, the aqal. In the last several decades, traditional carving of windows, doors and furniture have given way to workshops employing electrical machinery, which deliver the same results in a far shorter time period.<a href="#cite_note-178">[177]</a> Additionally, <a href="/wiki/Henna" title="Henna">henna</a> is an important part of Somali culture. It is worn by Somali women on their hands, arms, feet and neck during wedding ceremonies, <a href="/wiki/Eid_ul-Fitr" class="mw-redirect" title="Eid ul-Fitr">Eid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramadan</a> and other festive occasions. Somali henna designs are similar to those in the Arabian peninsula, often featuring flower motifs and triangular shapes. The palm is also frequently decorated with a dot of henna and the fingertips are dipped in the dye. Henna parties are usually held before the wedding takes place. Somali women have likewise traditionally applied <a href="/wiki/Kohl_(cosmetics)" title="Kohl (cosmetics)">kohl</a> (kuul) to their eyes.<a href="#cite_note-Loughran-179">[178]</a> Usage of the <a href="/wiki/Eye_liner" title="Eye liner">eye cosmetic</a> in the Horn region is believed to date to the ancient Land of Punt.<a href="#cite_note-Stiant-180">[179]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Somalia" title="Sports in Somalia">Sports in Somalia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MoPodiumRio2016.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/MoPodiumRio2016.png/170px-MoPodiumRio2016.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/MoPodiumRio2016.png/255px-MoPodiumRio2016.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/MoPodiumRio2016.png/340px-MoPodiumRio2016.png 2x" data-file-width="1980" data-file-height="2116" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mo_Farah" title="Mo Farah">Mo Farah</a> the most decorated athlete in <a href="/wiki/British_athletics_history" class="mw-redirect" title="British athletics history">British athletics history</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Football</a> is the most popular sport amongst Somalis. Important competitions are the <a href="/wiki/Somalia_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Somalia League">Somalia League</a> and <a href="/wiki/Somalia_Cup" title="Somalia Cup">Somalia Cup</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Somalia_national_football_team" title="Somalia national football team">Ocean Stars</a> is Somalia's multi-ethnic national team.<a href="#cite_note-Nsyem-181">[180]</a> <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">Basketball</a> is also played in the country. The <a href="/wiki/FIBA_Africa_Championship_1981" title="FIBA Africa Championship 1981">FIBA Africa Championship 1981</a> was hosted in Mogadishu from 15 to 23 December December 1981, during which the <a href="/wiki/Somalia_national_basketball_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Somalia national basketball team">national basketball team</a> received the bronze medal.<a href="#cite_note-182">[181]</a> The squad also takes part in the <a href="/wiki/Basketball_at_the_Pan_Arab_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="Basketball at the Pan Arab Games">basketball event</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Pan_Arab_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan Arab Games">Pan Arab Games</a>. Other team sports include badminton, baseball, table tennis, and volleyball.<a href="#cite_note-Nsyem-181">[180]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Martial_arts" title="Martial arts">martial arts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Faisal_Jeylani_Aweys" title="Faisal Jeylani Aweys">Faisal Jeylani Aweys</a> and Mohamed Deq Abdulle also took home a silver medal and fourth place, respectively, at the 2013 Open World <a href="/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">Taekwondo</a> Challenge Cup in <a href="/wiki/Tongeren" title="Tongeren">Tongeren</a>. The Somali National Olympic committee has devised a special support program to ensure continued success in future tournaments.<a href="#cite_note-Hsmfawt-183">[182]</a> Additionally, Mohamed Jama has won both world and European titles in <a href="/wiki/K-1" title="K-1">K1</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muay_Thai" title="Muay Thai">Thai Boxing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gvfmikk-184">[183]</a> Other individuals sports include judo, boxing, athletics, weight lifting, swimming, rowing, fencing and wrestling.<a href="#cite_note-Nsyem-181">[180]</a> Somalis have also produced many world-class distance runners like their neighboring countries with <a href="/wiki/Mo_Farah" title="Mo Farah">Mo Farah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abdi_Bile" title="Abdi Bile">Abdi Bile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Ahmed_(runner)" title="Mohammed Ahmed (runner)">Mohammed Ahmed</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attire">Attire</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Somali_man_stands_in_front_of_a_group_of_camels_in_the_town_of_Adale,_Somalia._Burundian_soldiers,_as_part_of_the_African_Union_Mission_in_Somalia,_yesterday_liberated_the_town_of_Adale_in_the_(15411750086).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Somali man wearing a macawis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/A_Somali_man_stands_in_front_of_a_group_of_camels_in_the_town_of_Adale%2C_Somalia._Burundian_soldiers%2C_as_part_of_the_African_Union_Mission_in_Somalia%2C_yesterday_liberated_the_town_of_Adale_in_the_%2815411750086%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/A_Somali_man_stands_in_front_of_a_group_of_camels_in_the_town_of_Adale%2C_Somalia._Burundian_soldiers%2C_as_part_of_the_African_Union_Mission_in_Somalia%2C_yesterday_liberated_the_town_of_Adale_in_the_%2815411750086%29.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/A_Somali_man_stands_in_front_of_a_group_of_camels_in_the_town_of_Adale%2C_Somalia._Burundian_soldiers%2C_as_part_of_the_African_Union_Mission_in_Somalia%2C_yesterday_liberated_the_town_of_Adale_in_the_%2815411750086%29.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3834" data-file-height="2556" /></a><figcaption>Somali man wearing a macawis <a href="/wiki/Sarong" title="Sarong">sarong</a>.</figcaption></figure> Traditionally, Somali men typically wear the macawis. It is a <a href="/wiki/Sarong" title="Sarong">sarong</a> that is worn around the waist. On their heads, they often wrap a colorful <a href="/wiki/Turban" title="Turban">turban</a> or wear the koofiyad, which is an embroidered <a href="/wiki/Fez_(hat)" title="Fez (hat)">fez</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Abdullahi117-185">[184]</a> Due to Somalia's proximity to and close ties with the Arabian Peninsula, many Somali men also wear the <a href="/wiki/Jellabiya" title="Jellabiya">jellabiya</a> (jellabiyad or qamiis). The costume is a long white garment common in the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Neasc-186">[185]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Somali_woman_in_traditional_dress_Circa_1940.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3d/Somali_woman_in_traditional_dress_Circa_1940.jpg/170px-Somali_woman_in_traditional_dress_Circa_1940.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3d/Somali_woman_in_traditional_dress_Circa_1940.jpg/255px-Somali_woman_in_traditional_dress_Circa_1940.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3d/Somali_woman_in_traditional_dress_Circa_1940.jpg/340px-Somali_woman_in_traditional_dress_Circa_1940.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1253" /></a><figcaption>Somali woman in traditional Guntino.</figcaption></figure> During regular, day-to-day activities, Somali women usually wear the guntiino. It is a long stretch of cloth tied over the shoulder and draped around the waist. The cloth is usually made out of alandi, which is a textile that is common in the Horn region and some parts of North Africa. The garment can be worn in different styles. It can also be made with other fabrics, including white cloth with gold borders. For more formal settings, such as at weddings or religious celebrations like Eid, women wear the dirac. It is a long, light, diaphanous <a href="/wiki/Voile" title="Voile">voile</a> dress made of <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chiffon_(fabric)" title="Chiffon (fabric)">chiffon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taffeta" title="Taffeta">taffeta</a> or saree fabric. The gown is worn over a full-length <a href="/wiki/Slip_(clothing)" title="Slip (clothing)">half-slip</a> and a brassiere. Known as the gorgorad, the underskirt is made out of silk and serves as a key part of the overall outfit. The dirac is usually sparkly and very colorful, the most popular styles being those with gilded borders or threads.<a href="#cite_note-Abdullahi117-185">[184]</a> Married women tend to wear <a href="/wiki/Headscarf" title="Headscarf">headscarves</a> referred to as shaash. They also often cover their upper body with a <a href="/wiki/Shawl" title="Shawl">shawl</a>, which is known as garbasaar. Unmarried or young women, however, do not always cover their heads. Traditional Arabian garb, such as the <a href="/wiki/Jilb%C4%81b" title="Jilbāb">jilbab</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abaya" title="Abaya">abaya</a>, is also commonly worn.<a href="#cite_note-Abdullahi117-185">[184]</a> Additionally, Somali women have a long tradition of wearing <a href="/wiki/Gold_jewelry" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold jewelry">gold jewelry</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/Bangle" title="Bangle">bangles</a>. During weddings, the bride is frequently adorned in gold. Many Somali women by tradition also wear gold <a href="/wiki/Necklaces" class="mw-redirect" title="Necklaces">necklaces</a> and anklets.<a href="#cite_note-Abdullahi117-185">[184]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethnic_flag">Ethnic flag</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Somohralhd1a.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Somohralhd1a.png/170px-Somohralhd1a.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Somohralhd1a.png/255px-Somohralhd1a.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Somohralhd1a.png/340px-Somohralhd1a.png 2x" data-file-width="464" data-file-height="698" /></a><figcaption>Somali woman wearing a <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Somalia" title="Flag of Somalia">Somali flag</a> dress.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Somalia" title="Flag of Somalia">Somali flag</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_flag" title="Ethnic flag">ethnic flag</a> conceived to represent ethnic Somalis.<a href="#cite_note-Tifh-187">[186]</a> It was created in 1954 by the Somali scholar <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Awale_Liban" title="Mohammed Awale Liban">Mohammed Awale Liban</a>, after he had been selected by the labour trade union of the <a href="/wiki/Trust_Territory_of_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Trust Territory of Somalia">Trust Territory of Somalia</a> to come up with a design.<a href="#cite_note-Crwf-188">[187]</a> Upon <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Somalia)" title="Independence Day (Somalia)">independence</a> in 1960, the flag was adopted as the national flag of the nascent <a href="/wiki/Somali_Republic" title="Somali Republic">Somali Republic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wasf-189">[188]</a> The five-pointed Star of Unity in the flag's center represents the Somali ethnic group inhabiting the five territories in <a href="/wiki/Greater_Somalia" title="Greater Somalia">Greater Somalia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wasf-189">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cwfbsom-190">[189]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Somali_cuisine" title="Somali cuisine">Somali cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Somregcammil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Somregcammil.jpg/170px-Somregcammil.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Somregcammil.jpg/255px-Somregcammil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Somregcammil.jpg/340px-Somregcammil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Women from Fafan village in the Somali Regional State offering camel milk.</figcaption></figure> The Somali staple food comes from their livestock, however, the <a href="/wiki/Somali_cuisine" title="Somali cuisine">Somali cuisine</a> varies from region to region and consists of a <a href="/wiki/Fusion_cuisine" title="Fusion cuisine">fusion</a> of diverse culinary influences. In the interiors, the cuisine is mainly local with usage of Ethiopian grains and vegetables while in the coast it is the product of Somalia's rich <a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Somalia" title="Maritime history of Somalia">tradition of trade and commerce</a>. Despite the variety, there remains one thing that unites the various regional cuisines: all food is served <a href="/wiki/Halal" title="Halal">halal</a>. There are therefore no pork dishes, alcohol is not served, nothing that died on its own is eaten, and no blood is incorporated.<a href="#cite_note-Abdullahi110-191">[190]</a> Breakfast (quraac) is an important meal for Somalis, some drink <a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">tea</a> (shahie or shaah) others <a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">coffee</a> (qaxwa or bun). The tea is often in the form of <a href="/wiki/Shahi_Haleeb" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahi Haleeb">haleeb shai</a> (Yemeni milk tea) in the north. The main dish is typically a pancake-like bread (canjeero or canjeelo) similar to Ethiopian <a href="/wiki/Injera" title="Injera">injera</a>, but smaller and thinner, or muufo a Somali flat bread traditionally baked on a clay oven. These breads might also be eaten with a stew (maraqe) or soup at lunch or dinner.<a href="#cite_note-192">[191]</a> Qado or lunch is often elaborate, varieties of bariis (<a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a>), the most popular being <a href="/wiki/Basmati" title="Basmati">basmati</a> are usually served as the main dish alongside goat, lamb or fish. Spices like <a href="/wiki/Cumin" title="Cumin">cumin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cardamom" title="Cardamom">cardamom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clove" title="Clove">cloves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">cinnamon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Salvia_officinalis" title="Salvia officinalis">garden sage</a> are used to aromatize these different rice delicacies. Somalis eat dinner as late as 9 pm. During <a href="/wiki/Ramadan_(calendar_month)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramadan (calendar month)">Ramadan</a>, supper is often served after <a href="/wiki/Tarawih" title="Tarawih">Tarawih</a> prayers; sometimes as late as 11 pm.<a href="#cite_note-Abdullahi110-191">[190]</a> In some regions, xalwo (<a href="/wiki/Halva" title="Halva">halva</a>) is a popular confection eaten during festive occasions such as Eid celebrations or wedding receptions. It is made from sugar, <a href="/wiki/Corn_starch" title="Corn starch">corn starch</a>, cardamom powder, <a href="/wiki/Nutmeg" title="Nutmeg">nutmeg</a> powder and <a href="/wiki/Ghee" title="Ghee">ghee</a>. <a href="/wiki/Peanut" title="Peanut">Peanuts</a> are also sometimes added to enhance texture and flavor.<a href="#cite_note-193">[192]</a> After meals, homes are traditionally perfumed using <a href="/wiki/Frankincense" title="Frankincense">frankincense</a> (lubaan) or <a href="/wiki/Incense" title="Incense">incense</a> (cuunsi), which is prepared inside an incense burner referred to as a <a href="/wiki/Dabqaad" title="Dabqaad">dabqaad</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Somali_literature" title="Somali literature">Somali literature</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nadifa_Mohamed.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Nadifa_Mohamed.jpg/220px-Nadifa_Mohamed.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Nadifa_Mohamed.jpg/330px-Nadifa_Mohamed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Nadifa_Mohamed.jpg/440px-Nadifa_Mohamed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Award-winning author <a href="/wiki/Nadifa_Mohamed" title="Nadifa Mohamed">Nadifa Mohamed</a>.</figcaption></figure> Somali scholars have for centuries produced many notable examples of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_literature" title="Islamic literature">Islamic literature</a> ranging from poetry to <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a>. With the adoption of the <a href="/wiki/Somali_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Somali alphabet">Latin alphabet</a> in 1972 to transcribe the Somali language, numerous contemporary Somali authors have also released novels, some of which have gone on to receive worldwide acclaim. Most of the early Somali literature is in the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic script</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wadaad_writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Wadaad writing">Wadaad writing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-194">[193]</a> This usage was limited to Somali clerics and their associates, as sheikhs preferred to write in the liturgical Arabic language. Various such historical manuscripts in Somali nonetheless exist, which mainly consist of Islamic poems (<a href="/wiki/Qasida" title="Qasida">qasidas</a>), recitations and chants.<a href="#cite_note-Andrezewski130131-195">[194]</a> Among these texts are the Somali poems by Sheikh Uways and Sheikh Ismaaciil Faarah. The rest of the existing historical literature in Somali principally consists of translations of documents from Arabic.<a href="#cite_note-Andrezewski232-196">[195]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Authors_and_poets">Authors and poets</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elmi_Boodhari" title="Elmi Boodhari">Elmi Boodhari</a> (1908–1940) – Early 20th century poet and pioneer in the genre of Somali love poems. He is popularly known by Somalis as the King of romance (Boqorki Jacaylka)<a href="#cite_note-197">[196]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdillahi_Diiriye_Guled" title="Abdillahi Diiriye Guled">Abdillahi Diiriye Guled</a> - Literary scholar and discoverer of the Somali prosodic system</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Bu%27ul" title="Ali Bu'ul">Ali Bu'ul (Cali Bucul)</a> – 19th century poet, military leader and sultan, many of the most well known geeraar (short styled poems recited on a horse) came from his tongue and are still known today.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Ibrahim_Warsame_%27Hadrawi%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohamed Ibrahim Warsame 'Hadrawi'">Mohamed Ibrahim Warsame 'Hadrawi'</a> – songwriter, philosopher, and Somali <a href="/wiki/Poet_Laureate" class="mw-redirect" title="Poet Laureate">Poet Laureate</a>; also dubbed the Somali <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Sheikh_Mumin" title="Hassan Sheikh Mumin">Hassan Sheikh Mumin</a> – 20th century poet, playwright, broadcaster, actor and composer.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuruddin_Farah" title="Nuruddin Farah">Nuruddin Farah</a> (born 1943) – Somali writer and winner of the 1998 Neustadt International Prize for Literature.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdillahi_Suldaan_Mohammed_Timacade" title="Abdillahi Suldaan Mohammed Timacade">Abdillahi Suldaan Mohammed Timacade</a> (1920–1973) – prominent Somali poet known for his nationalist poems such as Kana siib Kana Saar.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamud_Siad_Togane" title="Mohamud Siad Togane">Mohamud Siad Togane</a> (born 1943) – <a href="/wiki/Somali_Canadians" title="Somali Canadians">Somali-Canadian</a> poet, professor, and political activist.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxamed_Daahir_Afrax" title="Maxamed Daahir Afrax">Maxamed Daahir Afrax</a> – Somali novelist and playwright. Afrax has published several novels and short stories in <a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, and has also written two plays, the first being Durbaan Been ah ("A Deceptive Drum"), which was staged in <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> in 1979. His major contribution in the field of theatre criticism is Somali Drama: Historical and Critical Study (1987).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaarriye" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaarriye">Gaarriye</a> (1949–2012) – Somali poet, most notable for his famous poem Hagarlaawe.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadifa_Mohamed" title="Nadifa Mohamed">Nadifa Mohamed</a> – Somali novelist. Winner of the 2010 <a href="/wiki/Betty_Trask_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Betty Trask Prize">Betty Trask Prize</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musa_Haji_Ismail_Galal" title="Musa Haji Ismail Galal">Musa Haji Ismail Galal</a> (1917–1980) – was a Somali writer, scholar, linguist, historian and polymath</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farah_Mohamed_Jama_Awl" class="mw-redirect" title="Farah Mohamed Jama Awl">Farah Mohamed Jama Awl</a> – Somali author best known for his <a href="/wiki/Historical_fiction" title="Historical fiction">historical fiction</a> novels.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diriye_Osman" title="Diriye Osman">Diriye Osman</a> – Somali writer and visual artist. Winner of the 2014 Polari First Book Prize.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sofia_Samatar" title="Sofia Samatar">Sofia Samatar</a> – Somali professor and writer. Winner of the 2014 <a href="/wiki/World_Fantasy_Award" title="World Fantasy Award">World Fantasy Award</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Law">Law</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Xeer" title="Xeer">Xeer</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2016_16_Youth_Workshop-6_(30821301124).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/2016_16_Youth_Workshop-6_%2830821301124%29.jpg/170px-2016_16_Youth_Workshop-6_%2830821301124%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/2016_16_Youth_Workshop-6_%2830821301124%29.jpg/255px-2016_16_Youth_Workshop-6_%2830821301124%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/2016_16_Youth_Workshop-6_%2830821301124%29.jpg/340px-2016_16_Youth_Workshop-6_%2830821301124%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3712" data-file-height="5568" /></a><figcaption>Federal legislator <a href="/wiki/Muna_Khalif" title="Muna Khalif">Muna Khalif</a> chairing a political workshop.</figcaption></figure> Somalis for centuries have practiced a form of <a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">customary law</a>, which they call <a href="/wiki/Xeer" title="Xeer">xeer</a>. Xeer is a <a href="/wiki/Polycentric_law" title="Polycentric law">polycentric</a> legal system where there is no monopolistic agent that determines what the law should be or how it should be interpreted. It is assumed to have developed exclusively in the Horn of Africa since approximately the 7th century. Given the dearth of <a href="/wiki/Loan_word" class="mw-redirect" title="Loan word">loan words</a> from foreign languages within the xeer's nomenclature, the customary law appears to have evolved in situ.<a href="#cite_note-misesSHM-198">[197]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jawari.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Jawari.png/170px-Jawari.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Jawari.png/255px-Jawari.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Jawari.png/340px-Jawari.png 2x" data-file-width="505" data-file-height="574" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Osman_Jawari" title="Mohamed Osman Jawari">Mohamed Osman Jawari</a>, speaker of the Federal Parliament.</figcaption></figure> Xeer is defined by a few fundamental tenets that are immutable and which closely approximate the principle of <a href="/wiki/Jus_cogens" class="mw-redirect" title="Jus cogens">jus cogens</a> in <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a>: payment of <a href="/wiki/Blood_money_(term)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood money (term)">blood money</a> (locally referred to as <a href="/wiki/Diyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Diyya">diya</a> or mag), assuring good inter-<a href="/wiki/Clan" title="Clan">clan</a> relations by treating women justly, negotiating with "peace emissaries" in good faith, and sparing the lives of socially protected groups (e.g. children, women, the pious, poets and guests), family obligations such as the payment of <a href="/wiki/Dowry" title="Dowry">dowry</a>, and sanctions for eloping, rules pertaining to the management of resources such as the use of pasture land, water, and other natural resources, providing financial support to married female relatives and newlyweds, donating livestock and other assets to the poor.<a href="#cite_note-SJS-199">[198]</a> The Xeer legal system also requires a certain amount of <a href="/wiki/Division_of_labour" title="Division of labour">specialization</a> of different functions within the legal framework. Thus, one can find odayal (judges), xeer boggeyaal (<a href="/wiki/Jurist" title="Jurist">jurists</a>), guurtiyaal (<a href="/wiki/Detective" title="Detective">detectives</a>), garxajiyaal (<a href="/wiki/Lawyer" title="Lawyer">attorneys</a>), murkhaatiyal (<a href="/wiki/Witnesses" class="mw-redirect" title="Witnesses">witnesses</a>) and waranle (<a href="/wiki/Police_officer" title="Police officer">police officers</a>) to enforce the law.<a href="#cite_note-HAblele-200">[199]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Somali_architecture" title="Somali architecture">Somali architecture</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Zayla.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Zayla.jpg/220px-Zayla.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Zayla.jpg/330px-Zayla.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Zayla.jpg/440px-Zayla.jpg 2x" data-file-width="501" data-file-height="338" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Aqueduct_(water_supply)" title="Aqueduct (water supply)">Aqueducts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajuran_Sultanate" title="Ajuran Sultanate">Ajuran aqueducts</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Castle" title="Castle">Castles</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qandala" title="Qandala">Qandala castle town</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Citadel" title="Citadel">Citadels</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gondershe" title="Gondershe">Citadel of Gondershe</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Lighthouse" title="Lighthouse">Lighthouses</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Guardafui" title="Cape Guardafui">Cape Guardafui Lighthouse</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosques</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arba%27a_Rukun_Mosque" title="Arba'a Rukun Mosque">Arba'a Rukun Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakr_ad-Din_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Fakr ad-Din Mosque">Fakr ad-Din Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masjid_al-Qiblatayn_(Somalia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Masjid al-Qiblatayn (Somalia)">Masjid al-Qiblatayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque_of_Islamic_Solidarity" title="Mosque of Islamic Solidarity">Mosque of Islamic Solidarity</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Tomb" title="Tomb">Tombs</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haylaan" class="mw-redirect" title="Haylaan">Tomb of Sheikh Darod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maydh" title="Maydh">Tomb of Sheikh Isaaq</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Fortification" title="Fortification">Fortifications</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bargal" title="Bargal">Bargal Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafun" title="Hafun">Hafun fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyl" title="Eyl">Darta Sayyidka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taleh" title="Taleh">Taleh fortress complex</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-top:0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Somali_Architecture" title="Template:Somali Architecture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Somali_Architecture" title="Template talk:Somali Architecture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Somali_Architecture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Somali Architecture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Somali_architecture" title="Somali architecture">Somali architecture</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Somali_architecture" title="Somali architecture">Somali architecture</a> is a rich and diverse tradition of <a href="/wiki/Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">engineering</a> and <a href="/wiki/Design" title="Design">designing</a>. It involves multiple different construction types, such as <a href="/wiki/Masonry" title="Masonry">stone cities</a>, <a href="/wiki/Castle" title="Castle">castles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Citadel" title="Citadel">citadels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fortification" title="Fortification">fortresses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosques</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum" title="Mausoleum">mausoleums</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tower" title="Tower">towers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tomb" title="Tomb">tombs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">tumuli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cairn" title="Cairn">cairns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Megalith" title="Megalith">megaliths</a>, <a href="/wiki/Menhir" title="Menhir">menhirs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stele" title="Stele">stelae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dolmen" title="Dolmen">dolmens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stone_circle" title="Stone circle">stone circles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monument" title="Monument">monuments</a>, <a href="/wiki/Temples" class="mw-redirect" title="Temples">temples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enclosure_(archaeology)" title="Enclosure (archaeology)">enclosures</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cistern" title="Cistern">cisterns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aqueduct_(water_supply)" title="Aqueduct (water supply)">aqueducts</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lighthouse" title="Lighthouse">lighthouses</a>. Spanning the ancient, medieval and early modern periods in Greater Somalia, it also includes the fusion of Somali architecture with Western designs in <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_architecture" title="Contemporary architecture">contemporary</a> times.<a href="#cite_note-Abdullahi105-201">[200]</a> In ancient Somalia, <a href="/wiki/Pyramid" title="Pyramid">pyramidical</a> structures known in Somali as taalo were a popular burial style. Hundreds of these <a href="/wiki/Dry_stone" title="Dry stone">dry stone</a> monuments are found around the country today. Houses were built of <a href="/wiki/Stonemasonry" title="Stonemasonry">dressed stone</a> similar to the ones in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Man,_God_and_Civilization_pg_216-73">[72]</a> There are also examples of <a href="/wiki/Courtyard" title="Courtyard">courtyards</a> and large stone walls enclosing settlements, such as the <a href="/wiki/Wargaade_Wall" title="Wargaade Wall">Wargaade Wall</a>. The peaceful introduction of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> in the early medieval era of Somalia's history brought <a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Islamic architectural influences</a> from <a href="/wiki/Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabia">Arabia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a>. This had the effect of stimulating a shift in construction from drystone and other related materials to <a href="/wiki/Coral" title="Coral">coral stone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mudbrick" title="Mudbrick">sundried bricks</a>, and the widespread use of <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> in Somali architecture. Many of the new architectural designs, such as mosques, were built on the ruins of older structures. This practice would continue over and over again throughout the following centuries.<a href="#cite_note-202">[201]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographic_distribution">Geographic distribution</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Somali_diaspora" title="Somali diaspora">Somali diaspora</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buckeye_Market_and_Halal_Meats.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Buckeye_Market_and_Halal_Meats.jpg/170px-Buckeye_Market_and_Halal_Meats.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Buckeye_Market_and_Halal_Meats.jpg/255px-Buckeye_Market_and_Halal_Meats.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Buckeye_Market_and_Halal_Meats.jpg/340px-Buckeye_Market_and_Halal_Meats.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1336" data-file-height="1688" /></a><figcaption>A Somali-owned grocery in <a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio" title="Columbus, Ohio">Columbus, Ohio</a>.</figcaption></figure> Somalis constitute the largest ethnic group in Somalia, at approximately 85% of the nation's inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-2009factbook-40">[39]</a> They also comprise around 60% of the inhabitants in Djibouti.<a href="#cite_note-203">[202]</a> <a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War" title="Somali Civil War">Civil strife</a> in the early 1990s greatly increased the size of the <a href="/wiki/Somali_diaspora" title="Somali diaspora">Somali diaspora</a>, as many of the best educated Somalis left for the Middle East, Europe and North America.<a href="#cite_note-204">[203]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, the cities of <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary">Calgary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton">Edmonton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Winnipeg" title="Winnipeg">Winnipeg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Ontario" title="Hamilton, Ontario">Hamilton</a> all harbor Somali populations. Statistics Canada's 2006 census ranks people of Somali descent as the 69th largest ethnic group in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-www12.statcan.ca-205">[204]</a> UN migration estimates of the international migrant stock 2015 suggest that 1,998,764 people from Somalia were living abroad.<a href="#cite_note-UN2015-206">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[206]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Faisalhawhd3.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Faisalhawhd3.png/220px-Faisalhawhd3.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Faisalhawhd3.png/330px-Faisalhawhd3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Faisalhawhd3.png/440px-Faisalhawhd3.png 2x" data-file-width="702" data-file-height="478" /></a><figcaption>Somali women at a political function in <a href="/wiki/Dubai" title="Dubai">Dubai</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a>.</figcaption></figure> While the distribution of Somalis per country in Europe is hard to measure because the Somali community on the continent has grown so quickly in recent years, the Office for National Statistics estimates that 98,000 people born in Somalia were living in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-2016_UK_estimates-208">[207]</a> This includes <a href="/wiki/Internal_migration#Secondary_migration" title="Internal migration">secondary migration</a> of Somalis from <a href="/wiki/Continental_Europe" title="Continental Europe">mainland European</a> countries.<a href="#cite_note-209">[208]</a> Somalis in Britain are largely concentrated in the cities of London, <a href="/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield">Sheffield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leeds" title="Leeds">Leeds</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Leicester" title="Leicester">Leicester</a>, with London alone accounting for roughly 78% of Britain's Somali population in 2001.<a href="#cite_note-UKCensus-210">[209]</a> There are also significant Somali communities in <a href="/wiki/Continental_Europe" title="Continental Europe">continental Europe</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>: 63,853 (2016);<a href="#cite_note-SCB-13">[12]</a> <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>: 42,217 (2016);<a href="#cite_note-NorwayCensus-19">[18]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>: 39,465 (2016);<a href="#cite_note-NetherlandsCensus-20">[19]</a> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>: 33,900 (2016);<a href="#cite_note-GermanyCensus-16">[15]</a> <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>: 21,050 (2016);<a href="#cite_note-DenmarkCensus-25">[24]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>: 20,007 (2017).<a href="#cite_note-FinCensus-22">[21]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis,_Minnesota" class="mw-redirect" title="Minneapolis, Minnesota">Minneapolis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul,_Minnesota" title="Saint Paul, Minnesota">Saint Paul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio" title="Columbus, Ohio">Columbus</a>, San Diego, <a href="/wiki/Seattle,_Washington" class="mw-redirect" title="Seattle, Washington">Seattle</a>, Washington, D.C., <a href="/wiki/Houston,_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Houston, Texas">Houston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atlanta,_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlanta, Georgia">Atlanta</a>, Los Angeles, <a href="/wiki/Portland,_Oregon" title="Portland, Oregon">Portland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denver,_Colorado" class="mw-redirect" title="Denver, Colorado">Denver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Green_Bay,_Wisconsin" title="Green Bay, Wisconsin">Green Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lewiston,_Maine" title="Lewiston, Maine">Lewiston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portland,_Maine" title="Portland, Maine">Portland, Maine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cedar_Rapids,_Iowa" title="Cedar Rapids, Iowa">Cedar Rapids</a> have the largest Somali populations. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:016_ONLF_rebellion.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/016_ONLF_rebellion.JPG/220px-016_ONLF_rebellion.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/016_ONLF_rebellion.JPG/330px-016_ONLF_rebellion.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/016_ONLF_rebellion.JPG/440px-016_ONLF_rebellion.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ogaden_National_Liberation_Front" title="Ogaden National Liberation Front">ONLF</a> separatist rebels fighting for the right to <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a> for Somalis in the <a href="/wiki/Somali_Region" title="Somali Region">Somali Region</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>. </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Somali_Road.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Somali_Road.jpg/220px-Somali_Road.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Somali_Road.jpg/330px-Somali_Road.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Somali_Road.jpg/440px-Somali_Road.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Sign on Somali Road in the <a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Camden" title="London Borough of Camden">London Borough of Camden</a>.</figcaption></figure> An estimated 20,000 Somalis emigrated to the U.S. state of <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a> in the mid-1990s and the <a href="/wiki/Twin_Cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Twin Cities">Twin Cities</a> (<a href="/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul,_Minnesota" title="Saint Paul, Minnesota">Saint Paul</a>) now have the highest population of Somalis in North America.<a href="#cite_note-211">[210]</a> The city of Minneapolis hosts hundreds of Somali-owned and operated businesses offering a variety of products, including leather shoes, jewelry and other fashion items, <a href="/wiki/Halal" title="Halal">halal</a> meat, and <a href="/wiki/Hawala" title="Hawala">hawala</a> or money transfer services. Community-based <a href="/wiki/Video_rental_store" class="mw-redirect" title="Video rental store">video rental stores</a> likewise carry the latest Somali films and music.<a href="#cite_note-212">[211]</a> The number of Somalis has especially surged in the <a href="/wiki/Cedar-Riverside,_Minneapolis" title="Cedar-Riverside, Minneapolis">Cedar-Riverside</a> area of Minneapolis. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Somgirlegyhs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Somgirlegyhs.jpg/220px-Somgirlegyhs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Somgirlegyhs.jpg/330px-Somgirlegyhs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Somgirlegyhs.jpg/440px-Somgirlegyhs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>A Somali high school student in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>.</figcaption></figure> There is a sizable Somali community in the United Arab Emirates. Somali-owned businesses line the streets of <a href="/wiki/Deira,_Dubai" title="Deira, Dubai">Deira</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dubai" title="Dubai">Dubai</a> city centre,<a href="#cite_note-Sciodb-213">[212]</a> with only <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iranians</a> exporting more products from the city at large.<a href="#cite_note-214">[213]</a> <a href="/wiki/Internet_caf%C3%A9" title="Internet café">Internet cafés</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hotel" title="Hotel">hotels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coffeehouse" title="Coffeehouse">coffee shops</a>, <a href="/wiki/Restaurant" title="Restaurant">restaurants</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_trade" title="International trade">import-export businesses</a> are all testimony to the Somalis' entrepreneurial spirit. Star African Air is also one of three Somali-owned <a href="/wiki/Airline" title="Airline">airlines</a> which are based in Dubai.<a href="#cite_note-Sciodb-213">[212]</a> Besides their traditional areas of inhabitation in <a href="/wiki/Greater_Somalia" title="Greater Somalia">Greater Somalia</a>, a Somali community mainly consisting of entrepreneurs, academics, and students also exists in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Smmtsdairid-215">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-Swsie-216">[215]</a> In addition, there is an historical Somali community in the general <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> area. Primarily concentrated in the north and <a href="/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum">Khartoum</a>, the expatriate community mainly consists of students as well as some businesspeople.<a href="#cite_note-Thoscitsstfww-217">[216]</a> More recently, Somali entrepreneurs have established themselves in <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, investing over $1.5 billion in the Somali enclave of <a href="/wiki/Eastleigh,_Nairobi" title="Eastleigh, Nairobi">Eastleigh</a> alone.<a href="#cite_note-Smestl-218">[217]</a> In <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, Somali businesspeople also provide most of the retail trade in informal settlements around the <a href="/wiki/Western_Cape" title="Western Cape">Western Cape</a> province.<a href="#cite_note-Sasc-219">[218]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notable_individuals_of_the_diaspora">Notable individuals of the diaspora</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdulrahim_Abby_Farah" title="Abdulrahim Abby Farah">Abdulrahim Abby Farah</a> Undersecretary General of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> 1979–1990, Permanent Representative of Somalia to the United Nations 1965–1972.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abdisalamomer1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Abdisalamomer1.png/170px-Abdisalamomer1.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Abdisalamomer1.png/255px-Abdisalamomer1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Abdisalamomer1.png/340px-Abdisalamomer1.png 2x" data-file-width="707" data-file-height="664" /></a><figcaption>Economist <a href="/wiki/Abdusalam_H._Omer" title="Abdusalam H. Omer">Abdusalam H. Omer</a>.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdusalam_H._Omer" title="Abdusalam H. Omer">Abdusalam H. Omer</a> – Somali economist and politician. Former Foreign Affairs Minister of Somalia and Governor of the Central Bank of Somalia.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdi_Yusuf_Hassan" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdi Yusuf Hassan">Abdi Yusuf Hassan</a> – Somali politician, diplomat and journalist. Former director of <a href="/wiki/The_New_Humanitarian" title="The New Humanitarian">IRIN</a> and UNHCR Head of External and Media Relations in <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwest Asia">Southwest</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rageh_Omaar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Rageh_Omaar.jpg/170px-Rageh_Omaar.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Rageh_Omaar.jpg/255px-Rageh_Omaar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Rageh_Omaar.jpg/340px-Rageh_Omaar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="681" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Journalist <a href="/wiki/Rageh_Omaar" title="Rageh Omaar">Rageh Omaar</a>.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Hussen" title="Ahmed Hussen">Ahmed Hussen</a> – Somali lawyer. Minister of Immigration of Canada. President of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Somali_Congress" title="Canadian Somali Congress">Canadian Somali Congress</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdulqawi_Yusuf" title="Abdulqawi Yusuf">Abdulqawi Yusuf</a> – Prominent Somali international lawyer and current president of the <a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdirahim_Hussein_Mohamed" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdirahim Hussein Mohamed">Abdirahim Hussein Mohamed</a> – Somali politician. Elected Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Centre_Youth" title="Finnish Centre Youth">Helsinki Centre Youth</a> in 2007 and chairman of the Moniheli cooperation network for multicultural organizations.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdirashid_Duale" title="Abdirashid Duale">Abdirashid Duale</a> – award-winning Somali entrepreneur, <a href="/wiki/Philanthropist" class="mw-redirect" title="Philanthropist">philanthropist</a>, and the CEO of the <a href="/wiki/Multinational_enterprise" class="mw-redirect" title="Multinational enterprise">multinational enterprise</a> <a href="/wiki/Dahabshiil" title="Dahabshiil">Dahabshiil</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adan_Mohammed" title="Adan Mohammed">Adan Mohammed</a> – Somali banker, entrepreneur and politician. He previously served as the <a href="/wiki/Managing_director" class="mw-redirect" title="Managing director">managing director</a> of <a href="/wiki/Barclays_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Barclays Bank">Barclays Bank</a> in <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a> and is currently the Cabinet Secretary for Industrialization of Kenya.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ilhan_Omar_-_2016_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Ilhan_Omar_-_2016_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Ilhan_Omar_-_2016_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Ilhan_Omar_-_2016_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Ilhan_Omar_-_2016_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Ilhan_Omar_-_2016_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Ilhan_Omar_-_2016_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1398" data-file-height="1882" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ilhan_Omar" title="Ilhan Omar">Ilhan Omar</a>, the first Somali elected to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a>.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Said_Faqi" title="Ali Said Faqi">Ali Said Faqi</a> – Somali scientist and the leading researcher on the design and interpretation of <a href="/wiki/Toxicology" title="Toxicology">toxicology</a> studies at the MPI research center in <a href="/wiki/Mattawan,_Michigan" title="Mattawan, Michigan">Mattawan, Michigan</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amina_Moghe_Hersi" title="Amina Moghe Hersi">Amina Moghe Hersi</a> – Award-winning Somali entrepreneur that has launched several multimillion-dollar projects in <a href="/wiki/Kampala" title="Kampala">Kampala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>, such as the Oasis Centre luxury mall and the Laburnam Courts. She also runs Kingstone Enterprises Limited, one of the largest distributors of cement and other hardware materials in Kampala.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amina_Mohamed" title="Amina Mohamed">Amina Mohamed</a> – Somali lawyer and politician. Former Chairman of the International Organization for Migration and the World Trade Organisation's General Council, and current Secretary for Foreign Affairs of Kenya.</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mataano" title="Mataano">Ayaan and Idyl Mohallim</a> – Somali twin fashion designers and owners of the <a href="/wiki/Mataano" title="Mataano">Mataano</a> brand.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayaan_Hirsi_Ali" title="Ayaan Hirsi Ali">Ayaan Hirsi Ali</a> – <a href="/wiki/Feminist" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminist">Feminist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atheist" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheist">atheist</a> activist, writer and politician known for her views critical of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Female_circumcision" class="mw-redirect" title="Female circumcision">female circumcision</a>.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ayaan_Hirsi_Ali_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Ayaan_Hirsi_Ali_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/170px-Ayaan_Hirsi_Ali_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Ayaan_Hirsi_Ali_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/255px-Ayaan_Hirsi_Ali_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Ayaan_Hirsi_Ali_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/340px-Ayaan_Hirsi_Ali_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="2872" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ayaan_Hirsi_Ali" title="Ayaan Hirsi Ali">Ayaan Hirsi Ali</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayub_Daud" title="Ayub Daud">Ayub Daud</a> – Somali international <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">footballer</a> who plays as a forward/attacking midfielder for <a href="/wiki/FC_Crotone" title="FC Crotone">FC Crotone</a> on loan from <a href="/wiki/Juventus" class="mw-redirect" title="Juventus">Juventus</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faisal_Hawar" title="Faisal Hawar">Faisal Hawar</a> – Somali engineer and entrepreneur. Chairman of the International Somalia Development Foundation and the Maakhir Resource Company.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halima_Ahmed" title="Halima Ahmed">Halima Ahmed</a> – Somali political activist with the Youth Rehabilitation Center and prospective candidate in the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Parliament_of_Somalia" title="Federal Parliament of Somalia">Federal Parliament of Somalia</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halima_Aden" title="Halima Aden">Halima Aden</a> – Somali american model. minnesota first woman to wear a hijab in Miss Minnesota USA pageant</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanan_Ibrahim" title="Hanan Ibrahim">Hanan Ibrahim</a> – Somali social activist. Received the Queen's Award for Voluntary Service in 2004 and was made an <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire" title="Order of the British Empire">MBE</a> in 2010.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Abdillahi" title="Hassan Abdillahi">Hassan Abdillahi</a> – Somali journalist. President of Ogaal Radio, the largest Somali community station in Canada.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibaaq_Osman" title="Hibaaq Osman">Hibaaq Osman</a> – Somali political strategist. Founder and Chairperson of the ThinkTank for Arab Women, the Dignity Fund, and Karama.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hodan_Ahmed" title="Hodan Ahmed">Hodan Ahmed</a> – Somali political activist and Senior Program Officer at the National Democratic Institute.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hodan_Nalayeh" title="Hodan Nalayeh">Hodan Nalayeh</a> – Somali media executive and entrepreneur. President of the Cultural Integration Agency and the Vice President of Sales & Programming Development of Cameraworks Productions International.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idil_Ibrahim" title="Idil Ibrahim">Idil Ibrahim</a> – Somali American film director, writer and producer. Founder of Zeila Films.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amina_Mohamed.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Amina_Mohamed.jpg/170px-Amina_Mohamed.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Amina_Mohamed.jpg/255px-Amina_Mohamed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Amina_Mohamed.jpg/340px-Amina_Mohamed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3296" data-file-height="3188" /></a><figcaption>International lawyer <a href="/wiki/Amina_Mohamed" title="Amina Mohamed">Amina Mohamed</a>.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilhan_Omar" title="Ilhan Omar">Ilhan Omar</a> – Somali American politician, the first Somali <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of Congress">Member of Congress</a> in the United States. Omar currently represents <a href="/wiki/Minnesota%27s_5th_congressional_district" title="Minnesota's 5th congressional district">Minnesota's 5th congressional district</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iman_(model)" title="Iman (model)">Iman Mohamed Abdulmajid</a> – international fashion icon, <a href="/wiki/Supermodel" title="Supermodel">supermodel</a>, actress and entrepreneur; professionally known as Iman.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawahir_Ahmed" title="Jawahir Ahmed">Jawahir Ahmed</a> – Somali American model. Served as Miss Somalia in 2013 Miss United Nations USA pageant.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leila_Abukar" title="Leila Abukar">Leila Abukar</a> – Somali-Australian political activist. Recipient of Centenary Medal.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Abdullahi_Mohamed" title="Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed">Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed</a> (Farmajo) – Somali politician and diplomat. Former Prime Minister of Somalia and founder of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tayo_(political_party)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tayo (political party) (page does not exist)">Tayo Political Party</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_Farah" title="Mo Farah">Mo Farah</a> – Somali-British <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic</a> gold medalist and world champion long distance runner.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musse_Olol" title="Musse Olol">Musse Olol</a> – Somali American social activist. Recipient of the 2011 Director's Community Leadership Award.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Mohamed" title="Mustafa Mohamed">Mustafa Mohamed</a> – Somali-<a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Swedish</a> long-distance runner who mainly competes in the <a href="/wiki/Steeplechase_(athletics)" title="Steeplechase (athletics)">3,000-meter steeplechase</a>. Won <a href="/wiki/Gold_medal" title="Gold medal">gold</a> in the 2006 <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Cross_Country_Championships" title="Nordic Cross Country Championships">Nordic Cross Country Championships</a> and at the 1st SPAR European Team Championships in <a href="/wiki/Leiria" title="Leiria">Leiria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, in 2009. Beat the 31-year-old Swedish record in 2007.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathif_Jama_Adam" title="Nathif Jama Adam">Nathif Jama Adam</a> – Somali banker and politician. Former senior vice president and the head of the <a href="/wiki/Sharjah_Islamic_Bank" title="Sharjah Islamic Bank">Sharjah Islamic Bank</a>'s Investments & International Banking Division, and Governor of Garissa County.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadya_Yasin" title="Shadya Yasin">Shadya Yasin</a> – Somali-Canadian social activist, poet and teacher.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_A._Ali" title="Omar A. Ali">Omar Abdi Ali</a> – Somali entrepreneur, accountant, financial consultant, philanthropist, and specialist on <a href="/wiki/Islamic_finance" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic finance">Islamic finance</a>. Was formerly CEO of <a href="/wiki/DMI_Trust" title="DMI Trust">Dar al-Maal al-Islami</a> (DMI Trust), which under his management increased its assets from $1.6 billion to $4.0 billion. He is currently the chairman and founder of the <a href="/wiki/Multinational_corporation" title="Multinational corporation">multinational</a> <a href="/wiki/Real_estate" title="Real estate">real estate</a> corporation Integrated Property Investments Limited and its sister company Quadron investments.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rageh_Omaar" title="Rageh Omaar">Rageh Omaar</a> – <a href="/wiki/Somalis_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Somalis in the United Kingdom">Somali-British</a> television news presenter and writer. Formerly a <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> news correspondent in 2009, he moved to a new post at <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English" title="Al Jazeera English">Al Jazeera English</a>, where he currently presents the nightly weekday <a href="/wiki/Documentary" class="mw-redirect" title="Documentary">documentary</a> series Witness.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulekha_Ali" title="Sulekha Ali">Sulekha Ali</a>, a Somali-Canadian musician.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waris_Dirie" title="Waris Dirie">Waris Dirie</a> – Somali model, author, actress, and social activist. UN Special Ambassador from 1997 to 2003.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasmin_Warsame" title="Yasmin Warsame">Yasmin Warsame</a> – <a href="/wiki/Somali_Canadians" title="Somali Canadians">Somali-Canadian</a> model who was named "The Most Alluring Canadian" in a poll by <a href="/wiki/Fashion_(magazine)" title="Fashion (magazine)">Fashion magazine</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zahra_Abdulla" title="Zahra Abdulla">Zahra Abdulla</a> – Somali politician in <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> and member of the <a href="/wiki/Helsinki_City_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Helsinki City Council">Helsinki City Council</a> representing the <a href="/wiki/Green_League" title="Green League">Green League</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetics">Genetics</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uniparental_lineages">Uniparental lineages</h3></div> According to <a href="/wiki/Y_chromosome" title="Y chromosome">Y chromosome</a> studies by Sanchez et al. (2005), Cruciani et al. (2004, 2007), the Somalis are paternally closely related to other <a href="/wiki/Afro-Asiatic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Asiatic languages">Afro-Asiatic</a>-speaking groups in <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Africa" title="Northeast Africa">Northeast Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sanchez2005-147">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cruciani2004-220">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cruciani2007-148">[147]</a> Besides comprising the majority of the Y-DNA in Somalis, the <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_E1b1b_(Y-DNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup E1b1b (Y-DNA)">E1b1b</a> (formerly E3b) <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup" title="Haplogroup">haplogroup</a> also makes up a significant proportion of the paternal DNA of <a href="/wiki/People_of_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="People of Ethiopia">Ethiopians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egyptians" title="Egyptians">Egyptians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berber_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Berber people">Berbers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_Arabic" title="Maghrebi Arabic">North African Arabs</a>, as well as many <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a> populations.<a href="#cite_note-Cruciani2004-220">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hassan2008-221">[220]</a> Sanchez et al. (2005) observed the E-M78 subclade of <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_E-V68" title="Haplogroup E-V68">E1b1b1a</a> in about 70.6% of their Somali male samples.<a href="#cite_note-Sanchez2005-147">[146]</a> According to Cruciani et al. (2007), the presence of this subhaplogroup in the Horn region may represent the traces of an ancient migration from <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-222">[Note 1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cruciani2007-148">[147]</a> After haplogroup E1b1b, the second most frequently occurring <a href="/wiki/Human_Y-chromosome_DNA_haplogroup" title="Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup">Y-DNA haplogroup</a> among Somalis is the West Asian <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_T_(Y-DNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup T (Y-DNA)">haplogroup T</a> (M184).<a href="#cite_note-223">[221]</a> The clade is observed in more than 10% of Somali males generally,<a href="#cite_note-Sanchez2005-147">[146]</a> with a peak frequency amongst the Somali <a href="/wiki/Dir_(clan)" title="Dir (clan)">Dir</a> clan members in <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a> (100%)<a href="#cite_note-Iacovacci2017-224">[222]</a> and Somalis in <a href="/wiki/Dire_Dawa" title="Dire Dawa">Dire Dawa</a> (82.4%), a city with a majority <a href="/wiki/Dir_(clan)" title="Dir (clan)">Dir</a> population.<a href="#cite_note-Plaster2011-225">[223]</a> Haplogroup T, like haplogroup E1b1b, is also typically found among other populations of Northeast Africa, the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a> and the Mediterranean.<a href="#cite_note-Cabrera2010-226">[224]</a> In Somalis, the <a href="/wiki/Most_recent_common_ancestor" title="Most recent common ancestor">Time to Most Recent Common Ancestor</a> (TMRCA) was estimated to be 4000–5000 years (2,500 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">BCE</a>) for the haplogroup <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_E-V68" title="Haplogroup E-V68">E-M78</a> cluster γ and 2100–2200 years (150 BCE) for Somali <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_T-M184" title="Haplogroup T-M184">T-M184</a> bearers.<a href="#cite_note-Sanchez2005-147">[146]</a> Deep subclade E-Y18629 is commonly found in Somalis and has a formation date of 3,700 YBP (years before present) and a TMRCA of 3,300 YBP.<a href="#cite_note-yfull-227">[225]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Little_Somali_girl.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Little_Somali_girl.jpeg/170px-Little_Somali_girl.jpeg" decoding="async" width="170" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Little_Somali_girl.jpeg/255px-Little_Somali_girl.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Little_Somali_girl.jpeg/340px-Little_Somali_girl.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1432" data-file-height="1680" /></a><figcaption>A Somali schoolgirl.</figcaption></figure> According to <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA">mtDNA</a> studies a significant proportion of the maternal lineages of Somali females consists of sub saharan clades such as L haplogroup, the most frequently observed haplogroups are L0a1d, L2a1h and L3f.<a href="#cite_note-228">[226]</a> <blockquote>African mitochondrial (mt) phylogeny is coarsely resolved but the majority of population data generated so far is limited to the analysis of the first hypervariable segment (HVS-1) of the control region (CR). Therefore, this study aimed on the investigation of the entire CR of 190 unrelated Somali individuals to enrich the severely underrepresented African mtDNA pool. The majority (60.5 %) of the haplotypes were of sub-Saharan origin with L0a1d, L2a1h and L3f being the most frequently observed haplogroups. Our sub-Saharan samples consisted almost entirely of the L1 or L2 haplogroups only. In addition, there existed a significant amount of homogeneity within the M1 haplogroup. This sharp cline indicates a history of little admixture between these regions. This could imply a more recent ancestry for M1 in Africa, as older lineages are more diverse and widespread by nature, and may be an indication of a back-migration into Africa from the Middle East."<a href="#cite_note-AD.-229">[227]</a></blockquote><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_M_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup M (mtDNA)">M1 haplogroup</a> is also observed at a rate of over.<a href="#cite_note-Havidf-230">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-AD.-229">[227]</a> This mitochondrial clade is common among Ethiopians and North Africans, particularly <a href="/wiki/Egyptians" title="Egyptians">Egyptians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algerians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mdsdspe-231">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rpamds-232">[230]</a> M1 is believed to have originated in Asia,<a href="#cite_note-Gonzalez-233">[231]</a> where its parent M clade represents the majority of mtDNA lineages.<a href="#cite_note-234">[232]</a> <blockquote>"We analysed mtDNA variation in ~250 persons from Libya, Somalia, and Congo/Zambia, as representatives of the three regions of interest. Our initial results indicate a sharp cline in M1 frequencies that generally does not extend into sub-Saharan Africa. While our North and especially East African samples contained frequencies of M1 over 20%, </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Autosomal_ancestry">Autosomal ancestry</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethio-Somali_component.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Ethio-Somali_component.png/550px-Ethio-Somali_component.png" decoding="async" width="550" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Ethio-Somali_component.png 1.5x" data-file-width="711" data-file-height="176" /></a><figcaption>Genetic components present in select Cushitic populations</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Northeast_African_genomic_variation_ADMIXTURE_plot.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Northeast_African_genomic_variation_ADMIXTURE_plot.PNG/550px-Northeast_African_genomic_variation_ADMIXTURE_plot.PNG" decoding="async" width="550" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Northeast_African_genomic_variation_ADMIXTURE_plot.PNG/825px-Northeast_African_genomic_variation_ADMIXTURE_plot.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Northeast_African_genomic_variation_ADMIXTURE_plot.PNG/1100px-Northeast_African_genomic_variation_ADMIXTURE_plot.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1666" data-file-height="937" /></a><figcaption>Genetic components present in select Cushitic/HOA populations (Hollfelder, Nina et al., 2017)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Young_Somali_man2a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Young_Somali_man2a.jpg/170px-Young_Somali_man2a.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Young_Somali_man2a.jpg/255px-Young_Somali_man2a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Young_Somali_man2a.jpg/340px-Young_Somali_man2a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1644" data-file-height="2340" /></a><figcaption>A young Somali man.</figcaption></figure> Research shows that Somalis have a mixture of a type of native African ancestry unique and autochthonous to the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a>, as well as ancestry originating from a non-African back-migration. According to an <a href="/wiki/Autosome" title="Autosome">autosomal DNA</a> study by Hodgson et al. (2014), the Afro-Asiatic languages were likely spread across Africa and the Near East by an ancestral population(s) carrying a newly identified non-African genetic component, which the researchers dub as the "Ethio-Somali". This component today is most common among Afro-Asiatic-speaking populations in the Horn of Africa. It reaches a frequency peak among ethnic Somalis, representing the majority of their ancestry. The Ethio-Somali component is most closely related to the Maghrebi non-African genetic component, and is believed to have diverged from all other non-African ancestries at least 23,000 years ago. On this basis, the researchers suggest that the original Ethio-Somali carrying population(s) probably arrived in the pre-agricultural period from the Near East, having crossed over into northeastern Africa via the <a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai Peninsula</a>. The population then likely split into two branches, with one group heading westward toward the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a> and the other moving south into the Horn.<a href="#cite_note-Hodgson2014-235">[233]</a> Ancient DNA analysis indicates that this foundational ancestry in the Horn region is akin to that of Neolithic farmers of the southern <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lazaridis2016-236">[234]</a> Furthermore, according to Hodgson et al. both the African ancestry (Ethiopic) and the non-African ancestry (Ethio-Somali) in Cushitic speaking populations is significantly differentiated from all neighboring African and non-African ancestries today. The overall genetic ancestry of Cushitic and Semitic speaking populations in the Horn of Africa represents ancestries not found outside of HOA populations. The researchers state: <blockquote>"The African Ethiopic ancestry is tightly restricted to HOA populations and likely represents an autochthonous HOA population. The non-African ancestry in the HOA, which is primarily attributed to a novel Ethio-Somali inferred ancestry component, is significantly differentiated from all neighboring non-African ancestries in North Africa, the Levant, and Arabia."<a href="#cite_note-237">[235]</a></blockquote> Moreover, Hodgson et al. (2014) elaborates further: <blockquote>"We find that most of the non-African ancestry in the HOA can be assigned to a distinct non-African origin Ethio-Somali ancestry component, which is found at its highest frequencies in Cushitic and Semitic speaking HOA populations."<a href="#cite_note-238">[236]</a></blockquote>Molinaro, Ludovica et al in 2019 characterized the Non-African ancestry in Ethiopian Somalis as being derived from Anatolia Neolithic groups (similar to Tunisian Jews).<a href="#cite_note-239">[237]</a> Ali, A.A., Aalto, M., Jonasson, J. et al. (2020) using principal component analysis showed that approximately 60% of Somali ancestry is East African and 40% Western Eurasian.<a href="#cite_note-240">[238]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Somali_studies">Somali studies</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Osman_Yuusuf_Keenadiid.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Osman_Yuusuf_Keenadiid.gif/170px-Osman_Yuusuf_Keenadiid.gif" decoding="async" width="170" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Osman_Yuusuf_Keenadiid.gif/255px-Osman_Yuusuf_Keenadiid.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Osman_Yuusuf_Keenadiid.gif/340px-Osman_Yuusuf_Keenadiid.gif 2x" data-file-width="517" data-file-height="530" /></a><figcaption>Pioneering <a href="/wiki/Somali_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Somali Studies">Somali Studies</a> scholar, <a href="/wiki/Osman_Yusuf_Kenadid" title="Osman Yusuf Kenadid">Osman Yusuf Kenadid</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Somali_studies" title="Somali studies">Somali studies</a></div> The scholarly term for research concerning Somalis and Greater Somalia is <a href="/wiki/Somali_studies" title="Somali studies">Somali studies</a>. It consists of several disciplines such as <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">historiography</a> and <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeology</a>. The field draws from old <a href="/wiki/Somali_literature" title="Somali literature">Somali chronicles</a>, records and oral literature, in addition to written accounts and traditions about Somalis from explorers and geographers in the Horn of Africa and the Middle East. Since 1980, prominent Somalist scholars from around the world have also gathered annually to hold the International Congress of Somali Studies. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afar_people" title="Afar people">Afar people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Somalia" title="Culture of Somalia">Culture of Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Somalia" title="Demographics of Somalia">Demographics of Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Somalia" title="Greater Somalia">Greater Somalia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrucianiLa_FrattaTrombettaSantolamazza2007">Cruciani et al. 2007</a> use the term Northeastern Africa to refer to Egypt and Libya, as shown in Table 1 of the study. Prior to <a href="#CITEREFCrucianiLa_FrattaTrombettaSantolamazza2007">Cruciani et al. 2007</a>, <a href="#CITEREFSemino_et_al.2004">Semino et al. 2004</a> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFSemino_et_al.2004 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) East Africa as a possible place of origin of E-M78, based upon Ethiopian testing. This was because of the high frequency and diversity of E-M78 lineages in the region of Ethiopia. However, <a href="#CITEREFCrucianiLa_FrattaTrombettaSantolamazza2007">Cruciani et al. 2007</a> were able to study more data, including populations from North Africa who were not represented in the <a href="#CITEREFSeminoMagriBenuzziLin2004">Semino et al. 2004</a> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFSeminoMagriBenuzziLin2004 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) study, and found evidence that the E-M78 lineages which make up a significant proportion of some populations in that region, were relatively young branches (see E-V32 below). They therefore concluded that "Northeast Africa" was the likely place of origin of E-M78 based on "the peripheral geographic distribution of the most derived subhaplogroups with respect to northeastern Africa, as well as the results of quantitative analysis of UEP and microsatellite diversity". So according to <a href="#CITEREFCrucianiLa_FrattaTrombettaSantolamazza2007">Cruciani et al. 2007</a> E-M35, the parent clade of E-M78, originated in East Africa, subsequently spread to Northeast Africa, and then there was a "back migration" of E-M215 chromosomes that had acquired the E-M78 mutation. <a href="#CITEREFCrucianiLa_FrattaTrombettaSantolamazza2007">Cruciani et al. 2007</a> therefore note this as evidence for "a corridor for bidirectional migrations" between Northeast Africa (Egypt and Libya in their data) on the one hand and East Africa on the other. The authors believe there were "at least 2 episodes between 23.9–17.3 ky and 18.0–5.9 ky ago". </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> including Somaliland </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-WorldData.info-1"><a href="#cite_ref-WorldData.info_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worlddata.info/languages/somali.php">"Somali, worldwide distribution"</a>. Retrieved 16 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Somali%2C+worldwide+distribution&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worlddata.info%2Flanguages%2Fsomali.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomali+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/country/SO">"World Bank Open Data"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231130043543/https://data.worldbank.org/country/SO">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2023. Retrieved 4 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Bank+Open+Data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Fcountry%2FSO&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomali+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1998" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, I. M. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k3QwAQAAIAAJ">Peoples of the Horn of Africa: Somali, Afar, and Saho</a>. Red Sea Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56902-104-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56902-104-0"><bdi>978-1-56902-104-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peoples+of+the+Horn+of+Africa%3A+Somali%2C+Afar%2C+and+Saho&rft.pub=Red+Sea+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-56902-104-0&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=I.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk3QwAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomali+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CSA-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CSA_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CSA_5-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090325050115/http://www.csa.gov.et/pdf/Cen2007_firstdraft.pdf">"Table 2.2 Percentage distribution of major ethnic groups: 2007"</a> (PDF). 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Lewis, A pastoral democracy: a study of pastoralism and politics among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa, (Oxford University Press : 1963), p.12. </li> <li id="cite_note-Lewis-55"><a href="#cite_ref-Lewis_55-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewisSaid_Samatar1999" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, I. M.; Said Samatar (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L2vXPfRsf04C">A Pastoral Democracy: A Study of Pastoralism and Politics Among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa</a>. 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Adonis and Abbey Publishers. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781909112797" title="Special:BookSources/9781909112797"><bdi>9781909112797</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+Sense+of+Somali+History%3A+Volume+1&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Adonis+and+Abbey+Publishers&rft.date=2017-09-18&rft.isbn=9781909112797&rft.aulast=Abdullahi&rft.aufirst=Abdurahman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX1dDDwAAQBAJ%26q%3DMaking%2BSense%2Bof%2BSomali%2BHistory%3A%2BVolume%2B1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomali+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dawn-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dawn_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dawn_66-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAFP2011" class="citation web cs1">AFP (26 April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dawn.com/2011/04/26/grotto-galleries-show-early-somali-life.html">"Grotto galleries show early Somali life"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Grotto+galleries+show+early+Somali+life&rft.date=2011-04-26&rft.au=AFP&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2F2011%2F04%2F26%2Fgrotto-galleries-show-early-somali-life.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomali+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Susan M. Hassig, Zawiah Abdul Latif, Somalia, (Marshall Cavendish: 2007), p.22 </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> pg 105 – A History of African archaeology By Peter Robertshaw </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> pg 40 – Early Holocene Mortuary Practices and Hunter-Gatherer Adaptations in Southern Somalia, by Steven A. Brandt World Archaeology © 1988 </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Prehistoric Implements from Somalia by H. W. 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Read Books Ltd. p. 75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781447485438" title="Special:BookSources/9781447485438"><bdi>9781447485438</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sun%2C+Sand+and+Somals+%E2%80%93+Leaves+from+the+Note-Book+of+a+District+Commissioner&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=Read+Books+Ltd&rft.date=1921&rft.isbn=9781447485438&rft.aulast=Rayne&rft.aufirst=Major.H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dubd8CgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dsharmarki%2Bchartered%2Btwo%2Bdhows%2Band%2Breturned%2Bwith%2Bhis%2Barmy%2Bto%2Bzeila%26pg%3DPT10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomali+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> Abir, Mordechai (1968). Ethiopia: the era of the princes: the challenge of Islam and re-unification of the Christian Empire, 1769–1855. 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The Ali Gheri were his first followers.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+annihilation+of+Colonel+Plunkett%27s+force&rft.pub=The+Marion+Star&rft.date=1903&rft.aulast=Bartram&rft.aufirst=R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fnewspage%2F296280296%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomali+people" class="Z3988"> *<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton1911" class="citation book cs1">Hamilton, Angus (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/dli.ministry.06400/209.94.A.61_djvu.txt">Field Force</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hutchinson_%26_Co" class="mw-redirect" title="Hutchinson & Co">Hutchinson & Co</a>. p. 50. <q>it appeared for the nonce as if he were content with the homage paid to his learnings and devotional sincerity by the Ogaden and Dolbahanta tribes. 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Ofcansky, Historical dictionary of Ethiopia, (The Scarecrow Press, Inc.: 2004), p.405 </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrons2013" class="citation book cs1">Irons, Roy (4 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_8YVBAAAQBAJ">Churchill and the Mad Mullah of Somaliland: Betrayal and Redemption 1899–1921</a>. 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The Red Sea Press. pp. 104, 122–124, 131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780932415998" title="Special:BookSources/9780932415998"><bdi>9780932415998</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Invention+of+Somalia&rft.pages=104%2C+122-124%2C+131&rft.pub=The+Red+Sea+Press&rft.date=1995-01-01&rft.isbn=9780932415998&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.aufirst=Ali+Jimale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXpdAzRYruCwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomali+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lewismhs-144"><a href="#cite_ref-Lewismhs_144-0">^</a> I.M. Lewis, A Modern History of the Somali, fourth edition (Oxford: <a href="/wiki/James_Currey" title="James Currey">James Currey</a>, 2002), p. 22 </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurtonBurton1893" class="citation book cs1">Burton, Sir Richard Francis; Burton, Lady Isabel (1893). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yEw0AQAAMAAJ">The Works of Captain Sir Richard Francis Burton: First footsteps in East Africa</a>. Tylston & Edwards. p. 74. <q>where he married a daughter of the Hawiyah tribe</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Works+of+Captain+Sir+Richard+Francis+Burton%3A+First+footsteps+in+East+Africa&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=Tylston+%26+Edwards&rft.date=1893&rft.aulast=Burton&rft.aufirst=Sir+Richard+Francis&rft.au=Burton%2C+Lady+Isabel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyEw0AQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomali+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurton1856" class="citation book cs1">Burton, Richard Francis (1 January 1856). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dzhCAAAAcAAJ">First Footsteps in East Africa</a>. 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European Journal of Human Genetics. 13 (7): 856–866. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.ejhg.5201390">10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201390</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1018-4813">1018-4813</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15756297">15756297</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=High+frequencies+of+Y+chromosome+lineages+characterized+by+E3b1%2C+DYS19-11%2C+DYS392-12+in+Somali+males&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=856-866&rft.date=2005-07&rft.issn=1018-4813&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15756297&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fsj.ejhg.5201390&rft.aulast=Sanchez&rft.aufirst=Juan+J.&rft.au=Hallenberg%2C+Charlotte&rft.au=B%C3%B8rsting%2C+Claus&rft.au=Hernandez%2C+Alexis&rft.au=Morling%2C+Niels&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fsj.ejhg.5201390&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomali+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cruciani2007-148">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cruciani2007_148-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cruciani2007_148-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cruciani2007_148-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrucianiLa_FrattaTrombettaSantolamazza2007" class="citation journal cs1">Cruciani, Fulvio; La Fratta, Roberta; Trombetta, Beniamino; Santolamazza, Piero; Sellitto, Daniele; Colomb, Eliane Beraud; Dugoujon, Jean-Michel; Crivellaro, Federica; Benincasa, Tamara (June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsm049">"Tracing past human male movements in northern/eastern Africa and western Eurasia: new clues from Y-chromosomal haplogroups E-M78 and J-M12"</a>. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 24 (6): 1300–1311. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsm049">10.1093/molbev/msm049</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0737-4038">0737-4038</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17351267">17351267</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Biology+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=Tracing+past+human+male+movements+in+northern%2Feastern+Africa+and+western+Eurasia%3A+new+clues+from+Y-chromosomal+haplogroups+E-M78+and+J-M12&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1300-1311&rft.date=2007-06&rft.issn=0737-4038&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17351267&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsm049&rft.aulast=Cruciani&rft.aufirst=Fulvio&rft.au=La+Fratta%2C+Roberta&rft.au=Trombetta%2C+Beniamino&rft.au=Santolamazza%2C+Piero&rft.au=Sellitto%2C+Daniele&rft.au=Colomb%2C+Eliane+Beraud&rft.au=Dugoujon%2C+Jean-Michel&rft.au=Crivellaro%2C+Federica&rft.au=Benincasa%2C+Tamara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fmolbev%252Fmsm049&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomali+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIacovacciD’AtanasioMariniCoppa2017" class="citation journal cs1">Iacovacci, Giuseppe; D’Atanasio, Eugenia; Marini, Ornella; Coppa, Alfredo; Sellitto, Daniele; Trombetta, Beniamino; Berti, Andrea; Cruciani, Fulvio (1 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.docdroid.net/Dedb2N1/forensic-data-and-microvariant-sequence0acharacterization-of-27-y-str-loci-analyzed-in-four-eastern0aafrican-countries-iacovacci-et-al-2016.pdf.html">"Forensic data and microvariant sequence characterization of 27 Y-STR loci analyzed in four Eastern African countries"</a>. Forensic Science International: Genetics. 27: 123–131. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.fsigen.2016.12.015">10.1016/j.fsigen.2016.12.015</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1872-4973">1872-4973</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28068531">28068531</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forensic+Science+International%3A+Genetics&rft.atitle=Forensic+data+and+microvariant+sequence+characterization+of+27+Y-STR+loci+analyzed+in+four+Eastern+African+countries&rft.volume=27&rft.pages=123-131&rft.date=2017-03-01&rft.issn=1872-4973&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28068531&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.fsigen.2016.12.015&rft.aulast=Iacovacci&rft.aufirst=Giuseppe&rft.au=D%E2%80%99Atanasio%2C+Eugenia&rft.au=Marini%2C+Ornella&rft.au=Coppa%2C+Alfredo&rft.au=Sellitto%2C+Daniele&rft.au=Trombetta%2C+Beniamino&rft.au=Berti%2C+Andrea&rft.au=Cruciani%2C+Fulvio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.docdroid.net%2FDedb2N1%2Fforensic-data-and-microvariant-sequence0acharacterization-of-27-y-str-loci-analyzed-in-four-eastern0aafrican-countries-iacovacci-et-al-2016.pdf.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomali+people" class="Z3988">; 25/34 total local samples belonged to haplogroup T (24/24 Dir, 1/1 Hawiye, 0/9 Isaak) </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2017" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, I. 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Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-31139-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-31139-5"><bdi>978-1-315-31139-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+in+Tropical+Africa&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017-02-03&rft.isbn=978-1-315-31139-5&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=I.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNsoNDgAAQBAJ%26q%3DQuraysh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomali+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AppiahGates2010p395-151"><a href="#cite_ref-AppiahGates2010p395_151-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarian_Aguiar2010" class="citation book cs1">Marian Aguiar (2010). Anthony Appiah and Henry Louis Gates (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A0XNvklcqbwC">Encyclopedia of Africa</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 395. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533770-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533770-9"><bdi>978-0-19-533770-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Africa&rft.pages=395&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-533770-9&rft.au=Marian+Aguiar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA0XNvklcqbwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomali+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton1967" class="citation journal cs1">Hamilton, David (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arcadia.sba.uniroma3.it/bitstream/2307/6139/1/15_Imperialism%20Ancient%20and%20Modern_a%20study%20of%20British%20attitudes%20to%20the%20claims%20to%20Sovereignty%20to%20the%20Northern%20Somali%20coastline.pdf">"Imperialism Ancient and Modern: A Study of British Attitudes to the Claims to Sovereignty to the Northern Somali Coastline"</a> (PDF). Journal of Ethiopian Studies: 11–12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ethiopian+Studies&rft.atitle=Imperialism+Ancient+and+Modern%3A+A+Study+of+British+Attitudes+to+the+Claims+to+Sovereignty+to+the+Northern+Somali+Coastline.&rft.pages=11-12&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farcadia.sba.uniroma3.it%2Fbitstream%2F2307%2F6139%2F1%2F15_Imperialism%2520Ancient%2520and%2520Modern_a%2520study%2520of%2520British%2520attitudes%2520to%2520the%2520claims%2520to%2520Sovereignty%2520to%2520the%2520Northern%2520Somali%2520coastline.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomali+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> Abbink, Jan. 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/15601742.pdf">The Total Somali Clan Genealogy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190316172106/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/15601742.pdf">Archived</a> 16 March 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (second edition). African Studies Center Working Paper 84. Leiden: African Studies Center. </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUSA2012" class="citation web cs1">USA (9 August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity">"Religious Identity Among Muslims | Pew Research Center"</a>. Pewforum.org. Retrieved 19 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Religious+Identity+Among+Muslims+%26%23124%3B+Pew+Research+Center&rft.pub=Pewforum.org&rft.date=2012-08-09&rft.au=USA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2012%2F08%2F09%2Fthe-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation%2F%23identity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomali+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130806002044/http://www.pewforum.org/files/2012/12/globalReligion-full.pdf">"The Global Religious Landscape"</a> (PDF). Pew Research Center. p. 49. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/files/2012/12/globalReligion-full.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 6 August 2013. Retrieved 27 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Global+Religious+Landscape&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Pew+Research+Center&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Freligion%2Ffiles%2F2012%2F12%2FglobalReligion-full.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomali+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiriye_Abdullahi2001" class="citation book cs1">Diriye Abdullahi, Mohamed (2001). Culture and customs of Somalia. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31333-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31333-2"><bdi>978-0-313-31333-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+and+customs+of+Somalia&rft.place=Westport%2C+Conn.&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-313-31333-2&rft.aulast=Diriye+Abdullahi&rft.aufirst=Mohamed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomali+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> I. M. Lewis (1998) Saints and Somalis: Popular Islam in a Clan-based Society, The Red Sea Press, pp. 8–9, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56902-103-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-56902-103-1">1-56902-103-1</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121003021031/http://somaliweyn.com/pages/news/Aug_12/Somalia_Constitution_English_FOR_WEB.pdf">"The Federal Republic of Somalia Provisional Constitution"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.somaliweyn.com/pages/news/Aug_12/Somalia_Constitution_English_FOR_WEB.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 3 October 2012. 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James Currey Publishers. pp. 11–12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0852552803" title="Special:BookSources/978-0852552803"><bdi>978-0852552803</bdi></a>. <q>But it is their Arabian ancestry which traditionally is their greatest pride. Ultimately all Somali genealogies go back to Arabian origins, to the Prophet's lineage of Quraysh and those of his companions. (...) Nevertheless, it is their proud pretensions to noble Arabian origins which unite all the Somali clans and lineages into one vast genealogical system.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Pastoral+Democracy%3A+A+Study+of+Pastoralism+and+Politics+Among+the+Northern+Somali+of+the+Horn+of+Africa&rft.pages=11-12&rft.pub=James+Currey+Publishers&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0852552803&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=I.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeK6SBJIckIsC%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomali+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WOSL-160"><a href="#cite_ref-WOSL_160-0">^</a> Ministry of Information and National Guidance, Somalia, The writing of the Somali language, (Ministry of Information and National Guidance: 1974), p.5 </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> I. M. 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Greenwood Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313313332" title="Special:BookSources/9780313313332"><bdi>9780313313332</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Moahmed+Diiriye+Abdulahi+%3A+Culture+and+Customs+of+Somalia%2C+p.76&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780313313332&rft.aulast=Abdullahi&rft.aufirst=Mohamed+Diriye&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2Nu918tYMB8C%26q%3DElmi%2BBoodhari%2Bclan%26pg%3DPA79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomali+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-misesSHM-198"><a href="#cite_ref-misesSHM_198-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mises.org/story/2701">"Mises Daily"</a>. Mises Institute. 4 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mises+Institute&rft.atitle=Mises+Daily&rft.date=2007-09-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mises.org%2Fstory%2F2701&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomali+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SJS-199"><a href="#cite_ref-SJS_199-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDr_Andre_Le_Sage2005" class="citation web cs1">Dr Andre Le Sage (1 June 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120118151830/http://www.hdcentre.org/files/Somalia%20report.pdf">"Stateless Justice in Somalia"</a> (PDF). Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hdcentre.org/files/Somalia%20report.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 18 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stateless+Justice+in+Somalia&rft.pub=Centre+for+Humanitarian+Dialogue&rft.date=2005-06-01&rft.au=Dr+Andre+Le+Sage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hdcentre.org%2Ffiles%2FSomalia%2520report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomali+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HAblele-200"><a href="#cite_ref-HAblele_200-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hiiraan.com/op2/2008/oct/back_to_somali_roots.aspx">"Back to Somali roots"</a>. hiiraan.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hiiraan.com&rft.atitle=Back+to+Somali+roots&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hiiraan.com%2Fop2%2F2008%2Foct%2Fback_to_somali_roots.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomali+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abdullahi105-201"><a href="#cite_ref-Abdullahi105_201-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbdullahi2001" class="citation book cs1">Abdullahi, Mohamed Diriye (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof00diri/page/105">Culture and Customs of Somalia</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof00diri/page/105">105</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313313332" title="Special:BookSources/978-0313313332"><bdi>978-0313313332</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+and+Customs+of+Somalia&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0313313332&rft.aulast=Abdullahi&rft.aufirst=Mohamed+Diriye&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fculturecustomsof00diri%2Fpage%2F105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomali+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> Diriye, p. 102 </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/djibouti/">"Djibouti"</a>. CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 30 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Djibouti&rft.pub=CIA+World+Factbook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fdjibouti%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomali+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.innercitypress.com/UNPOSstrategy.doc">Somali Diaspora</a> – <a href="/wiki/Inner_City_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Inner City Press">Inner City Press</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-www12.statcan.ca-205"><a href="#cite_ref-www12.statcan.ca_205-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190106221808/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/hlt/97-562/pages/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=PR&Code=01&Table=2&Data=Count&StartRec=1&Sort=3&Display=All&CSDFilter=5000">"Ethnocultural Portrait of Canada – Data table"</a>. statcan.ca. 2 April 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/highlights/ethnic/pages/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=PR&Code=01&Data=Count&Table=2&StartRec=1&Sort=3&Display=All&CSDFilter=5000">the original</a> on 6 January 2019. Retrieved 5 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=statcan.ca&rft.atitle=Ethnocultural+Portrait+of+Canada+%E2%80%93+Data+table&rft.date=2008-04-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.ca%2Fenglish%2Fcensus06%2Fdata%2Fhighlights%2Fethnic%2Fpages%2FPage.cfm%3FLang%3DE%26Geo%3DPR%26Code%3D01%26Data%3DCount%26Table%3D2%26StartRec%3D1%26Sort%3D3%26Display%3DAll%26CSDFilter%3D5000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomali+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UN2015-206"><a href="#cite_ref-UN2015_206-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/data/UN_MigrantStockByOriginAndDestination_2015.xlsx">"Table 16. Total migrant stock at mid-year by origin and by major area, region, country or area of destination, 2015"</a>. Trends in International Migrant Stock: Migrants by Destination and Origin. United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs. 2015. Retrieved 17 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Trends+in+International+Migrant+Stock%3A+Migrants+by+Destination+and+Origin&rft.atitle=Table+16.+Total+migrant+stock+at+mid-year+by+origin+and+by+major+area%2C+region%2C+country+or+area+of+destination%2C+2015&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fen%2Fdevelopment%2Fdesa%2Fpopulation%2Fmigration%2Fdata%2Festimates2%2Fdata%2FUN_MigrantStockByOriginAndDestination_2015.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomali+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnorKrogstad2016" class="citation news cs1">Connor, Phillip; Krogstad, Jens Manuel (1 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/06/01/5-facts-about-the-global-somali-diaspora/">"5 facts about the global Somali diaspora"</a>. Fact Tank. Pew Research Center. Retrieved 17 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fact+Tank&rft.atitle=5+facts+about+the+global+Somali+diaspora&rft.date=2016-06-01&rft.aulast=Connor&rft.aufirst=Phillip&rft.au=Krogstad%2C+Jens+Manuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Ffact-tank%2F2016%2F06%2F01%2F5-facts-about-the-global-somali-diaspora%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomali+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2016_UK_estimates-208"><a href="#cite_ref-2016_UK_estimates_208-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/internationalmigration/datasets/populationoftheunitedkingdombycountryofbirthandnationality/januarytodecember2016/populationbycountryofbirthandnationalityjan16todec16.xls">"Table 1.3: Overseas-born population in the United Kingdom, excluding some residents in communal establishments, by sex, by country of birth, January 2016 to December 2016"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics" title="Office for National Statistics">Office for National Statistics</a>. 24 August 2017. Retrieved 9 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Table+1.3%3A+Overseas-born+population+in+the+United+Kingdom%2C+excluding+some+residents+in+communal+establishments%2C+by+sex%2C+by+country+of+birth%2C+January+2016+to+December+2016&rft.pub=Office+for+National+Statistics&rft.date=2017-08-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Ffile%3Furi%3D%2Fpeoplepopulationandcommunity%2Fpopulationandmigration%2Finternationalmigration%2Fdatasets%2Fpopulationoftheunitedkingdombycountryofbirthandnationality%2Fjanuarytodecember2016%2Fpopulationbycountryofbirthandnationalityjan16todec16.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomali+people" class="Z3988"> Figure given is the central estimate. See the source for 95% <a href="/wiki/Confidence_interval" title="Confidence interval">confidence intervals</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Heelsum2011" class="citation journal cs1">van Heelsum, A (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pure.uva.nl/ws/files/1412527/148905_2011_Why_Somalis_move.pdf">"Why Somalis move? An investigation into migratory processes among Somalis"</a> (PDF). Paper Presented at ECAS 4: 4th European Conference on African Studies, 15–18 June 2011, Uppsala, Sweden: African Engagements: On Whose Terms?.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Paper+Presented+at+ECAS+4%3A+4th+European+Conference+on+African+Studies%2C+15%E2%80%9318+June+2011%2C+Uppsala%2C+Sweden%3A+African+Engagements%3A+On+Whose+Terms%3F&rft.atitle=Why+Somalis+move%3F+An+investigation+into+migratory+processes+among+Somalis&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=van+Heelsum&rft.aufirst=A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpure.uva.nl%2Fws%2Ffiles%2F1412527%2F148905_2011_Why_Somalis_move.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomali+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UKCensus-210"><a href="#cite_ref-UKCensus_210-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/uk/05/born_abroad/countries/html/somalia.stm">"BBC NEWS – UK – Born Abroad – Somalia"</a>. bbc.co.uk.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=bbc.co.uk&rft.atitle=BBC+NEWS+%E2%80%93+UK+%E2%80%93+Born+Abroad+%E2%80%93+Somalia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fshared%2Fspl%2Fhi%2Fuk%2F05%2Fborn_abroad%2Fcountries%2Fhtml%2Fsomalia.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomali+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> Mosedale, Mike (18 February 2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.citypages.com/2004-02-18/news/the-mall-of-somalia/">"The Mall of Somalia"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100619211021/http://www.citypages.com/2004-02-18/news/the-mall-of-somalia">Archived</a> 19 June 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/City_Pages" title="City Pages">City Pages</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.banadir.com/somalis_in_america.shtml">Talking Point</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170525132041/http://www.banadir.com/somalis_in_america.shtml">Archived</a> 25 May 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" by M. M. Afrah Minneapolis, Minnesota (USA) Aug., 12. 2004. </li> <li id="cite_note-Sciodb-213">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sciodb_213-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sciodb_213-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170107163723/http://newsvote.bbc.co.uk/mpapps/pagetools/print/news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4535642.stm">"Somalis cash in on Dubai boom"</a>. BBC. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newsvote.bbc.co.uk/mpapps/pagetools/print/news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4535642.stm">the original</a> on 7 January 2017. Retrieved 29 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Somalis+cash+in+on+Dubai+boom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewsvote.bbc.co.uk%2Fmpapps%2Fpagetools%2Fprint%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fafrica%2F4535642.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomali+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150122222606/http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/-/2558/914994/-/view/printVersion/-/yvxnho/-/index.html">"Forget piracy, Somalia's whole 'global' economy is booming – to Kenya's benefit"</a>. TEA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/-/2558/914994/-/view/printVersion/-/yvxnho/-/index.html">the original</a> on 22 January 2015. Retrieved 29 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Forget+piracy%2C+Somalia%27s+whole+%27global%27+economy+is+booming+%E2%80%93+to+Kenya%27s+benefit&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theeastafrican.co.ke%2Fnews%2F-%2F2558%2F914994%2F-%2Fview%2FprintVersion%2F-%2Fyvxnho%2F-%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomali+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smmtsdairid-215"><a href="#cite_ref-Smmtsdairid_215-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.docstoc.com/docs/49925766/Forging-Partnerships-with-the-So">"Docstoc is Closed"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Docstoc+is+Closed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.docstoc.com%2Fdocs%2F49925766%2FForging-Partnerships-with-the-So&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomali+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Swsie-216"><a href="#cite_ref-Swsie_216-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.somaliweyn.org/pages/news/Feb_11/5Feb15.html">Somalia: How is the fate of the Somalis in Egypt?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110506172142/http://www.somaliweyn.org/pages/news/Feb_11/5Feb15.html">Archived</a> 6 May 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thoscitsstfww-217"><a href="#cite_ref-Thoscitsstfww_217-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.angelfire.com/ma2/yoss/Somalicom.doc">The History of Somali Communities in the Sudan since the First World War</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smestl-218"><a href="#cite_ref-Smestl_218-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://allafrica.com/stories/201105310558.html">Help Locals Rebuild Their Country By Ensuring World Attention And Peace</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sasc-219"><a href="#cite_ref-Sasc_219-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/local-xenophobes-still-plague-foreigners-1.489819?ot=inmsa.ArticlePrintPageLayout.ot">"IOL – News for South Africa and the world"</a>. iol.co.za.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=iol.co.za&rft.atitle=IOL+%E2%80%93+News+for+South+Africa+and+the+world&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iol.co.za%2Fnews%2Fsouth-africa%2Flocal-xenophobes-still-plague-foreigners-1.489819%3Fot%3Dinmsa.ArticlePrintPageLayout.ot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomali+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cruciani2004-220">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cruciani2004_220-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cruciani2004_220-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrucianiFrattaSantolamazzaSellitto2004" class="citation journal cs1">Cruciani, Fulvio; Fratta, Roberta La; Santolamazza, Piero; Sellitto, Daniele; Pascone, Roberto; Moral, Pedro; Watson, Elizabeth; Guida, Valentina; Colomb, Eliane Beraud (1 May 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1181964">"Phylogeographic Analysis of Haplogroup E3b (E-M215) Y Chromosomes Reveals Multiple Migratory Events Within and Out Of Africa"</a>. The American Journal of Human Genetics. 74 (5): 1014–1022. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F386294">10.1086/386294</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9297">0002-9297</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1181964">1181964</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15042509">15042509</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=Phylogeographic+Analysis+of+Haplogroup+E3b+%28E-M215%29+Y+Chromosomes+Reveals+Multiple+Migratory+Events+Within+and+Out+Of+Africa&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1014-1022&rft.date=2004-05-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1181964%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0002-9297&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15042509&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F386294&rft.aulast=Cruciani&rft.aufirst=Fulvio&rft.au=Fratta%2C+Roberta+La&rft.au=Santolamazza%2C+Piero&rft.au=Sellitto%2C+Daniele&rft.au=Pascone%2C+Roberto&rft.au=Moral%2C+Pedro&rft.au=Watson%2C+Elizabeth&rft.au=Guida%2C+Valentina&rft.au=Colomb%2C+Eliane+Beraud&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1181964&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomali+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hassan2008-221"><a href="#cite_ref-Hassan2008_221-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHassanUnderhillCavalli-SforzaIbrahim2008" class="citation journal cs1">Hassan, Hisham Y.; Underhill, Peter A.; Cavalli-Sforza, Luca L.; Ibrahim, Muntaser E. 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American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 137 (3): 316–323. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fajpa.20876">10.1002/ajpa.20876</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1096-8644">1096-8644</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18618658">18618658</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:26519766">26519766</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Physical+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Y-chromosome+variation+among+Sudanese%3A+restricted+gene+flow%2C+concordance+with+language%2C+geography%2C+and+history&rft.volume=137&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=316-323&rft.date=2008-11&rft.issn=1096-8644&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A26519766%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18618658&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fajpa.20876&rft.aulast=Hassan&rft.aufirst=Hisham+Y.&rft.au=Underhill%2C+Peter+A.&rft.au=Cavalli-Sforza%2C+Luca+L.&rft.au=Ibrahim%2C+Muntaser+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomali+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnderhillRowoldRegueiroCaeiro2004" class="citation journal cs1">Underhill JR, Rowold DJ, Regueiro M, Caeiro B, Cinnioğlu C, Roseman C, Underhill PA, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Herrera RJ (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1182266">"The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: Evidence for Bidirectional Corridors of Human Migrations"</a>. American Journal of Human Genetics. 74 (3): 532–544. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F382286">10.1086/382286</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1182266">1182266</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14973781">14973781</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=The+Levant+versus+the+Horn+of+Africa%3A+Evidence+for+Bidirectional+Corridors+of+Human+Migrations&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=532-544&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1182266%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14973781&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F382286&rft.aulast=Underhill&rft.aufirst=JR&rft.au=Rowold%2C+DJ&rft.au=Regueiro%2C+M&rft.au=Caeiro%2C+B&rft.au=Cinnio%C4%9Flu%2C+C&rft.au=Roseman%2C+C&rft.au=Underhill%2C+PA&rft.au=Cavalli-Sforza%2C+LL&rft.au=Herrera%2C+RJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1182266&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomali+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Iacovacci2017-224"><a href="#cite_ref-Iacovacci2017_224-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIacovacciD’AtanasioMariniCoppa2017" class="citation journal cs1">Iacovacci, Giuseppe; D’Atanasio, Eugenia; Marini, Ornella; Coppa, Alfredo; Sellitto, Daniele; Trombetta, Beniamino; Berti, Andrea; Cruciani, Fulvio (1 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.docdroid.net/Dedb2N1/forensic-data-and-microvariant-sequence0acharacterization-of-27-y-str-loci-analyzed-in-four-eastern0aafrican-countries-iacovacci-et-al-2016.pdf.html">"Forensic data and microvariant sequence characterization of 27 Y-STR loci analyzed in four Eastern African countries"</a>. Forensic Science International: Genetics. 27: 123–131. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.fsigen.2016.12.015">10.1016/j.fsigen.2016.12.015</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1872-4973">1872-4973</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28068531">28068531</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forensic+Science+International%3A+Genetics&rft.atitle=Forensic+data+and+microvariant+sequence+characterization+of+27+Y-STR+loci+analyzed+in+four+Eastern+African+countries&rft.volume=27&rft.pages=123-131&rft.date=2017-03-01&rft.issn=1872-4973&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28068531&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.fsigen.2016.12.015&rft.aulast=Iacovacci&rft.aufirst=Giuseppe&rft.au=D%E2%80%99Atanasio%2C+Eugenia&rft.au=Marini%2C+Ornella&rft.au=Coppa%2C+Alfredo&rft.au=Sellitto%2C+Daniele&rft.au=Trombetta%2C+Beniamino&rft.au=Berti%2C+Andrea&rft.au=Cruciani%2C+Fulvio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.docdroid.net%2FDedb2N1%2Fforensic-data-and-microvariant-sequence0acharacterization-of-27-y-str-loci-analyzed-in-four-eastern0aafrican-countries-iacovacci-et-al-2016.pdf.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomali+people" class="Z3988">; 25/34 total local samples belonged to haplogroup T (24/24 Dir, 1/1 Hawiye, 0/9 Isaak). </li> <li id="cite_note-Plaster2011-225"><a href="#cite_ref-Plaster2011_225-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlaster2011" class="citation thesis cs1">Plaster, Christopher Andrew (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1331901/3/1331901_CP_Thesis-SUBMITTED-DRAFT-POST-VIVA.pdf">Variation in Y chromosome, mitochondrial DNA and labels of identity in Ethiopia</a> (PDF) (PhD thesis). University College London – via UCL Discovery.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Variation+in+Y+chromosome%2C+mitochondrial+DNA+and+labels+of+identity+in+Ethiopia&rft.inst=University+College+London&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Plaster&rft.aufirst=Christopher+Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.ucl.ac.uk%2F1331901%2F3%2F1331901_CP_Thesis-SUBMITTED-DRAFT-POST-VIVA.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomali+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cabrera2010-226"><a href="#cite_ref-Cabrera2010_226-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCabreraAbu-AmeroLarrugaGonzález2010" class="citation book cs1">Cabrera, Vicente M.; Abu-Amero, Khaled K.; Larruga, José M.; González, Ana M. (2010). "The Arabian peninsula: Gate for Human Migrations Out of Africa or Cul-de-Sac? A Mitochondrial DNA Phylogeographic Perspective". The Evolution of Human Populations in Arabia. Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology. 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Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 5652. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020NatSR..10.5652A">2020NatSR..10.5652A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-020-62645-0">10.1038/s41598-020-62645-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2045-2322">2045-2322</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7101338">7101338</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32221414">32221414</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=Genome-wide+analyses+disclose+the+distinctive+HLA+architecture+and+the+pharmacogenetic+landscape+of+the+Somali+population&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5652&rft.date=2020-03-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7101338%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020NatSR..10.5652A&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32221414&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41598-020-62645-0&rft.issn=2045-2322&rft.aulast=Ali&rft.aufirst=Abshir+A.&rft.au=Aalto%2C+Mikko&rft.au=Jonasson%2C+Jon&rft.au=Osman%2C+Abdimajid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7101338&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomali+people" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <ul><li>Hanley, Gerald, Warriors: Life and Death Among the Somalis, (Eland Publishing Ltd, 2004)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Wikisaurus:Somali" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Wikisaurus:Somali">Wikisaurus:Somali</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Somalis" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Somalis">Somalis</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/40px-Scholia_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/60px-Scholia_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/80px-Scholia_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="104" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Scholia" class="extiw" title="d:Wikidata:Scholia">Scholia</a> has a topic profile for <a href="https://iw.toolforge.org/scholia/topic/Q241696" class="extiw" title="toolforge:scholia/topic/Q241696">Somali people</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=som">Ethnologue population estimates for Somali speakers</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/sotoc.html">US Library of Congress Country Study of Somalia</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCana1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Cana, Frank Richardson (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Somaliland">"Somaliland" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). pp. 378–384, see page 379. <q>Inhabitants.—The Somali belong to the Eastern (Abyssinia) Hamitic family....</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Somaliland&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=378-384%2C+see+page+379&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Cana&rft.aufirst=Frank+Richardson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomali+people" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Somalia" title="Template:Ethnic groups in Somalia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_Somalia" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in Somalia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Somalia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups in Somalia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_and_national_groups_in_Somalia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Somalia#Ethnic_groups" title="Demographics of Somalia">Ethnic and national groups in Somalia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Traditional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaaq" title="Isaaq">Isaaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dir_(clan)" title="Dir (clan)">Dir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darod" title="Darod">Darod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawiye" title="Hawiye">Hawiye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahanweyn" title="Rahanweyn">Rahanweyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bravanese_people" title="Bravanese people">Bravanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benadiri_people" title="Benadiri people">Benadiris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajuni_people" title="Bajuni people">Bajunis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrant</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Akhdam" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Akhdam">Al-Akhdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Bantus" title="Somali Bantus">Bantus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Ethiopia" title="Demographics of Ethiopia">Ethiopians</a> (various)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Somalis" title="Italian Somalis">Italians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehri_people" title="Mehri people">Mehris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asians" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asians">South Asians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swahili_people" title="Swahili people">Swahili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandans" class="mw-redirect" title="Ugandans">Ugandans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Ethiopia" title="Template:Ethnic groups in Ethiopia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_Ethiopia" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in Ethiopia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Ethiopia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups in Ethiopia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_groups_in_Ethiopia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Ethiopia">Ethnic groups in Ethiopia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afro-Asiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cushitic_languages" title="Cushitic languages">Cushitic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afar_people" title="Afar people">Afar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agaw_people" title="Agaw people">Agaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbore_people" title="Arbore people">Arbore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awi_people" title="Awi people">Awi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daasanach_people" title="Daasanach people">Daasanach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danta_people" title="Danta people">Danta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabra_people" title="Gabra people">Gabra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gedeo_people" title="Gedeo people">Gedeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadiya_people" title="Hadiya people">Hadiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irob_people" title="Irob people">Irob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kambaata_people" title="Kambaata people">Kambaata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konso_people" title="Konso people">Konso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oromo_people" title="Oromo people">Oromo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qemant_people" title="Qemant people">Qemant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saho_people" title="Saho people">Saho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidama_people" title="Sidama people">Sidama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Somalis">Somalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsamai_people" title="Tsamai people">Tsamai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weyto_(African_caste)" class="mw-redirect" title="Weyto (African caste)">Weyto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amhara_people" title="Amhara people">Amhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argobba_people" title="Argobba people">Argobba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Abraham" title="Beta Abraham">Beta Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falash_Mura" title="Falash Mura">Falash Mura</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurage_people" title="Gurage people">Gurage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soddo_Gurage_people" title="Soddo Gurage people">Soddo Gurage people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chebo_people" title="Chebo people">Chebo people</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harari_people" title="Harari people">Harari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silt%27e_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Silt'e people">Silt'e</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolane_people" title="Wolane people">Wolane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigrayans" title="Tigrayans">Tigrayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werji_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Werji people">Werji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zay_people" title="Zay people">Zay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Omotic_languages" title="Omotic languages">Omotic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aari_people" title="Aari people">Aari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banna_people" title="Banna people">Banna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basketo_people" title="Basketo people">Basketo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bench_people" title="Bench people">Bench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chara_people" title="Chara people">Chara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawro_people" title="Dawro people">Dawro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dizi_people" title="Dizi people">Dizi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorze_people" title="Dorze people">Dorze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamo_people" title="Gamo people">Gamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gofa_people" title="Gofa people">Gofa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamar_people" title="Hamar people">Hamar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konta_people" title="Konta people">Konta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koore_people" title="Koore people">Koore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maale_people" title="Maale people">Maale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinasha_people" title="Shinasha people">Shinasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welayta_people" title="Welayta people">Wolaitans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yem_people" title="Yem people">Yemsa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zayse_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zayse people (page does not exist)">Zayse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan_languages" title="Nilo-Saharan languages">Nilo-Saharan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anuak_people" title="Anuak people">Anuak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berta_people" title="Berta people">Berta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gumuz_people" title="Gumuz people">Gumuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kichepo_people" title="Kichepo people">Kichepo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwama_people" title="Kwama people">Kwama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwegu_people" title="Kwegu people">Kwegu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majang_people" title="Majang people">Majang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mekan_people" title="Mekan people">Mekan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murle_people" title="Murle people">Murle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mursi_people" title="Mursi people">Mursi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuer_people" title="Nuer people">Nuer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyangatom_people" title="Nyangatom people">Nyangatom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabo_people" title="Shabo people">Shabo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanqella" title="Shanqella">Shanqella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shita_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Shita people">Shita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surma_people" title="Surma people">Surma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirma_people" title="Tirma people">Tirma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrants and expatriates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Immigration_to_Ethiopia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Immigration_to_Ethiopia" title="Template:Immigration to Ethiopia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Immigration_to_Ethiopia" title="Template talk:Immigration to Ethiopia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Immigration_to_Ethiopia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Immigration to Ethiopia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Immigration_to_Ethiopia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Immigration to Ethiopia</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_settlement_in_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American settlement in Africa">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Ethiopia" title="Armenians in Ethiopia">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Ethiopia" title="Chinese people in Ethiopia">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Greeks in Ethiopia">Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italians_of_Ethiopia" title="Italians of Ethiopia">Italians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaicans_in_Ethiopia" title="Jamaicans in Ethiopia">Jamaicans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_groups_in_Djibouti" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Djibouti" title="Template:Ethnic groups in Djibouti"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_Djibouti" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in Djibouti"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Djibouti" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups in Djibouti"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_groups_in_Djibouti" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Djibouti" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Djibouti">Ethnic groups in Djibouti</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Djibouti" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Djibouti">Religions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Djibouti" title="Islam in Djibouti">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Djibouti" title="Christianity in Djibouti">Christianity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afar_people" title="Afar people">Afar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_nationals" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign nationals">Foreign nationals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Yemen" title="Demographics of Yemen">Yemeni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_France" title="Demographics of France">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Ethiopia" title="Demographics of Ethiopia">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Somalia" title="Demographics of Somalia">Somalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Sudan" title="Demographics of Sudan">Sudanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_India" title="Demographics of India">Indian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_groups_in_Kenya_(by_linguistic_origin)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Kenya" title="Template:Ethnic groups in Kenya"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_Kenya" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in Kenya"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Kenya" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups in Kenya"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_groups_in_Kenya_(by_linguistic_origin)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Kenya#Ethnic_groups" title="Demographics of Kenya">Ethnic groups in Kenya</a> (by linguistic origin)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agumba_people" title="Agumba people">Agumba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajuni_people" title="Bajuni people">Bajuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chonyi_people" title="Chonyi people">Chonyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digo_people" title="Digo people">Digo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embu_people" title="Embu people">Embu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giriama_people" title="Giriama people">Giriama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jibana_people" title="Jibana people">Jibana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamba_people" title="Kamba people">Kamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kikuyu_people" title="Kikuyu people">Kikuyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kisii_people" title="Kisii people">Kisii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuria_people" title="Kuria people">Kuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luhya_people" title="Luhya people">Luhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbeere_people" title="Mbeere people">Mbeere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meru_people" title="Meru people">Meru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mijikenda_peoples" title="Mijikenda peoples">Mijikenda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pokomo_people" title="Pokomo people">Pokomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suba_people_(Kenya)" title="Suba people (Kenya)">Suba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swahili_people" title="Swahili people">Swahili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taita_people" title="Taita people">Taita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taveta_people" title="Taveta people">Taveta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan_languages" title="Nilo-Saharan languages">Nilo-Saharan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ariaal_people" title="Ariaal people">Ariaal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ateker_peoples" title="Ateker peoples">Ateker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camus_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Camus people">Camus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalenjin_people" title="Kalenjin people">Kalenjin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samburu_people" title="Samburu people">Samburu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kore_people" title="Kore people">Kore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_people" title="Luo people">Luo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maasai_people" title="Maasai people">Maasai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okiek_people" title="Okiek people">Okiek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teso_people" title="Teso people">Teso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkana_people" title="Turkana people">Turkana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aweer_people" title="Aweer people">Aweer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borana_Oromo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Borana Oromo people">Borana Oromo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daasanach_people" title="Daasanach people">Daasanach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Molo_people" title="El Molo people">El Molo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabra_people" title="Gabra people">Gabra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orma_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Orma people">Orma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rendille_people" title="Rendille people">Rendille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalis_in_Kenya" title="Somalis in Kenya">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waata" title="Waata">Waata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaaku_people" title="Yaaku people">Yaaku</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_Asia" title="Languages of South Asia">Asian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Kenya" title="Chinese people in Kenya">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Kenya" title="Indians in Kenya">Indian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_people_in_Kenya" title="White people in Kenya">European</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.knbs.or.ke/censusethnic.php">Population and Housing Census - Ethnic Affiliation</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Demographics_of_Yemen" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Demographics_of_Yemen" title="Template:Demographics of Yemen"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Demographics_of_Yemen" title="Template talk:Demographics of Yemen"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Demographics_of_Yemen" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Demographics of Yemen"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Demographics_of_Yemen" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Yemen" title="Demographics of Yemen">Demographics of Yemen</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Yemen" title="Religion in Yemen">Religions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Yemen" title="Islam in Yemen">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunni_Islam_in_Yemen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sunni Islam in Yemen (page does not exist)">Sunni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Yemen" title="Shia Islam in Yemen">Shia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Yemen" title="Christianity in Yemen">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Yemen" title="Protestantism in Yemen">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in Yemen">Roman Catholicism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Yemen" title="Hinduism in Yemen">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Jews</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main ethnic groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yemenis" title="Yemenis">Arabs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hadharem" title="Hadharem">Hadharem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehri_people" title="Mehri people">Mehri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soqotri_people" title="Soqotri people">Soqotri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muhamash%C4%ABn" title="Al-Muhamashīn">Afro-Arabs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Yemen" title="Immigration to Yemen">Foreign nationals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Yemen" title="Turks in Yemen">Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistanis_in_Yemen" title="Pakistanis in Yemen">Pakistanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Yemen" title="Indians in Yemen">Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalis_in_Yemen" title="Somalis in Yemen">Somalis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/16px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/24px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/32px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Yemen" title="Portal:Yemen">Yemen portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q241696#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q241696#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q241696#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4055475-2">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb124831719">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb124831719">BnF data</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/034034900">IdRef</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Somali_people&oldid=1259307768">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Somali_people&oldid=1259307768</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" 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title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_semi-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_January_2020" title="Category:Use dmy dates from January 2020">Use dmy dates from January 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%22Related_ethnic_groups%22_needing_confirmation" title="Category:"Related ethnic groups" needing confirmation">"Related ethnic groups" needing confirmation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_using_infobox_ethnic_group_with_image_parameters" title="Category:Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters">Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Somali-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Somali-language text">Articles containing Somali-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div 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