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signs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Warning_signs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Control_of_bullying" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Control_of_bullying"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Control of bullying </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Control_of_bullying-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_bullying" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_bullying"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Types of bullying </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types_of_bullying-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Types of bullying subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Types_of_bullying-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Physical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Physical </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emotional" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emotional"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Emotional </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emotional-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verbal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Verbal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verbal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cyberbullying" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cyberbullying"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Cyberbullying </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cyberbullying-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sexual" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexual"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Sexual </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sexual-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bullying_in_higher_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bullying_in_higher_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Bullying in higher education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bullying_in_higher_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bullying_at_private_schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bullying_at_private_schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Bullying at private schools </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bullying_at_private_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Girl-on-girl_bullying" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Girl-on-girl_bullying"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Girl-on-girl bullying </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Girl-on-girl_bullying-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characteristics_of_bullies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics_of_bullies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Characteristics of bullies </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Characteristics_of_bullies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Characteristics of bullies subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Characteristics_of_bullies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Additional_information_about_bullying_in_school" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additional_information_about_bullying_in_school"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Additional information about bullying in school </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additional_information_about_bullying_in_school-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characteristics_of_victims" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics_of_victims"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Characteristics of victims </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Characteristics_of_victims-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Locations_and_contexts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Locations_and_contexts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Locations and contexts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Locations_and_contexts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Roles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Complex_cultural_dynamics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Complex_cultural_dynamics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Complex cultural dynamics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Complex_cultural_dynamics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Effects </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Effects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Effects subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Educational_quality_and_outcomes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Educational_quality_and_outcomes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.1 Educational quality and outcomes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Educational_quality_and_outcomes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_and_economic_costs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_and_economic_costs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.2 Social and economic costs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_and_economic_costs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Statistics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Statistics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Statistics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Victims" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Victims"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.1 Victims </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Victims-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bullies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bullies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.2 Bullies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bullies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-School_shootings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#School_shootings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.3 School shootings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-School_shootings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Institutional_prevention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Institutional_prevention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Institutional prevention </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Institutional_prevention-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Institutional prevention subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Institutional_prevention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Effective_national_responses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effective_national_responses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.1 Effective national responses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effective_national_responses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-bullying_legislation_and_court_rulings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-bullying_legislation_and_court_rulings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.2 Anti-bullying legislation and court rulings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-bullying_legislation_and_court_rulings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.2.1 United Kingdom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.2.2 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.2.3 Canada </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taiwan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taiwan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.2.4 Taiwan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taiwan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 20 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 21 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">School bullying</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" > 29 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%85%D8%B1_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="التنمر في المدارس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="التنمر في المدارس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acosu_escolar" title="Acosu escolar – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Acosu escolar" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harellerezh_skol" title="Harellerezh skol – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Harellerezh skol" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assetjament_escolar" title="Assetjament escolar – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Assetjament escolar" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0koln%C3%AD_%C5%A1ikana" title="Školní šikana – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Školní šikana" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skolemobning" title="Skolemobning – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Skolemobning" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobbing_in_der_Schule" title="Mobbing in der Schule – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mobbing in der Schule" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%87%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%B5%CE%BA%CF%86%CE%BF%CE%B2%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Σχολικός εκφοβισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σχολικός εκφοβισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoso_escolar" title="Acoso escolar – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Acoso escolar" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskola_jazarpen" title="Eskola jazarpen – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Eskola jazarpen" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%87" title="قلدری در مدرسه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قلدری در مدرسه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harc%C3%A8lement_scolaire" title="Harcèlement scolaire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Harcèlement scolaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoso_escolar" title="Acoso escolar – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Acoso escolar" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%BA%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%81%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A3" title="Դպրոցական բուլինգ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դպրոցական բուլինգ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perundungan_di_sekolah" title="Perundungan di sekolah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perundungan di sekolah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullismo_scolastico" title="Bullismo scolastico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bullismo scolastico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%91%D7%AA%D7%99_%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8" title="בריונות בבתי ספר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בריונות בבתי ספר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buli_di_sekolah" title="Buli di sekolah – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Buli di sekolah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%87%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%82" title="Сургууль орчмын дээрэлхэлт – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Сургууль орчмын дээрэлхэлт" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Przemoc_r%C3%B3wie%C5%9Bnicza" title="Przemoc rówieśnicza – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Przemoc rówieśnicza" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mujsharja_n%C3%AB_shkoll%C3%AB" title="Mujsharja në shkollë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Mujsharja në shkollë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_bullying" title="School bullying – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="School bullying" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koulukiusaaminen" title="Koulukiusaaminen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Koulukiusaaminen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="பள்ளிக் கொடுமைப்படுத்துதல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பள்ளிக் கொடுமைப்படுத்துதல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99" title="การกลั่นแกล้งในโรงเรียน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การกลั่นแกล้งในโรงเรียน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li 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free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Type of bullying in an educational setting</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about student-related bullying at school. For teacher-related bullying at school, see <a href="/wiki/Bullying_in_teaching" title="Bullying in teaching">Bullying in teaching</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bullying_on_Instituto_Regional_Federico_Err%C3%A1zuriz_(IRFE)_in_March_5,_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Bullying_on_Instituto_Regional_Federico_Err%C3%A1zuriz_%28IRFE%29_in_March_5%2C_2007.jpg/220px-Bullying_on_Instituto_Regional_Federico_Err%C3%A1zuriz_%28IRFE%29_in_March_5%2C_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Bullying_on_Instituto_Regional_Federico_Err%C3%A1zuriz_%28IRFE%29_in_March_5%2C_2007.jpg/330px-Bullying_on_Instituto_Regional_Federico_Err%C3%A1zuriz_%28IRFE%29_in_March_5%2C_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Bullying_on_Instituto_Regional_Federico_Err%C3%A1zuriz_%28IRFE%29_in_March_5%2C_2007.jpg/440px-Bullying_on_Instituto_Regional_Federico_Err%C3%A1zuriz_%28IRFE%29_in_March_5%2C_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Bullying, one form of which is depicted in this staged photograph, is detrimental to students' well-being and development.<a href="#cite_note-nces-2005-310-1">[1]</a></figcaption></figure> School bullying, like <a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">bullying</a> outside the school context, refers to one or more perpetrators who have greater physical strength or more social power than their victim and who repeatedly act aggressively toward their victim.<a href="#cite_note-Nansel_2001-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nansel_2004-3">[3]</a> Bullying can be verbal or physical.<a href="#cite_note-Nansel_2001-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nansel_2004-3">[3]</a> Bullying, with its ongoing character, is distinct from one-off types of peer conflict.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Different types of school bullying include ongoing physical, emotional, and/or verbal aggression. <a href="/wiki/Cyberbullying" title="Cyberbullying">Cyberbullying</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_bullying" title="Sexual bullying">sexual bullying</a> are also types of bullying. Bullying even exists in higher education. There are warning signs that suggest that a child is being bullied, a child is acting as a bully, or a child has witnessed bullying at school.<a href="#cite_note-the_United_States_2013-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Victimology-6">[6]</a> The cost of <a href="/wiki/School_violence" title="School violence">school violence</a> is significant across many nations but there are educational leaders who have had success in reducing school bullying by implementing certain strategies. Some strategies used to reduce or prevent school bullying include educating the students about bullying, restricting of recording devices in the classroom, employing security technology, and hiring school safety officers. How schools respond to bullying, however, varies widely. Effects on the victims of school bullying include feelings of depression, anxiety, anger, stress, helplessness, and reduced school performance<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-8">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/Empirical_research" title="Empirical research">Empirical research</a> by <a href="/wiki/Sameer_Hinduja" title="Sameer Hinduja">Sameer Hinduja</a> and Justin Patchin involving a national sample of US youth have found that some victims of school bullying have attempted to commit suicide.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> This behavior is not a one-off episode; it must be repetitive and habitual to be considered bullying.<a href="#cite_note-Nansel_2001-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nansel_2004-3">[3]</a> Students who are <a href="/wiki/LGBT" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT">LGBTQIA+</a>, have parents of lower <a href="/wiki/Educational_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Educational level">educational levels</a>, are thought to be provocative, are perceived to be <a href="/wiki/Social_vulnerability" title="Social vulnerability">vulnerable</a>, or are atypical or considered outsiders are at higher risk of being victimized by bullies.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Baron (1977) defined such "aggressive behaviour as behaviour that is directed towards the goal of harming or injuring another living being who is motivated to avoid such treatment".<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Historically, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hughes" title="Thomas Hughes">Thomas Hughes</a>'s 1857 novel <a href="/wiki/Tom_Brown%27s_School_Days" title="Tom Brown's School Days">Tom Brown's School Days</a> details intensive school bullying, but the first major scholarly journal article to address school bullying appears to have been written in 1897.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Research in school bullying has dramatically expanded over time, rising from 62 citations in the 90 years between 1900 and 1990, to 562 in the 4 years between 2000 and 2004.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Since 2004, research on school bullying has mushroomed. A 2022 South Korean TV series <a href="/wiki/The_Glory_(TV_series)#Spotlighting_school_bullying" title="The Glory (TV series)">The Glory</a> drew renewed attention to the phenomenon.<a href="#cite_note-:7-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-18">[18]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criteria">Criteria</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=School_bullying&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Criteria">edit</a>]</div> Bullying is a subcategory of <a href="/wiki/Aggressive_behavior" class="mw-redirect" title="Aggressive behavior">aggressive behavior</a> that is characterised by hostile intent (the harm caused is deliberate), imbalance of power (real or perceived power inequality between bully and victim), and repetition over a period of time.<a href="#cite_note-Burger_2015-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Goldsmid_and_Howie-21">[21]</a> More ordinary types of student-student conflicts, which are sometimes part of everyday school life, are not associated with an imbalance of power. In contrast to more ordinary conflicts, school bullying can severely harm victimized students.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Burger-2022-school-bullying-is-not-a-conflict.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Burger-2022-school-bullying-is-not-a-conflict.png/450px-Burger-2022-school-bullying-is-not-a-conflict.png" decoding="async" width="450" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Burger-2022-school-bullying-is-not-a-conflict.png/675px-Burger-2022-school-bullying-is-not-a-conflict.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Burger-2022-school-bullying-is-not-a-conflict.png/900px-Burger-2022-school-bullying-is-not-a-conflict.png 2x" data-file-width="7336" data-file-height="3121" /></a><figcaption>Difference between normal peer conflicts and bullying victimization and implications for teachers<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Power_imbalance">Power imbalance</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=School_bullying&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Power imbalance">edit</a>]</div> By definition, bullying involves an imbalance of <a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">power</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> A bully has power over another student because of factors such as size, gender, age, standing among peers, and/or assistance by other students.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Among boys, bullying tends to involve differences in strength; among girls bullying is more focused on differences in physical appearance, emotional life, and/or academic status.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-27">[27]</a> Some bullies target peers with <a href="/wiki/Physical_impairment" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical impairment">physical impairments</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Speech_impediment" class="mw-redirect" title="Speech impediment">speech impediments</a> (e.g., stuttering). Many stutterers experience some degree of <a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">bullying</a>, harassment, or ridicule from peers and, sometimes, teachers.<a href="#cite_note-fn_11-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Warning_signs">Warning signs</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=School_bullying&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Warning signs">edit</a>]</div> Signs that a child is being bullied may include: <ul><li>Unexplainable injuries,</li> <li>Symptoms of <a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">anxiety</a> and <a href="/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-traumatic stress">post-traumatic stress</a>,</li> <li>Lost or destroyed clothing or other objects,</li> <li>Changes in eating habits,</li> <li>Declining grades,</li> <li>Continual school absences,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-harm" title="Self-harm">Self-harm</a>,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicidal_ideation" title="Suicidal ideation">Suicidal ideations</a>, and</li> <li>Becoming overly apologetic.<a href="#cite_note-the_United_States_2013-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Victimology-6">[6]</a></li></ul> Signs that a child is bullying others may include: <ul><li>Getting into physical or verbal fights,</li> <li>Getting sent to the principal's office frequently</li> <li>Having friends who bully others, and being problematic</li> <li>Becoming increasingly aggressive in normal activities.<a href="#cite_note-the_United_States_2013-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Victimology-6">[6]</a></li></ul> Signs that a child has witnessed bullying include: <ul><li>Poor school behavior,</li> <li>Emotional disturbance,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depression_in_childhood_and_adolescence" title="Depression in childhood and adolescence">Depression</a>,</li> <li>Post-traumatic stress,</li> <li>Drug and alcohol abuse, and</li> <li>Suicidal ideation.<a href="#cite_note-the_United_States_2013-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Victimology-6">[6]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Control_of_bullying">Control of bullying</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=School_bullying&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Control of bullying">edit</a>]</div> There are two main methods employed in controlling bullying: Prevention (acting before something happens) or reaction (acting when something is happening or has just happened). Preventative solutions may include: <ul><li>Education: The education of students, parents, and teachers as to what constitutes bullying may help people understand the harmful nature of bullying. Teachers, school bus drivers, and other school professionals are taught how and when to intervene.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Examples of activities used to teach students about bullying include: presentations, <a href="/wiki/Role-play" class="mw-redirect" title="Role-play">role-play</a>, discussions about identifying and reporting bullying, teaching bystanders how and when to help, use of arts and crafts to build understanding of the effects of bullying, and classroom meetings to talk about peer relations.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> A systematic review found that bullying is an indicator for later criminal behaviour, regardless of other major childhood risk factors, suggesting that anti-bullying programmes may be viewed as a form of early crime prevention.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></li> <li>Restrictions on recording devices: It has been suggested that the use of mobile phones can lead to an increase in cyberbullying, which is why some schools have banned them throughout the school day.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></li> <li>Security technologies: Schools may opt to install video cameras to monitor behaviour. However, skeptics argue that cameras may invade the students' privacy, especially if lax restrictions on the longevity of, and access to, the recordings leads to their misuse.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></li> <li>Guards in the school: Schools may choose to employ internal security guards or watchmen<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> to ensure the students' safety. Experts believe that the use of security guards inside the schools may assist in reducing incidents of bullying as the guards get to know the students and who may then be able to predict and prevent issues before they arise.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></li></ul> The recommended reactions to cases of bullying are manifold, and various methods may be called for, depending on the type of bullying, and the people who are involved.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Some suggestions for appropriate reaction are: <ul><li>Avoid rigid confrontations: It is recommended that bullies not be met with physical violence, to avoid contributing to promoting the apparition of violent environments in society.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></li> <li>Reports of the witnesses: Witnesses, whether known to the victim or not, are an important source of information in cases of bullying. It is recommended that anonymity be maintained where possible.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></li> <li>Intervention by a bystander: It is recommended that bystanders, and other third persons, avoid intervening in a conflict situation, due to their potential to aggravate the situation.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></li> <li>Parental response: Experts advise that involved parents avoid talking directly to each other. Instead it is recommended to contact the school and allow the appropriate school personnel to take action, assume responsibility, and act as a mediator.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></li> <li>Teacher response: Teacher interventions are considered important in many anti-bullying programs. In many countries teachers have a legal obligation to prevent their students from harm. Teachers can intervene by using authority-based interventions, by using non-punitive approaches to bullying, by supporting victims, and by involving other teachers or professionals.<a href="#cite_note-Burger_2015-19">[19]</a> Some other teacher interventions have been found to be helpful in reducing bullying. These interventions include clearly pointing out boundaries, making it clear that the behavior exhibited is not acceptable, and involving school principals. Discussing school bullying and the associated negative consequences with the entire class has also been found to be helpful in reducing bullying.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></li> <li>Suspension and Expulsion: Where no other solution for bullying is working, or in cases where the bullying is very severe, it may be necessary to suspend or expel the offender.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Severe measures such as detention, expulsion, and suspension could however also have iatrogenic effects and increase aggression.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></li> <li>Moving: In cases that are more difficult to solve, the victim may consider a change of institution or even moving with his or her family to another location.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a></li> <li>Psychosocial support: After the bullying ends, victims of bullying may require support, such as help with making new friends and/or taking up new activities.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_bullying">Types of bullying</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=School_bullying&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Types of bullying">edit</a>]</div> There are a number of ways in which school bullying takes place. These include verbal, physical, psychological, cyber, and sexual bullying. Direct bullying refers to an open physical or verbal attack on a victim.<a href="#cite_note-Hirsch,_L._2012-47">[47]</a> Indirect bullying is more subtle and harder to detect, but involves one or more forms of relational aggression, including <a href="/wiki/Isolation_to_facilitate_abuse" title="Isolation to facilitate abuse">social isolation</a> via intentional exclusion, spreading rumors to defame the target's character or reputation, making faces or obscene gestures behind the target's back, and manipulating friendships or other relationships.<a href="#cite_note-Hirsch,_L._2012-47">[47]</a> Pack bullying is bullying undertaken by a group. There is evidence that pack bullying was more common in high schools than in lower grades and lasts longer than bullying undertaken by individuals.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rebecca1917version.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Rebecca1917version.jpg/250px-Rebecca1917version.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Rebecca1917version.jpg/375px-Rebecca1917version.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Rebecca1917version.jpg 2x" data-file-width="468" data-file-height="355" /></a><figcaption>A female bully, portrayed in the 1917 silent film <a href="/wiki/Rebecca_of_Sunnybrook_Farm_(1917_film)" title="Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm (1917 film)">Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical">Physical</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=School_bullying&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Physical">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Physical_abuse" title="Physical abuse">Physical abuse</a></div> Physical bullying is any unwanted physical contact between the bully and the victim. This is one of the most easily identifiable forms of bullying. Examples include:<a href="#cite_note-stopbullyingnow.hrsa.gov-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bolton-50">[50]</a> fighting, <a href="/wiki/Hazing" title="Hazing">hazing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Headlock" class="mw-redirect" title="Headlock">headlocks</a>, inappropriate touching, kicking, pinching, poking, hair pulling, punching, pushing, slapping, spitting, stalking, or making unwanted and persistent eye contact with a victim, spilling liquids onto a victim, throwing small and lightweight objects at a victim, <a href="/wiki/Teasing" title="Teasing">teasing</a>, threatening, <a href="/wiki/Tickling" title="Tickling">tickling</a>, using weapons including improvised ones, theft and/or damaging of personal belongings. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emotional">Emotional</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=School_bullying&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Emotional">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Psychological_abuse" title="Psychological abuse">Psychological abuse</a></div> Emotional bullying is any form of bullying that causes damage to a victim's <a href="/wiki/Psyche_(psychology)" title="Psyche (psychology)">psyche</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Emotional_well-being" class="mw-redirect" title="Emotional well-being">emotional well-being</a>. Examples include:<a href="#cite_note-stopbullyingnow.hrsa.gov-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bolton-50">[50]</a> spreading malicious <a href="/wiki/Rumor" title="Rumor">rumors</a> about people, "ganging up" on others (this could also be considered physical bullying), ignoring people (e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Silent_treatment" title="Silent treatment">silent treatment</a> or pretending the victim is non-existent), provoking others, belittling or saying hurtful things (which are also forms of verbal bullying).<a href="#cite_note-belittling-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbal">Verbal</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=School_bullying&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Verbal">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Verbal_abuse" title="Verbal abuse">Verbal abuse</a></div> Verbal bullying are slanderous statements or accusations that cause the victim undue emotional distress. Examples include:<a href="#cite_note-Bolton-50">[50]</a> foul language or (<a href="/wiki/Profanity" title="Profanity">profanity</a>) directed at the victim; using <a href="/wiki/Derogatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Derogatory">derogatory</a> terms or deriding the person's name; commenting negatively on someone's looks, clothes, body, etc., (<a href="/wiki/Personal_abuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal abuse">personal abuse</a>); <a href="/wiki/Suffering" title="Suffering">tormenting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harassment" title="Harassment">harassing</a>, mocking and belittling,<a href="#cite_note-belittling-51">[51]</a> threatening to cause harm,<a href="#cite_note-stopbullying.gov-52">[52]</a> taunting,<a href="#cite_note-stopbullying.gov-52">[52]</a> teasing,<a href="#cite_note-stopbullying.gov-52">[52]</a> and making inappropriate sexual comments.<a href="#cite_note-stopbullying.gov-52">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cyberbullying">Cyberbullying</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=School_bullying&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Cyberbullying">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cyberbullying" title="Cyberbullying">Cyberbullying</a></div> Coupled with the increasing use of computers and the internet, the use of such technology and social media has moved some bullying from the schoolyard to the internet.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> According to the website Stop Cyberbullying, schools experience difficulties in controlling off-campus bullying due to the perception that their role stops at the gates of the schoolyard. Schools are under pressure to not exceed their authority and to avoid violating students' right to free speech.<a href="#cite_note-Stop_Cyberbullying-54">[54]</a> Suggestions have been made that principals act to include cyberbullying in their code of ethics, allowing disciplining of bullying outside of school facilities and according to Professor Bernard James, "the timidity of educators in this context of emerging technology is working in the advantage of the bullies."<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Educators do appear to have support from the students. For example, three high school students from <a href="/wiki/Melville,_New_York" title="Melville, New York">Melville, New York</a>, organized a Bullying Awareness Walk, where several hundred people turned out to show their support.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Researcher Charisse Nixon found that students do not reach out for help with cyberbullying for four main reasons: <ul><li>They do not feel connected to the adults around them</li> <li>The students do not see cyberbullying as an issue that is worth bringing forward</li> <li>They do not feel the surrounding adults have the ability to properly deal with the cyberbullying</li> <li>The teenagers have increased feelings of shame and humiliation regarding the cyberbullying.<a href="#cite_note-Adolescent_Health_2014-57">[57]</a></li></ul> Research suggests that cyberbullying is sometimes an extension of bullying already taking place elsewhere. <a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Students who are cyberbullied have, in many cases, also been bullied in other ways before (e.g., physically or verbally at school). There are few students who are bullied exclusively over the Internet. Some cyber victims are physically stronger than cyber bullies, which leads these bullies to prefer online confrontations to face-to-face contact.<a href="#cite_note-Burger-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sexual">Sexual</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=School_bullying&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sexual">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sexual_bullying" title="Sexual bullying">Sexual bullying</a></div> Sexual bullying is "any bullying behaviour, whether physical or non-physical, that is based on a person's sexuality or gender."<a href="#cite_note-NSPCC02-60">[60]</a> A <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> <a href="/wiki/Panorama_(TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Panorama (TV series)">Panorama</a> questionnaire aimed at English teens aged 11 to 19 found that, of the 273 respondents, 28 had been forced to do something sexual, 31 had seen it happen to someone else, and 40 had experienced unwanted touching.<a href="#cite_note-BBC01-61">[61]</a> U.K. government figures show that in the 2007–2008 school year, there were 3,450 fixed-period exclusions and 120 expulsions from schools in England due to sexual misconduct.<a href="#cite_note-DCSF01-62">[62]</a> This included incidents such as <a href="/wiki/Groping" title="Groping">groping</a> and using sexually insulting language. From April 2008 to March 2009, <a href="/wiki/ChildLine" class="mw-redirect" title="ChildLine">ChildLine</a> counselled a total of 156,729 children, 26,134 of whom spoke about bullying as a main concern and 300 of whom spoke specifically about sexual bullying.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sexting" title="Sexting">Sexting</a> cases are also on the rise and have become a major source of bullying and the circulation of explicit photos of those involved, either around school or on the internet, put the originators in a position to be scorned and bullied.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bullying_in_higher_education">Bullying in higher education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=School_bullying&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Bullying in higher education">edit</a>]</div> About 15 percent[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (geographic names)">where?</a>] of college students claim to have been victims of bullying.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> The misconception that bullying does not occur in higher education began to receive attention after the suicide of college student <a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Tyler_Clementi" title="Suicide of Tyler Clementi">Tyler Clementi</a>. According to a recent study, around 21.5% of college students reported rarely being victims of cyberbullying while around 93.3% of students said they rarely bullied others.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bullying_at_private_schools">Bullying at private schools</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=School_bullying&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bullying at private schools">edit</a>]</div> A 2020 report in the United Kingdom based on data from the Twins Early Development Study, a sample of twins born between 1994 and 1996 found that private school students were fifteen percent more likely to experience bullying during secondary school (ages eleven through sixteen). <a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Some of the British boarding schools have become known for bullying as described in a 2019 article in the Guardian <a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> as places where students were sent as young as six and the founders of the school thought emotional hardship made students tough when in fact it caused damage known as “boarding school syndrome”.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> The writer meets with his bully in their thirties who apologizes and explains that the bully was also being sexually abused by teachers and senior boys and he took it out on younger students. The political leaders in Britain inevitably came from these schools before they went to Oxford or Cambridge and two Guardian writers attribute issues with British society to these early experiences. The 2021 USA Today article "Bullying in Private Schools" <a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> states that it is hard to say whether private or public schools have worse bullying issues in the United States. A bullying expert Dewey Cornell states in the article, "“In practice, bullying occurs everywhere, and it is a question of whether school authorities recognize the problem and make a concerted effort to respond to it or ignore it.” In the U.S. independent (private) schools, the administration has the parents as their main customer as opposed to the public schools that serve the larger society, as Paul Tough illustrates in the 2011 New York Times Magazine article “What if failure is the key to success?” <a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> The private schools also have more autonomy on deciding how to handle bullying where public schools in most states are governed by state law that regulate responses including investigation and require efforts to stop the spread, according to a 2023 New York Times article, “After student’s suicide, elite school says it fell ’tragically short.’ <a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> The article describes the $76,000-year boarding school Lawrenceville in New Jersey where 17-year-old Jack Reid killed himself after a persistent false rumor was spread that he was a rapist and the school failed in their duty of care to him both to correct the rumor and to be available to him the night he killed himself. This is a rare admission of guilt <a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> following a settlement with Reid’s family. <a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Latin_School_of_Chicago" title="Latin School of Chicago">Latin School of Chicago</a> in 2022 had to create new anti-bullying plans after a 15-year-old committed suicide. <a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> The students family filed a lawsuit against the school stating that the school ignored the bullying harm done to their son. <a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> This is the same private school that in 2020 along with many other schools nationwide had alumni accuse the school of racist bullying during their time at the school through an Instagram page Latin Survivors.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> <a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Another difference with private schools in the U.S. is that overall they do not have to follow the First Amendment or its hate speech provisions although some states have different laws. <a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> <a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Girl-on-girl_bullying">Girl-on-girl bullying</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=School_bullying&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Girl-on-girl bullying">edit</a>]</div> In 2002, “Odd Girl Out: The Hidden Aggression in Girls” by Rachel Simmons <a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> broke ground in addressing girl-on-girl bullying where girls fight with “body language and relationships instead of fists and knives.” She described a culture, most prevalent between ages 10 and 14, where friendship become weapons and girls turn on each other causing great harm to the target. Simmons research was tailored mostly to white, affluent girls and their alternative aggressions. This covert aggression is often hard for educators to identify and often was attributed to lack of social skills by the target. There was a code of silence around it for girls who if bullied were deeply humiliated and tended to blame themselves. Simmons argues that the cultural of femininity doesn’t allow for girls to have open conflict the way boys do. She also looked at how bullying could infect close female friendships and become emotional abuse. The 2004 Mean Girls film<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> was based on another seminal 2002 work by Rosalind Wiseman, “Queen Bees and Wannabe: Helping Your Daughter Survive Cliques, Gossip, Boyfriends, and the New Realities of Girl World.” <a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> <a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> This book delves more into all-girls cliques in adolescence as a guide for parents. She and Simmons emphasize that the damage done by adolescent bullying can last into adulthood and have long-term consequences. Wiseman describes a school reality where often the adults don’t get it.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Wiseman divides adolescent cliques into types including the Queen Bee (who wields power over the clique and school), the Sidekick (number two who backs up the Queen Bee), Floaters (don’t belong to one group), Torn bystanders (often too scared to intervene) and Targets (victim of bullying).<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> As the damage of bullying in adolescence gets understood more than it was in the early aughts, many now understand bullying causes long-term chronic damage. There’s also attention on how mothers can replicate the same roles and keep bullying cyclical. In the 2009 piece "Examining the Invisibility of Girl-to-girl Bullying in Schools: A Call to Action,”<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> Susan SooHoo, professor of education at Chapman University, describes how often girl-to-girl bullying can be ignored by teachers. She describes "dehumanizing rituals and practices, passed on from mother to daughter" and how the "othering" bullying by females can continue into adulthood. She defines girl-to-girl bullying as psychological warfare that uses, among other things, exclusion and relational aggression in a form of abuse intended to cause harm. At independent and boarding all-girls schools, alumnae can also support girl-on-girl bullying. Miss Porter's school in Farmington, Connecticut was infamous when there was a "mean girls lawsuit" covered in Vanity Fair and one key aspect is that alumnae moms would encourage the bullying on campus by a sanctioned group of older girls.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> The Mean Girls film was also planned to be made into a sequel around 2015 called Mean Moms that would have starred Jennifer Aniston but is on hiatus.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics_of_bullies">Characteristics of bullies</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=School_bullying&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Characteristics of bullies">edit</a>]</div> Several main categories of bullying have been identified. Coloroso noted that some bullies need to feel superior to others (the "confident bully"). Bullies with low self-esteem often try to bring others down (the "social bully"). Other bullies appear tough but are cowardly; they tend to want to be seen as tough (the "fully armored bully").<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Other factors associated with being a bully is lower school performance and higher self-esteem.<a href="#cite_note-Burger-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Additional_information_about_bullying_in_school">Additional information about bullying in school</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=School_bullying&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Additional information about bullying in school">edit</a>]</div> Bullying victims display a variety of defining characteristics, including emotional and physical behaviors. Increased susceptibility stands out as one prominent feature. Bullying frequently targets those who, for various reasons, may believe they are defenseless, different, or weak. Being introverted and feeling alone, they just avoid social situations at all costs. Because of this vulnerability, victims of bullying are more likely to experience anxiety, fear, and low self-esteem.<a href="#cite_note-:1-8">[8]</a> In an effort to deal with the stress brought on by bullying, victims could isolate themselves, withdraw socially, or have a hard time forming relationships. The worsening of mental health is another trait of bullied individuals. A variety of emotional problems, including sadness, anxiety, and even post-traumatic stress disorder, can result from persistent teasing and bullying. They are lonely and easily distracted especially in school. The stress and distraction brought on by bullying may also cause victims to do worse academically.<a href="#cite_note-:1-8">[8]</a> The serious effects of bullying on a person's mental health are highlighted by the fact that some victims may turn to self-harm or even consider suicide as a means of escaping the suffering. In conclusion, understanding the characteristics of bullying victims is essential for the prevention and intervention of bullying. By recognizing and addressing these traits, educators, parents, and society as a whole can work together to create a safer and more supportive environment for all individuals, reducing the prevalence and impact of bullying. Empowering victims, fostering empathy, and implementing anti-bullying programs are steps in the right direction to combat this pervasive issue.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics_of_victims">Characteristics of victims</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=School_bullying&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Characteristics of victims">edit</a>]</div> Victims of bullying tend to be physically smaller, more sensitive, unhappy, cautious, anxious, quiet, and withdrawn.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> They are sometimes characterized as <a href="/wiki/Passivity_(behavior)" class="mw-redirect" title="Passivity (behavior)">passive</a> or submissive and might use <a href="/wiki/Self-deprecating" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-deprecating">self-deprecating</a> or self-defeating humor styles.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Possessing these qualities makes these individuals vulnerable, as they are seen as being less likely to retaliate.<a href="#cite_note-Nelson_&_Lambert_2001-96">[96]</a> Another risk factor for becoming a victim is low self-esteem; however, low self-esteem can also be a consequence of having been bullied.<a href="#cite_note-Burger-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Victims of cyberbullying, on the other hand, may not have lower scores than uninvolved students but might have higher body-related self-esteem than both victims of traditional bullying and bullies.<a href="#cite_note-Burger-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Locations_and_contexts">Locations and contexts</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=School_bullying&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Locations and contexts">edit</a>]</div> Bullying locations vary. Most bullying in elementary school happens on the playground. In middle school and high school, it occurs most often in hallways, which have little supervision. According to the <a href="/wiki/US_Department_of_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="US Department of Education">U.S Department of Education</a>'s <a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Education_Statistics" title="National Center for Education Statistics">National Center for Education Statistics</a>, more than 47% of victims report being bullied in hallways and stairways.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Bus stops and bus rides to and from school can also be sites of bullying; children tend to view the driver as someone with no disciplinary authority.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Roles">Roles</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=School_bullying&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Roles">edit</a>]</div> McNamee and Mercurio state that there is a "bullying triangle," consisting of the person doing the bullying, the victim, and the bystander.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Conversely, the <a href="/wiki/US_Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="US Department of Health and Human Services">US Department of Health and Human Services</a> divides the participants into 7 actors, consisting of the initial "triangle" plus those who assist, those who reinforce the actions of the bully, those who aren't involved but witness the bullying ("outsiders"), and those who come to the assistance of the victim after the fact ("defenders").<a href="#cite_note-the_United_States_2013-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Complex_cultural_dynamics">Complex cultural dynamics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=School_bullying&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Complex cultural dynamics">edit</a>]</div> School bullying might not end with interaction between students; other dynamics may be visible within a school. Students may bully each other or others (teachers, staff, parents), but the students may also experience bullying from teachers or staff. These dynamics may also be in play between staff and teachers, parents and teachers, or any other combination thereof.<a href="#cite_note-Parsons-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects">Effects</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=School_bullying&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Effects">edit</a>]</div> As a result of bullying, victims may feel <a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">depressed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">anxious</a>, angry, stressed, helpless, out of control, and may experience a significant drop in school performance, or, in rare cases, commit <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bullycide" class="mw-redirect" title="Bullycide">bullycide</a>).<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> They tend to feel more lonely and have difficulties adjusting to school. Over the long term, they may feel <a href="/wiki/Emotional_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Emotional security">insecure</a>, lack <a href="/wiki/Trust_(social_sciences)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trust (social sciences)">trust</a>, exhibit extreme sensitivity or <a href="/wiki/Hypervigilance" title="Hypervigilance">hypervigilance</a>, develop mental illnesses such as <a href="/wiki/Avoidant_personality_disorder" title="Avoidant personality disorder">avoidant personality disorder</a> or <a href="/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder" title="Post-traumatic stress disorder">post-traumatic stress disorder</a> (PTSD), or develop other health challenges.<a href="#cite_note-Burger-59">[59]</a> Victims of bullying may also desire <a href="/wiki/Revenge" title="Revenge">revenge</a>, sometimes leading them to torment others in return<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> or retaliate against their bullies with force.<a href="#cite_note-Healy_2023-108">[108]</a> A notable example of the latter was in 2011, when an Australian teenager named Casey Heynes became a <a href="/wiki/Viral_sensation" class="mw-redirect" title="Viral sensation">viral sensation</a> after throwing to the ground a bully who was punching him, which prompted both widespread public support for Heynes<a href="#cite_note-Klein_2011-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-McKinnon_2011-110">[110]</a> and the concern of some experts.<a href="#cite_note-CBS_News_2011-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-Australian_Human_Rights_Commission_2011-112">[112]</a> Anxiety, depression, and psychosomatic symptoms are common among both bullies and their victims.<a href="#cite_note-:1-8">[8]</a> Alcohol and substance abuse are at risk for developing later in life.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> People suffering from depression often feel better when they talk to others about their lives; victims of bullying, however, may be reluctant to talk to others about their feelings because they fear being bullied for doing so, which can, in turn, worsen their depression.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> According to Mental Health America, more than 10% of young people exhibit symptoms of depression strong enough to severely undermine their ability to function at school, at home, or whilst managing relationships.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> In the short term, bystanders who witnesses bullying may experience anger, fear, guilt, and sadness. If they are witness to regular episodes of bullying, they may begin to exhibit the same symptoms as the victims themselves.<a href="#cite_note-Hirsch,_L._2012-47">[47]</a> While most bullies, in the long term, grow up to be emotionally functional adults, many have an increased risk of developing <a href="/wiki/Antisocial_personality_disorder" title="Antisocial personality disorder">antisocial personality disorder</a>, which is linked to an increased risk of committing criminal acts (including <a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">domestic violence</a>).<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> Bullies have been shown to have higher levels of loneliness and lower levels of adjustment to school.<a href="#cite_note-Burger-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Educational_quality_and_outcomes">Educational quality and outcomes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=School_bullying&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Educational quality and outcomes">edit</a>]</div> The educational effects on victims of school violence and bullying are significant. Violence and bullying at the hands of students may make the victims afraid to go to school and interfere with their ability to concentrate in class or participate in school activities.<a href="#cite_note-:02-117">[117]</a> It can also have similar effects on bystanders. Bullied students may miss classes, avoid school activities, skip school, or drop out of school altogether. Bullied students may also have lower grades, greater academic difficulties, and be less likely to anticipate going on to higher education.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-8">[8]</a> International analyses highlight the impact of bullying on learning outcomes, showing that bullying is related to lower achievement.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-:02-117">[117]</a> Further, unsafe learning environments create a climate of fear and insecurity and a perception that teachers do not have control or do not care about the students, which reduces the quality of education for all.<a href="#cite_note-:02-117">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_and_economic_costs">Social and economic costs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=School_bullying&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Social and economic costs">edit</a>]</div> The 2006 UN World Report on Violence Against Children shows that victims of corporal punishment, both at school and at home, may develop into adults who are passive and over-cautious or aggressive. Being bullied is also linked to a heightened risk of <a href="/wiki/Eating_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Eating disorders">eating disorders</a> and social and relationship difficulties.<a href="#cite_note-:02-117">[117]</a> A 1958 study of children born in England, Scotland, and Wales looked at 7,771 children who had been bullied at ages 7 and 11 and found that by age 50, those who had been bullied as children were less likely to have obtained school qualifications and were less likely to live with a spouse or partner or to have adequate social support. These victims also scored lower in tests designed to measure cognitive IQ and were more likely to report that they had poor health.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> The economic impact of violence against children and adolescents is substantial.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> Youth violence in Brazil alone is estimated to cost nearly US$19 billion every year, of which US$943 million can be linked to violence in schools, while the estimated cost to the economy in the USA is US$7.9 billion a year.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-:02-117">[117]</a> Studies show that school-related gender-based violence alone can be associated with the loss of one primary grade of schooling, which translates to an annual cost of around US$17 billion to low- and middle-income countries.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-:02-117">[117]</a> In Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, and Nigeria it is estimated that US$974 million, US$301 million, and US$1,662 million respectively are lost due to failures in the equal education of girls and boys, with violence in school listed as one of the key factors contributing to the under-representation of girls in education.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-:02-117">[117]</a> In Argentina, the cost of early dropping out is estimated to be 11.4% of GDP, and in Egypt, nearly 7% of potential earnings is lost as a result of the number of children dropping out of school.<a href="#cite_note-:02-117">[117]</a> It is not clear how much of these preceding losses may be attributable to school bullying. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Statistics">Statistics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=School_bullying&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Statistics">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Percentage_of_boys_and_girls_who_experienced_bullying_in_the_past_12_months.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Percentage_of_boys_and_girls_who_experienced_bullying_in_the_past_12_months.svg/220px-Percentage_of_boys_and_girls_who_experienced_bullying_in_the_past_12_months.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Percentage_of_boys_and_girls_who_experienced_bullying_in_the_past_12_months.svg/330px-Percentage_of_boys_and_girls_who_experienced_bullying_in_the_past_12_months.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Percentage_of_boys_and_girls_who_experienced_bullying_in_the_past_12_months.svg/440px-Percentage_of_boys_and_girls_who_experienced_bullying_in_the_past_12_months.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="658" data-file-height="798" /></a><figcaption>Percentage of boys and girls who experienced bullying in the past 12 months</figcaption></figure> According to the <a href="/wiki/American_Psychological_Association" title="American Psychological Association">American Psychological Association</a>, "40% to 80% of school-age children experience bullying at some point during their school careers."<a href="#cite_note-apa.org-126">[126]</a> Various studies show that students from <a href="/wiki/Socioeconomic_status" title="Socioeconomic status">lower socioeconomic backgrounds</a> and students with disabilities experience bullying more often than other students.<a href="#cite_note-victimization-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Victims">Victims</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=School_bullying&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Victims">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Statistics show that in the U.S. school system 1 in 3 children are affected by bullying in their lifetime, and 30% report being involved in some manner.<a href="#cite_note-Sign_In-129">[129]</a></li> <li>In a 1997 study of five <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a> high schools, students recorded their peers' hallway and classroom conversations. It was discovered that the average high school student hears about 25 anti-gay remarks a day.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a></li> <li>U.S. students who are <a href="/wiki/Homosexual" class="mw-redirect" title="Homosexual">homosexual</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bisexual" class="mw-redirect" title="Bisexual">bisexual</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Transgendered" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgendered">transgender</a> are five times as likely to miss school because they feel unsafe after being bullied due to their sexual orientation or gender identity.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a></li> <li>According to the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a>, the percentage of gay, lesbian, and bisexual students who did not go to school at least one day during the 30 days preceding the survey, due to safety concerns, ranged from 11% to 30% for gay and lesbian students and 12% to 25% for bisexual students.<a href="#cite_note-LGBT_Youth-132">[132]</a></li> <li>61.1% of LGBTQIA+ middle- or high-school students were more likely than their non-LGBTQIA+ peers to feel unsafe or uncomfortable as a result of their sexual orientation.<a href="#cite_note-LGBT_Youth-132">[132]</a></li> <li>In the United States, a 2013 nationwide survey indicated that 20% of high school students were bullied on school property in the past year, 15% of the students were bullied electronically, and 8% of students ages 12–18 reported ongoing bullying on a weekly basis.<a href="#cite_note-cdc_bullying_factsheet-133">[133]</a></li> <li>According to the journal of Evolutionary Psychological Science, victims of bullying are more likely to be sexually inactive compared to bullies.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a></li> <li>In a Canadian study that surveyed 2,186 students across 33 middle and high schools, 49.5% reported being bullied online in the previous three months. 33.7% of the sample reported being the perpetrator of <a href="/wiki/Cyberbullying" title="Cyberbullying">cyberbullying</a>.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a></li> <li>At least 1 in 3 adolescent students in Canada has reported being bullied.<a href="#cite_note-cihr-irsc.gc.ca-136">[136]</a></li> <li>47% of Canadian parents report having a child who is a victim of bullying.<a href="#cite_note-cihr-irsc.gc.ca-136">[136]</a></li> <li>The most common form of cyberbullying involved receiving threatening or aggressive emails or instant messages, reported by 73% of Canadian victims.<a href="#cite_note-cihr-irsc.gc.ca-136">[136]</a></li> <li>A nationwide survey conducted by Trinity College Dublin, of bullying in first- and second-level schools in Ireland, estimates that some 31% of primary and 16% of secondary students have been bullied at some time.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a></li> <li>In a study of 32 Dutch elementary schools, 16.2% of the 2,766 participating children reported being bullied regularly (at least several times a month).<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a></li></ul> Statistics referencing the prevalence of bullying in schools may be inaccurate and tend to fluctuate. In a U.S. study of 5,621 students ages 12–18, 64% of the students had experienced bullying and did not report it.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bullies">Bullies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=School_bullying&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Bullies">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>In a 2005 survey, 3,708,284 students reported being a perpetrator of bullying in the U.S. school system.<a href="#cite_note-Sign_In-129">[129]</a></li> <li>Studies have shown bullies report having more friends than children who are victims.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a></li> <li>Bullying behavior in perpetrators is shown to decrease with age.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a></li> <li>Developmental research suggests bullies are often morally disengaged and use <a href="/wiki/Egocentric" class="mw-redirect" title="Egocentric">egocentric</a> reasoning strategies.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a></li> <li>Bullies often come from families that use physical forms of discipline.<a href="#cite_note-Nelson_&_Lambert_2001-96">[96]</a> Adolescents who experience violence or aggression in the home, or are influenced by negative peer relationships, are more likely to bully. This suggests that positive social relationships reduce the likelihood of bullying.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a></li> <li>Bullies may show signs of mental health disorders. This trend is most evident in adolescents diagnosed with <a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">depression</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anxiety_disorder" title="Anxiety disorder">anxiety</a>, or <a href="/wiki/ADHD" class="mw-redirect" title="ADHD">ADHD</a>.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a></li> <li>Poor <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_mind" title="Theory of mind">theory of mind</a> is associated with bullying.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a></li> <li>Up to 25% of students may encourage bullying, and more than 50% will not intervene in bullying situations.<a href="#cite_note-greatschools.org-146">[146]</a></li> <li>A study by Lisa Garby shows that 60% of bullies in middle school will have at least one criminal conviction by the age of 24.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a></li> <li>10.6% of surveyed children said they sometimes bullied other children (moderate bullying), 8.8% said they had bullied others once a week or more (frequent bullying), and 13% said they had engaged in moderate or frequent bullying of others. 6.3% had experienced bullying and also been a bully.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="School_shootings">School shootings</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=School_bullying&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: School shootings">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/School_shooting" title="School shooting">School shooting</a></div> Although research suggests that there might be a weak association between school bullying and school shootings,<a href="#cite_note-Mears2017-149">[149]</a> there is some evidence that having been a victim of school bullying is related to increased risk of a school shootings.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> The media have portrayed some individuals, such as <a href="/wiki/Charles_Andrew_Williams" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Andrew Williams">Charles Andrew Williams</a>, <a href="/wiki/2006_Weston_High_School_shooting" title="2006 Weston High School shooting">Eric Hainstock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seung-Hui_Cho" title="Seung-Hui Cho">Seung-Hui Cho</a>, <a href="/wiki/1997_Pearl_High_School_shooting" title="1997 Pearl High School shooting">Luke Woodham</a>, <a href="/wiki/1997_Heath_High_School_shooting" title="1997 Heath High School shooting">Michael Carneal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wellington_Menezes_Oliveira" class="mw-redirect" title="Wellington Menezes Oliveira">Wellington Menezes Oliveira</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Pierson" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl Pierson">Karl Pierson</a>, <a href="/wiki/2013_Sparks_Middle_School_shooting" title="2013 Sparks Middle School shooting">Jose Reyes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Weise" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeff Weise">Jeff Weise</a>, as having experienced bullying and then becoming school shooters. However, research suggests that the vast majority of individuals who have been victims of bullying do not become school shooters.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mears2017-149">[149]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Institutional_prevention">Institutional prevention</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=School_bullying&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Institutional prevention">edit</a>]</div> Studies have shown that bullying programs set up in schools with the engagement of staff and faculty have been shown to reduce peer victimization and bullying.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> Incidents of bullying are noticeably reduced when the students themselves disapprove of bullying.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> Classroom activities where students reflect on bullying decrease the cases of bullying while increasing the communication between students and school staff.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> The current literature shows that school-based anti-bullying programs are also effective in reducing bullying perpetration and bullying victimization by ~15%, based on moderate-quality evidence.<a href="#cite_note-Gaffney_Ttofi_Farrington_2021-157">[157]</a> However, as there is variation in the effectiveness of anti-bullying programs, further research is required to identify specific programmatic features that make programs effective.<a href="#cite_note-Gaffney_Ttofi_Farrington_2021-157">[157]</a> A 2019 study found that school-based anti-bullying programs may lower the incidence of bullying by as much as 25%.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> Measures such as instituting <a href="/wiki/Zero_tolerance_(schools)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zero tolerance (schools)">zero tolerance</a> for fighting or placing troubled students in the same group or classroom are actually ineffective in reducing bullying. Methods that are effective include increasing empathy for victims; adopting a program that includes teachers, students, and parents; and having students lead anti-bullying efforts.<a href="#cite_note-:0-159">[159]</a> Success is most associated with beginning interventions at an early age, constantly evaluating programs for effectiveness, and having some students take online classes to avoid bullies at school.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> Another way to help victims is to provide peer support.<a href="#cite_note-Tzani-Pepelasi_Ioannou_Synnott_McDonnell_2019-161">[161]</a> Peer support can help a victim improve his or her school performance.<a href="#cite_note-Tzani-Pepelasi_Ioannou_Synnott_McDonnell_2019-161">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effective_national_responses">Effective national responses</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=School_bullying&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Effective national responses">edit</a>]</div> Based on <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> case studies of six countries that have succeeded in reducing <a href="/wiki/School_violence" title="School violence">school violence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">bullying</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">Republic of Korea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a>) as well as two countries that have maintained low levels over time (the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>), there are a number of factors that contribute to effective national responses.<a href="#cite_note-:2-162">[162]</a> Factors that contribute to effective national responses include:<a href="#cite_note-:2-162">[162]</a> <ul><li>Political leadership and high-level commitment, together with a robust legal and <a href="/wiki/Policy" title="Policy">policy</a> framework that addresses <a href="/wiki/Violence" title="Violence">violence</a> against <a href="/wiki/Child" title="Child">children</a> and school violence and bullying. Many successful countries also have an emphasis in national policies that promote a safe learning environment, a positive school and classroom climate, and a strong commitment to <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_rights" title="Children's rights">child rights</a> and <a href="/wiki/Empowerment" title="Empowerment">empowerment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-162">[162]</a></li> <li>Collaboration and <a href="/wiki/Partnership" title="Partnership">partnerships</a>. At the national level, this includes partnerships between the education sector and other sector ministries, <a href="/wiki/Civil_society_organization" title="Civil society organization">civil society organizations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Academic_institution" title="Academic institution">academic institutions</a>, professional associations, and the media. At the school level, it includes partnerships involving all stakeholders in the school community, including head teachers, teachers, other staff, parents and students, local authorities, and professionals in other sectors. More specifically, the involvement of all students, including bystanders, and the use of peer approaches, have been a key factor in countries that have made the most progress.<a href="#cite_note-:2-162">[162]</a></li> <li>Evidence-based approaches, informed by accurate and comprehensive data and systematic evaluation of the effectiveness of existing programmes. Effective systems for routine reporting and monitoring of school violence and bullying and rigorous evaluation of the impact of programmes and interventions are critical.<a href="#cite_note-:2-162">[162]</a> Bullying prevention programs that reach parents through trainings and material sent home, as well as role-playing scenarios that students can work through, have been found as relevant components to reduce the problem behavior according to research from David Finkelhor and colleagues from the University of New Hampshire's Crimes Against Children Center.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Training" title="Training">Training</a> and support for <a href="/wiki/Teacher" title="Teacher">teachers</a> and care and support for affected students. Training in successful countries has focused on developing <a href="/wiki/Skill" title="Skill">skills</a> to prevent and respond to school violence and bullying and to use positive approaches to classroom management.<a href="#cite_note-:2-162">[162]</a></li></ul> The case studies also identified a number of factors that can limit the effectiveness and impact of national responses. These include lack of data on specific aspects of school violence and bullying and on the sub-groups of students who are most vulnerable, low coverage of interventions, lack of systematic monitoring of school violence and bullying, and of robust evaluation of the impact of programmes.<a href="#cite_note-:2-162">[162]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:School_bullying_laws_in_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/School_bullying_laws_in_the_United_States.svg/220px-School_bullying_laws_in_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/School_bullying_laws_in_the_United_States.svg/330px-School_bullying_laws_in_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/School_bullying_laws_in_the_United_States.svg/440px-School_bullying_laws_in_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="555" data-file-height="352" /></a><figcaption>Some U.S. states have implemented laws to address school bullying. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Law that prohibits discrimination against students based on sexual orientation and gender identity</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  School regulation or ethical code for teachers that address discrimination and/or bullying of students based on sexual orientation and gender identity</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Law that prohibits discrimination against students based on sexual orientation only</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  School regulation or ethical code for teachers that address discrimination and/or bullying of students based on sexual orientation only</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Law that prohibits bullying of students based on sexual orientation and gender identity</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Law that forbids local school districts from having anti-bullying policies that enumerate protected classes of students</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Law that prohibits bullying in school but lists no categories of protection</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  No statewide law that specifically prohibits bullying in schools</div> </figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-bullying_legislation_and_court_rulings">Anti-bullying legislation and court rulings</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=School_bullying&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Anti-bullying legislation and court rulings">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anti-bullying_legislation" title="Anti-bullying legislation">Anti-bullying legislation</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs expansion. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=School_bullying&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. (September 2016)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=School_bullying&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: United Kingdom">edit</a>]</div> Section 89 of the <a href="/wiki/Education_and_Inspections_Act_2006" title="Education and Inspections Act 2006">Education and Inspections Act 2006</a> provides for an anti-bullying policy for all state schools to be made available to parents. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=School_bullying&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</div> The victims of some school shootings have sued both the shooters' families and the schools.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> At one point only 23 states had anti-bullying laws. In 2015, Montana became the last state to enact an anti-bullying law. At that point, all 50 states had an anti-bullying law. These laws are not going to abolish bullying, but it does bring attention to the behavior, and they let the aggressors know it will not be tolerated.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canada">Canada</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=School_bullying&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Canada">edit</a>]</div> In 2016, a legal precedent was set by a mother and her son, after the son was bullied at his public school. The mother and son won a court case against the <a href="/wiki/Ottawa-Carleton_District_School_Board" title="Ottawa-Carleton District School Board">Ottawa-Carleton District School Board</a>, making this the first case in North America where a <a href="/wiki/School_board" class="mw-redirect" title="School board">school board</a> has been found negligent in a bullying case for failing to meet the standard of care ("<a href="/wiki/Duty_of_care" title="Duty of care">duty of care</a>") that the school board owes to its students. A similar bullying case was won in Australia in 2013 (Oyston v. St. Patricks College).<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Taiwan">Taiwan</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=School_bullying&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Taiwan">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Taiwan)" title="Ministry of Education (Taiwan)">Ministry of Education</a> has launched a series of projects. In 2006, they started the 'anti-bully plan'. In 2008, they launched the "prevent-bully video from public project"—which included encouraging informants and monitoring the school—in the hope that it could improve education quality.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> South Africa Bullying is still not recognized as a specific crime in South Africa. However, four laws protect children in South Africa: The South African Schools Act 84 of 1996 (SASA) The Children’s Act 38 of 2005 The Child Justice Act 75 of 2008 The Protection from Harassment Act 17 of 2011 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=School_bullying&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amanda_Todd" class="mw-redirect" title="Amanda Todd">Amanda Todd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_tapping" title="Sack tapping">Sack tapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_climate" title="School climate">School climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_violence" title="School violence">School violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_violence_prevention_through_education" title="School violence prevention through education">School violence prevention through education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment_in_education" title="Sexual harassment in education">Sexual harassment in education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School-related_gender-based_violence_(SRGBV)" class="mw-redirect" title="School-related gender-based violence (SRGBV)">School-related gender-based violence (SRGBV)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health_in_education" title="Mental health in education">Mental health in education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violent_extremism" title="Violent extremism">Violent extremism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_day_against_violence_and_bullying_at_school_including_cyberbullying" title="International day against violence and bullying at school including cyberbullying">International day against violence and bullying at school including cyberbullying</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=School_bullying&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-nces-2005-310-1"><a href="#cite_ref-nces-2005-310_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFU.S._National_Center_for_Education_Statistics" class="citation report cs1">U.S. National Center for Education Statistics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Parents+talk+bullying+after+elite+New+Jersey+boarding+school+admits+fault+in+son%27s+death&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhyy.org%2Farticles%2Flawrenceville-school-jack-reid-bullying-suicide%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchool+bullying" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fox32chicago.com/news/latin-school-of-chicago-lays-out-anti-bullying-plans-after-15-year-old-students-suicide">"Latin School of Chicago lays out anti-bullying plans after 15-year-old student's suicide"</a>. 29 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Latin+School+of+Chicago+lays+out+anti-bullying+plans+after+15-year-old+student%27s+suicide&rft.date=2022-04-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fox32chicago.com%2Fnews%2Flatin-school-of-chicago-lays-out-anti-bullying-plans-after-15-year-old-students-suicide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchool+bullying" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://static.fox32chicago.com/www.fox32chicago.com/content/uploads/2022/04/571542471-Bronstein-Complaint-Filed-4-25-22.pdf">https://static.fox32chicago.com/www.fox32chicago.com/content/uploads/2022/04/571542471-Bronstein-Complaint-Filed-4-25-22.pdf</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/two-takes-on-depression/201806/bullycide">"Bullycide | Psychology Today"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bullycide+%26%23124%3B+Psychology+Today&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.psychologytoday.com%2Fus%2Fblog%2Ftwo-takes-on-depression%2F201806%2Fbullycide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchool+bullying" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.instagram.com/p/CB02qv-jktR/?utm_source=ig_embed&utm_campaign=loading">"Instagram"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Instagram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.instagram.com%2Fp%2FCB02qv-jktR%2F%3Futm_source%3Dig_embed%26utm_campaign%3Dloading&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchool+bullying" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.injusticewatch.org/archive/2020/students-and-alums-reveal-racist-culture-at-top-chicago-private-school/">"Students and alums reveal racist culture at top Chicago private school"</a>. 30 June 2020.</cite><span 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href="https://www.urbanlegendnews.org/features/2015/02/10/free-speech-rights-play-out-differently-at-private-schools-than-at-public-schools/">"Free speech rights play out differently at private schools than at public schools"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Free+speech+rights+play+out+differently+at+private+schools+than+at+public+schools&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.urbanlegendnews.org%2Ffeatures%2F2015%2F02%2F10%2Ffree-speech-rights-play-out-differently-at-private-schools-than-at-public-schools%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchool+bullying" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tcCCFzrEdioC&q=bullying">Odd Girl Out: The Hidden Culture of Aggression in Girls</a>. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 2002. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-15-100604-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-15-100604-5"><bdi>978-0-15-100604-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Odd+Girl+Out%3A+The+Hidden+Culture+of+Aggression+in+Girls&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-15-100604-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtcCCFzrEdioC%26q%3Dbullying&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchool+bullying" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/27/movies/from-internet-chat-to-related-projects-mean-girls-endures.html">https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/27/movies/from-internet-chat-to-related-projects-mean-girls-endures.html</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tNsZ8xge-0wC">Queen Bees and Wannabes: Helping Your Daughter Survive Cliques, Gossip, Boyfriends, and the New Realities of Girl World</a>. Potter/TenSpeed/Harmony. 13 October 2009. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-45997-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-45997-8"><bdi>978-0-307-45997-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Queen+Bees+and+Wannabes%3A+Helping+Your+Daughter+Survive+Cliques%2C+Gossip%2C+Boyfriends%2C+and+the+New+Realities+of+Girl+World&rft.pub=Potter%2FTenSpeed%2FHarmony&rft.date=2009-10-13&rft.isbn=978-0-307-45997-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtNsZ8xge-0wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchool+bullying" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/12/style/mean-girls-rosalind-wiseman.html">https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/12/style/mean-girls-rosalind-wiseman.html</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.adl.org/resources/tools-and-strategies/rosalinds-classroom-conversations">https://www.adl.org/resources/tools-and-strategies/rosalinds-classroom-conversations</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/434051.Queen_Bees_and_Wannabes">"Queen Bees and Wannabes: Helping Your Daughter Survive …"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Queen+Bees+and+Wannabes%3A+Helping+Your+Daughter+Survive+%E2%80%A6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.goodreads.com%2Fbook%2Fshow%2F434051.Queen_Bees_and_Wannabes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchool+bullying" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoohoo2009" class="citation journal cs1">Soohoo, Suzanne (January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.chapman.edu/education_articles/77/">"Examining the Invisibility of Girl-to-Girl Bullying in the Schools: A Call to Action"</a>. Education Faculty Articles and Research.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Education+Faculty+Articles+and+Research&rft.atitle=Examining+the+Invisibility+of+Girl-to-Girl+Bullying+in+the+Schools%3A+A+Call+to+Action&rft.date=2009-01&rft.aulast=Soohoo&rft.aufirst=Suzanne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.chapman.edu%2Feducation_articles%2F77%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchool+bullying" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2009/07/miss-porters-school200907">"The Code of Miss Porter's School"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(magazine)" title="Vanity Fair (magazine)">Vanity Fair</a>. 9 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vanity+Fair&rft.atitle=The+Code+of+Miss+Porter%27s+School&rft.date=2009-06-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vanityfair.com%2Fstyle%2F2009%2F07%2Fmiss-porters-school200907&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchool+bullying" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cinemablend.com/new/Jennifer-Aniston-Mean-Moms-Might-Happening-Soon-We-Thought-99757.html">"Jennifer Aniston's Mean Moms Might Not be Happening as Soon as We Thought"</a>. 12 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jennifer+Aniston%27s+Mean+Moms+Might+Not+be+Happening+as+Soon+as+We+Thought&rft.date=2015-12-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cinemablend.com%2Fnew%2FJennifer-Aniston-Mean-Moms-Might-Happening-Soon-We-Thought-99757.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchool+bullying" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColoroso2004" class="citation book cs1">Coloroso, Barbara (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780061744600/page/11">The Bully, the Bullied, and the Bystander: From Preschool To High School – How Parents and Teachers Can Help Break the Cycle of Violence</a>. 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Phi Delta Kappan. 97 (2): 30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0031721715610088">10.1177/0031721715610088</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146317934">146317934</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Gale_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gale (identifier)">Gale</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://go.gale.com/ps/anonymous?id=GALE%7CA434296315">A434296315</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phi+Delta+Kappan&rft.atitle=Bullying+in+schools%3A+research+has+yet+to+precisely+prescribe+a+remedy+for+school+bullying%2C+but+some+guidelines+are+emerging+to+help+schools+choose+programs+that+best+fit+their+situation&rft.volume=97&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=30&rft.date=2015-10-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0031721715610088&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146317934%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ansary&rft.aufirst=Nadia+S.&rft.au=Elias%2C+Maurice+J.&rft.au=Greene%2C+Michael+B.&rft.au=Green%2C+Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchool+bullying" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gaffney_Ttofi_Farrington_2021-157">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gaffney_Ttofi_Farrington_2021_157-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gaffney_Ttofi_Farrington_2021_157-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaffneyTtofiFarrington2021" class="citation journal cs1">Gaffney, Hannah; Ttofi, Maria M.; Farrington, David P. 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Licensed under CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/ulis/cgi-bin/ulis.pl?catno=246970&set=0058E287A6_3_124&gp=1&lin=1&ll=1">license statement/permission</a>). Text taken from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0024/002469/246970e.pdf">School Violence and Bullying: Global Status Report</a>, 17, 29–31, UNESCO, UNESCO. UNESCO. <a href="/wiki/File:Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/12px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/18px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/24px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="219" data-file-height="218" /></a> This article incorporates text from a <a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">free content</a> work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO. Text taken from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000366483">Behind the numbers: ending school violence and bullying</a>, 70, UNESCO, UNESCO. UNESCO. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=School_bullying&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Harger, Brent (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cupola.gettysburg.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1029&context=socfac">"You Say Bully, I Say Bullied: School Culture and Definitions of Bullying in Two Elementary Schools."</a> Education and Youth Today. Ed. Yasemin Besen-Cassino and Loretta E. Bass (Sociological Studies of Children and Youth, Volume 20) Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 2016. 91 – 121.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering_and_Medicine2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine" title="National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine">National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine</a> (2016). Rivara, Frederick; Suzanne, Le Menestrel (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/oaiart?codigo=7163179">Preventing Bullying Through Science, Policy, and Practice</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Academies_Press" title="National Academies Press">National Academies Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17226%2F23482">10.17226/23482</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-44067-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-309-44067-7"><bdi>978-0-309-44067-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27748087">27748087</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:156853266">156853266</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Preventing+Bullying+Through+Science%2C+Policy%2C+and+Practice&rft.pub=National+Academies+Press&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17226%2F23482&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A156853266%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27748087&rft.isbn=978-0-309-44067-7&rft.au=National+Academies+of+Sciences%2C+Engineering+and+Medicine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdialnet.unirioja.es%2Fservlet%2Foaiart%3Fcodigo%3D7163179&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchool+bullying" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="open access publication – free to read"><img alt="Open access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/9px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/14px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/18px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></li> <li>Stuart W. Twemlow, Frank Sacco (2008). Why School Antibullying Programs Don't Work. Jason Aronson Inc, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7657-0475-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7657-0475-7">978-0-7657-0475-7</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoui,_Kenny2017" class="citation book cs1">Loui, Kenny (1 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nsuworks.nova.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1004&context=cahss_jhs_etd">Stand By Me: The Effects of a Police Anti-Bullying Presentation on South Korean High School Students' Attitudes About Bullying and Willingness to Intervene</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nova_Southeastern_University" title="Nova Southeastern University">Nova Southeastern University</a> Fischler College of Education.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stand+By+Me%3A+The+Effects+of+a+Police+Anti-Bullying+Presentation+on+South+Korean+High+School+Students%27+Attitudes+About+Bullying+and+Willingness+to+Intervene&rft.pub=Nova+Southeastern+University+Fischler+College+of+Education&rft.date=2017-01-01&rft.au=Loui%2C+Kenny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnsuworks.nova.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1004%26context%3Dcahss_jhs_etd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchool+bullying" class="Z3988"> - PhD dissertation - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nsuworks.nova.edu/cahss_jhs_etd/5">Info page</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=School_bullying&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 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.hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bullying" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bullying" title="Template:Bullying"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bullying" title="Template talk:Bullying"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bullying" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bullying"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bullying" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">Bullying</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abusive_supervision" title="Abusive supervision">Abusive supervision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberbullying" title="Cyberbullying">Cyberbullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_abuse" title="Disability abuse">Disability bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Displaced_aggression" title="Displaced aggression">Displaced aggression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doxing" title="Doxing">Doxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_bullying" title="LGBTQ bullying">LGBTQ bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazing" title="Hazing">Hazing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying_in_the_military" title="Bullying in the military">Military bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobbing" title="Mobbing">Mobbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_bullying_of_children" class="mw-redirect" title="Parental bullying of children">Parental bullying of children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peer_victimization" title="Peer victimization">Peer victimization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying#Prison_bullying" title="Bullying">Prison bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankism" title="Rankism">Rank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relational_aggression" title="Relational aggression">Relational aggression</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">School bullying</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bullying_of_students_in_higher_education" title="Bullying of students in higher education">Higher education</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_bullying" title="Sexual bullying">Sexual bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_harassment" title="Workplace harassment">Workplace harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_bullying" title="Workplace bullying">Workplace bullying</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_bullying_in_academia" title="Workplace bullying in academia">Academia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying_in_information_technology" title="Bullying in information technology">Information technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_aspects_of_workplace_bullying" title="Legal aspects of workplace bullying">Legal aspects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying_in_the_legal_profession" title="Bullying in the legal profession">Legal profession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying_in_medicine" title="Bullying in medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying_in_nursing" title="Bullying in nursing">Nursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying_in_teaching" title="Bullying in teaching">Teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_leader" title="Toxic leader">Toxic leader</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_workplace" title="Toxic workplace">Toxic workplace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betrayal" title="Betrayal">Betrayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blacklisting" title="Blacklisting">Blacklisting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying_and_emotional_intelligence" title="Bullying and emotional intelligence">Bullying and emotional intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">Cancel culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_assassination" title="Character assassination">Character assassination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coercion" title="Coercion">Coercion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_fear" title="Culture of fear">Culture of fear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">Defamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destabilisation" title="Destabilisation">Destabilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smear_campaign" title="Smear campaign">Discrediting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embarrassment" title="Embarrassment">Embarrassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_accusation" title="False accusation">False accusation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaslighting" title="Gaslighting">Gaslighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gossip" title="Gossip">Gossip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harassment" title="Harassment">Harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humiliation" title="Humiliation">Humiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incivility" title="Incivility">Incivility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intimidation" title="Intimidation">Intimidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isolation_to_facilitate_abuse" title="Isolation to facilitate abuse">Isolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiss_up_kick_down" title="Kiss up kick down">Kiss up kick down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind_games" title="Mind games">Mind games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moving_the_goalposts" title="Moving the goalposts">Moving the goalposts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagging" title="Nagging">Nagging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_calling" title="Name calling">Name calling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ad_hominem" title="Ad hominem">Personal attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_abuse" title="Physical abuse">Physical abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_abuse" title="Psychological abuse">Psychological abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudeness" title="Rudeness">Rudeness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarcasm" title="Sarcasm">Sarcasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screaming" title="Screaming">Screaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shame" title="Shame">Shame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smear_campaign" title="Smear campaign">Smear campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_undermining" title="Social undermining">Social undermining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swatting" title="Swatting">Swatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taunting" title="Taunting">Taunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_incivility" title="Workplace incivility">Workplace incivility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verbal_abuse" title="Verbal abuse">Verbal abuse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Act_Against_Bullying" title="Act Against Bullying">Act Against Bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ban_Bossy" title="Ban Bossy">Ban Bossy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying_UK" title="Bullying UK">Bullying UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bystander_Revolution" title="Bystander Revolution">Bystander Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Centre_for_Gender_and_Sexual_Diversity" title="Canadian Centre for Gender and Sexual Diversity">Canadian Centre for Gender and Sexual Diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditch_the_Label" title="Ditch the Label">Ditch the Label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRIN_Campaign" title="GRIN Campaign">GRIN Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/It_Gets_Better_Project" title="It Gets Better Project">It Gets Better Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidscape" title="Kidscape">Kidscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_Against_Violence_in_Education" title="Society Against Violence in Education">Society Against Violence in Education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Experts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Costanza_Baldry" title="Anna Costanza Baldry">Anna Costanza Baldry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendy_Craig_(psychologist)" title="Wendy Craig (psychologist)">Wendy Craig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Espelage" title="Dorothy Espelage">Dorothy Espelage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_P._Farrington" title="David P. Farrington">David P. Farrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelley_Hymel" title="Shelley Hymel">Shelley Hymel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Leymann" title="Heinz Leymann">Heinz Leymann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Namie" title="Gary Namie">Gary Namie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_O%27Higgins_Norman" title="James O'Higgins Norman">James O'Higgins Norman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Olweus" title="Dan Olweus">Dan Olweus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debra_Pepler" title="Debra Pepler">Debra Pepler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christina_Salmivalli" title="Christina Salmivalli">Christina Salmivalli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Westhues" title="Kenneth Westhues">Kenneth Westhues</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Adams" title="Andrea Adams">Andrea Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Burfitt-Dons" title="Louise Burfitt-Dons">Louise Burfitt-Dons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Field" title="Tim Field">Tim Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SuEllen_Fried" title="SuEllen Fried">SuEllen Fried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liam_Hackett" title="Liam Hackett">Liam Hackett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lizzie_Vel%C3%A1squez" title="Lizzie Velásquez">Lizzie Velásquez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Actions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Bullying_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Bullying Day">Anti-Bullying Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Bullying_Week" title="Anti-Bullying Week">Anti-Bullying Week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-bullying_legislation" title="Anti-bullying legislation">Anti-bullying legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_Pink" title="International Day of Pink">International Day of Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Stand_Up_to_Bullying_Day" title="International Stand Up to Bullying Day">International Stand Up to Bullying Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Think_Before_You_Speak_(campaign)" title="Think Before You Speak (campaign)">Think Before You Speak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable <a href="/wiki/Bullying_and_suicide" title="Bullying and suicide">suicides</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_suicides_that_have_been_attributed_to_bullying" class="mw-redirect" title="List of suicides that have been attributed to bullying">List</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_William_Arthur_Gibbs" title="Suicide of William Arthur Gibbs">William Arthur Gibbs</a> (1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Kelly_Yeomans" title="Suicide of Kelly Yeomans">Kelly Yeomans</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Hamed_Nastoh" title="Suicide of Hamed Nastoh">Hamed Nastoh</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Dawn-Marie_Wesley" title="Suicide of Dawn-Marie Wesley">Dawn-Marie Wesley</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Nicola_Ann_Raphael" title="Suicide of Nicola Ann Raphael">Nicola Ann Raphael</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Ryan_Halligan" title="Suicide of Ryan Halligan">Ryan Halligan</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Megan_Meier" title="Suicide of Megan Meier">Megan Meier</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Sladjana_Vidovic" title="Suicide of Sladjana Vidovic">Sladjana Vidovic</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Phoebe_Prince" title="Suicide of Phoebe Prince">Phoebe Prince</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Tyler_Clementi" title="Suicide of Tyler Clementi">Tyler Clementi</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Jamey_Rodemeyer" title="Suicide of Jamey Rodemeyer">Jamey Rodemeyer</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Hubley#Family" title="Allan Hubley">Jamie Hubley</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Kenneth_Weishuhn" title="Suicide of Kenneth Weishuhn">Kenneth Weishuhn</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Audrie_Pott" title="Suicide of Audrie Pott">Audrie Pott</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Amanda_Todd" title="Suicide of Amanda Todd">Amanda Todd</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Jadin_Bell" title="Suicide of Jadin Bell">Jadin Bell</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Rehtaeh_Parsons" title="Suicide of Rehtaeh Parsons">Rehtaeh Parsons</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Rebecca_Sedwick" title="Suicide of Rebecca Sedwick">Rebecca Sedwick</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leelah_Alcorn" title="Leelah Alcorn">Leelah Alcorn</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Conrad_Roy" title="Death of Conrad Roy">Conrad Roy</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Tyrone_Unsworth" title="Suicide of Tyrone Unsworth">Tyrone Unsworth</a> (2016)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Murder%E2%80%93suicide" title="Murder–suicide">Murder–suicides</a> (incidents)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Harris_and_Dylan_Klebold" title="Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold">Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbine_High_School_massacre" title="Columbine High School massacre">Columbine</a>, 1999</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Weise" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeff Weise">Jeff Weise</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Lake_shootings" title="Red Lake shootings">Red Lake</a>, 2005</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seung-Hui_Cho" title="Seung-Hui Cho">Seung-Hui Cho</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech_shooting" title="Virginia Tech shooting">Virginia Tech</a>, 2007</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jokela_school_shooting#Perpetrator" title="Jokela school shooting">Pekka-Eric Auvinen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jokela_school_shooting" title="Jokela school shooting">Jokela High School</a>, 2007</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kauhajoki_school_shooting#Perpetrator" title="Kauhajoki school shooting">Matti Juhani Saari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kauhajoki_school_shooting" title="Kauhajoki school shooting">Kauhajoki School of Hospitality</a>, 2008</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Sparks_Middle_School_shooting#Perpetrator" title="2013 Sparks Middle School shooting">Jose Horacio Reyes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2013_Sparks_Middle_School_shooting" title="2013 Sparks Middle School shooting">Sparks Middle School</a>, 2013</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliot_Rodger" title="Elliot Rodger">Elliot Rodger</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2014_Isla_Vista_killings" title="2014 Isla Vista killings">Isla Vista</a>, 2014</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_blackmail" title="Emotional blackmail">Emotional blackmail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just-world_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Just-world hypothesis">Just-world hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBT-related_suicides" class="mw-redirect" title="List of LGBT-related suicides">List of LGBT-related suicides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machiavellianism_in_the_workplace" title="Machiavellianism in the workplace">Machiavellianism in the workplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissism_in_the_workplace" title="Narcissism in the workplace">Narcissism in the workplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_boundaries" title="Personal boundaries">Personal boundaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personality_disorder" title="Personality disorder">Personality disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playing_the_victim" title="Playing the victim">Playing the victim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychopathy_in_the_workplace" title="Psychopathy in the workplace">Psychopathy in the workplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scapegoating" title="Scapegoating">Scapegoating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-esteem" title="Self-esteem">Self-esteem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_dominance_orientation" title="Social dominance orientation">Social dominance orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_among_LGBTQ_youth" title="Suicide among LGBTQ youth">Suicide among LGBTQ youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victim_blaming" title="Victim blaming">Victim blaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimisation" title="Victimisation">Victimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimology" title="Victimology">Victimology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Abuse" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Abuse" title="Template:Abuse"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Abuse" title="Template talk:Abuse"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li 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href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">sexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_in_the_military" title="Children in the military">military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage" title="Child marriage">marriage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruelty_to_animals" title="Cruelty to animals">Cruelty to animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_abuse" title="Disability abuse">Disability abuse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disability_draft" class="mw-redirect" title="Disability draft">military draft</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">Domestic abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elder_abuse" title="Elder abuse">Elder abuse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elder_financial_abuse" title="Elder financial abuse">Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predatory_marriage" title="Predatory marriage">Marriage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaslighting" title="Gaslighting">Gaslighting</a></li> <li><a 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abuse">Referee and umpire abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_abuse" title="Religious abuse">Religious abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">Sexual abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalking" title="Stalking">Stalking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_abuse" title="Structural abuse">Structural abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveillance_abuse" title="Surveillance abuse">Surveillance abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verbal_abuse" title="Verbal abuse">Verbal abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abuse#Types_and_contexts_of_abuse" title="Abuse">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abusive_supervision" title="Abusive supervision">Abusive supervision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abuse_of_power" title="Abuse of power">Abuse of 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