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id="toc-Biblical_narrative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1_Samuel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1_Samuel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>1 Samuel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1_Samuel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Samuel_(1:1–7:17)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Samuel_(1:1–7:17)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Samuel (1:1–7:17)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Samuel_(1:1–7:17)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_childhood_of_Samuel_(1:1–4:1a)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_childhood_of_Samuel_(1:1–4:1a)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1.1</span> <span>The childhood of Samuel (1:1–4:1a)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_childhood_of_Samuel_(1:1–4:1a)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Ark_in_Philistine_hands_(4:1b–7:17)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Ark_in_Philistine_hands_(4:1b–7:17)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1.2</span> <span>The Ark in Philistine hands (4:1b–7:17)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Ark_in_Philistine_hands_(4:1b–7:17)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Samuel_and_Saul_(8:1–15:35)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Samuel_and_Saul_(8:1–15:35)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Samuel and Saul (8:1–15:35)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Samuel_and_Saul_(8:1–15:35)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_institution_of_the_monarchy_(8:1–12:25)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_institution_of_the_monarchy_(8:1–12:25)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2.1</span> <span>The institution of the monarchy (8:1–12:25)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_institution_of_the_monarchy_(8:1–12:25)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_beginning_of_Saul's_reign_(13:1–15:35)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_beginning_of_Saul's_reign_(13:1–15:35)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2.2</span> <span>The beginning of Saul's reign (13:1–15:35)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_beginning_of_Saul's_reign_(13:1–15:35)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saul_and_David_(16:1–31:13)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saul_and_David_(16:1–31:13)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span> <span>Saul and David (16:1–31:13)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saul_and_David_(16:1–31:13)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-David_at_court_(16:1–19:7)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#David_at_court_(16:1–19:7)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3.1</span> <span>David at court (16:1–19:7)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-David_at_court_(16:1–19:7)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_flight_of_David_(19:8–21:16)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_flight_of_David_(19:8–21:16)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3.2</span> <span>The flight of David (19:8–21:16)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_flight_of_David_(19:8–21:16)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-David_the_outlaw_(22:1–26:25)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#David_the_outlaw_(22:1–26:25)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3.3</span> <span>David the outlaw (22:1–26:25)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-David_the_outlaw_(22:1–26:25)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-David_among_the_Philistines_(27:1–31:13)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#David_among_the_Philistines_(27:1–31:13)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3.4</span> <span>David among the Philistines (27:1–31:13)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-David_among_the_Philistines_(27:1–31:13)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2_Samuel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2_Samuel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>2 Samuel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2_Samuel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Saul_and_David_(continued)_(1:1–1:27)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saul_and_David_(continued)_(1:1–1:27)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Saul and David (continued) (1:1–1:27)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saul_and_David_(continued)_(1:1–1:27)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-David_among_the_Philistines_(continued)_(1:1–1:27)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#David_among_the_Philistines_(continued)_(1:1–1:27)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1.1</span> <span>David among the Philistines (continued) (1:1–1:27)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-David_among_the_Philistines_(continued)_(1:1–1:27)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-David_(2:1–20:26)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#David_(2:1–20:26)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>David (2:1–20:26)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-David_(2:1–20:26)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-David_King_of_Judah_(2:1–4:12)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#David_King_of_Judah_(2:1–4:12)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2.1</span> <span>David King of Judah (2:1–4:12)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-David_King_of_Judah_(2:1–4:12)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-David_King_of_Judah_and_of_Israel_(5:1–8:18)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#David_King_of_Judah_and_of_Israel_(5:1–8:18)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2.2</span> <span>David King of Judah and of Israel (5:1–8:18)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-David_King_of_Judah_and_of_Israel_(5:1–8:18)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-David's_family_and_the_intrigues_for_the_succession_(9:1–20:26)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#David's_family_and_the_intrigues_for_the_succession_(9:1–20:26)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2.3</span> <span>David's family and the intrigues for the succession (9:1–20:26)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-David's_family_and_the_intrigues_for_the_succession_(9:1–20:26)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mephibosheth_(9:1–9:13)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mephibosheth_(9:1–9:13)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2.3.1</span> <span>Mephibosheth (9:1–9:13)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mephibosheth_(9:1–9:13)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Ammonite_war_and_birth_of_Solomon_(10:1–12:31)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Ammonite_war_and_birth_of_Solomon_(10:1–12:31)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2.3.2</span> <span>The Ammonite war and birth of Solomon (10:1–12:31)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Ammonite_war_and_birth_of_Solomon_(10:1–12:31)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Absalom_(13:1–20:26)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Absalom_(13:1–20:26)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2.3.3</span> <span>Absalom (13:1–20:26)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Absalom_(13:1–20:26)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supplementary_information_(21:1–24:25)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supplementary_information_(21:1–24:25)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>Supplementary information (21:1–24:25)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supplementary_information_(21:1–24:25)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Composition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Composition</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Composition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Composition subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Versions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Versions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Versions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Versions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_accuracy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_accuracy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Historical accuracy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_accuracy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Authorship_and_date_of_composition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Authorship_and_date_of_composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Authorship and date of composition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Authorship_and_date_of_composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manuscript_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manuscript_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Manuscript sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manuscript_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Themes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Themes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Themes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Themes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Themes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Themes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Samuel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Samuel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Samuel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Samuel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saul" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saul"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Saul</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saul-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-David" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#David"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>David</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-David-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Books of Samuel</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 58 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-58" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">58 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/1-2_Samuel" title="1-2 Samuel – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="1-2 Samuel" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%B1_%D8%B5%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84" title="سفر صموئيل الأول – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سفر صموئيل الأول" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A3%DC%A6%DC%AA%DC%90_%DC%95%DC%AB%DC%A1%DC%98%DC%90%DC%9D%DC%A0_%DC%A9%DC%95%DC%A1%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܣܦܪܐ ܕܫܡܘܐܝܠ ܩܕܡܝܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܣܦܪܐ ܕܫܡܘܐܝܠ ܩܕܡܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sat-b%C3%B3%CD%98-j%C3%AD%E2%81%BF-k%C3%AC" title="Sat-bó͘-jíⁿ-kì – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sat-bó͘-jíⁿ-kì" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B3%D1%96_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Кнігі Самуіла – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кнігі Самуіла" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B3%D1%96_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Кнігі Самуіла – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Кнігі Самуіла" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levrio%C3%B9_Samuel" title="Levrioù Samuel – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Levrioù Samuel" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llibres_de_Samuel" title="Llibres de Samuel – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llibres de Samuel" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mga_Basahon_ni_Samuel" title="Mga Basahon ni Samuel – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Mga Basahon ni Samuel" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man%27wadhi_aSamweri" title="Man'wadhi aSamweri – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Man'wadhi aSamweri" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buch_Samuel" title="Buch Samuel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Buch Samuel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saamueli_raamatud" title="Saamueli raamatud – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Saamueli raamatud" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libros_de_Samuel" title="Libros de Samuel – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Libros de Samuel" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%84" title="کتاب‌های سموئیل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کتاب‌های سموئیل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livres_de_Samuel" title="Livres de Samuel – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Livres de Samuel" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_en_2_Samu%C3%ABl" title="1 en 2 Samuël – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="1 en 2 Samuël" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leabhair_Sham%C3%BA%C3%A9il" title="Leabhair Shamúéil – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Leabhair Shamúéil" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82" title="सामुयेल आचीं पुस्तकां – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="सामुयेल आचीं पुस्तकां" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EB%AC%B4%EC%97%98%EA%B8%B0" title="사무엘기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사무엘기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80_%D4%B1_%D6%87_%D4%B2" title="Թագավորություններ Ա և Բ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թագավորություններ Ա և Բ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitab_Samuel" title="Kitab Samuel – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kitab Samuel" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_%26_2_Samuweli" title="1 & 2 Samuweli – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="1 & 2 Samuweli" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libri_di_Samuele" title="Libri di Samuele – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Libri di Samuele" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8_%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9C" title="ספר שמואל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ספר שמואל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igitabo_cya_Samweli" title="Igitabo cya Samweli – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Igitabo cya Samweli" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samueli_II" title="Samueli II – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Samueli II" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libri_Samuelis" title="Libri Samuelis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Libri Samuelis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samu%C4%93la_gr%C4%81matas" title="Samuēla grāmatas – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Samuēla grāmatas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuelio_knygos" title="Samuelio knygos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Samuelio knygos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel" title="Samuel – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Samuel" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1muel_els%C5%91_%C3%A9s_m%C3%A1sodik_k%C3%B6nyve" title="Sámuel első és második könyve – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Sámuel első és második könyve" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokin%27_i_Samoela" title="Bokin' i Samoela – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Bokin' i Samoela" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%BE" title="ശമുവേലിന്റെ പുസ്തകങ്ങൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ശമുവേലിന്റെ പുസ്തകങ്ങൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%B1_%D8%B5%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84" title="سفر صموئيل الاول – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سفر صموئيل الاول" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitab_Samuel" title="Kitab Samuel – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kitab Samuel" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%93%E1%80%99%E1%80%B9%E1%80%99%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC%E1%80%87%E1%80%9D%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%91%E1%80%99%E1%80%85%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="ဓမ္မရာဇဝင်ပထမစောင် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဓမ္မရာဇဝင်ပထမစောင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_en_2_Samuel" title="1 en 2 Samuel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="1 en 2 Samuel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%A0%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AB%E8%A8%98" title="サムエル記 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サムエル記" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuelsb%C3%B8kene" title="Samuelsbøkene – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Samuelsbøkene" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuelsb%C3%B8kene" title="Samuelsbøkene – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Samuelsbøkene" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%84" title="کتاب سموئیل – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کتاب سموئیل" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livros_de_Samuel" title="Livros de Samuel – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Livros de Samuel" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C4%83r%C8%9Bile_lui_Samuel" title="Cărțile lui Samuel – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cărțile lui Samuel" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Книга Самуила – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Книга Самуила" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Books_of_Samuel" title="Books of Samuel – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Books of Samuel" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knihy_Samuelove" title="Knihy Samuelove – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Knihy Samuelove" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%9A%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Књига Самуилова – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Књига Самуилова" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuelsb%C3%B6ckerna" title="Samuelsböckerna – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Samuelsböckerna" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mga_Aklat_ni_Samuel" title="Mga Aklat ni Samuel – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mga Aklat ni Samuel" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5" title="หนังสือซามูเอล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หนังสือซามูเอล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Kitaplar%C4%B1" title="Samuel Kitapları – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Samuel Kitapları" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%97%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Книга Самуїла – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Книга Самуїла" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%84" title="کتاب سموئیل – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کتاب سموئیل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mga_Basah%C3%A1n_ni_Samuel" title="Mga Basahán ni Samuel – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Mga Basahán ni Samuel" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%92%92%E6%AF%8D%E8%80%B3%E8%AE%B0" title="撒母耳记 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="撒母耳记" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8_%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9C" title="ספר שמואל – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ספר שמואל" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Cw%C3%A9_S%C3%A1m%C3%BA%E1%BA%B9%CC%81l%C3%AC" title="Ìwé Sámúẹ́lì – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ìwé Sámúẹ́lì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="line-height:1.4em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-bottom:0.8em;"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aleppo_Codex_Joshua_1_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Joshua 1:1 as recorded in the Aleppo Codex"><img alt="Joshua 1:1 as recorded in the Aleppo Codex" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Aleppo_Codex_Joshua_1_1.jpg/220px-Aleppo_Codex_Joshua_1_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Aleppo_Codex_Joshua_1_1.jpg/330px-Aleppo_Codex_Joshua_1_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Aleppo_Codex_Joshua_1_1.jpg/440px-Aleppo_Codex_Joshua_1_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="743" data-file-height="366" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccff; font-size:115%;padding-top:0.3em;padding-bottom:0.3em;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a></i> <span class="nobold">(Judaism)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.4em;"> <table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;line-height:1.4em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;padding-top:0.25em;padding-bottom:0.25em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah"><span style="font-size:120%"><i>Torah</i></span> <span class="nobold">(Instruction)</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;width:11.5em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;line-height:1.2em;white-space:nowrap;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Bereshit</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Exodus</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Shemot</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Leviticus" title="Book of Leviticus">Leviticus</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Wayiqra</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Numbers" title="Book of Numbers">Numbers</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Bemidbar</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Deuteronomy" title="Book of Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Devarim</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;padding-top:0.25em;padding-bottom:0.25em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im"><span style="font-size:120%"><i>Nevi'im</i></span> <span class="nobold">(Prophets)</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> <a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im#Former_Prophets" title="Nevi'im">Former</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;width:10.0em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;line-height:1.2em;white-space:nowrap;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joshua" title="Book of Joshua">Joshua</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Yehoshua</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judges" title="Book of Judges">Judges</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Shofetim</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Samuel</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Shemuel</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings" title="Books of Kings">Kings</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Melakhim</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> <a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im#Latter_Prophets" title="Nevi'im">Latter</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;width:10.0em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;line-height:1.2em;white-space:nowrap;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Isaiah</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Yeshayahu</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jeremiah" title="Book of Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Yirmeyahu</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel" title="Book of Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Yekhezqel</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Minor_Prophets" title="Twelve Minor Prophets">Minor </a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Hosea" title="Book of Hosea">Hosea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joel" title="Book of Joel">Joel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Amos" title="Book of Amos">Amos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Obadiah" title="Book of Obadiah">Obadiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jonah" title="Book of Jonah">Jonah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Micah" title="Book of Micah">Micah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nahum" title="Book of Nahum">Nahum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Habakkuk" title="Book of Habakkuk">Habakkuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zephaniah" title="Book of Zephaniah">Zephaniah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Haggai" title="Book of Haggai">Haggai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zechariah" title="Book of Zechariah">Zechariah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Malachi" title="Book of Malachi">Malachi</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;padding-top:0.25em;padding-bottom:0.25em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim"><span style="font-size:120%"><i>Ketuvim</i></span> <span class="nobold">(Writings)</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> Poetic</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;width:15.5em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;line-height:1.2em;white-space:nowrap;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Tehillim</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Proverbs" title="Book of Proverbs">Proverbs</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Mishlei</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Job" title="Book of Job">Job</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Iyov</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> <a href="/wiki/Five_Megillot" title="Five Megillot">Five <i>Megillot</i> <span class="nobold">(Scrolls)</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;width:15.5em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;line-height:1.2em;white-space:nowrap;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs" title="Song of Songs">Song of Songs</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Shir Hashirim</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ruth" title="Book of Ruth">Ruth</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Rut</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Lamentations" title="Book of Lamentations">Lamentations</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Eikhah</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes" title="Ecclesiastes">Ecclesiastes</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Qohelet</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Esther</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Ester</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> Historical</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;width:15.5em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;line-height:1.2em;white-space:nowrap;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Daniyyel</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ezra%E2%80%93Nehemiah" title="Ezra–Nehemiah">Ezra–Nehemiah</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Ezra</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Chronicles" title="Books of Chronicles">Chronicles</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Divre Hayyamim</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccff; font-size:115%;padding-top:0.3em;padding-bottom:0.3em;"> <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> <span class="nobold">(Christianity)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.4em;"> <table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;line-height:1.4em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;padding-top:0.25em;padding-bottom:0.25em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Pentateuch#Contents" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentateuch">Pentateuch</a></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Leviticus" title="Book of Leviticus">Leviticus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Numbers" title="Book of Numbers">Numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Deuteronomy" title="Book of Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;padding-top:0.25em;padding-bottom:0.25em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Historical_books" title="Historical books">Historical</a></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joshua" title="Book of Joshua">Joshua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judges" title="Book of Judges">Judges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ruth" title="Book of Ruth">Ruth</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1–2 Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings" title="Books of Kings">1–2 Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Chronicles" title="Books of Chronicles">1–2 Chronicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezra" title="Book of Ezra">Ezra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nehemiah" title="Book of Nehemiah">Nehemiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Esther</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;padding-top:0.25em;padding-bottom:0.25em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Poetic_Books" title="Poetic Books">Wisdom</a></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Job" title="Book of Job">Job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Proverbs" title="Book of Proverbs">Proverbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes" title="Ecclesiastes">Ecclesiastes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs" title="Song of Songs">Song of Songs</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;padding-top:0.25em;padding-bottom:0.25em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Prophetic_books" title="Prophetic books">Prophetic</a></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> <a href="/wiki/Major_prophet" title="Major prophet">Major prophets</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Isaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jeremiah" title="Book of Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Lamentations" title="Book of Lamentations">Lamentations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel" title="Book of Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Minor_Prophets" title="Twelve Minor Prophets">Minor prophets</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Hosea" title="Book of Hosea">Hosea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joel" title="Book of Joel">Joel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Amos" title="Book of Amos">Amos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Obadiah" title="Book of Obadiah">Obadiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jonah" title="Book of Jonah">Jonah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Micah" title="Book of Micah">Micah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nahum" title="Book of Nahum">Nahum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Habakkuk" title="Book of Habakkuk">Habakkuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zephaniah" title="Book of Zephaniah">Zephaniah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Haggai" title="Book of Haggai">Haggai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zechariah" title="Book of Zechariah">Zechariah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Malachi" title="Book of Malachi">Malachi</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;padding-top:0.25em;padding-bottom:0.25em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">Deuterocanonical</a></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Tobit" title="Book of Tobit">Tobit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judith" title="Book of Judith">Judith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther#Additions_to_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Additions to Esther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1_Maccabees" title="1 Maccabees">1 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Maccabees" title="2 Maccabees">2 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Wisdom" title="Book of Wisdom">Wisdom of Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Sirach" title="Book of Sirach">Sirach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Baruch" title="Book of Baruch">Baruch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Letter_of_Jeremiah" title="Letter of Jeremiah">Letter of Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Additions_to_Daniel" title="Additions to Daniel">Additions to Daniel</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> Orthodox only</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1_Esdras" title="1 Esdras">1 Esdras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">2 Esdras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Manasseh" title="Prayer of Manasseh">Prayer of Manasseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_151" title="Psalm 151">Psalm 151</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_Maccabees" title="3 Maccabees">3 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4_Maccabees" title="4 Maccabees">4 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Odes_(Bible)" title="Book of Odes (Bible)">Odes</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo" title="Orthodox Tewahedo">Orthodox Tewahedo</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">Enoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jubilees" title="Book of Jubilees">Jubilees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meqabyan" title="Meqabyan">1, 2, and 3 Meqabyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rest_of_the_Words_of_Baruch" title="Rest of the Words of Baruch">Paralipomena of Baruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo_biblical_canon" title="Orthodox Tewahedo biblical canon">Broader canon</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;font-size:105%;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Bible" title="Portal:Bible">Bible portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tanakh_OT" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tanakh OT"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fl-_147_Biblia_de_Cervera,_Samuel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Fl-_147_Biblia_de_Cervera%2C_Samuel.jpg/220px-Fl-_147_Biblia_de_Cervera%2C_Samuel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Fl-_147_Biblia_de_Cervera%2C_Samuel.jpg/330px-Fl-_147_Biblia_de_Cervera%2C_Samuel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Fl-_147_Biblia_de_Cervera%2C_Samuel.jpg/440px-Fl-_147_Biblia_de_Cervera%2C_Samuel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="806" data-file-height="1101" /></a><figcaption>Page from the book of Samuel, in the Biblia de Cervera (1299/1300)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Book of Samuel</b> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">ספר שמואל</span>, <i>Sefer Shmuel</i>) is a book in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>, found as two books (<b>1–2 Samuel</b>) in the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a>. The book is part of the <a href="/wiki/Deuteronomistic_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuteronomistic history">Deuteronomistic history</a>, a series of books (<a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joshua" title="Book of Joshua">Joshua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judges" title="Book of Judges">Judges</a>, Samuel, and <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings" title="Books of Kings">Kings</a>) that constitute a theological history of the <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a> and that aim to explain <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">God's law for Israel</a> under the guidance of the prophets.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon198618_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon198618-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Jewish tradition, the book was written by <a href="/wiki/Samuel" title="Samuel">Samuel</a>, with additions by the prophets <a href="/wiki/Gad_(prophet)" title="Gad (prophet)">Gad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nathan_(prophet)" title="Nathan (prophet)">Nathan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-JewishEncyclopedia_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JewishEncyclopedia-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who together are three <a href="/wiki/Biblical_prophet" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical prophet">prophets</a> who had appeared within 1 Chronicles during the account of David's reign.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern scholarly thinking posits that the entire Deuteronomistic history was composed <i>circa</i> 630–540 BCE by combining a number of independent texts of various ages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnight199562_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnight199562-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2001197_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2001197-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The book begins with Samuel's birth<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a>'s call to him as a boy. The story of the <a href="/wiki/Ark_of_the_Covenant" title="Ark of the Covenant">Ark of the Covenant</a> follows. It tells of Israel's oppression by the <a href="/wiki/Philistines" title="Philistines">Philistines</a>, which brought about Samuel's anointing of <a href="/wiki/Saul" title="Saul">Saul</a> as <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(united_monarchy)" title="Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)">Israel</a>'s first king. But Saul proved unworthy, and God's choice turned to <a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a>, who defeated Israel's enemies, purchased the threshing floor<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where his son <a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a> would build the <a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple" title="Solomon's Temple">First Temple</a>, and brought the Ark of the Covenant to Jerusalem. Yahweh then promised David and his successors an everlasting dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpieckerman2001348_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpieckerman2001348-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a>, a basis of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian biblical canon">Christian biblical canons</a>, the text is divided into two books, now called the First and Second Book of Samuel. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biblical_narrative">Biblical narrative</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Books_of_Samuel&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biblical narrative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ernst_Josephson._-_David_och_Saul.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Ernst_Josephson._-_David_och_Saul.JPG/220px-Ernst_Josephson._-_David_och_Saul.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Ernst_Josephson._-_David_och_Saul.JPG/330px-Ernst_Josephson._-_David_och_Saul.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Ernst_Josephson._-_David_och_Saul.JPG/440px-Ernst_Josephson._-_David_och_Saul.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2091" data-file-height="1611" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Josephson" title="Ernst Josephson">Ernst Josephson</a>, <i>David and Saul</i>, 1878</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Long_plot plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Plot" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section's plot summary <b>may be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:How_to_write_a_plot_summary" title="Wikipedia:How to write a plot summary">too long or excessively detailed</a>.</b><span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Books_of_Samuel&action=edit">help improve it</a> by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Jerusalem Bible divides the two Books of Samuel into five sections. Further subheadings are also based on subdivisions in that version: </p><p>1 Samuel 1:1–7:17. <a href="/wiki/Samuel_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel (Bible)">Samuel</a><br /> 1 Samuel 8:1–15:35. Samuel and <a href="/wiki/Saul" title="Saul">Saul</a><br /> 1 Samuel 16:1–2 Samuel 1:27. Saul and <a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a><br /> 2 Samuel 2:1–20:26. David<br /> 2 Samuel 21:1–24:25. Supplementary Information<br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1_Samuel">1 Samuel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Books_of_Samuel&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 1 Samuel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Samuel_(1:1–7:17)"><span id="Samuel_.281:1.E2.80.937:17.29"></span>Samuel (1:1–7:17)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Books_of_Samuel&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Samuel (1:1–7:17)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="The_childhood_of_Samuel_(1:1–4:1a)"><span id="The_childhood_of_Samuel_.281:1.E2.80.934:1a.29"></span>The childhood of Samuel (1:1–4:1a)</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Books_of_Samuel&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The childhood of Samuel (1:1–4:1a)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A man named <a href="/wiki/Elkanah" title="Elkanah">Elkanah</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Ephraim" title="Tribe of Ephraim">Ephraimite</a> from the city of <a href="/wiki/Ramathaim-Zophim" title="Ramathaim-Zophim">Ramathaim-Zophim</a>, has two wives, <a href="/wiki/Peninnah" title="Peninnah">Peninnah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hannah_(biblical_figure)" title="Hannah (biblical figure)">Hannah</a>, the latter of whom is his favourite wife, and a rivalry between the two develops based on the fact that Peninnah has children and Hannah does not. The childless Hannah vows to <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh lord of hosts</a> that, if she has a son, he will be dedicated to God. <a href="/wiki/Eli_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eli (Bible)">Eli</a>, the priest of <a href="/wiki/Shiloh_(biblical_city)" title="Shiloh (biblical city)">Shiloh</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Ark_of_the_Covenant" title="Ark of the Covenant">Ark of the Covenant</a> is located, thinks she is drunk, but when he realises she is praying, he blesses her. A child named <a href="/wiki/Samuel_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel (Bible)">Samuel</a> is born, and Samuel is dedicated to the Lord as a <a href="/wiki/Nazirite" title="Nazirite">Nazirite</a> – the only one besides <a href="/wiki/Samson" title="Samson">Samson</a> to be identified in the Bible. Hannah sings a <a href="/wiki/Song_of_Hannah" title="Song of Hannah">song of praise</a> upon the fulfilment of her vow. </p><p>Eli's sons, <a href="/wiki/Hophni_and_Phinehas" title="Hophni and Phinehas">Hophni and Phinehas</a>, sin against God's laws and the people, specifically by demanding raw rather than boiled meat for sacrifice and having sex with the tabernacle's serving women. But the child Samuel grows up "in the presence of the Lord": his family visits him each year, bringing a new coat for him, and Hannah has five more children. Eli tries to persuade his sons to stop their wickedness, but fails. As punishment for this, a holy man arrives, prophesying that Eli's family will be cut off and none of his descendants will see old age. </p><p>One night, God calls Samuel and, thinking Eli is calling him three times, he rushes to Eli. Eli informs him that God wishes to speak to him, and God informs Samuel that the earlier prophecy about Eli's family is correct. He is at first afraid to inform Eli of this, but Eli tells him not to be, and that God will do what is good in His sight. Over time, Samuel grows up and is recognised as a prophet. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="The_Ark_in_Philistine_hands_(4:1b–7:17)"><span id="The_Ark_in_Philistine_hands_.284:1b.E2.80.937:17.29"></span>The Ark in Philistine hands (4:1b–7:17)</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Books_of_Samuel&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The Ark in Philistine hands (4:1b–7:17)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Philistines" title="Philistines">Philistines</a>, despite their initial worries when hearing the Israelite ritual of the entrance of the <a href="/wiki/Ark_of_the_Covenant" title="Ark of the Covenant">Ark of the Covenant</a>, defeat the Israelites at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aphek" title="Battle of Aphek">Battle of Aphek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philistine_captivity_of_the_Ark" title="Philistine captivity of the Ark">capturing the Ark</a> and killing Hophni and Phinehas, thus fulfilling the earlier prophecy. When Eli hears of these two events, particularly the capture of the Ark, he falls off his chair and dies. His daughter-in-law, in turn, goes into labour at this, and names her son <a href="/wiki/Ichabod" title="Ichabod">Ichabod</a> ('without glory') in commemoration of the capture of the Ark. </p><p>Meanwhile, the Philistines take the Ark to the temple of their god <a href="/wiki/Dagon" title="Dagon">Dagon</a>, who recognizes the supremacy of Yahweh. The Philistines are afflicted with plagues, are unable to take the Ark into any city on account of the fear of the populations of those cities, and return the ark to the Israelites, but to the territory of the <a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Benjamin" title="Tribe of Benjamin">tribe of Benjamin</a>, to the city of <a href="/wiki/Beit_Shemesh" title="Beit Shemesh">Beth Shemesh</a>, rather than to Shiloh, from where it is passed to the city of <a href="/wiki/Kiriath-Jearim" title="Kiriath-Jearim">Kiriath Jearim</a>, where a new priest, <a href="/wiki/Eleazar,_son_of_Abinadab" title="Eleazar, son of Abinadab">Eleazar, son of Abinadab</a>, is appointed to guard the ark for the twenty years it is there. The Philistines attack the Israelites gathered at <a href="/wiki/Mizpah_in_Gilead_(Judges)" title="Mizpah in Gilead (Judges)">Mizpah</a> in Benjamin. Samuel appeals to God, the Philistines are decisively beaten, and the Israelites reclaim their lost territory. Samuel sets up the <a href="/wiki/Eben-Ezer" title="Eben-Ezer">Eben-Ezer</a> (the stone of help) in remembrance of the battle, and takes his place as judge of Israel. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Samuel_and_Saul_(8:1–15:35)"><span id="Samuel_and_Saul_.288:1.E2.80.9315:35.29"></span>Samuel and Saul (8:1–15:35)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Books_of_Samuel&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Samuel and Saul (8:1–15:35)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="The_institution_of_the_monarchy_(8:1–12:25)"><span id="The_institution_of_the_monarchy_.288:1.E2.80.9312:25.29"></span>The institution of the monarchy (8:1–12:25)</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Books_of_Samuel&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The institution of the monarchy (8:1–12:25)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Samuel's old age, he appoints his sons <a href="/wiki/Joel_(son_of_Samuel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Joel (son of Samuel)">Joel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abijah" title="Abijah">Abijah</a> as judges but, because of their corruption, the people ask for a king to rule over them. God directs Samuel to grant the people their wish despite his concerns: God gives them <a href="/wiki/Saul" title="Saul">Saul</a> from the tribe of Benjamin, whom Samuel anoints during an attempt by Saul to locate his father's lost donkeys. He then invites Saul to a feast, where he gives him the best piece of meat, and they talk through the night on the roof of Samuel's house. Samuel tells Saul to return home, telling him the donkeys have been found and his father is now worrying about him, as well as describing a series of signs Saul will see on the way home. Saul begins to prophesy when he meets some prophets, confusing his neighbours. Eventually, Samuel publicly announces Saul as king, although not without controversy. </p><p>Shortly after, <a href="/wiki/Nahash_of_Ammon" title="Nahash of Ammon">Nahash of Ammon</a> lays siege to <a href="/wiki/Jabesh-Gilead" title="Jabesh-Gilead">Jabesh Gilead</a> and demands that everyone in the city have their right eye gouged out as part of the peace treaty. The Jabeshites send out messengers, looking for a saviour. When Saul hears of the situation, he gathers a 330,000-strong army and launches a surprise attack at night, leading Israel to victory and saving Jabesh, thus proving those who doubted him wrong. Saul's kingship is renewed. </p><p>Samuel is aware he is the final judge and that the age of kings is about to begin, and speaks to the Israelites, demonstrating his innocence and recapping the history of Israel. He calls on the Lord to send thunder and rain, and rebukes the people for their desire for a king. Nonetheless, he tells them that as long as they refrain from idol worship, they will not perish – but if they do, calamity will befall the kingdom. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="The_beginning_of_Saul's_reign_(13:1–15:35)"><span id="The_beginning_of_Saul.27s_reign_.2813:1.E2.80.9315:35.29"></span>The beginning of Saul's reign (13:1–15:35)</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Books_of_Samuel&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The beginning of Saul's reign (13:1–15:35)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite his numerous military victories, Saul disobeys Yahweh's instructions. First of all, after a battle against the Philistines, he does not wait for Samuel to arrive before he offers sacrifices. Meanwhile, it turns out that the Philistines have been killing and capturing blacksmiths in order to ensure the Israelites do not have weapons, and so the Israelites go to war essentially with sharpened farm instruments. Saul's son <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_(1_Samuel)" title="Jonathan (1 Samuel)">Jonathan</a> launches a secret attack by climbing a pass into the Philistine camp and kills twenty people in the process. The panic this creates leads to a victory for the Israelites. Jonathan finds some honey and eats it, despite a royal decree not to eat until evening. </p><p>Jonathan begins to doubt his father, reasoning an even greater victory could have been achieved if the men had eaten. The royal decree has other unintended knock-on effects, namely that the men start killing and eating animals without draining the blood. To counteract this, Saul sets up an altar so the proper laws can be observed. When a priest suggests asking God before launching another attack, God is silent, leading Saul to set up a pseudo-legal procedure to ascertain whose fault it is that God has abandoned them. The lot falls on Jonathan, but the men refuse to let him be executed since he is the reason for their victory. </p><p>Over time, Saul fights the <a href="/wiki/Moab" title="Moab">Moabites</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ammon" title="Ammon">Ammonites</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Edom" title="Edom">Edomites</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Zobah" title="Zobah">Zobahites</a>, the Philistines and the <a href="/wiki/Amalek" title="Amalek">Amalekites</a>, winning victory over them all. His kingdom is in a constant state of war, and he constantly recruits new heroes to his army. However, he disobeys God's instruction to destroy Amalek: Saul spares <a href="/wiki/Agag" title="Agag">Agag</a>, the Amalekite ruler, and the best portion of the Amalekite flocks to present them as sacrifices. Samuel rebukes Saul and tells him that God has now chosen another man to be king of Israel. Samuel then kills Agag himself. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Saul_and_David_(16:1–31:13)"><span id="Saul_and_David_.2816:1.E2.80.9331:13.29"></span>Saul and David (16:1–31:13)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Books_of_Samuel&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Saul and David (16:1–31:13)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="David_at_court_(16:1–19:7)"><span id="David_at_court_.2816:1.E2.80.9319:7.29"></span>David at court (16:1–19:7)</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Books_of_Samuel&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: David at court (16:1–19:7)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Samuel travels to <a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a> to visit a man named <a href="/wiki/Jesse_(biblical_figure)" title="Jesse (biblical figure)">Jesse</a>, with God promising Samuel can anoint one of his sons as king. However, while inspecting Jesse's sons, God tells Samuel that none of them are to be king. God tells Samuel to anoint <a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a>, the youngest brother, as king. Saul becomes ill and David comes to play the harp to him. Saul takes a liking to David and David enters Saul's court as his <a href="/wiki/Squire" title="Squire">armor-bearer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harp" title="Harp">harpist</a>. </p><p>A new war against the Philistines begins, and a Philistine champion named <a href="/wiki/Goliath" title="Goliath">Goliath</a> emerges, challenging any Israelite to one-on-one combat, with the loser's people becoming subject to the winner. David goes to take food to his brothers in the Israelite camp, learns of the situation and the reward Saul is willing to give to the person who kills him great wealth, his daughter's hand in marriage and exemption from taxes for the killer's family and tells Saul he will kill Goliath. Saul wants him to wear his armour, but David finds he cannot because he is not used to it. Seeing David's youth, Goliath begins to curse him. David slings a stone into Goliath's forehead, and Goliath dies. David cuts off Goliath's head with Goliath's sword. </p><p>Jonathan befriends David. Saul begins to send David on military missions and quickly promotes him given his successes, but begins to become jealous of David after the Israelites make up a song about how much more successful David is than Saul. One day, Saul decides to kill David with a spear, but David avoids him. Saul realises that God is now with David and no longer with him, making him scared of David. He therefore seeks other ways to pacify David. First, he sends him on military campaigns, but this only makes him more successful. </p><p>Next, he tries to marry him off to his daughter Merab, but David refuses, and so Merab is married off to the nobleman <a href="/wiki/Adriel" title="Adriel">Adriel</a>. However, David is in love with <a href="/wiki/Michal" title="Michal">Michal</a>, another of Saul's daughters. Although David is still unsure about becoming son-in-law to the king, Saul requires only 100 Philistine foreskins as dowry. Although this is a plan to have David captured by the Philistines, David kills 200 Philistines and brings their foreskins back to Saul. </p><p>Saul then plots David's death, but Jonathan talks him out of it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="The_flight_of_David_(19:8–21:16)"><span id="The_flight_of_David_.2819:8.E2.80.9321:16.29"></span>The flight of David (19:8–21:16)</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Books_of_Samuel&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: The flight of David (19:8–21:16)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Once again Saul tries to kill David with his spear, and so David decides to escape, lowered out of a window by Michal, who then takes an idol, covers it in clothes and places goat's hair on its head to cover David's escape. David visits Samuel. When Saul finds this out, he sends men to capture David, but when they see Samuel they begin prophesying, as does Saul when he tries to capture David himself. </p><p>David then visits Jonathan, and they argue about whether Saul actually wants to kill David. David proposes a test: he is to dine with the king the following day for the <a href="/wiki/Rosh_Chodesh" title="Rosh Chodesh">New Moon festival</a>. However, he will hide in a field and Jonathan will tell Saul that David has returned to Bethlehem for a sacrifice. If the king accepts this, he is not trying to kill him, but if he becomes angry, he is. Jonathan devises a code to relay this information to David: he will come to the stone Ezel, shoot three arrows at it and tell a page to find them. If he tells the page the arrows are on his side of the stone, David can come to him, but if he tells them they are beyond the stone, he must run away. When Jonathan puts the plan into action, Saul attempts to kill him with his spear. Jonathan relays this to David using his code and the two weep as they are separated. </p><p>David arrives at <a href="/wiki/Nob,_Israel" title="Nob, Israel">Nob</a>, where he meets <a href="/wiki/Ahimelech" title="Ahimelech">Ahimelech</a> the priest, a great-grandson of Eli. Pretending he is on a mission from the king and is going to meet his men, he asks for supplies. He is given the <a href="/wiki/Showbread" title="Showbread">showbread</a> and Goliath's sword. He then flees to <a href="/wiki/Gath_(city)" title="Gath (city)">Gath</a> and seeks refuge at the court of King <a href="/wiki/Achish" title="Achish">Achish</a>, but feigns insanity since he is afraid of what the Philistines might do to him. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="David_the_outlaw_(22:1–26:25)"><span id="David_the_outlaw_.2822:1.E2.80.9326:25.29"></span>David the outlaw (22:1–26:25)</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Books_of_Samuel&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: David the outlaw (22:1–26:25)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>David travels to the cave of <a href="/wiki/Adullam" title="Adullam">Adullam</a> near his home, where his family visit him, until he finds refuge for them at the court of the king of Moab in <a href="/wiki/Mizpah_(Moab)" title="Mizpah (Moab)">Mizpah</a>. </p><p>One of Saul's servants, <a href="/wiki/Doeg_the_Edomite" title="Doeg the Edomite">Doeg the Edomite</a>, saw David at Nob, and informs Saul that he was there. Saul arrives at the town, concludes that the priests are supporting David and has Doeg kill them all. One priest gets away: <a href="/wiki/Abiathar" title="Abiathar">Abiathar</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/Ahimelech" title="Ahimelech">Ahimelech</a>, who goes to join David. David accepts him, since he feels somewhat responsible for the massacre. David liberates the village of <a href="/wiki/Keilah" title="Keilah">Keilah</a> from the Philistines with the help of God and Abiathar. When God tells him that Saul is coming and the citizens of Keilah will hand him over to Saul, David and his men escape to the desert of <a href="/wiki/Ziph_(Bible)" title="Ziph (Bible)">Ziph</a>, where Jonathan comes and recognises him as the next king. Some Ziphites inform Saul that David is in the desert, but Saul's search is broken off by another Philistine invasion. </p><p>After the invasion, Saul learns David is now living in the desert of <a href="/wiki/Ein_Gedi" title="Ein Gedi">En Gedi</a> and resumes his search for him. At one point, he enters a cave to relieve himself. David and his men are further back in the cave. They discuss the possibility of killing Saul, but David opts to merely cut a corner off his robe and use this as proof that he does not in fact wish to kill Saul. Saul repents of how he has treated David, recognises him as the next king and makes him promise not to kill off his descendants. </p><p>Samuel dies, and, after mourning him, David moves on to the <a href="/wiki/Desert_of_Paran" title="Desert of Paran">Desert of Paran</a>. Here he meets the shepherds of a <a href="/wiki/Caleb" title="Caleb">Calebite</a> named <a href="/wiki/Nabal" title="Nabal">Nabal</a>, and his men help protect them. At sheep-shearing time, he sends some of his men to ask for food. Nabal refuses, preferring to keep his food for his household. When his wife, <a href="/wiki/Abigail" title="Abigail">Abigail</a>, hears of this, she takes a large amount of supplies to David herself. This turns out to be at exactly the right moment, since David had just threatened to kill everyone in Nabal's home. Abigail begs for mercy, and David agrees, praising her wisdom. That night Nabal has a feast, so Abigail waits until morning to tell him what she has done. He has a heart attack and dies ten days later. David marries Abigail and a woman from <a href="/wiki/Tel_Jezreel" title="Tel Jezreel">Jezreel</a> named <a href="/wiki/Ahinoam" title="Ahinoam">Ahinoam</a>, but in the meantime Saul has married David's first wife, Michal, off to a nobleman named <a href="/wiki/Palti,_son_of_Laish" title="Palti, son of Laish">Palti, son of Laish</a>. </p><p>Saul decides to return to pursuing David, and the Ziphites alert him as to David's whereabouts. Saul returns to the desert of Ziph and sets up camp. One night, David and two companions, <a href="/wiki/Achimelech" title="Achimelech">Achimelech</a> the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hittites" title="Biblical Hittites">Hittite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abishai_(biblical_figure)" title="Abishai (biblical figure)">Abishai</a> son of <a href="/wiki/Zeruiah" title="Zeruiah">Zeruiah</a> (his nephew), go to Saul's camp and find him asleep on the ground. Abishai advocates killing him, but David once again resists, content with taking a spear and water jug lying by Saul's head. The next morning, David advises <a href="/wiki/Abner" title="Abner">Abner</a>, Saul's captain, to put the soldiers to death for not protecting Saul, citing the absence of the spear and water jug as evidence. Saul interrupts, and once again repents of his hunt. He blesses David, David returns his spear and Saul returns home. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="David_among_the_Philistines_(27:1–31:13)"><span id="David_among_the_Philistines_.2827:1.E2.80.9331:13.29"></span>David among the Philistines (27:1–31:13)</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Books_of_Samuel&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: David among the Philistines (27:1–31:13)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>David joins the Philistines out of fear of Saul, taking his wives with him and brutally destroying his enemies, largely the <a href="/wiki/Geshurites" title="Geshurites">Geshurites</a>, the Girzites and the Amalekites, but makes the Philistines believe he is attacking the Israelites, the <a href="/wiki/Jerahmeelite" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerahmeelite">Jerahmeelites</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kenite" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenite">Kenites</a> instead. King Achish is pleased with him, and supposes he will continue to serve him. Eventually, the Philistines go to war with the Israelites, and David goes with them. </p><p>Meanwhile, Saul is growing increasingly anxious about the upcoming battle, but cannot get advice from God. He decides to attempt to contact Samuel from beyond the grave. While he has expelled all the witches and spiritists, he learns that <a href="/wiki/Witch_of_Endor" title="Witch of Endor">one</a> remains at <a href="/wiki/Endor_(village)" title="Endor (village)">Endor</a>. After Saul assures her she will not be punished, she agrees to summon Samuel. Samuel is not happy to be disturbed, and reveals that the Philistines will win the battle, with Saul and his sons dying in the process. Saul is shocked and, although at first reluctant, eats some food and leaves. </p><p>Back in the Philistine camp, several of the rulers are not happy with the idea of fighting alongside David, suspecting he may defect during the battle. Achish therefore reluctantly sends David back instead of bringing him to Jezreel with the Philistine army. When David and his men arrive in <a href="/wiki/Ziklag" title="Ziklag">Ziklag</a>, they find it sacked by the Amalekites, and David's wives taken captive. After seeking God's advice, David decides to pursue the raiding Amalekites, finding the Egyptian slave of one, abandoned when he became ill, who can show them the band. When they are located and found to be feasting, David fights all day, with only 400 escaping on camels. David recovers everything and returns to the <a href="/wiki/Besor_Stream" class="mw-redirect" title="Besor Stream">Besor Valley</a>, where 200 men who were too exhausted to come with him have been guarding supplies. David announces all are to share in the treasure, and even sends some to the elders of <a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Judah" title="Tribe of Judah">Judah</a> when he returns to Ziklag. </p><p>Meanwhile, the Battle of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Gilboa" title="Mount Gilboa">Mount Gilboa</a> is raging on and, as Samuel said, the Philistines are winning. Saul's three sons have been killed, and he himself has been wounded by arrows. Saul asks his armor-bearer to run his sword through him rather than let him be captured by the Philistines, but does it himself when the armor-bearer refuses. When they see the battle going badly, the Israelites flee their towns, allowing the Philistines to occupy them. The next day, the Philistines find Saul, behead him, and take his armour to the temple of <a href="/wiki/Astarte" title="Astarte">Astarte</a> and his body to <a href="/wiki/Beit_She%27an" title="Beit She'an">Beth Shan</a>. When they hear what has happened, the citizens of Jabesh Gilead take his body and perform funerary rites in their city. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2_Samuel">2 Samuel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Books_of_Samuel&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 2 Samuel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Saul_and_David_(continued)_(1:1–1:27)"><span id="Saul_and_David_.28continued.29_.281:1.E2.80.931:27.29"></span>Saul and David (continued) (1:1–1:27)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Books_of_Samuel&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Saul and David (continued) (1:1–1:27)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="David_among_the_Philistines_(continued)_(1:1–1:27)"><span id="David_among_the_Philistines_.28continued.29_.281:1.E2.80.931:27.29"></span>David among the Philistines (continued) (1:1–1:27)</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Books_of_Samuel&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: David among the Philistines (continued) (1:1–1:27)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Back in Ziklag, three days after Saul's death, David receives news that Saul and his sons are dead. It transpires that the messenger is an Amalekite who, at Saul's insistence, had killed Saul to speed his death along, and brought his crown to David. David orders his death for having killed God's anointed. At this point, David offers a majestic eulogy, where he praises the bravery and magnificence of both his friend Jonathan and King Saul.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="David_(2:1–20:26)"><span id="David_.282:1.E2.80.9320:26.29"></span>David (2:1–20:26)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Books_of_Samuel&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: David (2:1–20:26)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="David_King_of_Judah_(2:1–4:12)"><span id="David_King_of_Judah_.282:1.E2.80.934:12.29"></span>David King of Judah (2:1–4:12)</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Books_of_Samuel&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: David King of Judah (2:1–4:12)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>David returns to <a href="/wiki/Hebron" title="Hebron">Hebron</a> at God's instruction. The elders of Judah anoint David as king, and as his first act he offers a reward to the people of Jabesh Gilead for performing Saul's funerary rites. Meanwhile, in the north, Saul's son <a href="/wiki/Ish-bosheth" title="Ish-bosheth">Ish-bosheth</a>, supported by Abner, has taken control of the northern tribes. David and Ish-bosheth's armies meet at the <a href="/wiki/Pool_of_Gibeon" title="Pool of Gibeon">Pool of Gibeon</a>, and Abner and <a href="/wiki/Joab" title="Joab">Joab</a>, another son of Zeruiah and David's general, agree to have soldiers fight in one-on-one combat. All this achieves is twelve men on each side killing each other, but a battle follows and David wins. During the Benjaminites' retreat, Joab's brother <a href="/wiki/Asahel" title="Asahel">Asahel</a> chases Abner and Abner kills him, shocking everyone. Joab and Abishai continue Asahel's pursuit. A truce is declared when they reach a hill to avoid further bloodshed, and Abner and his men are able to cross the <a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan</a>. </p><p>The war continues as David builds a family. Meanwhile, the House of Saul is getting weaker. When Ish-bosheth accuses Abner of sleeping with Saul's concubine <a href="/wiki/Rizpah" title="Rizpah">Rizpah</a>, Abner offers to join David, which David accepts as long as he brings Michal with him. At the same time, David sends a petition to Ish-bosheth for the return of Michal, which Ish-bosheth agrees to. Patiel follows her crying until he is told to return home. Following the return of Michal, Abner agrees to get the elders of Israel to agree to make David king. Joab believes Abner was lying in his purpose of coming to David and, after recalling him to Hebron, kills him in revenge for Asahel. David curses Joab's family to always contain a leper, someone disabled or someone hungry. He then holds a funeral for Abner. </p><p>By this point, the only other surviving member of Ish-bosheth's family is <a href="/wiki/Mephibosheth" title="Mephibosheth">Mephibosheth</a>, Jonathan's disabled son, who was dropped by his nurse as she attempted to escape the palace after the deaths of Saul and Jonathan. Ish-bosheth is murdered by <a href="/wiki/Rechab" title="Rechab">Rechab</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baanah" class="mw-redirect" title="Baanah">Baanah</a>, two of his captains who hope for a reward from David, who stab him and cut off his head. They bring his head to David, but David has them killed for killing an innocent man. They are hanged by the pool of Hebron and Ish-bosheth's head is buried in Abner's tomb. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="David_King_of_Judah_and_of_Israel_(5:1–8:18)"><span id="David_King_of_Judah_and_of_Israel_.285:1.E2.80.938:18.29"></span>David King of Judah and of Israel (5:1–8:18)</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Books_of_Samuel&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: David King of Judah and of Israel (5:1–8:18)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>David is anointed king of all Israel. </p><p>Against all odds, David captures <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Jebusites" title="Jebusites">Jebusites</a>. He takes over the fortress of <a href="/wiki/Zion" title="Zion">Zion</a> and builds up the area around it. <a href="/wiki/Hiram_I" title="Hiram I">Hiram I</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a> sends craftsmen to build David a palace. Meanwhile, David's family continues to grow. The Philistines decide to attack Israel now that David is king, but God allows David to defeat them in two battles, first in <a href="/wiki/Baal-perazim" title="Baal-perazim">Baal Perizim</a> and next in the <a href="/wiki/Valley_of_Rephaim" title="Valley of Rephaim">Valley of Rephaim</a>. </p><p>The Ark is currently still in Baalah (another name for Kiriath Jearim), but David wants to bring it to Jerusalem. He puts it on a cart and employs the priests <a href="/wiki/Uzzah" title="Uzzah">Uzzah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ahio" title="Ahio">Ahio</a>, both sons of Abinadab and brothers of Eleazar, to accompany it. A grand procession with musical instruments is organised, but comes to a sudden halt when the oxen stumble, causing Uzzah to touch the Ark and die. David is afraid to take it any further and stores it in the house of a man named <a href="/wiki/Obed-Edom" title="Obed-Edom">Obed-Edom</a>. When, after three months, Obed-Edom and his family have received nothing but blessings, David takes the Ark to Jerusalem. As part of the ceremony bringing the Ark into the city, David dances in front of it wearing nothing but an <a href="/wiki/Ephod" title="Ephod">ephod</a>. Michal sees this and is annoyed, but David says it was for the Lord, and thus it was not undignified. Michal never has any children. </p><p>David wishes to build a temple, arguing that he should not be living in a palace while God lives in a tent. <a href="/wiki/Nathan_(Prophet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nathan (Prophet)">Nathan</a>, a prophet, agrees. However, that night Nathan has a dream in which God informs him that David should not build him a temple for three reasons. Firstly, God has not commanded it, and has never complained about living in a tent before. Secondly, God is still working to build David and his house up and establish the Israelites in the <a href="/wiki/Promised_Land" title="Promised Land">Promised Land</a>. Thirdly, God will establish one of David's sons as king. He will build the temple, and his house will never be out of power. When Nathan reports this to David, David prays to God, thanking him for these revelations. David defeats the enemies of Israel, slaughtering Philistines, <a href="/wiki/Moab" title="Moab">Moabites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edom" title="Edom">Edomites</a>, Syrians, and <a href="/wiki/Arameans" title="Arameans">Arameans</a>. He then appoints a cabinet. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="David's_family_and_the_intrigues_for_the_succession_(9:1–20:26)"><span id="David.27s_family_and_the_intrigues_for_the_succession_.289:1.E2.80.9320:26.29"></span>David's family and the intrigues for the succession (9:1–20:26)</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Books_of_Samuel&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: David's family and the intrigues for the succession (9:1–20:26)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Mephibosheth_(9:1–9:13)"><span id="Mephibosheth_.289:1.E2.80.939:13.29"></span>Mephibosheth (9:1–9:13)</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Books_of_Samuel&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Mephibosheth (9:1–9:13)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>David asks if anyone from the House of Saul is still alive so that he can show kindness to them in memory of Jonathan. <a href="/wiki/Ziba_(biblical_figure)" title="Ziba (biblical figure)">Ziba</a>, one of Saul's servants, tells him about Mephibosheth. David informs Mephibosheth that he will live in his household and eat at his table, and Mephibosheth moves to Jerusalem. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="The_Ammonite_war_and_birth_of_Solomon_(10:1–12:31)"><span id="The_Ammonite_war_and_birth_of_Solomon_.2810:1.E2.80.9312:31.29"></span>The Ammonite war and birth of Solomon (10:1–12:31)</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Books_of_Samuel&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: The Ammonite war and birth of Solomon (10:1–12:31)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nahash, king of Ammon dies and his son <a href="/wiki/Hanun" title="Hanun">Hanun</a> succeeds him. David sends condolences, but the Ammonites suspect his ambassadors are spies and humiliate them before sending them back to David. When they realise their mistake, they fear retaliation from David and amass an army from the surrounding tribes. When David hears that they are doing this, he sends Joab to lead his own army to their city gates, where the Ammonites are in battle formation. Joab decides to split the army in two: he will lead an elite force to attack the Aramean faction, while the rest of the army, led by Abisai, will focus on the Ammonites. </p><p>If either enemy force turns out to be too strong, the other Israelite force will come to help their comrades. The Arameans flee from Joab, causing the Ammonites to also flee from Abishai. The Israelite army returns to Jerusalem. The Arameans regroup and cross the Euphrates, and this time David himself wins a decisive victory at <a href="/wiki/Helam" title="Helam">Helam</a>. The Arameans realise they cannot win, make peace with Israel and refuse to help the Ammonites again. The following spring, Joab destroys the Ammonites. </p><p>While Joab is off at war, David remains in Jerusalem. One morning, he is standing on the roof of his palace when he sees a naked woman performing ablutions after her period. David learns her name is <a href="/wiki/Bathsheba" title="Bathsheba">Bathsheba</a>, and they have sex. She becomes pregnant. Seeking to hide his sin, David recalls her husband, <a href="/wiki/Uriah_the_Hittite" title="Uriah the Hittite">Uriah the Hittite</a>, from battle, David encourages him to go home and see his wife, but Uriah declines in case David might need him, and sleeps in the doorway to the palace that night. David, in spite of inviting Uriah to feasts, continues to be unable to persuade him to go home. </p><p>David then deliberately sends Uriah on a suicide mission. David loses some of his best warriors in this mission, so Joab tells the messenger reporting back to tell David that Uriah is dead. David instructs Joab to continue the attack of the city. After Bathsheba has finished mourning Uriah, David marries her and she gives birth. </p><p>Nathan comes to David and tells him a parable. In a town, there are a rich man and a poor man. The rich man has much livestock, but the poor man has only one lamb whom he loves like a child. One day, the rich man has a guest for dinner, and instead of slaughtering one of his own livestock, took the poor man's lamb and cooked it. David angrily insists the rich man be put to death, but Nathan tells him he is the man, saying he has committed a sin to get something he already had plenty of (wives), and prophesies that his family will be gripped by violence, and someone will have affairs with his wives publicly. </p><p>David repents, and Nathan tells him that while he is forgiven and will not die, his son with Bathsheba will. The child becomes ill, and David spends his time fasting and praying, but to no avail, because the child dies. David's attendants are scared to tell him the news, worried about what he may do. He surprises everyone by ending his fasting, saying that he was fasting and praying was an attempt to persuade God to save his child, whereas fasting now isn't going to bring the child back. After they have mourned, David and Bathsheba have another child, who they name <a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a> (also called Jedediah). </p><p>Back on the front line, in the city of <a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Rabbah</a>, Joab has gained control of the water supply. Joab invites David to finish capturing the city so that it may be named after himself. David gathers an army and travels up himself. He wins a victory, crowns himself king of the Ammonites, takes a large amount of plunder and puts the Ammonites into forced labour before returning to Jerusalem. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Absalom_(13:1–20:26)"><span id="Absalom_.2813:1.E2.80.9320:26.29"></span>Absalom (13:1–20:26)</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Books_of_Samuel&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Absalom (13:1–20:26)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A complicated controversy begins to develop within the palace. <a href="/wiki/Amnon" title="Amnon">Amnon</a>, David's son by Ahinoam, becomes lovesick for <a href="/wiki/Tamar_(daughter_of_David)" title="Tamar (daughter of David)">Tamar</a>, David's daughter by <a href="/wiki/Maacah" title="Maacah">Maacah</a>, daughter of <a href="/wiki/Talmai" title="Talmai">Talmai</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Geshur" title="Geshur">Geshur</a>. Amnon's advisor and cousin <a href="/wiki/Jonadab" title="Jonadab">Jonadab</a> suggests he pretend to be ill and ask Tamar to come and prepare bread for him so he can eat out of her hand. When she comes to his house, Amnon tells her to come to his bedroom. Here, after she refuses to have sex with him, Amnon rapes her. He then forces her to leave the house. She rips the gown which symbolises she is a virgin, puts ashes on her hand and walks around wailing. Tamar's brother, <a href="/wiki/Absalom" title="Absalom">Absalom</a>, and David learn about this and become angry. </p><p>Two years later, Absalom is shearing sheep at <a href="/wiki/Baal-hazor" title="Baal-hazor">Baal Hazor</a> and invites David and all his sons to come. David refuses, but blesses him and sends Amnon and the rest of his sons to him. Absalom holds a feast and gets Amnon drunk. He then instructs his servants to kill Amnon in revenge for his rape of Tamar. David's other sons are disgusted and return to Jerusalem. David hears a rumour that Absalom has killed all of David's sons, but Jonadab assures him that only Amnon is dead. Meanwhile, Absalom goes to live with his grandfather in Geshur for three years. After David has finished mourning Amnon, he considers visiting Absalom. </p><p>Joab wants to help David, so he tells a wise woman from <a href="/wiki/Teqoa" title="Teqoa">Tekoa</a> to travel to Jerusalem pretending to be in mourning and speak to the king. The woman tells a story about her two sons, one of whom killed the other and whose death is now being called for. After some cajoling, David agrees to issue a decree ensuring that her son is not killed. The woman turns this back on David, and asks, then, why he has not forgiven his own son. </p><p>After the woman admits that Joab put her up to this, David agrees to allow Absalom back to Jerusalem, but insists he does not come to the palace. Absalom becomes popular in Jerusalem due to his good looks. His family also grows during this time. Two years pass without Absalom being recalled to court. When Joab refuses to help him, Absalom sets his field on fire. This gets Joab's attention, and finally Absalom manages to convince him to persuade David to allow him back to court. </p><p>Absalom purchases a magnificent chariot, and begins campaigning to become a judge, principally by waiting outside the city gate, listening to the concerns of people coming to the king and pretending there is no-one to hear them, as well as embracing anyone who bows to him. Four years pass, and Absalom travels to Hebron, claiming to be fulfilling a vow, but in fact he hatches a plan to get the tribes of Israel to proclaim him king. The 200 guests who follow him do not know of his plan, and while he is at Hebron Absalom summons <a href="/wiki/Ahitophel" title="Ahitophel">Ahitophel</a>, David's counselor. </p><p>David is told of the increasing support for Absalom and decides to flee Jerusalem. He takes with him his wives and concubines, with the exception of ten, and a number of <a href="/wiki/Cherethites_and_Pelethites" title="Cherethites and Pelethites">Cerethites, Pelethites</a> and Gittites, led by a general named Ittai, who comes with David only after insisting on it. Abiathar and another priest named <a href="/wiki/Zadok" title="Zadok">Zadok</a>, together with a number of <a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Levi" title="Tribe of Levi">Levites</a> who are guarding the Ark, also come, but go back when David tells them to return the Ark to Jerusalem. The procession climbs the <a href="/wiki/Mount_of_Olives" title="Mount of Olives">Mount of Olives</a>, where he meets his confidant <a href="/wiki/Hushai" title="Hushai">Hushai</a> the <a href="/wiki/Arqa" title="Arqa">Arkite</a>, who he sends back to Jerusalem to act as a spy, seeking to disrupt Ahitophel's plans. </p><p>On the other side of the mountain, David meets Ziba, who brings donkeys and fruit as supplies. He claims that Mephibosheth is hoping to be restored to the throne of Saul in the chaos, and David grants Ziba Mephibosheth's estates. As the party approaches <a href="/wiki/Bahurim" title="Bahurim">Bahurim</a>, a Benjaminite named <a href="/wiki/Shimei_ben_Gera" title="Shimei ben Gera">Shimei</a> begins cursing and stoning David for the bloodshed he caused in the House of Saul. Abishai suggests executing him, but David considers that God has told Shibei to curse him and lets him carry on. </p><p>Back in Jerusalem, Ahitophel and Hushai arrive at Absalom's court. Absalom is at first suspicious of Hushai's presence, but ultimately accepts him. Ahitophel suggests Absalom sleeps with David's concubines who he left to take care of the palace in order to entrench the division between David and Absalom, so Absalom pitches a tent on the palace roof and does this in the view of all the Israelites. Ahitophel then suggests launching a sneak attack on David with 12,000 men. Hushai points out that David and his men are fighters, and that they could defeat the men, reducing morale. He suggests Absalom form a much larger army and lead it into battle himself. </p><p>God has decided to frustrate Ahitophel's advice so that Absalom can be defeated, so Absalom follows Hushai's advice. Hushai then goes to Zadok and Abiathar and tells them to get word to David to cross the fords. Their sons, <a href="/wiki/Ahimaaz" title="Ahimaaz">Ahimaaz</a> and Jonathan, respectively, are staying at <a href="/wiki/Ein_Rogel" title="Ein Rogel">En Rogel</a>, where they receive the message. Unfortunately, one of Absalom's spies sees them so they have to hide in a well in Bahurim. The well's owner's wife hides them and lies to Absalom's men that they have crossed the brook. After Absalom's men are gone, the pair make it to King David and he manages to cross the Jordan in time. </p><p>David and Absalom meet at <a href="/wiki/Mahanaim" title="Mahanaim">Mahanaim</a>, and David's allies bring his army food, given his army is tired and exhausted after its time in the wilderness. David divides his army into thirds: one led by Joab, one led by Abishai and one led by Ittai. David intends to come out with his men, but his generals veto it. He decides to stay at the city, and instructs his generals to be gentle with Absalom. The battle is fought in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Wood_of_Ephraim" title="Battle of the Wood of Ephraim">Wood of Ephraim</a>. This proves to be a victory for David, in part because of the treacherous terrain. As Absalom meets David's men, he passes under a tree. His long hair gets caught in the tree and he is hanged. Joab gets word of this, finds him and plunges three javelins into his heart, killing him. Joab declares the battle over and buries Absalom. Absalom's monument is <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Absalom" title="Tomb of Absalom">the pillar</a> he built during his lifetime. </p><p>Ahimaaz and a <a href="/wiki/Cush_(Bible)" title="Cush (Bible)">Cushite</a> run to tell David the news of his victory and his son's death. Ahimaaz declares the victory, but is not sure yet what the situation with Absalom is. The Cushite bears the same news, but also tells David that Absalom is dead. David begins to mourn, wishing he had died instead of Absalom. This prompts his men to start mourning as well, causing Joab to enter his tent in an attempt to talk sense into him. Joab points out that the battle has saved not only David's life, but the lives of his wives and concubines, and thus it is humiliating for the men to have to mourn for the enemy. David agrees to come out and encourage the men. </p><p>Given the sudden change in situation, the elders of Israel begin to argue about what to do next. David convinces the elders of Judah to escort him back to Jerusalem. They are joined by Shimei, who apologises to David. Abishai once again calls for the death penalty, but once again David grants clemency. Mephibosheth also comes to David, and explains the earlier situation: he had wanted to come with David and had told Ziba to saddle his donkeys, but Ziba had betrayed and slandered him. David offers to allow him and Ziba to split the land, but Mephibosheth allows Ziba to take the lot in celebration of David's triumph. </p><p>David invites his host in Mahanaim, Barzillai, to return to Jerusalem with him, but Barzillai protests on the basis that he is now eighty years old and thus will gain no enjoyment from coming. He gives David his servant Kimham in his place, and David promises to look after him. A scuffle breaks out between the Judahites and the other Israelites about why they specifically got to escort the king home. Attempting to resolve the issue, a Benjaminite named <a href="/wiki/Sheba_son_of_Bichri" title="Sheba son of Bichri">Sheba son of Bichri</a> launches a rebellion against David, which all the tribes except Judah back. </p><p>Back in Jerusalem, David begins to sort out the issues that were caused by his absence. First, he puts the ten concubines who were left behind into a guarded house and gives them pensions but does not sleep with them, allowing them to live the rest of their lives as widows. He then begins to sort out a defence against Sheba. He tells <a href="/wiki/Amasa" title="Amasa">Amasa</a>, the general whom he wishes to replace Joab, to summon the Judahite troops and have them in Jerusalem within three days, something he fails at. David therefore tells Abishai to start pursuing Sheba to effectively put down his rebellion before it has begun. </p><p>Amasa meets Abishai and Joab at <a href="/wiki/Gibeon_(ancient_city)" title="Gibeon (ancient city)">Gibeon</a>. Amasa goes to meet Joab, but Joab's dagger falls out of his tunic, stabbing Amasa in the stomach, killing him. He is covered with a cloth and placed in a field, and the army continues pursuing Sheba. They meet him at <a href="/wiki/Abel-beth-maachah" title="Abel-beth-maachah">Abel Beth Maakah</a>, a stronghold of Sheba's rebellion, and begin to lay siege to it. A wise woman asks them why they want to destroy the city, and Joab responds they don't want to destroy it, but merely end Sheba's rebellion. The wise woman cuts off Sheba's head and throws it to Joab from the city walls, thus ending the siege. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Supplementary_information_(21:1–24:25)"><span id="Supplementary_information_.2821:1.E2.80.9324:25.29"></span>Supplementary information (21:1–24:25)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Books_of_Samuel&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Supplementary information (21:1–24:25)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>2 Samuel concludes with four chapters, chapters 21 to 24, that lie outside the chronological succession narrative of Saul and David, a narrative that will continue in The Book of Kings. Chapter 21 tells the story of a three-year long famine which takes place at the start of David's reign. God explains this is a punishment for Saul's genocide of the Gibeonites, a people group who are the remnants of the <a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorites</a>, whom Israel had promised to spare but Saul has massacred. David calls the Gibeonites and asks what he can do to make amends, hoping this will end the famine. </p><p>The Gibeonites ask for seven of Saul's descendants to kill, and David agrees. He spares Mephibosheth, but hands over Rizpah's sons <a href="/wiki/Armoni_and_Mephibosheth" title="Armoni and Mephibosheth">Armoni and Mephibosheth</a> and the five sons of Merab and Adriel. They are killed by the Gibeonites and their bodies are exposed at the start of the barley harvest. Rizpah protects the bodies, and David agrees to take the bones of Saul, Jonathan and those killed by the Gibeonites and bury them in the tomb of <a href="/wiki/Kish_(Bible)" title="Kish (Bible)">Kish</a> in <a href="/wiki/Zelah,_Judea" title="Zelah, Judea">Zelah</a>. This pleases God and the famine ends. </p><p>Another war then occurs with the Philistines. In the first battle, Abishai kills Ishbi-benob, a Philistine who had sworn to kill David, which leads to David's army refusing to let him fight alongside them again for his own protection. The second battle takes place at Gob, and this time Sibbekai the Hushathite kills a Philistine named Saph. A third battle also takes place in Gob, where <a href="/wiki/Elhanan,_son_of_Jaare-oregim" title="Elhanan, son of Jaare-oregim">Elhanan, son of Jair</a> kills Goliath's brother. In the fourth battle, at Gath, Jonathan, son of Shimeah, kills a huge man with six fingers on each hand and six toes on each foot. </p><p>Chapter 22 is similar to <a href="/wiki/Psalm_18" title="Psalm 18">Psalm 18</a>, and is a song David sang when he was delivered from Saul. </p><p>Chapter 23 begins with David's last words, a subdued speech in which David expresses gladness at the goodness of his house. It then tells stories of a group of men identified as '<a href="/wiki/David%27s_Mighty_Warriors" title="David's Mighty Warriors">David's Mighty Warriors</a>'. <a href="/wiki/Jashobeam" title="Jashobeam">Josheb-Basshebeth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eleazar_(son_of_Dodai)" title="Eleazar (son of Dodai)">Eleazar, son of Dodai</a> and Shammah, son of Agee the Hararite all single-handedly win battles against the Philistines. One day, while David and his men are hiding in the cave of Adullam, David becomes homesick and, hearing the Philistines have taken over Bethlehem, cries out desiring water from Bethlehem's well. </p><p>These three men risk their lives to work their way through Philistine lines and bring water from the well back to David. David refuses to drink it and offers it to God because his warriors risked their lives for it. Abishai, we learn, achieved his high position by single-handedly killing three hundred men. Another warrior, <a href="/wiki/Benaiah#Benaiah,_son_of_Jehoiada" title="Benaiah">Benaniah, son of Jehoiada</a>, kills Moab's two mightiest warriors, a lion, and a huge Egyptian with his own spear. The chapter finishes by listing David's other mighty warriors, known as the Thirty. </p><p>Chapter 24 tells the story of more calamities on Israel. God is angry once again at Israel, so he instructs David to take a census. Joab has his reservations, but ultimately relents. When the results come in, David realises what he has done, and begs God for mercy. <a href="/wiki/Gad_(prophet)" title="Gad (prophet)">Gad the prophet</a> offers David three choices of punishment: three years of famine, three months of pursuit by his enemies or three days of plague. David chooses the plague. 70,000 people die. </p><p>After three days the angel of death reaches Jerusalem, and is on the threshing floor of a man named <a href="/wiki/Araunah" title="Araunah">Araunah</a> the Jebusite, when God tells him to stop. David is horrified, arguing that it should be him and his family who are punished. Gad tells David to build an altar on the threshing floor of Araunah the Jebusite. Araunah offers to sell the land to David for free but David insists on paying. David pays fifty shekels of silver and builds the altar, stopping the plague. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composition">Composition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Books_of_Samuel&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:David_and_Bathsheba_by_Artemisia_Gentileschi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/David_and_Bathsheba_by_Artemisia_Gentileschi.jpg/220px-David_and_Bathsheba_by_Artemisia_Gentileschi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/David_and_Bathsheba_by_Artemisia_Gentileschi.jpg/330px-David_and_Bathsheba_by_Artemisia_Gentileschi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/David_and_Bathsheba_by_Artemisia_Gentileschi.jpg/440px-David_and_Bathsheba_by_Artemisia_Gentileschi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1584" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><i>David and Bathsheba</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Artemisia_Gentileschi" title="Artemisia Gentileschi">Artemisia Gentileschi</a>, c. 1636. David is seen in the background, standing on a balcony.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Versions">Versions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Books_of_Samuel&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Versions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1 and 2 Samuel were originally (and, in most Jewish bibles, still are<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarron201517_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarron201517-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) a single book, but the first Greek translation, called the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> and produced around the second century BC, divided it into two; this was adopted by the Latin translations used in the early Christian church of the West, and finally introduced into Jewish bibles around the early 16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon198619–20_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon198619–20-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In imitation of the Septuagint what is now commonly known as 1 Samuel and 2 Samuel, are called by the <a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings" title="Books of Kings">1 Kings and 2 Kings</a> respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBechtel1910_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBechtel1910-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> What are now commonly known as 1 Kings and 2 Kings would be 3 Kings and 4 Kings in Bibles dating from before 1516.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchets1910_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchets1910-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was in 1517 that use of the division we know today, used by <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Bible" title="Protestant Bible">Protestant Bibles</a> and adopted by <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Catholics</a>, began. Traditional Catholic and Orthodox Bibles still preserve the Septuagint name; for example, the <a href="/wiki/Douay%E2%80%93Rheims_Bible" title="Douay–Rheims Bible">Douay–Rheims Bible</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Hebrew text that is used by Jews today, called the <a href="/wiki/Masoretic_Text" title="Masoretic Text">Masoretic Text</a>, differs considerably from the Hebrew text that was the basis of the first Greek translation, and scholars are still working at finding the best solutions to the many problems this presents.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergen199625–27_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergen199625–27-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_accuracy">Historical accuracy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Books_of_Samuel&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Historical accuracy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Bible#Books_of_Samuel" title="Historicity of the Bible">Historicity of the Bible § Books of Samuel</a></div> <p>The Books of Samuel are considered to be based on both historical and legendary sources, primarily serving to fill the gap in Israelite history after the events described in <a href="/wiki/Deuteronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDietrich2020100–101_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDietrich2020100–101-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Donald_Redford" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald Redford">Donald Redford</a>, the Books of Samuel exhibit too many <a href="/wiki/Anachronisms" class="mw-redirect" title="Anachronisms">anachronisms</a> to have been compiled in the 11th century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERedford1992305_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERedford1992305-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Authorship_and_date_of_composition">Authorship and date of composition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Books_of_Samuel&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Authorship and date of composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to passages 14b and 15a of the <a href="/wiki/Bava_Basra" class="mw-redirect" title="Bava Basra">Bava Basra</a> tractate of the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a>, the book was written by <a href="/wiki/Samuel" title="Samuel">Samuel</a> up until <a href="/wiki/1_Samuel_25" title="1 Samuel 25">1 Samuel 25</a>, which notes the death of Samuel, and the remainder by the prophets <a href="/wiki/Gad_(prophet)" title="Gad (prophet)">Gad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nathan_(prophet)" title="Nathan (prophet)">Nathan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-JewishEncyclopedia_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JewishEncyclopedia-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Critical scholars from the 19th century onward have rejected this idea. However, even prior to this, the medieval Jewish commentator <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Abarbanel" title="Isaac Abarbanel">Isaac Abarbanel</a> noted that the presence of anachronistic expressions (such as "to this day" and "in the past") indicated that there must have been a later editor such as Jeremiah or Ezra.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarsiel20104_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarsiel20104-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawee2012180_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawee2012180-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawee199665–73_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawee199665–73-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Martin_Noth" title="Martin Noth">Martin Noth</a> in 1943 theorized that Samuel was composed by a single author as part of a history of Israel: the <a href="/wiki/Deuteronomistic_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuteronomistic history">Deuteronomistic history</a> (made up of <a href="/wiki/Deuteronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joshua" title="Book of Joshua">Joshua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judges" title="Book of Judges">Judges</a>, Samuel and <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings" title="Books of Kings">Kings</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlein2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid6OJvO2jMCr8CpgPA316_316]_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlein2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid6OJvO2jMCr8CpgPA316_316]-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Noth's belief that the entire history was composed by a single individual has been largely abandoned, his theory in its broad outline has been adopted by most scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsumura200715–19_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsumura200715–19-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Deuteronomistic view is that an early version of the history was composed in the time of king <a href="/wiki/Hezekiah" title="Hezekiah">Hezekiah</a> (8th century BC); the bulk of the first edition dates from his grandson <a href="/wiki/Josiah" title="Josiah">Josiah</a> at the end of the 7th BC, with further sections added during the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_exile" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian exile">Babylonian exile</a> (6th century BC) and the work was substantially complete by about 550 BC. Further editing was apparently done even after then. For example, A. Graeme Auld, Professor of Hebrew Bible at the University of Edinburgh, contends that the silver quarter-shekel which Saul's servant offers to Samuel in 1 Samuel 9 "almost certainly fixes the date of this story in the Persian or <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAuld2003219_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAuld2003219-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 6th century BC authors and editors responsible for the bulk of the history drew on many earlier sources, including (but not limited to) an "ark narrative" (<a href="/wiki/1_Samuel_4:1" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Samuel 4:1">1 Samuel 4:1</a>–<a href="/wiki/1_Samuel_7:1" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Samuel 7:1">7:1</a> and perhaps part of <a href="/wiki/2_Samuel_6" title="2 Samuel 6">2 Samuel 6</a>), a "Saul cycle" (parts of <a href="/wiki/1_Samuel_9" title="1 Samuel 9">1 Samuel 9</a>–<a href="/wiki/1_Samuel_11" title="1 Samuel 11">11</a> and <a href="/wiki/1_Samuel_13" title="1 Samuel 13">13</a>–<a href="/wiki/1_Samuel_14" title="1 Samuel 14">14</a>), the "history of David's rise" (<a href="/wiki/1_Samuel_16" title="1 Samuel 16">1 Samuel 16</a>:14–<a href="/wiki/2_Samuel_5" title="2 Samuel 5">2 Samuel 5</a>:10), and the "succession narrative" (<a href="/wiki/2_Samuel_9" title="2 Samuel 9">2 Samuel 9</a>–<a href="/wiki/2_Samuel_20" title="2 Samuel 20">20</a> and <a href="/wiki/1_Kings_1" title="1 Kings 1">1 Kings 1</a>–<a href="/wiki/1_Kings_2" title="1 Kings 2">2</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnight1991853_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnight1991853-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oldest of these, the "ark narrative," may even predate the Davidic era.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsumura200711_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsumura200711-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This view of late compilation for Samuel has faced serious scholarly opposition on the basis that evidence for the Deuteronimistic history is scant, and that Deuteronimistic advocates are not in consensus as to the origin and extent of the History. Secondly, the basic theological concerns identified with the Deuteronimistic school are tenets central to Hebrew theology in texts that are widely regarded as predating Josiah. Thirdly, there are notable differences in style and thematic emphasis between <a href="/wiki/Deuteronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a> and Samuel. Finally, there are widely acknowledged structural parallels between the <a href="/wiki/Suzerainty#Hittite_suzerainty_treaty_form" title="Suzerainty">Hittite suzerain treaty</a> of the second millennium BC and the Book of Deuteronomy itself, far before the time of Josiah. The alternative view is that it is difficult to determine when the events of Samuel were recorded: "There are no particularly persuasive reasons to date the sources used by the compiler later than the early tenth century events themselves, and good reason to believe that contemporary records were kept (cf. 2 Sam. 20:24–25)."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalton2009258–59_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalton2009258–59-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Books_of_Samuel&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The sources used to construct 1 and 2 Samuel are believed to include the following:<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>Call of Samuel</i> or <i>Youth of Samuel</i> (<a href="/wiki/1_Samuel_1" title="1 Samuel 1">1 Samuel 1</a>–<a href="/wiki/1_Samuel_7" title="1 Samuel 7">7</a>): From Samuel's birth his career as Judge and prophet over Israel. This source includes the <i>Eli narrative</i> and part of the ark narrative.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoggin1987210–11_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoggin1987210–11-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Ark narrative</i> (<a href="/wiki/1_Samuel_4" title="1 Samuel 4">1 Samuel 4</a>:1b–7:1 and 2 Samuel 6:1–20): the ark's capture by the Philistines in the time of Eli and its transfer to Jerusalem by David – opinion is divided over whether this is actually an independent unit.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEynikel200088_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEynikel200088-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Jerusalem source</i>: a fairly brief source discussing David conquering Jerusalem from the <a href="/wiki/Jebusite" class="mw-redirect" title="Jebusite">Jebusites</a>.</li> <li><i>Republican source</i>: a source with an anti-monarchial <a href="/wiki/Bias" title="Bias">bias</a>. This source first describes Samuel as decisively ridding the people of the Philistines, and begrudgingly appointing an individual chosen by God to be king, namely Saul. David is described as someone renowned for his skill at playing the harp, and consequently summoned to Saul's court to calm his moods. Saul's son Jonathan becomes friends with David, which <a href="/wiki/David_and_Jonathan" title="David and Jonathan">some commentators view as romantic</a>, and later acts as his protector against Saul's more violent intentions. At a later point, having been deserted by God on the eve of battle, Saul consults a <a href="/wiki/Mediumship" title="Mediumship">medium</a> at <a href="/wiki/Witch_of_Endor" title="Witch of Endor">Endor</a>, only to be condemned for doing so by Samuel's ghost, and told he and his sons will be killed. David is heartbroken on discovering the death of Jonathan, tearing his clothes as a gesture of grief.</li> <li><i>Monarchial source</i>: a source with a pro-monarchial bias and covering many of the same details as the <i>republican source</i>. This source begins with the divinely appointed birth of Samuel. It then describes Saul as leading a war against the Ammonites, being chosen by the people to be king, and leading them against the Philistines. David is described as a shepherd boy arriving at the battlefield to aid his brothers, and is overheard by Saul, leading to David challenging <a href="/wiki/Goliath" title="Goliath">Goliath</a> and defeating the Philistines. David's warrior credentials lead to women falling in love with him, including <a href="/wiki/Michal" title="Michal">Michal</a>, Saul's daughter, who later acts to protect David against Saul. David eventually gains two new wives as a result of threatening to raid a village, and Michal is redistributed to another husband. At a later point, David finds himself seeking sanctuary amongst the Philistine army and facing the Israelites as an enemy. David is incensed that anyone should have killed Saul, even as an act of mercy, since Saul was anointed by Samuel, and has the individual responsible, an <a href="/wiki/Amalekite" class="mw-redirect" title="Amalekite">Amalekite</a>, killed.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Court_History_of_David" title="Court History of David">Court History of David</a></i> or <i>Succession narrative</i> (2 Samuel 9–20 and 1 Kings 1–2): a "<a href="/wiki/Historical_fiction#Historical_novel" title="Historical fiction">historical novel</a>", in <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Soggin" title="Alberto Soggin">Alberto Soggin</a>'s phrase, telling the story of David's reign from his affair with <a href="/wiki/Bathsheba" title="Bathsheba">Bathsheba</a> to his death. The theme is of retribution: David's sin against <a href="/wiki/Uriah_the_Hittite" title="Uriah the Hittite">Uriah the Hittite</a> is punished by God through the destruction of his own family,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoggin1987216–17_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoggin1987216–17-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and its purpose is to serve as an apology for the coronation of Bathsheba's son <a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a> instead of his older brother <a href="/wiki/Adonijah" title="Adonijah">Adonijah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlein2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid6OJvO2jMCr8CpgPA316_316]_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlein2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid6OJvO2jMCr8CpgPA316_316]-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some textual critics have posited that given the intimacy and precision of certain narrative details, the Court Historian may have been an eyewitness to some of the events he describes, or at the very least enjoyed access to the archives and battle reports of the royal house of David.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirsch2009307–309_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirsch2009307–309-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Redactions</i>: additions by the redactor to harmonize the sources together; many of the uncertain passages may be part of this editing.</li> <li><i>Various</i>: several short sources, none of which have much connection to each other, and are fairly independent of the rest of the text. Many are poems or pure lists.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manuscript_sources">Manuscript sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Books_of_Samuel&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Manuscript sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Four of the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a> feature parts of the books of Samuel: <a href="/wiki/List_of_manuscripts_from_Qumran_Cave_1" title="List of manuscripts from Qumran Cave 1">1QSam</a>, found in <a href="/wiki/Qumran_Caves" title="Qumran Caves">Qumran Cave 1</a>, contains parts of 2 Samuel; and 4QSam<sup>a</sup>, 4QSam<sup>b</sup> and 4QSam<sup>c</sup>, all found in <a href="/wiki/List_of_manuscripts_from_Qumran_Cave_4" title="List of manuscripts from Qumran Cave 4">Qumran Cave 4</a>. Collectively they are known as <a href="/wiki/The_Samuel_Scroll" title="The Samuel Scroll">The Samuel Scroll</a> and date from the 2nd and 1st centuries BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezetkoYoung2014671_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezetkoYoung2014671-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest complete surviving Hebrew copy of the book(s) of Samuel is in the <a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Codex" title="Aleppo Codex">Aleppo Codex</a> (10th century CE).<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The complete Greek text of Samuel is found in older manuscripts such as the 4th-century <a href="/wiki/Codex_Sinaiticus" title="Codex Sinaiticus">Codex Sinaiticus</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Themes">Themes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Books_of_Samuel&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Themes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hannah_VICTORS,_Jan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Hannah_VICTORS%2C_Jan.jpg/220px-Hannah_VICTORS%2C_Jan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Hannah_VICTORS%2C_Jan.jpg/330px-Hannah_VICTORS%2C_Jan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Hannah_VICTORS%2C_Jan.jpg/440px-Hannah_VICTORS%2C_Jan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="966" data-file-height="880" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hannah_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hannah (Bible)">Hannah</a> presenting <a href="/wiki/Samuel_(Biblical_figure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel (Biblical figure)">Samuel</a> to <a href="/wiki/Eli_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eli (Bible)">Eli</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Jan_Victors" title="Jan Victors">Jan Victors</a>, 1645</figcaption></figure> <p>The Book of Samuel is a theological evaluation of kingship in general and of dynastic kingship and <a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a> in particular.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlein2003312_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlein2003312-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main themes of the book are introduced in the opening poem (the "<a href="/wiki/Song_of_Hannah" title="Song of Hannah">Song of Hannah</a>"): (1) the sovereignty of <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a>, God of Israel; (2) the reversal of human fortunes; and (3) kingship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsumura200768_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsumura200768-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These themes are played out in the stories of the three main characters, <a href="/wiki/Samuel" title="Samuel">Samuel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saul" title="Saul">Saul</a> and <a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Samuel">Samuel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Books_of_Samuel&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Samuel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Samuel" title="Samuel">Samuel</a></div> <p>Samuel answers the description of the "prophet like Moses" predicted in Deuteronomy 18:15–22: like Moses, he has direct contact with <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a>, acts as a judge, and is a perfect leader who never makes mistakes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreytenbach200053–55_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreytenbach200053–55-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Samuel's successful defense of the Israelites against their enemies demonstrates that they have no need for a king (who will, moreover, introduce inequality), yet despite this the people demand a king. But the king they are given is Yahweh's gift, and Samuel explains that kingship can be a blessing rather than a curse if they remain faithful to their God. On the other hand, total destruction of both king and people will result if they turn to wickedness.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlein2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid6OJvO2jMCr8CpgPA316_316]_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlein2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid6OJvO2jMCr8CpgPA316_316]-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Saul">Saul</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Books_of_Samuel&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Saul"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Saul" title="Saul">Saul</a></div> <p>Saul is the chosen one: tall, handsome and "goodly",<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a king appointed by Yahweh, and anointed by Samuel, Yahweh's prophet, and yet he is ultimately rejected.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHertzberg196419_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHertzberg196419-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Saul has two faults which make him unfit for the office of king: carrying out a sacrifice in place of Samuel,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and failing to exterminate the <a href="/wiki/Amalekites" class="mw-redirect" title="Amalekites">Amalekites</a>, in accordance to God's commands, and trying to compensate by claiming that he reserved the surviving Amalekite livestock for sacrifice.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlein2003319_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlein2003319-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="David">David</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Books_of_Samuel&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: David"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a></div> <p>One of the main units within Samuel is the "History of David's Rise", the purpose of which is to justify David as the legitimate successor to Saul.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDick20043–4_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDick20043–4-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The narrative stresses that he gained the throne lawfully, always respecting "the Lord's anointed" (i.e. Saul) and never taking any of his numerous chances to seize the throne by violence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2001198_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2001198-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As God's chosen king over Israel, David is also the son of God ("I will be a father to him, and he shall be a son to me..." – 2 Samuel 7:14).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoogan2009216,_229–33_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoogan2009216,_229–33-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> God enters into an eternal covenant (treaty) with David and his line, promising divine protection of the dynasty and of Jerusalem through all time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoogan2009425_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoogan2009425-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/2_Samuel_23" title="2 Samuel 23">2 Samuel 23</a> contains a prophetic statement described as the "last words of <a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a>" (verses 1–7) and details of the 37 "<a href="/wiki/David%27s_mighty_men" class="mw-redirect" title="David's mighty men">mighty men</a>" who were David's chief warriors (<a href="/wiki/2_Samuel_23#Verses_8–39" title="2 Samuel 23">verses 8–39</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Bible" title="Jerusalem Bible">Jerusalem Bible</a> states that last words were attributed to David in the style of <a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its editors note that "the text has suffered considerably and reconstructions are conjectural".<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1 Kings 2:1-9<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> contains David's final words to <a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a>, his son and successor as <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(united_monarchy)" title="Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)">king</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Books_of_Samuel&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_judges" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical judges">Biblical judges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_the_Kingdoms" title="Books of the Kingdoms">Books of the Kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Bible" title="Historicity of the Bible">Historicity of the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">History of ancient Israel and Judah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Kingdom of Judah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrash_Shmuel_(aggadah)" title="Midrash Shmuel (aggadah)">Midrash Shmuel (aggadah)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Books_of_Samuel&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Books_of_Samuel&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon198618-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon198618_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGordon1986">Gordon 1986</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JewishEncyclopedia-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JewishEncyclopedia_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JewishEncyclopedia_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHirsch" class="citation web cs1">Hirsch, Emil G. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/13080-samuel-books-of">"SAMUEL, BOOKS OF"</a>. <i>www.jewishencyclopedia.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jewishencyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=SAMUEL%2C+BOOKS+OF&rft.aulast=Hirsch&rft.aufirst=Emil+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F13080-samuel-books-of&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABooks+of+Samuel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:1%20Chronicles%2029:29">1 Chronicles 29:29</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mathys, H. P., <i>1 and 2 Chronicles</i> in Barton, J. and Muddiman, J. (2001), The Oxford Bible Commentary, p. 283</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnight199562-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnight199562_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKnight1995">Knight 1995</a>, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2001197-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2001197_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones2001">Jones 2001</a>, p. 197.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt08a01.htm#1">1 Samuel 1:1–20</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt08b24.htm#24">2 Samuel 24:24</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpieckerman2001348-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpieckerman2001348_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpieckerman2001">Spieckerman 2001</a>, p. 348.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/2_Samuel#1:17" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/2 Samuel">2 Samuel 1:17–27</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarron201517-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarron201517_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarron2015">Barron 2015</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon198619–20-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon198619–20_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGordon1986">Gordon 1986</a>, pp. 19–20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBechtel1910-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBechtel1910_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBechtel1910">Bechtel 1910</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchets1910-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchets1910_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchets1910">Schets 1910</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.drbo.org/">"Douay-Rheims Catholic Bible Online, Search Study Verses"</a>. <i>www.drbo.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.drbo.org&rft.atitle=Douay-Rheims+Catholic+Bible+Online%2C+Search+Study+Verses.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.drbo.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABooks+of+Samuel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergen199625–27-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergen199625–27_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBergen1996">Bergen 1996</a>, pp. 25–27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDietrich2020100–101-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDietrich2020100–101_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDietrich2020">Dietrich 2020</a>, pp. 100–101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERedford1992305-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERedford1992305_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRedford1992">Redford 1992</a>, p. 305.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarsiel20104-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarsiel20104_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGarsiel2010">Garsiel 2010</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELawee2012180-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawee2012180_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLawee2012">Lawee 2012</a>, p. 180.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELawee199665–73-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawee199665–73_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLawee1996">Lawee 1996</a>, pp. 65–73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlein2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid6OJvO2jMCr8CpgPA316_316]-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlein2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid6OJvO2jMCr8CpgPA316_316]_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlein2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid6OJvO2jMCr8CpgPA316_316]_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlein2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid6OJvO2jMCr8CpgPA316_316]_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKlein2003">Klein 2003</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6OJvO2jMCr8C&pg=PA316">316</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETsumura200715–19-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsumura200715–19_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTsumura2007">Tsumura 2007</a>, pp. 15–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAuld2003219-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAuld2003219_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAuld2003">Auld 2003</a>, p. 219.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnight1991853-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnight1991853_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKnight1991">Knight 1991</a>, p. 853.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETsumura200711-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsumura200711_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTsumura2007">Tsumura 2007</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalton2009258–59-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalton2009258–59_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalton2009">Walton 2009</a>, pp. 258–59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones, pp. 197–99</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESoggin1987210–11-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoggin1987210–11_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSoggin1987">Soggin 1987</a>, pp. 210–11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEynikel200088-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEynikel200088_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEynikel2000">Eynikel 2000</a>, p. 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESoggin1987216–17-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoggin1987216–17_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSoggin1987">Soggin 1987</a>, pp. 216–17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirsch2009307–309-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirsch2009307–309_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKirsch2009">Kirsch 2009</a>, pp. 307–309.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thewaytoyahuweh.com/blog/tag/1qsam/">"1qsam | The Way To Yahuweh"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1qsam+%26%23124%3B+The+Way+To+Yahuweh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthewaytoyahuweh.com%2Fblog%2Ftag%2F1qsam%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABooks+of+Samuel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERezetkoYoung2014671-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezetkoYoung2014671_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRezetkoYoung2014">Rezetko & Young 2014</a>, p. 671.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2008-sep-28-adfg-aleppo28-story.html">"Scholars search for pages of ancient Hebrew Bible"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. September 28, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Scholars+search+for+pages+of+ancient+Hebrew+Bible&rft.date=2008-09-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-2008-sep-28-adfg-aleppo28-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABooks+of+Samuel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlein2003312-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlein2003312_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKlein2003">Klein 2003</a>, p. 312.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETsumura200768-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsumura200768_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTsumura2007">Tsumura 2007</a>, p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreytenbach200053–55-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreytenbach200053–55_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBreytenbach2000">Breytenbach 2000</a>, pp. 53–55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Samuel#9:2" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/1 Samuel">1 Samuel 9:2</a>: King James Version</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHertzberg196419-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHertzberg196419_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHertzberg1964">Hertzberg 1964</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1 Samuel 13:8–14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1 Samuel 15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlein2003319-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlein2003319_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKlein2003">Klein 2003</a>, p. 319.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDick20043–4-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDick20043–4_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDick2004">Dick 2004</a>, pp. 3–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2001198-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2001198_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones2001">Jones 2001</a>, p. 198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoogan2009216,_229–33-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoogan2009216,_229–33_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoogan2009">Coogan 2009</a>, pp. 216, 229–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoogan2009425-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoogan2009425_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoogan2009">Coogan 2009</a>, p. 425.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see <a href="/wiki/Jacob%27s_Blessing" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacob's Blessing">Jacob's Blessing</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0149.htm#1">Genesis 49</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see <a href="/wiki/Blessing_of_Moses" title="Blessing of Moses">Blessing of Moses</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0533.htm#1">Deuteronomy 33</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jerusalem Bible, footnote at 2 Samuel 23:1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1+Kings+2:1–9&version=nkjv">1 Kings 2:1–9</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources_2">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Books_of_Samuel&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAuld2003" class="citation book cs1">Auld, Graeme (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&q=There+are+two+common+types+of+strategy+for+reading+the+books+of+Samuel&pg=PA213">"1 & 2 Samuel"</a>. In James D. G. Dunn and John William Rogerson (ed.). <i>Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible</i>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802837110" title="Special:BookSources/9780802837110"><bdi>9780802837110</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1+%26+2+Samuel&rft.btitle=Eerdmans+Commentary+on+the+Bible&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780802837110&rft.aulast=Auld&rft.aufirst=Graeme&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2Vo-11umIZQC%26q%3DThere%2Bare%2Btwo%2Bcommon%2Btypes%2Bof%2Bstrategy%2Bfor%2Breading%2Bthe%2Bbooks%2Bof%2BSamuel%26pg%3DPA213&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABooks+of+Samuel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarron2015" class="citation book cs1">Barron, Robert (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t1J-BAAAQBAJ&pg=PT17"><i>2 Samuel</i></a>. Brazos Theological Commentary on the Bible. Baker Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4412-2196-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4412-2196-4"><bdi>978-1-4412-2196-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=2+Samuel&rft.series=Brazos+Theological+Commentary+on+the+Bible&rft.pub=Baker+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4412-2196-4&rft.aulast=Barron&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt1J-BAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABooks+of+Samuel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBechtel1910" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Bechtel, Florentine Stanislaus (1910). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/First and Second Books of Kings"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/First_and_Second_Books_of_Kings">"First and Second Books of Kings" </a></span>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. Vol. 8. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=First+and+Second+Books+of+Kings&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Bechtel&rft.aufirst=Florentine+Stanislaus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABooks+of+Samuel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergen1996" class="citation book cs1">Bergen, David T. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eGT6fWsajqcC&q=I+%26+II+Samuel%3A+a+commentary+Gordon&pg=PA49"><i>1, 2 Samuel</i></a>. B&H Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780805401073" title="Special:BookSources/9780805401073"><bdi>9780805401073</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1%2C+2+Samuel&rft.pub=B%26H+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780805401073&rft.aulast=Bergen&rft.aufirst=David+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeGT6fWsajqcC%26q%3DI%2B%2526%2BII%2BSamuel%253A%2Ba%2Bcommentary%2BGordon%26pg%3DPA49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABooks+of+Samuel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreytenbach2000" class="citation book cs1">Breytenbach, Andries (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uP22QHpnKq8C&q=Breytenbach+Who+is+behind+the+Samuel+narrative&pg=PA50">"Who Is Behind The Samuel Narrative?"</a>. In Johannes Cornelis de Moor and H.F. Van Rooy (ed.). <i>Past, Present, Future: the Deuteronomistic History and the Prophets</i>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004118713" title="Special:BookSources/9789004118713"><bdi>9789004118713</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Who+Is+Behind+The+Samuel+Narrative%3F&rft.btitle=Past%2C+Present%2C+Future%3A+the+Deuteronomistic+History+and+the+Prophets&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9789004118713&rft.aulast=Breytenbach&rft.aufirst=Andries&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuP22QHpnKq8C%26q%3DBreytenbach%2BWho%2Bis%2Bbehind%2Bthe%2BSamuel%2Bnarrative%26pg%3DPA50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABooks+of+Samuel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoogan2009" class="citation book cs1">Coogan, Michael D. (2009). <i>A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament: The Hebrew Bible in its Context</i>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+Introduction+to+the+Old+Testament%3A+The+Hebrew+Bible+in+its+Context&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Coogan&rft.aufirst=Michael+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABooks+of+Samuel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDick2004" class="citation book cs1">Dick, Michael B (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vlkb0cSBGlIC&q=David+and+Zion:+biblical+studies+in+honor+of+J.J.M.+Roberts&pg=PA373">"The History of "David's Rise to Power" and the Neo-Babylonian Succession Apologies"</a>. In Bernard Frank Batto and Kathryn L. Roberts (ed.). <i>David and Zion: biblical studies in honor of J.J.M. Roberts</i>. Eisenbrauns. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781575060927" title="Special:BookSources/9781575060927"><bdi>9781575060927</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+History+of+%22David%27s+Rise+to+Power%22+and+the+Neo-Babylonian+Succession+Apologies&rft.btitle=David+and+Zion%3A+biblical+studies+in+honor+of+J.J.M.+Roberts&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781575060927&rft.aulast=Dick&rft.aufirst=Michael+B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVlkb0cSBGlIC%26q%3DDavid%2Band%2BZion%3A%2Bbiblical%2Bstudies%2Bin%2Bhonor%2Bof%2BJ.J.M.%2BRoberts%26pg%3DPA373&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABooks+of+Samuel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDietrich2020" class="citation book cs1">Dietrich, Walter (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7y4DEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA94">"Israelite State Formation and Early Monarchy in History and Biblical Historiography"</a>. In Kelle, Brad E.; Strawn, Brent A. (eds.). <i>The Oxford Handbook of the Historical Books of the Hebrew Bible</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. 94–108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-026116-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-026116-0"><bdi>978-0-19-026116-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Israelite+State+Formation+and+Early+Monarchy+in+History+and+Biblical+Historiography&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+the+Historical+Books+of+the+Hebrew+Bible&rft.pages=94-108&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-19-026116-0&rft.aulast=Dietrich&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7y4DEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABooks+of+Samuel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEynikel2000" class="citation book cs1">Eynikel, Erik (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uP22QHpnKq8C&q=Breytenbach+Who+is+behind+the+Samuel+narrative&pg=PA50">"The Relation Between the Eli Narrative and the Ark Narratives"</a>. In Johannes Cornelis de Moor and H.F. Van Rooy (ed.). <i>Past, present, future: the Deuteronomistic history and the prophets</i>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004118713" title="Special:BookSources/9789004118713"><bdi>9789004118713</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Relation+Between+the+Eli+Narrative+and+the+Ark+Narratives&rft.btitle=Past%2C+present%2C+future%3A+the+Deuteronomistic+history+and+the+prophets&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9789004118713&rft.aulast=Eynikel&rft.aufirst=Erik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuP22QHpnKq8C%26q%3DBreytenbach%2BWho%2Bis%2Bbehind%2Bthe%2BSamuel%2Bnarrative%26pg%3DPA50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABooks+of+Samuel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarsiel2010" class="citation journal cs1">Garsiel, Moshe (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jhsonline.org/Articles/article_133.pdf">"The Book of Samuel: Its Composition, Structure and Significance as a Historiographical Source"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Hebrew_Scriptures" title="Journal of Hebrew Scriptures">Journal of Hebrew Scriptures</a></i>. <b>10</b>: 4. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5508%2Fjhs.2010.v10.a5">10.5508/jhs.2010.v10.a5</a></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.jhsonline.org/Articles/article_133.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2022-10-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Hebrew+Scriptures&rft.atitle=The+Book+of+Samuel%3A+Its+Composition%2C+Structure+and+Significance+as+a+Historiographical+Source&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=4&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5508%2Fjhs.2010.v10.a5&rft.aulast=Garsiel&rft.aufirst=Moshe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jhsonline.org%2FArticles%2Farticle_133.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABooks+of+Samuel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon1986" class="citation book cs1">Gordon, Robert (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JMJ1ZAnswuUC&q=I+%26+II+Samuel:+a+commentary+Gordon&pg=PA338"><i>I & II Samuel, A Commentary</i></a>. Paternoster Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780310230229" title="Special:BookSources/9780310230229"><bdi>9780310230229</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I+%26+II+Samuel%2C+A+Commentary&rft.pub=Paternoster+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=9780310230229&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJMJ1ZAnswuUC%26q%3DI%2B%2526%2BII%2BSamuel%3A%2Ba%2Bcommentary%2BGordon%26pg%3DPA338&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABooks+of+Samuel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalpern2001" class="citation book cs1">Halpern, Baruch (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tn8PG4XfuBAC&q=lahmi+bethlehemite&pg=PA8"><i>David's Secret Demons: Messiah, Murderer, Traitor, King</i></a>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802827975" title="Special:BookSources/9780802827975"><bdi>9780802827975</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=David%27s+Secret+Demons%3A+Messiah%2C+Murderer%2C+Traitor%2C+King&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780802827975&rft.aulast=Halpern&rft.aufirst=Baruch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dtn8PG4XfuBAC%26q%3Dlahmi%2Bbethlehemite%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABooks+of+Samuel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHertzberg1964" class="citation book cs1">Hertzberg, Hans Wilhelm (1964) [1960]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=friNN7IdjOIC&q=Saul+appointed+anointed+instituted&pg=PA19"><i>I & II Samuel, A Commentary</i></a> (trans. from German 2nd ed.). Westminster John Knox Press. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0664223182" title="Special:BookSources/978-0664223182"><bdi>978-0664223182</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I+%26+II+Samuel%2C+A+Commentary&rft.pages=19&rft.edition=trans.+from+German+2nd&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1964&rft.isbn=978-0664223182&rft.aulast=Hertzberg&rft.aufirst=Hans+Wilhelm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfriNN7IdjOIC%26q%3DSaul%2Bappointed%2Banointed%2Binstituted%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABooks+of+Samuel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2001" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Gwilym H (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wCRYl9Ikk6EC&q=Gwilym+Jones+1+and+2+Samuel&pg=PA196">"1 and 2 Samuel"</a>. In John Barton and John Muddiman (ed.). <i>The Oxford Bible Commentary</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198755005" title="Special:BookSources/9780198755005"><bdi>9780198755005</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1+and+2+Samuel&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Bible+Commentary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780198755005&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Gwilym+H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwCRYl9Ikk6EC%26q%3DGwilym%2BJones%2B1%2Band%2B2%2BSamuel%26pg%3DPA196&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABooks+of+Samuel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirsch2009" class="citation book cs1">Kirsch, Jonathan (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TEwVdltjBSQC&pg=PA307"><i>King David: The Real Life of the Man Who Ruled Israel</i></a>. Random House Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-56781-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-56781-9"><bdi>978-0-307-56781-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=King+David%3A+The+Real+Life+of+the+Man+Who+Ruled+Israel&rft.pub=Random+House+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-307-56781-9&rft.aulast=Kirsch&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTEwVdltjBSQC%26pg%3DPA307&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABooks+of+Samuel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlein2003" class="citation book cs1">Klein, R.W. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6OJvO2jMCr8C&q=narrative+sources+books+of+samuel&pg=PA314">"Samuel, books of"</a>. In Bromiley, Geoffrey W (ed.). <i>The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia</i>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802837844" title="Special:BookSources/9780802837844"><bdi>9780802837844</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Samuel%2C+books+of&rft.btitle=The+International+Standard+Bible+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780802837844&rft.aulast=Klein&rft.aufirst=R.W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6OJvO2jMCr8C%26q%3Dnarrative%2Bsources%2Bbooks%2Bof%2Bsamuel%26pg%3DPA314&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABooks+of+Samuel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnight1995" class="citation book cs1">Knight, Douglas A (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SNLN1nEEys0C&q=630+BCE&pg=PA62">"Chapter 4 Deuteronomy and the Deuteronomists"</a>. In James Luther Mays, David L. Petersen and Kent Harold Richards (ed.). <i>Old Testament Interpretation</i>. T&T Clark. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780567292896" title="Special:BookSources/9780567292896"><bdi>9780567292896</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+4+Deuteronomy+and+the+Deuteronomists&rft.btitle=Old+Testament+Interpretation&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=T%26T+Clark&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780567292896&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Douglas+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSNLN1nEEys0C%26q%3D630%2BBCE%26pg%3DPA62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABooks+of+Samuel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnight1991" class="citation book cs1">Knight, Douglas A (1991). "Sources". In Watson E. Mills; Roger Aubrey Bullard; Edgar V. McKnight (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=goq0VWw9rGIC"><i>Mercer Dictionary of the Bible</i></a>. Mercer University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780865543737" title="Special:BookSources/9780865543737"><bdi>9780865543737</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sources&rft.btitle=Mercer+Dictionary+of+the+Bible&rft.pub=Mercer+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9780865543737&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Douglas+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dgoq0VWw9rGIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABooks+of+Samuel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawee1996" class="citation journal cs1">Lawee, Eric (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23261258">"From the Pages of Tradition: Don Isaac Abarbanel: Who Wrote the Books of the Bible?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Tradition:_A_Journal_of_Orthodox_Jewish_Thought" class="mw-redirect" title="Tradition: A Journal of Orthodox Jewish Thought">Tradition: A Journal of Orthodox Jewish Thought</a></i>. <b>30</b> (2): 65–73. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0041-0608">0041-0608</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23261258">23261258</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tradition%3A+A+Journal+of+Orthodox+Jewish+Thought&rft.atitle=From+the+Pages+of+Tradition%3A+Don+Isaac+Abarbanel%3A+Who+Wrote+the+Books+of+the+Bible%3F&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=65-73&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23261258%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0041-0608&rft.aulast=Lawee&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23261258&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABooks+of+Samuel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawee2012" class="citation book cs1">Lawee, Eric (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZmvO5K43Kv8C&pg=PA180"><i>Isaac Abarbanel's Stance Toward Tradition: Defense, Dissent, and Dialogue</i></a>. SUNY Press. pp. 180–181. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-8988-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-8988-8"><bdi>978-0-7914-8988-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Isaac+Abarbanel%27s+Stance+Toward+Tradition%3A+Defense%2C+Dissent%2C+and+Dialogue&rft.pages=180-181&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-8988-8&rft.aulast=Lawee&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZmvO5K43Kv8C%26pg%3DPA180&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABooks+of+Samuel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>McCarter Jr., P. Kyle (1984). <i>II Samuel: A New Translation With Introduction and Commentary By</i>. Anchor Bible. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780385068086" title="Special:BookSources/9780385068086">9780385068086</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRedford1992" class="citation book cs1">Redford, Donald B. (1992). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/egyptcanaanisrae00redf/page/305"><i>Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in ancient times</i></a></span>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691000862" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691000862"><bdi>978-0691000862</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Egypt%2C+Canaan%2C+and+Israel+in+ancient+times&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0691000862&rft.aulast=Redford&rft.aufirst=Donald+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fegyptcanaanisrae00redf%2Fpage%2F305&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABooks+of+Samuel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRezetkoYoung2014" class="citation book cs1">Rezetko, Robert; Young, Ian (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rwS5BgAAQBAJ&q=1QSam&pg=PA671"><i>Historical Linguistics and Biblical Hebrew: Steps Toward an Integrated Approach Y</i></a>. Society of Biblical Lit. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781628370461" title="Special:BookSources/9781628370461"><bdi>9781628370461</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Linguistics+and+Biblical+Hebrew%3A+Steps+Toward+an+Integrated+Approach+Y&rft.pub=Society+of+Biblical+Lit&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781628370461&rft.aulast=Rezetko&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Young%2C+Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrwS5BgAAQBAJ%26q%3D1QSam%26pg%3DPA671&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABooks+of+Samuel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchets1910" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Schets, Joseph (1910). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Third and Fourth Books of Kings"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Third_and_Fourth_Books_of_Kings">"Third and Fourth Books of Kings" </a></span>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. Vol. 8. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Third+and+Fourth+Books+of+Kings&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Schets&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABooks+of+Samuel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchleffer2000" class="citation book cs1">Schleffer, Eben (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uP22QHpnKq8C&q=Breytenbach+Who+is+behind+the+Samuel+narrative&pg=PA50">"Saving Saul from the Deuteronomist"</a>. In Johannes Cornelis de Moor and H.F. Van Rooy (ed.). <i>Past, Present, Future: the Deuteronomistic History and the Prophets</i>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004118713" title="Special:BookSources/9789004118713"><bdi>9789004118713</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Saving+Saul+from+the+Deuteronomist&rft.btitle=Past%2C+Present%2C+Future%3A+the+Deuteronomistic+History+and+the+Prophets&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9789004118713&rft.aulast=Schleffer&rft.aufirst=Eben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuP22QHpnKq8C%26q%3DBreytenbach%2BWho%2Bis%2Bbehind%2Bthe%2BSamuel%2Bnarrative%26pg%3DPA50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABooks+of+Samuel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoggin1987" class="citation book cs1">Soggin, Alberto (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mqSNsKXnHQgC&q=Soggin+Introduction+to+the+Old+Testament&pg=PA112"><i>Introduction to the Old Testament</i></a>. Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780664221560" title="Special:BookSources/9780664221560"><bdi>9780664221560</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+Old+Testament&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9780664221560&rft.aulast=Soggin&rft.aufirst=Alberto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmqSNsKXnHQgC%26q%3DSoggin%2BIntroduction%2Bto%2Bthe%2BOld%2BTestament%26pg%3DPA112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABooks+of+Samuel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpieckerman2001" class="citation book cs1">Spieckerman, Hermann (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=41_0okLzQJkC&q=The+Deuteronomistic+History+Hermann+Spieckermann&pg=PA337">"The Deuteronomistic History"</a>. In Leo G. Perdue (ed.). <i>The Blackwell Companion to the Hebrew Bible</i>. Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780631210719" title="Special:BookSources/9780631210719"><bdi>9780631210719</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Deuteronomistic+History&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Companion+to+the+Hebrew+Bible&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780631210719&rft.aulast=Spieckerman&rft.aufirst=Hermann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D41_0okLzQJkC%26q%3DThe%2BDeuteronomistic%2BHistory%2BHermann%2BSpieckermann%26pg%3DPA337&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABooks+of+Samuel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsumura2007" class="citation book cs1">Tsumura, David Toshio (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iLKAlhLDkMwC&q=The+First+book+of+Samuel+Tsumura&pg=PA103"><i>The First Book of Samuel</i></a>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802823595" title="Special:BookSources/9780802823595"><bdi>9780802823595</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Book+of+Samuel&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780802823595&rft.aulast=Tsumura&rft.aufirst=David+Toshio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiLKAlhLDkMwC%26q%3DThe%2BFirst%2Bbook%2Bof%2BSamuel%2BTsumura%26pg%3DPA103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABooks+of+Samuel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Seters1997" class="citation book cs1">Van Seters, John (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0-skPdXtewwC&q=Samuel&pg=PA406"><i>In Search of History: Historiography in the Ancient World and the Origins of Biblical History</i></a>. Eisenbrauns. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781575060132" title="Special:BookSources/9781575060132"><bdi>9781575060132</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+History%3A+Historiography+in+the+Ancient+World+and+the+Origins+of+Biblical+History&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9781575060132&rft.aulast=Van+Seters&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0-skPdXtewwC%26q%3DSamuel%26pg%3DPA406&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABooks+of+Samuel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalton2009" class="citation book cs1">Walton, John H (2009). "The Deuteronomistic History". In Andrew E. Hill, John H. Walton (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WC80zxPIgyQC&q=Hill+Walton+A+Survey+of+the+Old+Testament"><i>A Survey of the Old Testament</i></a>. Zondervan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780631210719" title="Special:BookSources/9780631210719"><bdi>9780631210719</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Deuteronomistic+History&rft.btitle=A+Survey+of+the+Old+Testament&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780631210719&rft.aulast=Walton&rft.aufirst=John+H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWC80zxPIgyQC%26q%3DHill%2BWalton%2BA%2BSurvey%2Bof%2Bthe%2BOld%2BTestament&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABooks+of+Samuel" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Books_of_Samuel&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: External 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/First_Book_of_Samuel" class="extiw" title="q:First Book of Samuel">First Book of Samuel</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Masoretic_Text" title="Masoretic Text">Masoretic Text</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt08a01.htm">שמואל א <i>Shmuel Aleph</i> – Samuel A</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> – English at Mechon-Mamre.org)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt08b01.htm">שמואל ב <i>Shmuel Bet</i> – Samuel B</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> – English at Mechon-Mamre.org)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Jewish translations</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mechon-mamre.org/e/et/et08a01.htm">1 Samuel at Mechon-Mamre</a> (Jewish Publication Society translation)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mechon-mamre.org/e/et/et08b01.htm">2 Samuel at Mechon-Mamre</a> (Jewish Publication Society translation)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Christian translations</dt></dl> <ul><li><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/search?title=09:+1+Samuel&author=&reader=&keywords=&genre_id=0&status=all&project_type=either&recorded_language=&sort_order=catalog_date&search_page=1&search_form=advanced">Bible: 1 Samuel</a> public domain audiobook at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a></li> <li><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/search?title=10:+2+Samuel&author=&reader=&keywords=&genre_id=0&status=all&project_type=either&recorded_language=&sort_order=catalog_date&search_page=1&search_form=advanced">Bible: 2 Samuel</a> public domain audiobook at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Related articles</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibs.org/niv/studybible/1samuel.php">Introduction to the book of 1 Samuel</a> from the <a href="/wiki/NIV_Study_Bible" title="NIV Study Bible">NIV Study Bible</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibs.org/niv/studybible/2samuel.php">Introduction to the book of 2 Samuel</a> from the <a href="/wiki/NIV_Study_Bible" title="NIV Study Bible">NIV Study Bible</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vts.edu/ftpimages/95/download/FM.Meek.2Samuel.pdf">Introduction to the book of 2 Samuel</a> from <a href="/wiki/Forward_Movement" title="Forward Movement">Forward Movement</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Books of Samuel </div><div><b> <a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">History books</a></b></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judges" title="Book of Judges">Judges</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanakh">Hebrew Bible</a> </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings" title="Books of Kings">Kings</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ruth" title="Book of Ruth">Ruth</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> </b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="First_Book_of_Samuel" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:First_Book_of_Samuel" title="Template:First Book of Samuel"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:First_Book_of_Samuel" title="Template talk:First Book of Samuel"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:First_Book_of_Samuel" title="Special:EditPage/Template:First Book of Samuel"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="First_Book_of_Samuel" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">First Book of Samuel</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> <a href="/wiki/Chapters_and_verses_of_the_Bible" title="Chapters and verses of the Bible">chapters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/1_Samuel_1" title="1 Samuel 1">1 Samuel 1</a> • <a href="/wiki/1_Samuel_2" title="1 Samuel 2">2</a> • <a href="/wiki/1_Samuel_3" title="1 Samuel 3">3</a> • <a href="/wiki/1_Samuel_4" title="1 Samuel 4">4</a> • <a href="/wiki/1_Samuel_5" title="1 Samuel 5">5</a> • <a href="/wiki/1_Samuel_6" title="1 Samuel 6">6</a> • <a href="/wiki/1_Samuel_7" title="1 Samuel 7">7</a> • <a href="/wiki/1_Samuel_8" title="1 Samuel 8">8</a> • <a href="/wiki/1_Samuel_9" title="1 Samuel 9">9</a> • <a href="/wiki/1_Samuel_10" title="1 Samuel 10">10</a> • <a href="/wiki/1_Samuel_11" title="1 Samuel 11">11</a> • <a href="/wiki/1_Samuel_12" title="1 Samuel 12">12</a> • <a href="/wiki/1_Samuel_13" title="1 Samuel 13">13</a> • <a href="/wiki/1_Samuel_14" title="1 Samuel 14">14</a> • <a href="/wiki/1_Samuel_15" title="1 Samuel 15">15</a> • <a href="/wiki/1_Samuel_16" title="1 Samuel 16">16</a> • <a href="/wiki/1_Samuel_17" title="1 Samuel 17">17</a> • <a href="/wiki/1_Samuel_18" title="1 Samuel 18">18</a> • <a href="/wiki/1_Samuel_19" title="1 Samuel 19">19</a> • <a href="/wiki/1_Samuel_20" title="1 Samuel 20">20</a> • <a href="/wiki/1_Samuel_21" title="1 Samuel 21">21</a> • <a href="/wiki/1_Samuel_22" title="1 Samuel 22">22</a> • <a href="/wiki/1_Samuel_23" title="1 Samuel 23">23</a> • <a href="/wiki/1_Samuel_24" title="1 Samuel 24">24</a> • <a href="/wiki/1_Samuel_25" title="1 Samuel 25">25</a> • <a href="/wiki/1_Samuel_26" title="1 Samuel 26">26</a> • <a href="/wiki/1_Samuel_27" title="1 Samuel 27">27</a> • <a href="/wiki/1_Samuel_28" title="1 Samuel 28">28</a> • <a href="/wiki/1_Samuel_29" title="1 Samuel 29">29</a> • <a href="/wiki/1_Samuel_30" title="1 Samuel 30">30</a> • <a href="/wiki/1_Samuel_31" title="1 Samuel 31">31</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adullam" title="Adullam">Adullam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aijalon" class="mw-redirect" title="Aijalon">Aijalon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammon" title="Ammon">Ammon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphek_(biblical)" title="Aphek (biblical)">Aphek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aroer" title="Aroer">Aroer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isdud" title="Isdud">Ashdod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascalon" title="Ascalon">Ashkelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azekah" title="Azekah">Azekah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Be%27er_Sheva" title="Tel Be'er Sheva">Beersheba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Besor" class="mw-redirect" title="Besor">Besor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_names_starting_with_B" title="List of biblical names starting with B">Bethcar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethel" title="Bethel">Bethel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a>(-Judah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_She%27an" title="Beit She'an">Bethshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Shemesh" title="Beit Shemesh">Beth Shemesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmel_(biblical_settlement)" title="Carmel (biblical settlement)">Carmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_(ancient_city)" title="Dan (ancient city)">Dan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Qasim" title="Kafr Qasim">Ebenezer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edom" title="Edom">Edom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekron" title="Ekron">Ekron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endor_(village)" title="Endor (village)">Endor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ein_Gedi" title="Ein Gedi">Engedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephesdammim" class="mw-redirect" title="Ephesdammim">Ephesdammim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Ephraim" title="Mount Ephraim">Ephraim, Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eshtemoa" title="Eshtemoa">Eshtemoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallim" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallim">Gallim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gath_(city)" title="Gath (city)">Gath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_City" title="Gaza City">Gaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geba_(city)" title="Geba (city)">Geba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibeah" title="Gibeah">Gibeah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Gilboa" title="Mount Gilboa">Gilboa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilgal" title="Gilgal">Gilgal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hachilah" class="mw-redirect" title="Hachilah">Hachilah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hareth_(biblical_place)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hareth (biblical place)">Hareth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havilah" title="Havilah">Havilah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebron" title="Hebron">Hebron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hormah" title="Hormah">Hormah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabesh-Gilead" title="Jabesh-Gilead">Jabesh-Gilead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jattir" title="Jattir">Jattir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jezreel_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jezreel (city)">Jezreel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keilah" title="Keilah">Keilah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiriath-Jearim" title="Kiriath-Jearim">Kiriath Jearim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Maon" class="mw-redirect" title="Tell Maon">Maon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michmas" title="Michmas">Michmash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migron,_Mateh_Binyamin" class="mw-redirect" title="Migron, Mateh Binyamin">Migron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizpah_in_Benjamin" title="Mizpah in Benjamin">Mizpah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizpah_(Moab)" title="Mizpah (Moab)">Mizpeh</a> in <a href="/wiki/Moab" title="Moab">Moab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moab" title="Moab">Moab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naioth" title="Naioth">Naioth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nob,_Israel" title="Nob, Israel">Nob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophrah" title="Ophrah">Ophrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_of_Paran" title="Desert of Paran">Paran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramathaim-Zophim" title="Ramathaim-Zophim">Ramah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baalath-Beer" title="Baalath-Beer">Ramoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaaraim" title="Shaaraim">Shaaraim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_names_starting_with_S" title="List of biblical names starting with S">Shen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiloh_(biblical_city)" title="Shiloh (biblical city)">Shiloh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokho" title="Sokho">Shochoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulam" title="Sulam">Shunem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shur_(Bible)" title="Shur (Bible)">Shur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Tabor" title="Mount Tabor">Tabor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_of_Elah" title="Valley of Elah">Valley of Elah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeboim_(Hebrew_Bible)" title="Zeboim (Hebrew Bible)">Zeboim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zelzah_(biblical_place)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zelzah (biblical place)">Zelzah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziklag" title="Ziklag">Ziklag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zobah" title="Zobah">Zobah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuph" title="Zuph">Zuph, Land of</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Persons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rulers/leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eli_(biblical_figure)" title="Eli (biblical figure)">Eli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel" title="Samuel">Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul" title="Saul">Saul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abiathar" title="Abiathar">Abiathar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abiel" title="Abiel">Abiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abigail" title="Abigail">Abigail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abishai_(biblical_figure)" title="Abishai (biblical figure)">Abishai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abner" title="Abner">Abner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achish" title="Achish">Achish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agag" title="Agag">Agag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahijah" title="Ahijah">Ahijah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahinoam" title="Ahinoam">Ahinoam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimaaz" title="Ahimaaz">Ahimaaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimelech" title="Ahimelech">Ahimelech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahinoam" title="Ahinoam">Ahinoam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahitub_(High_Priest)" title="Ahitub (High Priest)">Ahitub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amalekite" class="mw-redirect" title="Amalekite">Amalekites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammon" title="Ammon">Ammon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Children of Israel">Children of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elkanah" title="Elkanah">Elkanah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_(biblical_figure)" title="Hannah (biblical figure)">Hannah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hophni_and_Phinehas" title="Hophni and Phinehas">Hophni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichabod" title="Ichabod">Ichabod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishui" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishui">Ishui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joab" title="Joab">Joab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_(1_Samuel)" title="Jonathan (1 Samuel)">Jonathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_the_Bethshemite" class="mw-redirect" title="Joshua the Bethshemite">Joshua the Bethshemite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenite" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenite">Kenites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kish_(Bible)" title="Kish (Bible)">Kish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laish_(father_of_Palti)" class="mw-redirect" title="Laish (father of Palti)">Laish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_of_God" title="Man of God">Man of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matri_(biblical_figure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Matri (biblical figure)">Matri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melchishua" class="mw-redirect" title="Melchishua">Melchishua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merab" class="mw-redirect" title="Merab">Merab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michal" title="Michal">Michal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ner_(biblical_figure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ner (biblical figure)">Ner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palti_son_of_Laish" class="mw-redirect" title="Palti son of Laish">Phalti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninnah" title="Peninnah">Peninnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philistines" title="Philistines">Philistines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hophni_and_Phinehas" title="Hophni and Phinehas">Phinehas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phinehas%27s_wife" title="Phinehas's wife">Phinehas's wife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_of_Endor" title="Witch of Endor">Witch of Endor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeruiah" title="Zeruiah">Zeruiah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phrases/events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ark_of_the_Covenant" title="Ark of the Covenant">Ark of the Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashtaroth" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashtaroth">Ashtaroth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baalim" class="mw-redirect" title="Baalim">Baalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aphek" title="Battle of Aphek">Battle of Aphek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Michmash" title="Battle of Michmash">Battle of Michmash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_and_Goliath" class="mw-redirect" title="David and Goliath">David and Goliath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephod" title="Ephod">Ephod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohen" title="Kohen">Kohen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philistine_captivity_of_the_Ark" title="Philistine captivity of the Ark">Philistine captivity of the Ark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pim_weight" title="Pim weight">Pim weight</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manuscripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Samuel_Scroll" title="The Samuel Scroll">The Samuel Scroll</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Textual analysis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Court_History_of_David" title="Court History of David">Court History of David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deuteronomist" title="Deuteronomist">Deuteronomistic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_the_Kingdoms" title="Books of the Kingdoms">Books of the Kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_and_Jonathan" title="David and Jonathan">David and Jonathan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/he:%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9C_%D7%90_%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%93" class="extiw" title="wikisource:he:שמואל א ניקוד">Hebrew Bible</a> • <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/el:%CE%92%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%8E%CE%BD_%CE%91%27" class="extiw" title="wikisource:el:Βασιλειών Α'">Septuagint</a> • <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(Wycliffe)/1_Kings" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (Wycliffe)/1 Kings">Wycliffe Bible</a> • <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Samuel" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (King James)/1 Samuel">King James Version</a> • <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/1_Samuel" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/1 Samuel">American Standard Version</a> • <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(World_English)/1_Samuel" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (World English)/1 Samuel">World English Version</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Second_Book_of_Samuel" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Second_Book_of_Samuel" title="Template:Second Book of Samuel"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Second_Book_of_Samuel" title="Template talk:Second Book of Samuel"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Second_Book_of_Samuel" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Second Book of Samuel"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Second_Book_of_Samuel" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Second Book of Samuel</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> <a href="/wiki/Chapters_and_verses_of_the_Bible" title="Chapters and verses of the Bible">chapters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/2_Samuel_1" title="2 Samuel 1">2 Samuel 1</a> • <a href="/wiki/2_Samuel_2" title="2 Samuel 2">2</a> • <a href="/wiki/2_Samuel_3" title="2 Samuel 3">3</a> • <a href="/wiki/2_Samuel_4" title="2 Samuel 4">4</a> • <a href="/wiki/2_Samuel_5" title="2 Samuel 5">5</a> • <a href="/wiki/2_Samuel_6" title="2 Samuel 6">6</a> • <a href="/wiki/2_Samuel_7" title="2 Samuel 7">7</a> • <a href="/wiki/2_Samuel_8" title="2 Samuel 8">8</a> • <a href="/wiki/2_Samuel_9" title="2 Samuel 9">9</a> • <a href="/wiki/2_Samuel_10" title="2 Samuel 10">10</a> • <a href="/wiki/2_Samuel_11" title="2 Samuel 11">11</a> • <a href="/wiki/2_Samuel_12" title="2 Samuel 12">12</a> • <a href="/wiki/2_Samuel_13" title="2 Samuel 13">13</a> • <a href="/wiki/2_Samuel_14" title="2 Samuel 14">14</a> • <a href="/wiki/2_Samuel_15" title="2 Samuel 15">15</a> • <a href="/wiki/2_Samuel_16" title="2 Samuel 16">16</a> • <a href="/wiki/2_Samuel_17" title="2 Samuel 17">17</a> • <a href="/wiki/2_Samuel_18" title="2 Samuel 18">18</a> • <a href="/wiki/2_Samuel_19" title="2 Samuel 19">19</a> • <a href="/wiki/2_Samuel_20" title="2 Samuel 20">20</a> • <a href="/wiki/2_Samuel_21" title="2 Samuel 21">21</a> • <a href="/wiki/2_Samuel_22" title="2 Samuel 22">22</a> • <a href="/wiki/2_Samuel_23" title="2 Samuel 23">23</a> • <a href="/wiki/2_Samuel_24" title="2 Samuel 24">24</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abel-beth-maachah" title="Abel-beth-maachah">Abel-beth-maachah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammah" title="Ammah">Ammah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammon" title="Ammon">Ammon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabah" title="Arabah">Arabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aram_(region)" title="Aram (region)">Aram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aroer" title="Aroer">Aroer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascalon" title="Ascalon">Ashkelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baal-hazor" title="Baal-hazor">Baal-hazor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baal-perazim" title="Baal-perazim">Baal-perazim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baale_of_Judah" title="Baale of Judah">Baale of Judah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahurim" title="Bahurim">Bahurim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Be%27er_Sheva" title="Tel Be'er Sheva">Beersheba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berothah" title="Berothah">Berothah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_names_starting_with_B" title="List of biblical names starting with B">Betah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beth-shan" class="mw-redirect" title="Beth-shan">Beth-shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_names_starting_with_B" title="List of biblical names starting with B">Bithron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_David_(historic)" class="mw-redirect" title="City of David (historic)">City of David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_(ancient_city)" title="Dan (ancient city)">Dan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edom" title="Edom">Edom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ein_Rogel" title="Ein Rogel">Enrogel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gath_(city)" title="Gath (city)">Gath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geba_(city)" title="Geba (city)">Geba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geshur" title="Geshur">Geshur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gezer" title="Gezer">Gezer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ge%27a" title="Ge'a">Giah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibeah" title="Gibeah">Gibeah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibeon_(ancient_city)" title="Gibeon (ancient city)">Gibeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gihon_Spring" title="Gihon Spring">Gihon Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Gilboa" title="Mount Gilboa">Gilboa, Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilead" title="Gilead">Gilead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilo" title="Gilo">Gilo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gittaim" class="mw-redirect" title="Gittaim">Gittaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama" title="Hama">Hama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebron" title="Hebron">Hebron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helam" title="Helam">Helam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_biblical_places#H" title="List of minor biblical places">Helkathhazzurim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabesh-Gilead" title="Jabesh-Gilead">Jabesh-Gilead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazer" title="Jazer">Jazer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jericho" title="Jericho">Jericho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Jezreel" title="Tel Jezreel">Jezreel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidron_Valley" title="Kidron Valley">Kidron Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo-debar" title="Lo-debar">Lo-debar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maacah" title="Maacah">Maacah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahanaim" title="Mahanaim">Mahanaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metheg-ammah" title="Metheg-ammah">Metheg-ammah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millo" title="Millo">Millo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moab" title="Moab">Moab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Ephraim" title="Mount Ephraim">Mount Ephraim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_of_Olives" title="Mount of Olives">Mount of Olives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perez-uzzah" class="mw-redirect" title="Perez-uzzah">Perez-uzzah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbah" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabbah">Rabbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogelim" class="mw-redirect" title="Rogelim">Rogelim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teqoa" title="Teqoa">Tekoah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_of_Rephaim" title="Valley of Rephaim">Valley of Rephaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_of_Salt" title="Valley of Salt">Valley of Salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zelah,_Judea" title="Zelah, Judea">Zelah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziklag" title="Ziklag">Ziklag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zobah" title="Zobah">Zobah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Persons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rulers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadadezer_ben_Rehob" title="Hadadezer ben Rehob">Hadadezer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanun" title="Hanun">Hanun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiram_I" title="Hiram I">Hiram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ish-bosheth" title="Ish-bosheth">Ish-bosheth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahash_of_Ammon" title="Nahash of Ammon">Nahash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul" title="Saul">Saul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talmai" title="Talmai">Talmai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tou_(biblical_figure)" title="Tou (biblical figure)">Tou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prophets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gad_(prophet)" title="Gad (prophet)">Gad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_(prophet)" title="Nathan (prophet)">Nathan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abiathar" title="Abiathar">Abiathar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abigail" title="Abigail">Abigail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abinadab" class="mw-redirect" title="Abinadab">Abinadab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abishai_(biblical_figure)" title="Abishai (biblical figure)">Abishai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abner" title="Abner">Abner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absalom" title="Absalom">Absalom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adonijah" title="Adonijah">Adonijah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoniram" title="Adoniram">Adoram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriel" title="Adriel">Adriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahilud" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahilud">Ahilud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimaaz" title="Ahimaaz">Ahimaaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimelech" title="Ahimelech">Ahimelech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahio" title="Ahio">Ahio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahitophel" title="Ahitophel">Ahitophel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahitub_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahitub (disambiguation)">Ahitub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aiah" class="mw-redirect" title="Aiah">Aiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amalek" title="Amalek">Amalekites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amasa" title="Amasa">Amasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammiel" title="Ammiel">Ammiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammon" title="Ammon">Ammonites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amnon" title="Amnon">Amnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archite" title="Archite">Archite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armoni" class="mw-redirect" title="Armoni">Armoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asahel" title="Asahel">Asahel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashurite" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashurite">Ashurites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baanah" class="mw-redirect" title="Baanah">Baanah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barzillai" class="mw-redirect" title="Barzillai">Barzillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathsheba" title="Bathsheba">Bathsheba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benaiah" title="Benaiah">Benaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaanites" class="mw-redirect" title="Canaanites">Canaanites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmel_(biblical_settlement)" title="Carmel (biblical settlement)">Carmelite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherethites_and_Pelethites" title="Cherethites and Pelethites">Cherethites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elhanan,_son_of_Jair" class="mw-redirect" title="Elhanan, son of Jair">Elhanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliada" class="mw-redirect" title="Eliada">Eliada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliam" class="mw-redirect" title="Eliam">Eliam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliphalet" title="Eliphalet">Eliphalet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elishama,_son_of_David" class="mw-redirect" title="Elishama, son of David">Elishama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elishua" class="mw-redirect" title="Elishua">Elishua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goliath" title="Goliath">Goliath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hivites" title="Hivites">Hivites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hushai" title="Hushai">Hushai</a> the <a href="/wiki/Archite" title="Archite">Archite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hushathite" class="mw-redirect" title="Hushathite">Hushathite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibhar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibhar">Ibhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ira_the_Jairite" class="mw-redirect" title="Ira the Jairite">Ira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishbi-benob" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishbi-benob">Ishbi-benob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ithra" class="mw-redirect" title="Ithra">Ithra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japhia" class="mw-redirect" title="Japhia">Japhia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebusite" class="mw-redirect" title="Jebusite">Jebusites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Jedidiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehoiada" title="Jehoiada">Jehoiada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recorder_(Bible)" title="Recorder (Bible)">Jehoshaphat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jezreel_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jezreel (city)">Jezreelite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joab" title="Joab">Joab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonadab" title="Jonadab">Jonadab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_(1_Samuel)" title="Jonathan (1 Samuel)">Jonathan son of Saul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_son_of_Abiathar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonathan son of Abiathar">Jonathan son of Abiathar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kish_(Bible)" title="Kish (Bible)">Kish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maacah" title="Maacah">Maacah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machir" title="Machir">Machir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mephibosheth" title="Mephibosheth">Mephibosheth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merab" class="mw-redirect" title="Merab">Merab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micah" title="Micah">Micah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michal" title="Michal">Michal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabal" title="Nabal">Nabal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nachon" title="Nachon">Nachon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepheg" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepheg">Nepheg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ner_(biblical_figure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ner (biblical figure)">Ner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obed-Edom" title="Obed-Edom">Obed-Edom</a> the <a href="/wiki/Gittite" class="mw-redirect" title="Gittite">Gittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherethites_and_Pelethites" title="Cherethites and Pelethites">Pelethites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palti_son_of_Laish" class="mw-redirect" title="Palti son of Laish">Phaltiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philistines" title="Philistines">Philistines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rechab" title="Rechab">Rechab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimmon" title="Rimmon">Rimmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rizpah" title="Rizpah">Rizpah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saph" class="mw-redirect" title="Saph">Saph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seraiah" title="Seraiah">Seraiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shammuah" class="mw-redirect" title="Shammuah">Shammuah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheba_son_of_Bichri" title="Sheba son of Bichri">Sheba son of Bichri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimeah" class="mw-redirect" title="Shimeah">Shimeah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimei" title="Shimei">Shimei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shobab" class="mw-redirect" title="Shobab">Shobab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shobi" title="Shobi">Shobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrians" title="Syrians">Syrians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamar_(daughter_of_David)" title="Tamar (daughter of David)">Tamar daughter of David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamar_(2_Samuel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamar (2 Samuel)">Tamar daughter of Absalom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uriah_the_Hittite" title="Uriah the Hittite">Uriah the Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman_of_Tekoah" class="mw-redirect" title="Woman of Tekoah">Woman of Tekoah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zadok" title="Zadok">Zadok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeruiah" title="Zeruiah">Zeruiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziba_(biblical_figure)" title="Ziba (biblical figure)">Ziba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phrases/events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ark_of_the_Covenant" title="Ark of the Covenant">Ark of the Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jasher_(Biblical_references)" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Jasher (Biblical references)">Book of Jasher (Biblical references)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David%27s_Mighty_Warriors" title="David's Mighty Warriors">David's Mighty Warriors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shofar" title="Shofar">Shofar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="United Monarchy">United Monarchy of Israel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manuscripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Scroll" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel Scroll">Samuel Scroll</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Textual analysis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Court_History_of_David" title="Court History of David">Court History of David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deuteronomist" title="Deuteronomist">Deuteronomistic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_the_Kingdoms" title="Books of the Kingdoms">Books of the Kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_and_Jonathan" title="David and Jonathan">David and Jonathan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/he:%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9C_%D7%91_%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%93" class="extiw" title="wikisource:he:שמואל ב ניקוד">Hebrew Bible</a> • <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/el:%CE%92%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%8E%CE%BD_%CE%92%27" class="extiw" title="wikisource:el:Βασιλειών Β'">Septuagint</a> • <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(Wycliffe)/2_Kings" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (Wycliffe)/2 Kings">Wycliffe Bible</a> • <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/2_Samuel" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (King James)/2 Samuel">King James Version</a> • <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/2_Samuel" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/2 Samuel">American Standard Version</a> • <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(World_English)/2_Samuel" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (World English)/2 Samuel">World English Version</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Books_of_the_Bible" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Books_of_the_Bible" title="Template:Books of the Bible"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Books_of_the_Bible" title="Template talk:Books of the Bible"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Books_of_the_Bible" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Books of the Bible"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Books_of_the_Bible" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Books</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Protocanonical_books" title="Protocanonical books">(protocanon)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Leviticus" title="Book of Leviticus">Leviticus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Numbers" title="Book of Numbers">Numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Deuteronomy" title="Book of Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joshua" title="Book of Joshua">Joshua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judges" title="Book of Judges">Judges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ruth" title="Book of Ruth">Ruth</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1–2 Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings" title="Books of Kings">1–2 Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Chronicles" title="Books of Chronicles">1–2 Chronicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezra" title="Book of Ezra">Ezra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nehemiah" title="Book of Nehemiah">Nehemiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Esther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Job" title="Book of Job">Job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Proverbs" title="Book of Proverbs">Proverbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes" title="Ecclesiastes">Ecclesiastes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs" title="Song of Songs">Song of Songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Isaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jeremiah" title="Book of Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Lamentations" title="Book of Lamentations">Lamentations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel" title="Book of Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Hosea" title="Book of Hosea">Hosea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joel" title="Book of Joel">Joel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Amos" title="Book of Amos">Amos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Obadiah" title="Book of Obadiah">Obadiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jonah" title="Book of Jonah">Jonah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Micah" title="Book of Micah">Micah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nahum" title="Book of Nahum">Nahum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Habakkuk" title="Book of Habakkuk">Habakkuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zephaniah" title="Book of Zephaniah">Zephaniah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Haggai" title="Book of Haggai">Haggai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zechariah" title="Book of Zechariah">Zechariah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Malachi" title="Book of Malachi">Malachi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">Deuterocanon</a><br /> or <a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">apocrypha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Catholic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a> & others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Tobit" title="Book of Tobit">Tobit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judith" title="Book of Judith">Judith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther#Additions_to_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Additions to Esther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1_Maccabees" title="1 Maccabees">1 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Maccabees" title="2 Maccabees">2 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Wisdom" title="Book of Wisdom">Wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Sirach" title="Book of Sirach">Sirach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Baruch" title="Book of Baruch">Baruch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Letter_of_Jeremiah" title="Letter of Jeremiah">Letter of Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Additions_to_Daniel" title="Additions to Daniel">Additions to Daniel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Susanna_(Book_of_Daniel)" title="Susanna (Book of Daniel)">Susanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Prayer_of_Azariah_and_Song_of_the_Three_Holy_Children" class="mw-redirect" title="The Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children">Song of the Three Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bel_and_the_Dragon" title="Bel and the Dragon">Bel and the Dragon</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Eastern Orthodox & others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1_Esdras" title="1 Esdras">1 Esdras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">2 Esdras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Manasseh" title="Prayer of Manasseh">Prayer of Manasseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_151" title="Psalm 151">Psalm 151</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_Maccabees" title="3 Maccabees">3 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4_Maccabees" title="4 Maccabees">4 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Odes_(Bible)" title="Book of Odes (Bible)">Odes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo" title="Orthodox Tewahedo">Orthodox Tewahedo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">Enoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jubilees" title="Book of Jubilees">Jubilees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meqabyan" title="Meqabyan">1, 2, and 3 Meqabyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rest_of_the_Words_of_Baruch" title="Rest of the Words of Baruch">Paralipomena of Baruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo_biblical_canon#Broader_canon" title="Orthodox Tewahedo biblical canon">Broader canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Syriac <a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psalms_152%E2%80%93155" title="Psalms 152–155">Psalms 152–155</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Baruch" title="2 Baruch">2 Baruch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Testaments_of_the_Three_Patriarchs" title="Testaments of the Three Patriarchs">Testaments of the Three Patriarchs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Abraham" title="Testament of Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Isaac" title="Testament of Isaac">Isaac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Jacob" title="Testament of Jacob">Jacob</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="New Testament canon">Canon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Luke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Romans" title="Epistle to the Romans">Romans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="First Epistle to the Corinthians">1 Corinthians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="Second Epistle to the Corinthians">2 Corinthians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Galatians" title="Epistle to the Galatians">Galatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Ephesians" title="Epistle to the Ephesians">Ephesians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Philippians" title="Epistle to the Philippians">Philippians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Colossians" title="Epistle to the Colossians">Colossians</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Laodiceans" title="Epistle to the Laodiceans">Laodiceans</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="First Epistle to the Thessalonians">1 Thessalonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="Second Epistle to the Thessalonians">2 Thessalonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="First Epistle to Timothy">1 Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="Second Epistle to Timothy">2 Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Titus" title="Epistle to Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Philemon" title="Epistle to Philemon">Philemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Hebrews" title="Epistle to the Hebrews">Hebrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_James" title="Epistle of James">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Peter" title="First Epistle of Peter">1 Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_Peter" title="Second Epistle of Peter">2 Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_John" title="First Epistle of John">1 John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_John" title="Second Epistle of John">2 John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Epistle_of_John" title="Third Epistle of John">3 John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Jude" title="Epistle of Jude">Jude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antilegomena" title="Antilegomena">Antilegomena</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Paul" title="Acts of Paul">Acts of Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse_of_Peter" title="Apocalypse of Peter">Apocalypse of Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didache" title="Didache">Didache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_the_Hebrews" title="Gospel of the Hebrews">Gospel of the Hebrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Barnabas" title="Epistle of Barnabas">Epistle of Barnabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Clement" title="First Epistle of Clement">1 Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_Clement" title="Second Epistle of Clement">2 Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="Third Epistle to the Corinthians">3 Corinthians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepherd_of_Hermas" class="mw-redirect" title="Shepherd of Hermas">Shepherd of Hermas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subdivisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chapters_and_verses_of_the_Bible" title="Chapters and verses of the Bible">Chapters and verses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torah#Pentateuch" title="Torah">Pentateuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_books" title="Historical books">Historical books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisdom_literature#Sapiential_Books" title="Wisdom literature">Wisdom books</a> (<a href="/wiki/Poetic_Books" title="Poetic Books">Poetic Books</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophetic_books" title="Prophetic books">Prophetic books</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Major_prophet" title="Major prophet">Major prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Minor_Prophets" title="Twelve Minor Prophets">Minor prophets</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Gospels">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels" title="Synoptic Gospels">Synoptic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle" title="Epistle">Epistles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannine_epistles" title="Johannine epistles">Johannine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastoral_epistles" title="Pastoral epistles">Pastoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">Catholic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_literature" title="Apocalyptic literature">Apocalyptic literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Bible" title="Authorship of the Bible">Authorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Hebrew_Bible_canon" title="Development of the Hebrew Bible canon">Jewish canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertestamental_period" title="Intertestamental period">Intertestamental period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Development of the Christian biblical canon">Christian canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Old_Testament_canon" title="Development of the Old Testament canon">Old Testament canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">New Testament canon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antilegomena" title="Antilegomena">Antilegomena</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Apocrypha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_apocrypha" title="Jewish apocrypha">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_apocrypha" title="New Testament apocrypha">New Testament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudepigrapha" title="Pseudepigrapha">Pseudepigrapha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Old_Testament_pseudepigrapha" title="List of Old Testament pseudepigrapha">Old Testament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dating_the_Bible" title="Dating the Bible">Dating the Bible</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_manuscript" title="Biblical manuscript">Manuscripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Pentateuch" title="Samaritan Pentateuch">Samaritan Pentateuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targum" title="Targum">Targum</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diatessaron" title="Diatessaron">Diatessaron</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muratorian_fragment" title="Muratorian fragment">Muratorian fragment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vetus_Latina" title="Vetus Latina">Vetus Latina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masoretic_Text" title="Masoretic Text">Masoretic Text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Categories_of_New_Testament_manuscripts" title="Categories of New Testament manuscripts">New Testament manuscript categories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Testament_papyri" title="List of New Testament papyri">New Testament papyri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Testament_uncials" title="List of New Testament uncials">New Testament uncials</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_version_debate" title="Bible version debate">Bible version debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_Bible_translations" title="List of English Bible translations">English Bible translations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-canonical_books_referenced_in_the_Bible" title="Non-canonical books referenced in the Bible">Other books referenced in the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_texts#Christianity" title="List of religious texts">Additional Scriptures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_studies" title="Biblical studies">Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_and_Quranic_narratives" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical and Quranic narratives">Biblical and Quranic narratives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Hippo" title="Synod of Hippo">Synod of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textual_criticism" title="Textual criticism">Textual criticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bible" title="Category:Bible">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Bible" title="Portal:Bible">Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Bible" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Bible">WikiProject</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181620#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181620#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181620#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Bibel Samuel 1. 2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/213996649">VIAF</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Bible. Samuel"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/180630917">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Bibel Samuel 1. 2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4076990-2">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Bible. Samuel"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80008475">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12008319m">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12008319m">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007286495205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028199618">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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