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title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-發展" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#發展"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>發展</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-發展-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关發展子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-發展-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-身體成長與發展" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#身體成長與發展"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>身體成長與發展</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-身體成長與發展-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-認知增長與發展" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#認知增長與發展"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>認知增長與發展</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-認知增長與發展-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-社交及情感的成長與發展" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#社交及情感的成長與發展"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>社交及情感的成長與發展</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-社交及情感的成長與發展-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-生理發展" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#生理發展"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>生理發展</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-生理發展-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关生理發展子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-生理發展-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-大肌肉運動技能" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#大肌肉運動技能"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>大肌肉運動技能</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-大肌肉運動技能-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-精細運動技能" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#精細運動技能"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>精細運動技能</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-精細運動技能-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-教育" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#教育"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>教育</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-教育-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-相關條目" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#相關條目"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>相關條目</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-相關條目-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考資料" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考資料"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>參考資料</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參考資料-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部連結" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部連結"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>外部連結</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部連結-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">幼兒</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。22种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%81%D9%84_%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="طفل متهاد – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طفل متهاد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali%C5%A1an" title="Mališan – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Mališan" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batole" title="Batole – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Batole" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleinkind" title="Kleinkind – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kleinkind" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toddler" title="Toddler – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Toddler" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infaneto" title="Infaneto – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Infaneto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%AF%DA%A9_%D9%86%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7" title="کودک نوپا – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کودک نوپا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A1%D5%B2_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%AF" title="Վաղ հասակ – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վաղ հասակ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balita" title="Balita – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Balita" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B9%BC%E5%85%90" title="幼児 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="幼児" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EC%95%84" title="유아 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="유아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AF" title="शिशुवय – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="शिशुवय" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peuter" title="Peuter – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Peuter" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sm%C3%A5barn" title="Småbarn – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Småbarn" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okres_poniemowl%C4%99cy" title="Okres poniemowlęcy – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Okres poniemowlęcy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82" title="Ранний возраст – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ранний возраст" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutricu" title="Nutricu – 西西里语" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Nutricu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toddler" title="Toddler – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Toddler" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Малишан – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Малишан" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolt%C3%A5lder" title="Koltålder – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Koltålder" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeni_y%C3%BCr%C3%BCyen" title="Yeni yürüyen – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yeni yürüyen" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BA" title="Малюк – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Малюк" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1340307#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> 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href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%85%A5%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/%E5%B9%BC%E5%85%92" title="列出所有与本页相链的页面[j]" accesskey="j"><span>链入页面</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%87%BA%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9/%E5%B9%BC%E5%85%92" rel="nofollow" title="页面链出所有页面的更改[k]" accesskey="k"><span>相关更改</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Project:%E4%B8%8A%E4%BC%A0" title="上传图像或多媒体文件[u]" accesskey="u"><span>上传文件</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="全部特殊页面的列表[q]" accesskey="q"><span>特殊页面</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B9%BC%E5%85%92&oldid=82423505" title="此页面该修订版本的固定链接"><span>固定链接</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B9%BC%E5%85%92&action=info" title="关于此页面的更多信息"><span>页面信息</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%E6%AD%A4%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2&page=%E5%B9%BC%E5%85%92&id=82423505&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="有关如何引用此页面的信息"><span>引用此页</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:URL%E7%BC%A9%E7%9F%AD%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E5%25B9%25BC%25E5%2585%2592"><span>获取短链接</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E5%25B9%25BC%25E5%2585%2592"><span>下载二维码</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/导出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E5%B9%BC%E5%85%92&action=show-download-screen"><span>下载为PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="本页面的可打印版本[p]" accesskey="p"><span>打印页面</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 在其他项目中 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Toddlers" hreflang="en"><span>维基共享资源</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1340307" title="链接到连接的数据仓库项目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>维基数据项目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">（重定向自<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B9%BC%E7%AB%A5&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="幼童">幼童</a>）</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Afbeelding_003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Afbeelding_003.jpg/220px-Afbeelding_003.jpg" decoding="async" 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-subgroup,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-pretitle,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-heading,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-above,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-below{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-color:#54595d!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar a:not(.new):not(.mw-selflink):link{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="width:200px;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#ccf;"><b> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E7%9A%84%E6%88%90%E9%95%B7" title="人的成長">人的成長與發展</a></b></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Human_development_stages_(collage).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Human_development_stages_%28collage%29.jpg/150px-Human_development_stages_%28collage%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Human_development_stages_%28collage%29.jpg/225px-Human_development_stages_%28collage%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Human_development_stages_%28collage%29.jpg/300px-Human_development_stages_%28collage%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2896" data-file-height="2896" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddf;"> 階段</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.15em 0.5em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%97%E7%B2%BE%E5%8D%B5" title="受精卵">受精卵</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%9A%E8%83%8E" title="胚胎">胚胎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E8%83%9A%E8%83%8E%E7%99%BC%E8%82%B2" title="人類胚胎發育">胚胎發育</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%8E%E5%85%92" title="胎兒">胎兒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AC%B0%E5%85%92" title="嬰兒">嬰兒</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">幼兒</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">儿童早期</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%84%BF%E7%AB%A5" title="儿童">儿童</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E9%9D%92%E5%B0%91%E5%B9%B4%E6%9C%9F" title="前青少年期">前青少年期</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%92%E5%B0%91%E5%B9%B4" title="青少年">青少年</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%92%E5%A3%AF%E5%B9%B4" title="青壯年">青壯年</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%B9%B4" title="中年">中年</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E5%B9%B4" title="老年">老年</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddf;"> 生命歷程</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.15em 0.5em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E7%B1%BB%E5%8F%97%E7%B2%BE" title="人类受精">人类受精</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%A8%A9" title="分娩">分娩</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="爬行學步" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Gross motor skill#Learning to walk"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%88%AC%E8%A1%8C%E5%AD%B8%E6%AD%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="爬行學步（页面不存在）">爬行學步</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_motor_skill#Learning_to_walk" class="extiw" title="en:Gross motor skill"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Gross motor skill#Learning to walk</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E4%B9%A0%E5%BE%97" title="语言习得">语言习得</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%92%E6%98%A5%E6%9C%9F" title="青春期">青春期</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%B4%E5%B9%B4%E6%9C%9F" title="更年期">更年期</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E5%8C%96" title="老化">老化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B4%E7%BB%88" title="临终">临终</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9E%E5%85%89%E8%BF%94%E7%85%A7" title="回光返照">回光返照</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1" title="死亡">死亡</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddf;"> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="发展心理学">发展心理学</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.15em 0.5em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="產前與周產期心理學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Prenatal and perinatal psychology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%A2%E5%89%8D%E8%88%87%E5%91%A8%E7%94%A2%E6%9C%9F%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="產前與周產期心理學（页面不存在）">產前與產後</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prenatal_and_perinatal_psychology" class="extiw" title="en:Prenatal and perinatal psychology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Prenatal and perinatal psychology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%92%E7%AB%A5%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E9%9A%8E%E6%AE%B5" title="兒童發展階段">新生兒與兒童</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%92%E5%B0%91%E5%B9%B4" title="青少年">青少年</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Positive Youth Development" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Positive Youth Development"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Positive_Youth_Development&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Positive Youth Development（页面不存在）">青年</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_Youth_Development" class="extiw" title="en:Positive Youth Development"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Positive Youth Development</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%92%E5%A3%AF%E5%B9%B4" title="青壯年">青壯年</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="成人發展" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Adult development"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%90%E4%BA%BA%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="成人發展（页面不存在）">成人</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_development" class="extiw" title="en:Adult development"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Adult development</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E6%88%90%E7%86%9F" title="心理成熟">心理成熟</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddf;"> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="階段發展理論" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Developmental stage theories"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9A%8E%E6%AE%B5%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="階段發展理論（页面不存在）">階段發展理論</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_stage_theories" class="extiw" title="en:Developmental stage theories"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Developmental stage theories</span></a></span>）</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.15em 0.5em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BE%9D%E9%99%84%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="依附理論">依附理論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" title="生态系统理论">生态系统理论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%E6%A3%AE%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E9%98%B6%E6%AE%B5" title="埃里克森社会心理发展阶段">社会心理发展</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95" title="性心理發展">性心理發展</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%AF%E5%B0%94%E4%BC%AF%E6%A0%BC%E9%81%93%E5%BE%B7%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E9%98%B6%E6%AE%B5" title="柯尔伯格道德发展阶段">道德发展</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E8%AB%96" title="認知發展論">認知發展論</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="文化歷史心理學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Cultural-historical psychology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="文化歷史心理學（页面不存在）">文化歷史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural-historical_psychology" class="extiw" title="en:Cultural-historical psychology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Cultural-historical psychology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="演化發展心理學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Evolutionary developmental psychology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="演化發展心理學（页面不存在）">演化</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_developmental_psychology" class="extiw" title="en:Evolutionary developmental psychology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Evolutionary developmental psychology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portal-puzzle.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/16px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/24px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/32px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:%E4%BA%BA%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="Portal:人类学">人类学主题</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Psi2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/16px-Psi2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/24px-Psi2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/32px-Psi2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="Portal:心理学">心理学主题</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="line-height:1.6"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84244141">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:110%;margin:0 8em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:110%;margin:0 5em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Human_growth_and_development_sidebar" title="Template:Human growth and development sidebar"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Human_growth_and_development_sidebar" title="Template talk:Human growth and development sidebar"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:Human_growth_and_development_sidebar" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:Human growth and development sidebar"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>幼兒</b>也稱為<b>幼童</b>，是<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95_(%E7%94%9F%E7%90%86)" class="mw-redirect" title="人類發展 (生理)">人類發展</a>的階段之一。可能包括<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="學步期" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="toddlerhood"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%B8%E6%AD%A5%E6%9C%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="學步期（页面不存在）">學步期</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/toddlerhood" class="extiw" title="en:toddlerhood"><span lang="en" dir="auto">toddlerhood</span></a></span>）</span></span>及之後，一直到學齡前的一段時間，此一階段也常稱為是<b>玩耍期</b>（Play age）；是<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%92%E7%AB%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="兒童">兒童</a>階段中較前期的部份。 </p><p>在<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="心理學">心理學</a>所定義的「兒童早期」範圍較廣，是從出生後一直到約十一歲的年齡，因此包括了<a href="/wiki/%E5%AC%B0%E5%85%92" title="嬰兒">嬰兒</a>時期及學齡時期在內<sup id="cite_ref-#1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>根據<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美國學前教育協會" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="National Association for the Education of Young Children"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%AD%B8%E5%89%8D%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E5%8D%94%E6%9C%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美國學前教育協會（页面不存在）">美國學前教育協會</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_for_the_Education_of_Young_Children" class="extiw" title="en:National Association for the Education of Young Children"><span lang="en" dir="auto">National Association for the Education of Young Children</span></a></span>）</span></span>的定義，兒童早期是從出生後一直到八歲的期間。 </p><p>有一些年齡相關的發展期和定義，以下是一個例子：新生兒（0-5個月）；嬰兒（6個月-1歲前）；學步兒童（1-2歲）；幼兒（3-5歲）；學齡兒童（6-11歲）；青少年（12-17歲）。<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="發展"><span id=".E7.99.BC.E5.B1.95"></span>發展</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B9%BC%E5%85%92&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：發展"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="心理學">心理學</a>中的兒童早期通常會定義為十二歲以下的年齡，範圍涵蓋嬰幼兒以及小學。這段期間有三個同時發展的層面<sup id="cite_ref-#1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="身體成長與發展"><span id=".E8.BA.AB.E9.AB.94.E6.88.90.E9.95.B7.E8.88.87.E7.99.BC.E5.B1.95"></span>身體成長與發展</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B9%BC%E5%85%92&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：身體成長與發展"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>這個階段的大腦，神經纖維有顯著的突觸生長和髓鞘形成，尤其是在<a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%8D%E8%91%89" title="額葉">額葉</a>部份格外明顯。例如在二歲時，大腦為成年時大腦重量的70%，六歲時已成長大腦重量的90%。<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>大腦增長之後，認知能力會突然增加。小孩在五歲左右開始正確的說話，並且掌握其手眼協調。 </p><p>此階段最適合兒童的環境是鼓勵身體發育、讓兒童可以探索、嘗試新的事物的環境。兒童的身體發育有其固定的模式：會先發展大肌肉，之後才發展小肌肉。大肌肉用於行走，跑步和其他肢體活動，這些稱為大肌肉運動技能（gross motor skills）。小肌肉用於精細的運動技能，例如拾起物體、寫字，繪圖，投接東西<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="認知增長與發展"><span id=".E8.AA.8D.E7.9F.A5.E5.A2.9E.E9.95.B7.E8.88.87.E7.99.BC.E5.B1.95"></span>認知增長與發展</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B9%BC%E5%85%92&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：認知增長與發展"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%93%C2%B7%E7%9A%AE%E4%BA%9E%E5%82%91" class="mw-redirect" title="讓·皮亞傑">讓·皮亞傑</a>稱兒童二歲到七歲的階段是「<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E8%AB%96#階段觀" title="認知發展論">前運思期</a>」（Pre-operational stage），這個階段的兒童常常會問「為什麼」，兒童也用此和其他兒童建立建立關係。兒童還不能進行抽象思維運作，孩子必須要看到他們所談論的東西，因此他們無法明白邏輯、背叛、沉思等概念。這意味著他們會從字面上去理解別人說的話。他們也可以從每個物體中看到人類的特徵，例如假如他們不小心被桌子拌到腳，他們會說「桌子很壞」。兒童也會有<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%88%91%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="自我中心主義">自我中心主義</a>（這和利己主義egoism不同），兒童不會理解其他人有<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0" title="信仰">信仰</a>，這個時期的兒童會認為他們怎麼想，其他的人也會有一様的想法。這個時期也會有認知<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="集聚" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Centration"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%86%E8%81%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="集聚（页面不存在）">集聚</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centration" class="extiw" title="en:Centration"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Centration</span></a></span>）</span></span>的情形，會讓兒童主要會看一個人或是事物在視覺上最醒目的部份，例如若一個男生有長頭髮，兒童可能會認為他是女生。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="社交及情感的成長與發展"><span id=".E7.A4.BE.E4.BA.A4.E5.8F.8A.E6.83.85.E6.84.9F.E7.9A.84.E6.88.90.E9.95.B7.E8.88.87.E7.99.BC.E5.B1.95"></span>社交及情感的成長與發展</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B9%BC%E5%85%92&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：社交及情感的成長與發展"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>這方面的發展包括孩子們了解「自我」的感覺，與他人的關係以及其社會性。情感發展包括表達、依附依戀和個性<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。孩子會表現對黑暗和怪物的恐懼，約在三歲會注意到他們自身是男孩還是女孩，並且依其社會模式開始與人互動。男孩通常較具侵略性，而女孩較會關心人。然而男孩和女孩的侵略性會以兩種不同的方式表現：男孩較具肢體上的侵略性，而女孩較具社交上的侵略性（取綽號和忽略）。這個階段個體的差異會變得越來越突出。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="生理發展"><span id=".E7.94.9F.E7.90.86.E7.99.BC.E5.B1.95"></span>生理發展</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B9%BC%E5%85%92&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：生理發展"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="大肌肉運動技能"><span id=".E5.A4.A7.E8.82.8C.E8.82.89.E9.81.8B.E5.8B.95.E6.8A.80.E8.83.BD"></span>大肌肉運動技能</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B9%BC%E5%85%92&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：大肌肉運動技能"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>幼兒一開始走路時，走路姿勢是比較笨拙、類似機器人行進的姿勢。約在2歲時，會開始發展出更順暢的步態，也會發展出<a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%91%E6%AD%A5" title="跑步">跑步</a>，單腳跳躍和一般跳躍的能力。這個年紀的孩子也可以參與丟接較大型球類的遊戲。他們也可以玩一些小型的騎乘玩具（例如小型的玩具車）可以坐在上面，用自己的腳作為動力讓玩具和自己一起前進）上，用腳踢自己。<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>運動行為發展最快的時期是在2歲到6歲之間的學齡前階段，此時會有的技能是移動（locomotor）、精細的手眼協調、走路以及進階的跑步、單腳跳躍、跳躍、飛奔，由爬行進階發展的攀爬。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="精細運動技能"><span id=".E7.B2.BE.E7.B4.B0.E9.81.8B.E5.8B.95.E6.8A.80.E8.83.BD"></span>精細運動技能</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B9%BC%E5%85%92&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：精細運動技能"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>一般預期兒童在三歲時，會發展一些較精細動作的技能，例如可以畫出像圓形，正方形和三角形之類的簡單圖案，也可以將這些圖案剪下來。這些活動可以強化兒童的手指，以培養其運用手指的能力，讓兒童可以發展其<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="精細運動技能" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Fine motor skill"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B2%BE%E7%B4%B0%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95%E6%8A%80%E8%83%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="精細運動技能（页面不存在）">精細運動技能</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine_motor_skill" class="extiw" title="en:Fine motor skill"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Fine motor skill</span></a></span>）</span></span><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="教育"><span id=".E6.95.99.E8.82.B2"></span>教育</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B9%BC%E5%85%92&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：教育"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84833064">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E5%89%8D%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2" title="學前教育">學前教育</a></div> <p>嬰兒和幼兒比其他年齡都對生活有更全面的體驗<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。幼童對社交、情緒、認知、語言及肢體的學習不是獨立的。在此階段，若成人可以理解兒童的學習依賴整體的生活經驗，而不僅僅依成人希望其專注的部份，那將對兒童發展大有裨益。 </p><p>幼兒學習到的知識大多在在出生和三歲之間獲得，在這段時間人的發展最爲迅速，而監護人的愛、感情、鼓勵和精神刺激都有助於此。這個時候的大腦正在快速增長，更容易吸收資訊，大腦中部分區域可以在一年內成長一倍。在這個階段，兒童需要營養和人際互動，才能使大腦正常生長。雖然成年人在兒童發展中扮演很大的角色，但兒童發展最重要的方式是與其他兒童的互動。兒童與他們花費大量時間的朋友建立了密切的關係，這些經驗也會進入他們的認知。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="相關條目"><span id=".E7.9B.B8.E9.97.9C.E6.A2.9D.E7.9B.AE"></span>相關條目</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B9%BC%E5%85%92&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：相關條目"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E5%89%8D%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2" title="學前教育">學前教育</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考資料"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.80.83.E8.B3.87.E6.96.99"></span>參考資料</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B9%BC%E5%85%92&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：參考資料"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-#1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-#1_1-0"><sup><b>1.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-#1_1-1"><sup><b>1.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Doherty, J. and Hughes, M. (2009) Child Development; Theory into Practice 0–11 (1st ed). Harlow, Essex; Pearson. pp. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kail, Robert V (2011). Children and Their Development (6th Edition) (Mydevelopmentlab Series). Englewood Cliffs, N.J: Prentice Hall. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r61200749">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-205-03494-2" title="Special:网络书源/0-205-03494-2">0-205-03494-2</a>. OCLC 727047867.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Berk, Laura (2008). "Exploring Lifespan Development", p. 222. Ally and Bacon, Boston. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-256-36323-1" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-256-36323-1">978-1-256-36323-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">no author. (2010) By Leaps and Bounds: Physical Development [online], Available: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.pbs.org/wholechild/parents/dev.html">http://www.pbs.org/wholechild/parents/dev.html</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20171005092848/http://www.pbs.org/wholechild/parents/dev.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） [02.04.2014]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Doherty, J. and Hughes, M. (2009) Child Development; Theory into Practice 0–11 (1st Edn). Harlow, Essex; Pearson.pp 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oswalt, A (No Year). Child Development And Parenting: Early Childhood [Online] Available: <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141015145605/http://bhcmhmr.org/poc/view_doc.php?type=doc&id=12755&cn=462">存档副本</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2014-04-02</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bhcmhmr.org/poc/view_doc.php?type=doc&id=12755&cn=462">原始内容</a>存档于2014-10-15）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%B9%BC%E5%85%92&rft.btitle=%E5%AD%98%E6%A1%A3%E5%89%AF%E6%9C%AC&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bhcmhmr.org%2Fpoc%2Fview_doc.php%3Ftype%3Ddoc%26id%3D12755%26cn%3D462&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> Accessed: 202/04/2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">No author (2011) Expected Developmental Milestones. [Online], Available: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.mentisxl.org/child-development/fine-motor/2-3years.asp">http://www.mentisxl.org/child-development/fine-motor/2-3years.asp</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20160901051154/http://www.mentisxl.org/child-development/fine-motor/2-3years.asp">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） [03/04/2014]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grotewell, P. Burton, Y (2008). Early Childhood Education: Issues and Developments. New York: Nova Sciences Publishers, Inc.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部連結"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.80.A3.E7.B5.90"></span>外部連結</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B9%BC%E5%85%92&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：外部連結"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101107001815/http://www.unesco.org/en/early-childhood/">Early Childhood Care and Education</a>. UNESCO. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/en/early-childhood/">原始内容</a>存档于2010-11-07）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%B9%BC%E5%85%92&rft.btitle=Early+Childhood+Care+and+Education&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco.org%2Fen%2Fearly-childhood%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150222201915/http://artbabygame.com/home/">APP for Early Childhood Stimulation</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2017-05-29</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://artbabygame.com/home/">原始内容</a>存档于2015-02-22）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%B9%BC%E5%85%92&rft.btitle=APP+for+Early+Childhood+Stimulation&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fartbabygame.com%2Fhome%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84261037">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em;width:auto;padding-left:0.2em;position:absolute;left:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox .mw-collapsible-toggle{margin-left:0.5em;position:absolute;right:1em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="人類生理及心理發展" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Human_development" title="Template:Human development"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Human_development&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Human development（页面不存在）"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:Human_development" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:Human development"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="人類生理及心理發展" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em">人類<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E7%9A%84%E6%88%90%E9%95%B7" title="人的成長">生理</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="发展心理学">心理</a>發展</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">出生前</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%9A%E8%83%8E" title="胚胎">胚胎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%8E%E5%85%92" title="胎兒">胎兒</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%95%B8%E5%BD%A2%E5%AD%A6" title="畸形学">畸形</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">出生後</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AC%B0%E5%85%92" title="嬰兒">嬰兒</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E5%8F%8D%E5%B0%84" title="原始反射">嬰兒期反射</a>)</li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="學步期" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Toddler"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%B8%E6%AD%A5%E6%9C%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="學步期（页面不存在）">學步期</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toddler" class="extiw" title="en:Toddler"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Toddler</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">幼兒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B9%B4" title="童年">童年</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%84%BF%E7%AB%A5" title="儿童">儿童</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E9%9D%92%E5%B0%91%E5%B9%B4%E6%9C%9F" title="前青少年期">前青少年期</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%92%E5%B0%91%E5%B9%B4" title="青少年">青少年</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%92%E5%A3%AF%E5%B9%B4" title="青壯年">青壯年</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%B9%B4" title="中年">中年</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E5%B9%B4" title="老年">老年</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B4%E7%BB%88" title="临终">临终</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">定義</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AA%E6%88%90%E5%B9%B4%E4%BA%BA" title="未成年人">未成年人</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%90%E4%BA%BA%E5%B9%B4%E9%BE%84" title="成人年龄">成人年龄</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">事件及階段</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%95%E9%BD%A1" title="孕齡">孕齡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A7%E5%89%8D%E5%8F%91%E8%82%B2" title="产前发育">产前发育</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%A8%A9" title="分娩">分娩</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="兒童發展" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Child development"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%92%E7%AB%A5%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="兒童發展（页面不存在）">兒童發展</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_development" class="extiw" title="en:Child development"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Child development</span></a></span>）</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%92%E7%AB%A5%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E9%9A%8E%E6%AE%B5" title="兒童發展階段">階段</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="嬰兒認知發展" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Infant cognitive development"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AC%B0%E5%85%92%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="嬰兒認知發展（页面不存在）">嬰兒認知發展</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infant_cognitive_development" class="extiw" title="en:Infant cognitive development"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Infant cognitive development</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E7%9A%84%E6%88%90%E9%95%B7" title="人的成長">人類發展</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="成人發展" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Adult development"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%90%E4%BA%BA%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="成人發展（页面不存在）">成人發展</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_development" class="extiw" title="en:Adult development"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Adult development</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%92%E6%98%A5%E6%9C%9F" title="青春期">青春期</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E5%8C%96" title="老化">老化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%B0%E8%80%81" class="mw-redirect" title="衰老">衰老</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1" title="死亡">死亡</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="发展心理学">发展心理学</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="胎兒心理學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Fetal psychology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%8E%E5%85%92%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="胎兒心理學（页面不存在）">胎兒心理學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetal_psychology" class="extiw" title="en:Fetal psychology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Fetal psychology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="積極青年發展" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Positive youth development"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A9%8D%E6%A5%B5%E9%9D%92%E5%B9%B4%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="積極青年發展（页面不存在）">積極青年發展</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_youth_development" class="extiw" title="en:Positive youth development"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Positive youth development</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%92%E5%A3%AF%E5%B9%B4" title="青壯年">青壯年</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="積極成人發展" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Positive adult development"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A9%8D%E6%A5%B5%E6%88%90%E4%BA%BA%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="積極成人發展（页面不存在）">積極成人發展</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_adult_development" class="extiw" title="en:Positive adult development"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Positive adult development</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E6%88%90%E7%86%9F" title="心理成熟">心理成熟</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">研究者及<br /><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="發展階段理論" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Developmental stage theories"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E9%9A%8E%E6%AE%B5%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="發展階段理論（页面不存在）">理論</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_stage_theories" class="extiw" title="en:Developmental stage theories"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Developmental stage theories</span></a></span>）</span></span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%A0%BC%E8%92%99%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E6%B4%9B%E4%BC%8A%E5%BE%B7" title="西格蒙德·弗洛伊德">弗洛伊德</a> (1856–1939) (<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95" title="性心理發展">性心理發展</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%93%C2%B7%E7%9A%AE%E4%BA%9E%E5%82%91" class="mw-redirect" title="讓·皮亞傑">皮亞傑</a> (1896–1980) (<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E8%AB%96" title="認知發展論">認知發展論</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E7%B6%AD%C2%B7%E7%B6%AD%E8%B0%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" title="利維·維谷斯基">維谷斯基</a> (1896–1934) (<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="文化歷史心理學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Cultural-historical psychology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="文化歷史心理學（页面不存在）">文化歷史心理學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural-historical_psychology" class="extiw" title="en:Cultural-historical psychology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Cultural-historical psychology</span></a></span>）</span></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%88%A9%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%9F%83%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%E6%A3%AE" title="爱利克·埃里克森">埃里克森</a> (1902–1994) (<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%E6%A3%AE%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E9%98%B6%E6%AE%B5" title="埃里克森社会心理发展阶段">社会心理发展</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E9%AE%91%E6%AF%94" title="約翰·鮑比">鮑比</a> (1907–1990) (<a href="/wiki/%E4%BE%9D%E9%99%84%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="依附理論">依附理論</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%A4%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E6%9C%97%E8%8A%AC%E5%B8%83%E4%BC%A6%E7%BA%B3" title="尤里·布朗芬布伦纳">布朗芬布伦纳</a> (1917–2005) (<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" title="生态系统理论">生态系统理论</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%B3%E4%BC%A6%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%9F%AF%E5%B0%94%E4%BC%AF%E6%A0%BC" title="劳伦斯·柯尔伯格">柯尔伯格</a> (1927–1987) (<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%AF%E5%B0%94%E4%BC%AF%E6%A0%BC%E9%81%93%E5%BE%B7%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E9%98%B6%E6%AE%B5" title="柯尔伯格道德发展阶段">道德发展阶段</a>)</li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="康肯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="邁克爾·康肯"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BA%B7%E8%82%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="康肯（页面不存在）">康肯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%82%81%E5%85%8B%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E5%BA%B7%E8%82%AF" class="extiw" title="en:邁克爾·康肯"><span lang="en" dir="auto">邁克爾·康肯</span></a></span>）</span></span> (b. 1939), <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Kurt W. Fischer" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Kurt W. Fischer"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurt_W._Fischer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kurt W. Fischer（页面不存在）">Fischer</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_W._Fischer" class="extiw" title="en:Kurt W. Fischer"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Kurt W. Fischer</span></a></span>）</span></span> (b. 1943), <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="罗伯特·凯根" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Robert Kegan"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%87%AF%E6%A0%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="罗伯特·凯根（页面不存在）">凯根</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Kegan" class="extiw" title="en:Robert Kegan"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Robert Kegan</span></a></span>）</span></span> (b. 1946), <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="安德烈亞斯·德米特里" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Andreas Demetriou"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%89%E5%BE%B7%E7%83%88%E4%BA%9E%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E7%B1%B3%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="安德烈亞斯·德米特里（页面不存在）">德米特里</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Demetriou" class="extiw" title="en:Andreas Demetriou"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Andreas Demetriou</span></a></span>）</span></span> (b. 1950)等 (<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="新皮亞傑認知發展理論" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Neo-Piagetian theories of cognitive development"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%B0%E7%9A%AE%E4%BA%9E%E5%82%91%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="新皮亞傑認知發展理論（页面不存在）">新皮亞傑認知發展理論</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Piagetian_theories_of_cognitive_development" class="extiw" title="en:Neo-Piagetian theories of cognitive development"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Neo-Piagetian theories of cognitive development</span></a></span>）</span></span>)</li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="進化發展心理學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Evolutionary developmental psychology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="進化發展心理學（页面不存在）">進化發展心理學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_developmental_psychology" class="extiw" title="en:Evolutionary developmental psychology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Evolutionary developmental psychology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他心理學概念</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E8%AF%AD%E5%88%B6" title="多语制">學習多種語言</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E5%B0%8A" title="自尊">自尊</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Marcia’s Identity Statuses" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Marcia’s Identity Statuses"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcia%E2%80%99s_Identity_Statuses&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marcia’s Identity Statuses（页面不存在）">Marcia’s Identity Statuses</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcia%E2%80%99s_Identity_Statuses" class="extiw" title="en:Marcia’s Identity Statuses"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Marcia’s Identity Statuses</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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