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Projet Loon — Wikipédia

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Disponible en 21 langues." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 langues</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B9_%D9%84%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86" title="مشروع لوون – arabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مشروع لوون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%86%DA%98%DB%95%DB%8C_%D9%84%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86" title="پرۆژەی لوون – sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پرۆژەی لوون" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Loon" title="Project Loon – danois" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Project Loon" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Loon" title="Project Loon – allemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Project Loon" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loon_LLC" title="Loon LLC – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Loon LLC" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loon_LLC" title="Loon LLC – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Loon LLC" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%98%D9%87_%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86" title="پروژه لون – persan" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پروژه لون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%98_%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9F" title="פרויקט לון – hébreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרויקט לון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hébreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80" title="लून एलएलसी – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लून एलएलसी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Loon" title="Project Loon – hongrois" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Project Loon" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongrois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loon_(perusahaan)" title="Loon (perusahaan) – indonésien" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Loon (perusahaan)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Loon" title="Project Loon – italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Project Loon" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Loon" title="Project Loon – japonais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Project Loon" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A3%AC_(%EA%B8%B0%EC%97%85)" title="룬 (기업) – coréen" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="룬 (기업)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coréen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%82%E0%B5%BA" title="പ്രോജക്റ്റ് ലൂൺ – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പ്രോജക്റ്റ് ലൂൺ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loon_(syarikat)" title="Loon (syarikat) – malais" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Loon (syarikat)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Loon" title="Project Loon – néerlandais" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Project Loon" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projeto_Loon" title="Projeto Loon – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Projeto Loon" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loon" title="Loon – russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Loon" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="லூன் திட்டம் – tamoul" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="லூன் திட்டம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamoul" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Loon" title="Project Loon – chinois" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="Project Loon" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q13463146#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifier les liens interlangues" class="wbc-editpage">Modifier les liens</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espaces de noms"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Projet_Loon" title="Voir le contenu de la page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discussion:Projet_Loon" rel="discussion" title="Discussion au sujet de cette page de contenu [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Modifier la variante de langue" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">français</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Affichages"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Projet_Loon"><span>Lire</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Projet_Loon&amp;veaction=edit" title="Modifier cette page [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modifier</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Projet_Loon&amp;action=edit" title="Modifier le wikicode de cette page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifier le code</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Projet_Loon&amp;action=history" title="Historique des versions de cette page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Voir l’historique</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Outils de la page"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Outils" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Outils</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Outils</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">masquer</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Plus d’options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Projet_Loon"><span>Lire</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Projet_Loon&amp;veaction=edit" title="Modifier cette page [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modifier</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Projet_Loon&amp;action=edit" title="Modifier le wikicode de cette page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifier le code</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Projet_Loon&amp;action=history"><span>Voir l’historique</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Général </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Pages_li%C3%A9es/Projet_Loon" title="Liste des pages liées qui pointent sur celle-ci [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pages liées</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Suivi_des_liens/Projet_Loon" rel="nofollow" title="Liste des modifications récentes des pages appelées par celle-ci [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Suivi des pages liées</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Aide:Importer_un_fichier" title="Téléverser des fichiers [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Téléverser un fichier</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Pages_sp%C3%A9ciales" title="Liste de toutes les pages spéciales [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Pages spéciales</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Projet_Loon&amp;oldid=218683600" title="Adresse permanente de cette version de cette page"><span>Lien permanent</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Projet_Loon&amp;action=info" title="Davantage d’informations sur cette page"><span>Informations sur la page</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Citer&amp;page=Projet_Loon&amp;id=218683600&amp;wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informations sur la manière de citer cette page"><span>Citer cette page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:UrlShortener&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FProjet_Loon"><span>Obtenir l'URL raccourcie</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:QrCode&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FProjet_Loon"><span>Télécharger le code QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Imprimer / exporter </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Livre&amp;bookcmd=book_creator&amp;referer=Projet+Loon"><span>Créer un livre</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:DownloadAsPdf&amp;page=Projet_Loon&amp;action=show-download-screen"><span>Télécharger comme PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Projet_Loon&amp;printable=yes" title="Version imprimable de cette page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Version imprimable</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dans d’autres projets </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Project_Loon" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q13463146" title="Lien vers l’élément dans le dépôt de données connecté [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Élément Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Outils de la page"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Apparence"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Apparence</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">masquer</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Un article de Wikipédia, l&#039;encyclopédie libre.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"><div class="bandeau-container metadata homonymie hatnote"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Aide:Homonymie" title="Aide:Homonymie"><img alt="Page d’aide sur l’homonymie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/20px-Logo_disambig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/30px-Logo_disambig.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/40px-Logo_disambig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="375" /></a></span></div><div class="bandeau-cell" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <p>Pour les articles homonymes, voir <a href="/wiki/Loon" class="mw-disambig" title="Loon">Loon</a>. </p> </div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Google_Loon_Balloon_close_up.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Google_Loon_Balloon_close_up.jpg/220px-Google_Loon_Balloon_close_up.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Google_Loon_Balloon_close_up.jpg/330px-Google_Loon_Balloon_close_up.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Google_Loon_Balloon_close_up.jpg/440px-Google_Loon_Balloon_close_up.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption>Ballon Loon.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Google_Loon_-_Launch_Event.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Google_Loon_-_Launch_Event.jpg/220px-Google_Loon_-_Launch_Event.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Google_Loon_-_Launch_Event.jpg/330px-Google_Loon_-_Launch_Event.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Google_Loon_-_Launch_Event.jpg/440px-Google_Loon_-_Launch_Event.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1128" data-file-height="841" /></a><figcaption>Ballon Loon à son lancement en juin 2013.</figcaption></figure> <p>Le <b>projet Loon</b> était un projet de la <a href="/wiki/X_(entreprise)" title="X (entreprise)">société X</a> (anciennement Google X Lab ou Google X, devenue filiale d'<a href="/wiki/Alphabet_(entreprise)" title="Alphabet (entreprise)">Alphabet</a>) visant à développer l’accès à l’Internet dans les zones les plus reculées de la planète<sup id="cite_ref-Rue89_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rue89-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2021-01-22" data-sort-value="2021-01-22">22 janvier 2021</time>, Alphabet annonce sa fermeture<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Projet_Loon&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Modifier la section : Description" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Projet_Loon&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Description"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Posant le constat que <span class="citation">«&#160;deux tiers de la population mondiale n’ont toujours pas accès à une connexion rapide et bon marché&#160;»</span>, Google a lancé un projet utilisant des ballons stratosphériques gonflés à l’hélium<sup id="cite_ref-Rue89_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rue89-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-01net824_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-01net824-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Le projet, issu du laboratoire de recherches dirigé par le cofondateur de Google <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Brin" title="Sergey Brin">Sergey Brin</a><sup id="cite_ref-SudInfo_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SudInfo-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, tire son nom du mot «&#160;Loon&#160;», diminutif de «&#160;balloon&#160;» (ballon en français) ou synonyme en anglais de «&#160;fou&#160;», «&#160;dingue&#160;»<sup id="cite_ref-Rue89_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rue89-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Exp_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Exp-5"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>5<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Techniquement, Google est aidé par l'agence spatiale française, le <a href="/wiki/CNES" class="mw-redirect" title="CNES">CNES</a>, depuis 2014 pour la réalisation et le vol des ballons stratosphériques permettant de suspendre des relais captant des signaux venant du sol et les renvoyant à d'autres <a href="/wiki/Centre_de_donn%C3%A9es" title="Centre de données">centres de données</a> au sol<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>6<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Le CNES est en effet un des spécialistes mondiaux de la conception, de la fabrication et des données scientifiques des ballons atmosphériques, depuis plus de 50 ans. De nombreuses données sont récoltées en temps réel et également transmises depuis les prévisions météorologiques faites au sol. Celles-ci permettent à un algorithme de calculer les mouvements faits par les ballons pour rester de nombreux mois au-dessus d'un territoire donné<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>7<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Chaque ballon, de quinze mètres de diamètre, flotte à une vingtaine de kilomètres d’altitude (soit deux fois plus haut que les avions de ligne<sup id="cite_ref-Exp_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Exp-5"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>5<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>) et peut, grâce à ses panneaux solaires, voler 187 jours soit de quoi faire neuf fois le tour du monde<sup id="cite_ref-01net824_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-01net824-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Initialement les ballons offraient une connexion sur 40 kilomètres autour d'eux, avec des débits équivalents à de la <a href="/wiki/3G" title="3G">3G</a><sup id="cite_ref-SudInfo_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SudInfo-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Exp_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Exp-5"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>5<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> et même à de la 4G<sup id="cite_ref-01net824_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-01net824-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-lesnumeriques_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lesnumeriques-8"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>8<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Chaque ballon peut maintenant relayer la <a href="/wiki/4G" title="4G">4G</a> sur un rayon de 80 kilomètres<sup id="cite_ref-Fut_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fut-9"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>9<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Les trente premiers ballons ont été lancés le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2013-06-15" data-sort-value="2013-06-15">15 juin 2013</time> depuis la <a href="/wiki/Nouvelle-Z%C3%A9lande" title="Nouvelle-Zélande">Nouvelle-Zélande</a>. Après la Nouvelle-Zélande, Google aimerait étendre l’expérimentation dans des pays à la même latitude, comme l’<a href="/wiki/Afrique_du_Sud" title="Afrique du Sud">Afrique du Sud</a>, l’<a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a>, l’<a href="/wiki/Australie" title="Australie">Australie</a> ou encore le <a href="/wiki/Chili" title="Chili">Chili</a><sup id="cite_ref-SudInfo_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SudInfo-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rue89_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rue89-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Google a déjà signé des accords avec les gouvernements sri-lankais et indonésien pour couvrir les territoires de ces deux pays d'un accès à Internet grâce à cette technologie<sup id="cite_ref-lesnumeriques_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lesnumeriques-8"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>8<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Un des buts, à long terme, poursuivi par ce projet est de créer un anneau de connectivité continue autour du monde<sup id="cite_ref-lesnumeriques_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lesnumeriques-8"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>8<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. En <time class="nowrap" datetime="2018-09" data-sort-value="2018-09">septembre 2018</time>, la société a annoncé avoir battu des records de distances de transmission sur son réseau de ballons<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>10<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2021-01-22" data-sort-value="2021-01-22">22 janvier 2021</time>, Alphabet a officiellement mis fin au projet Loon. Eric <a href="/w/index.php?title=Astro_Teller&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Astro Teller (page inexistante)">Teller</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astro_Teller" class="extiw" title="en:Astro Teller"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais&#160;: «&#160;Astro Teller&#160;»">(en)</span></a>, dit Astro Teller, patron des projets Google X, l'a annoncé dans une publication sur Medium. Il y explique que malgré des réussites technologiques "révolutionnaires", <span class="citation">«&#160;la route vers une viabilité commerciale s'est révélée beaucoup plus longue et risquée qu'espéré&#160;»</span><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>11<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>À la suite du passage de l'ouragan <a href="/wiki/Ouragan_Maria" title="Ouragan Maria"><i>Maria</i></a> en 2017, les infrastructures de télécommunications de <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rico">Porto Rico</a> sont endommagées. Alors que 83&#160;% de la population n'a pas accès à Internet en octobre, la société Alphabet reçoit l'autorisation de déployer ses ballons<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>12<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Les ballons Loon sont alors lâchés afin de remédier au problème, et proposent un accès basique à 100&#160;000&#160;personnes en <time class="nowrap" datetime="2017-11" data-sort-value="2017-11">novembre 2017</time><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>13<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Un déploiement a eu lieu en collaboration avec Telkom Kenya en 2020. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Références"><span id="R.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Projet_Loon&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Modifier la section : Références" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Projet_Loon&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small decimal" style=""><div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Rue89-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Rue89_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rue89_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rue89_1-2">c</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-Rue89_1-3">d</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Champagne2013"><span class="ouvrage" id="Aurélie_Champagne2013">Aurélie Champagne, «&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nouvelobs.com/rue89/rue89-internet/20130616.RUE7044/projet-loon-les-ballons-gonflables-de-google-decollent-en-nouvelle-zelande.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Projet «&#160;Loon&#160;»&#160;: les ballons gonflables de Google décollent en Nouvelle-Zélande</cite></a>&#160;», <i>Rue89 - Nouvel Observateur</i>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2013-06-16" data-sort-value="2013-06-16">16 juin 2013</time></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Dave2021"><span class="ouvrage" id="Paresh_Dave2021"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Paresh <span class="nom_auteur">Dave</span>, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Alphabet shutting Loon, which used balloon alternative to cell towers</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Reuters</span></i>,&#8206; <time class="nowrap" datetime="2021-01-22" data-sort-value="2021-01-22">22 janvier 2021</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-alphabet-loon-idUSKBN29R02U">lire en ligne</a>, consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2021-01-22" data-sort-value="2021-01-22">22 janvier 2021</time>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Alphabet+shutting+Loon%2C+which+used+balloon+alternative+to+cell+towers&amp;rft.jtitle=Reuters&amp;rft.aulast=Dave&amp;rft.aufirst=Paresh&amp;rft.date=2021-01-22&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AProjet+Loon"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-01net824-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-01net824_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-01net824_3-1">b</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-01net824_3-2">c</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text">«&#160;G Comme Google Loon&#160;», revue <i>01net</i> <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&#160;824 du 8 juillet 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SudInfo-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-SudInfo_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SudInfo_4-1">b</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-SudInfo_4-2">c</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2013">«&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sudinfo.be/744398/article/culture/medias/2013-06-15/loon-de-google-le-projet-dingue-pour-recevoir-internet-via-des-ballons-stratosph"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Loon de Google&#160;: le projet «&#160;dingue&#160;» pour recevoir Internet via des ballons stratosphériques</cite></a>&#160;», sudinfo.be, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2013-06-15" data-sort-value="2013-06-15">15 juin 2013</time></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Exp-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Exp_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Exp_5-1">b</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-Exp_5-2">c</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2013">«&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lexpansion.lexpress.fr/high-tech/loon-le-nouveau-projet-fou-de-google_389775.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Loon, le nouveau projet fou de Google</cite></a>&#160;», <i>L'Expansion - L'Express</i>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2013-06-15" data-sort-value="2013-06-15">15 juin 2013</time></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2015">«&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cnes.fr/fr/web/CNES-fr/11603-gp-loon-le-cnes-et-google-collaborent-pour-connecter-le-monde-a-internet.php"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Loon&#160;: le CNES et Google collaborent pour connecter le monde à Internet</cite></a>&#160;», sur <span class="italique">cnes</span>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2015-04-23" data-sort-value="2015-04-23">23 avril 2015</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2023-11-12" data-sort-value="2023-11-12">12 novembre 2023</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Mirelli2019"><span class="ouvrage" id="Anthony_Mirelli2019">Anthony Mirelli, «&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rtbf.be/tendance/techno/detail_projet-loon-les-ballons-transmetteurs-de-google-ont-depasse-le-million-d-heures-de-vol?id=10277946"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Projet Loon&#160;: Les ballons transmetteurs de Google ont dépassé le million d'heures de vol</cite></a>&#160;», sur <span class="italique">rtbf.be</span>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2019-07-24" data-sort-value="2019-07-24">24 juillet 2019</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2023-11-12" data-sort-value="2023-11-12">12 novembre 2023</time>)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lesnumeriques-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-lesnumeriques_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lesnumeriques_8-1">b</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-lesnumeriques_8-2">c</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2015">«&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lesnumeriques.com/vie-du-net/projet-loon-ballons-google-arrivent-en-indonesie-n46685.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Projet Loon&#160;: les ballons de Google arrivent en Indonésie</cite></a>&#160;», sur <span class="italique">lesnumeriques.com</span>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2015-10-31" data-sort-value="2015-10-31">31 octobre 2015</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2016-03-04" data-sort-value="2016-03-04">4 mars 2016</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fut-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-Fut_9-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2015">«&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.futura-sciences.com/magazines/high-tech/infos/actu/d/internet-projet-loon-ballons-google-peuvent-desormais-relayer-4g-57479/"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Projet Loon&#160;: les ballons de Google peuvent désormais relayer la 4G</cite></a>&#160;», <i>Futura-Science</i>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2015-03-13" data-sort-value="2015-03-13">13 mars 2015</time></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.clubic.com/connexion-internet/actualite-845418-loon-ballons-internet-alphabet-google-battent-record.html">«&#160;Loon&#160;: les ballons Internet d'Alphabet (Google) battent leur record&#160;»</a>, clubic.com, 14 septembre 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Teller2021"><span class="ouvrage" id="Astro_Teller2021"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Astro <span class="nom_auteur">Teller</span>, «&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.x.company/loons-final-flight-e9d699123a96"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Loon’s final flight</cite></a>&#160;», sur <span class="italique">Medium</span>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2021-01-22" data-sort-value="2021-01-22">22 janvier 2021</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2021-01-22" data-sort-value="2021-01-22">22 janvier 2021</time>)</small></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Morgan2017">Morgan, «&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fr.ubergizmo.com/2017/10/10/ballons-lte-alphabet-projet-loon-puerto-rico.html?inf_by=5a38e59d671db8e7148b46f6"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Les ballons LTE du Projet Loon de Alphabet autorisés à décoller pour reconnecter Puerto Rico</cite></a>&#160;», sur <span class="italique">ubergizmo</span>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2017-10-10" data-sort-value="2017-10-10">10 octobre 2017</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2018-01-06" data-sort-value="2018-01-06">6 janvier 2018</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="D.2017"><span class="ouvrage" id="Christian_D.2017">Christian D., «&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.generation-nt.com/google-project-loon-internet-porto-rico-actualite-1947990.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Google&#160;: à Porto Rico, les ballons du Project Loon connectent 100 000 personnes à Internet</cite></a>&#160;», sur <span class="italique">génération NT</span>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2017-11-10" data-sort-value="2017-11-10">10 novembre 2017</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2018-01-06" data-sort-value="2018-01-06">6 janvier 2018</time>)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> </ol></div> </div> <div class="navbox-container" style="clear:both;"> <table class="navbox collapsible noprint autocollapse" style=""> <tbody><tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=""><div style="float:left; width:6em; text-align:left"><div class="noprint plainlinks nowrap tnavbar" style="padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-emphasized, #000000);"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Alphabet" title="Modèle:Palette Alphabet"><abbr class="abbr" title="Voir ce modèle.">v</abbr></a>&#160;· <a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Alphabet&amp;action=edit"><abbr class="abbr" title="Modifier ce modèle. Merci de prévisualiser avant de sauvegarder.">m</abbr></a></div></div><div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_(entreprise)" title="Alphabet (entreprise)">Alphabet</a></div></th> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Personnes clés</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><table class="navbox-subgroup" style=""> <tbody><tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Fondateurs</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=";"><a href="/wiki/Larry_Page" title="Larry Page">Larry Page</a> et <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Brin" title="Sergey Brin">Sergey Brin</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Direction</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=";"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><i>Directeur exécutif (CEO)&#160;:</i> <a href="/wiki/Larry_Page" title="Larry Page">Larry Page</a></li> <li><i>Président&#160;:</i> <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Brin" title="Sergey Brin">Sergey Brin</a></li> <li><i>Président exécutif (<span class="lang-en" lang="en">executive chairman</span>)&#160;:</i> <a href="/wiki/Eric_Schmidt" title="Eric Schmidt">Eric Schmidt</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Autres</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=";"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Levinson" title="Arthur Levinson">Arthur D. Levinson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astro_Teller&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Astro Teller (page inexistante)">Astro Teller</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astro_Teller" class="extiw" title="en:Astro Teller"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais&#160;: «&#160;Astro Teller&#160;»">(en)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bill_Maris&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bill Maris (page inexistante)">Bill Maris</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Maris" class="extiw" title="en:Bill Maris"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais&#160;: «&#160;Bill Maris&#160;»">(en)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Porat" title="Ruth Porat">Ruth Porat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundar_Pichai" title="Sundar Pichai">Sundar Pichai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Fadell" title="Tony Fadell">Tony Fadell</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> </tbody></table></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Filiales</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calico_(entreprise)" title="Calico (entreprise)">Calico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CapitalG" title="CapitalG">CapitalG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Fiber" title="Google Fiber">Fiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GV_(entreprise)" title="GV (entreprise)">GV</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jigsaw_(entreprise)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Jigsaw (entreprise) (page inexistante)">Jigsaw</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jigsaw_(company)" class="extiw" title="en:Jigsaw (company)"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais&#160;: «&#160;Jigsaw (company)&#160;»">(en)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Nest" title="Google Nest">Nest Labs</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sidewalk_Labs&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sidewalk Labs (page inexistante)">Sidewalk Labs</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidewalk_Labs" class="extiw" title="en:Sidewalk Labs"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais&#160;: «&#160;Sidewalk Labs&#160;»">(en)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verily" title="Verily">Verily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X_(entreprise)" title="X (entreprise)">X</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">«&#160;Autres paris&#160;»</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Google_Glass" title="Google Glass">Google Glass</a></span></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Projet Loon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waymo" title="Waymo">Voiture autonome</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-banner" style="" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Alphabet_(entreprise)" title="Catégorie:Alphabet (entreprise)">Catégorie Alphabet</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <ul id="bandeau-portail" class="bandeau-portail"><li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Google" title="Portail de Google"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Google_%22G%22_logo.svg/24px-Google_%22G%22_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Google_%22G%22_logo.svg/36px-Google_%22G%22_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Google_%22G%22_logo.svg/48px-Google_%22G%22_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="24" data-file-height="24" /></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Google" title="Portail:Google">Portail de Google</a></span> </span></li> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span 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