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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notable people subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historical_figures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_figures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Historical figures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_figures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_politicians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_politicians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Modern politicians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_politicians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Science</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>The arts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.1</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.2</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visual_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visual_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.3</span> <span>Visual arts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visual_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.4</span> <span>Film</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modeling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modeling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.5</span> <span>Modeling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modeling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saints" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saints"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Saints</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saints-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Natives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Natives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Czech_ancestry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Czech_ancestry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Czech ancestry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Czech_ancestry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Czech_language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Czech_language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Czech language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Czech_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Czechs</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 79 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-79" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">79 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjegge" title="Tsjegge – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Tsjegge" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%83" title="تشيك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تشيك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checos" title="Checos – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Checos" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Чехал – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Чехал" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87exl%C9%99r" title="Çexlər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Çexlər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DA%A9%E2%80%8C%D9%84%D8%B1" title="چک‌لر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="چک‌لر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%8D%D1%85%D1%96" title="Чэхі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Чэхі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%8D%D1%85%D1%96" title="Чэхі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Чэхі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97" title="चेक लोग – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="चेक लोग" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Чехи – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Чехи" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cesi" title="Česi – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Česi" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txecs" title="Txecs – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Txecs" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Чехсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Чехсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Ce%C5%A1i" title="Češi – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Češi" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsieciaid" title="Tsieciaid – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tsieciaid" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tjekker" title="Tjekker – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tjekker" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschechen" title="Tschechen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tschechen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%A1ehhid" title="Tšehhid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tšehhid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%83%CE%AD%CF%87%CE%BF%CE%B9" title="Τσέχοι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τσέχοι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblo_checo" title="Pueblo checo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pueblo checo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%88e%C4%A5oj" title="Ĉeĥoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĉeĥoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txekiar" title="Txekiar – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Txekiar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%85_%DA%86%DA%A9" title="مردم چک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مردم چک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tch%C3%A8ques" title="Tchèques – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tchèques" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seicigh" title="Seicigh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Seicigh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na_Seicich" title="Na Seicich – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Na Seicich" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobo_checo" title="Pobo checo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pobo checo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B2%B4%EC%BD%94%EC%9D%B8" title="체코인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="체코인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%89%D5%A5%D5%AD%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Չեխեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Չեխեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Ce%C5%A1a" title="Češa – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Češa" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cesi" title="Česi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Česi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Ceko" title="Orang Ceko – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Orang Ceko" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B3_%D0%B0%D0%B4%C3%A6%D0%BC" title="Чехаг адæм – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Чехаг адæм" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cechi" title="Cechi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cechi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%27%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%9D" title="צ'כים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צ'כים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%94%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ჩეხები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჩეხები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Чехтар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Чехтар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ekyay%C3%AE" title="Çekyayî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Çekyayî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Чехтер – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Чехтер" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohemi" title="Bohemi – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Bohemi" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cehi" title="Čehi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Čehi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cekai" title="Čekai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Čekai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjeche" title="Tsjeche – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Tsjeche" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Csehek" title="Csehek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Csehek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Чеси – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Чеси" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%94%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ჩეხეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჩეხეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%83_(%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B9%D9%87_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%87_%D9%81%D9%89_%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A7)" title="تشيك (مجموعه عرقيه فى تشيكيا) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تشيك (مجموعه عرقيه فى تشيكيا)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjechen" title="Tsjechen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tsjechen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%82%A7%E3%82%B3%E4%BA%BA" title="チェコ人 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="チェコ人" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Чехаш – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Чехаш" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjekkere" title="Tsjekkere – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tsjekkere" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chexlar" title="Chexlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Chexlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%90%DA%A9%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" title="چېکيان – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="چېکيان" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czesi" title="Czesi – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Czesi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checos" title="Checos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Checos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cehi" title="Cehi – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cehi" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%8B" title="Чехы – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Чехы" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Чехи – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чехи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ek%C3%ABt" title="Çekët – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Çekët" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechs" title="Czechs – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Czechs" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cesi" title="Česi – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Česi" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cehi" title="Čehi – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Čehi" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%94%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Чєси – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Чєси" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechy_(nacyj%C5%8F)" title="Czechy (nacyjŏ) – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Czechy (nacyjŏ)" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Чеси – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Чеси" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cesi" title="Česi – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Česi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%A1ekit" title="Tšekit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tšekit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tjecker" title="Tjecker – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tjecker" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Чехлар – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Чехлар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A0%E1%8F%82%E1%8F%A4%E1%8E%A9" title="ᎠᏂᏤᎩ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᏂᏤᎩ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ekler" title="Çekler – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çekler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Чехи – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Чехи" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_S%C3%A9c" title="Người Séc – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Người Séc" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8D%B7%E5%85%8B%E4%BA%BA" title="捷克人 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="捷克人" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8D%B7%E5%85%8B%E4%BA%BA" title="捷克人 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="捷克人" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cek%C4%81_(tauta)" title="Čekā (tauta) – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Čekā (tauta)" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8D%B7%E5%85%8B%E4%BA%BA" title="捷克人 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="捷克人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_C%C3%A8k" title="Orang Cèk – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Orang Cèk" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jolma_Ceko" title="Jolma Ceko – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Jolma Ceko" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q170217#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Czechs</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div lang="cs"><a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a>: <i lang="cs">Češi</i></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Czech_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Map_of_the_Czech_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/220px-Map_of_the_Czech_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Map_of_the_Czech_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/330px-Map_of_the_Czech_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Map_of_the_Czech_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/440px-Map_of_the_Czech_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2192" data-file-height="1135" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <b>10–12 million</b></span><br />(including <a href="/wiki/Moravians" title="Moravians">Moravians</a> and Czech <a href="/wiki/Silesians" title="Silesians">Silesians</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a><span class="nowrap">  </span><br />6,732,104</b><sup id="cite_ref-auto_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>–<b>9,246,784</b><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;"><i>Significant <a href="/wiki/Czech_diaspora" title="Czech diaspora">diasporic</a> populations in:</i></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 2x" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="39" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">1,462,000<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="Germany"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">603,000<sup id="cite_ref-ONU-MPI,_2019_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ONU-MPI,_2019-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></th><td class="infobox-data">104,580<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">45,711–89,000<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ONU-MPI,_2019_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ONU-MPI,_2019-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></th><td class="infobox-data">65,000<sup id="cite_ref-ONU-MPI,_2019_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ONU-MPI,_2019-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="infobox-data">45,000<sup id="cite_ref-ONS2013_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ONS2013-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></th><td class="infobox-data">40,000<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">23,000<sup id="cite_ref-Joshua_Project_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Joshua_Project-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="Switzerland"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span>  </span><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">16,000<sup id="cite_ref-Joshua_Project_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Joshua_Project-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></th><td class="infobox-data">15,000<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">11,000<sup id="cite_ref-ONU-MPI,_2019_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ONU-MPI,_2019-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></th><td class="infobox-data">11,000<sup id="cite_ref-ONU-MPI,_2019_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ONU-MPI,_2019-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></th><td class="infobox-data">8,000<sup id="cite_ref-ONU-MPI,_2019_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ONU-MPI,_2019-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></th><td class="infobox-data">5,000<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2,477<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></th><td class="infobox-data">736<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></th><td class="infobox-data">518<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></th><td class="infobox-data">5,917-11,000</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Traditionally <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a><br />(Majority <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Censuses_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Censuses-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> minority <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a>)<br />Predominantly <a href="/wiki/Irreligious" class="mw-redirect" title="Irreligious">irreligious</a> <br />(particularly <a href="/wiki/Atheist" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheist">Atheist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agnostic" class="mw-redirect" title="Agnostic">Agnostic</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Other <a href="/wiki/West_Slavs" title="West Slavs">West Slavs</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Moravians" title="Moravians">Moravians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chodov%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Chodové">Chodové</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovaks" title="Slovaks">Slovaks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silesians" title="Silesians">Silesians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sorbs" title="Sorbs">Sorbs</a>) </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Czechs</b> (<a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a>: <i lang="cs">Češi</i>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="cs-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Czech" title="Help:IPA/Czech">[ˈtʃɛʃɪ]</a></span>; singular <b>Czech</b>, masculine: <i>Čech</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="cs-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Czech" title="Help:IPA/Czech">[ˈtʃɛx]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/f\/f1\/Cs-cech.ogg\/Cs-cech.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Cs-cech.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f1/Cs-cech.ogg/Cs-cech.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Cs-cech.ogg" title="File:Cs-cech.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>, singular feminine: <i>Češka</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="cs-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Czech" title="Help:IPA/Czech">[ˈtʃɛʃka]</a></span>), or the <b>Czech people</b> (<span title="Czech-language text"><i lang="cs">Český lid</i></span>), are a <a href="/wiki/West_Slavs" title="West Slavs">West Slavic</a> <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic group</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">nation</a> native to the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a><sup id="cite_ref-Czech_Republic_History_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Czech_Republic_History-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a>, who share a common <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">ancestry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czech_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech culture">culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Czech_lands" title="History of the Czech lands">history</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech language</a>. </p><p>Ethnic Czechs were called <b>Bohemians</b> in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> until the early 20th century,<sup id="cite_ref-The_Czechs_and_the_Lands_of_the_Bohemian_Crown_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Czechs_and_the_Lands_of_the_Bohemian_Crown-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> referring to the former name of their country, Bohemia, which in turn was adapted from the late <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> tribe of Celtic <a href="/wiki/Boii" title="Boii">Boii</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a>, West Slavic <a href="/wiki/Bohemians_(tribe)" title="Bohemians (tribe)">tribes</a> settled in the area, "assimilated the remaining Celtic and Germanic populations",<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and formed a principality in the 9th century, which was initially part of <a href="/wiki/Great_Moravia" title="Great Moravia">Great Moravia</a>, in form of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bohemia" title="Duchy of Bohemia">Duchy of Bohemia</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia" title="Kingdom of Bohemia">Kingdom of Bohemia</a>, the predecessors of the modern republic. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Czech_diaspora" title="Czech diaspora">Czech diaspora</a> is found in notable numbers in the <a href="/wiki/Czech_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech American">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czech_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech Canadian">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czech_diaspora_in_Israel" title="Czech diaspora in Israel">Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Czech_British" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech British">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czech_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech Australian">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czechs_in_Argentina" title="Czechs in Argentina">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czechs_of_Romania" title="Czechs of Romania">Romania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Czech_Brazilians" title="Czech Brazilians">Brazil</a>, among others. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethnology">Ethnology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czechs&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Ethnology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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.sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Czech_Republic" title="Category:Czech Republic">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa"><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Culture of the Czech Republic">Culture of the Czech Republic</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image photo"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/200px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Czech Republic">History</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Czech_lands" title="History of the Czech lands">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia" title="Kingdom of Bohemia">Kingdom of Bohemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_National_Revival" title="Czech National Revival">Czech National Revival</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">People</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Czech Republic">Languages</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Slavic_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic mythology">Mythology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Czech_folklore" title="Czech folklore">folklore</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Czech_cuisine" title="Czech cuisine">Cuisine</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Public holidays in the Czech Republic">Festivals</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Religion in the Czech Republic">Religion</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of the Czech Republic">Art</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Czech_architecture" title="Czech architecture">Czech architecture</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Czech_literature" title="Czech literature">Literature</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Czech_comics" title="Czech comics">Czech comics</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Music of the Czech Republic">Music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Theatre of the Czech Republic">performing arts</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Media_in_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Media in the Czech Republic">Media</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Television in the Czech Republic">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Cinema of the Czech Republic">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Category:Telecommunications in the Czech Republic">Telecommunications</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Sport in the Czech Republic">Sport</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Monuments</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the Czech Republic">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of the Czech Republic">Symbols</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Flag of the Czech Republic">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Coat of arms of the Czech Republic">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="National anthem of the Czech Republic">National anthem</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Czech_Republic" title="Portal:Czech Republic">Czech Republic portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Culture_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Template:Culture of the Czech Republic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culture_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Template talk:Culture of the Czech Republic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culture_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culture of the Czech Republic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Czech ethnic group is part of the <a href="/wiki/West_Slavs" title="West Slavs">West Slavic</a> subgroup of the larger Slavic ethno-linguistical group. The West Slavs have their origin in early Slavic tribes which settled in Central Europe after <a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="East Germanic tribes">East Germanic tribes</a> had left this area during the <a href="/wiki/Migration_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Migration period">migration period</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The West Slavic tribe of Czechs settled in the area of <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a> during the migration period, and assimilated the remaining Celtic and Germanic populations.<sup id="cite_ref-Historical_Dictionary_of_the_Czech_State_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Historical_Dictionary_of_the_Czech_State-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 9th century the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bohemia" title="Duchy of Bohemia">Duchy of Bohemia</a>, under the <a href="/wiki/P%C5%99emyslid_dynasty" title="Přemyslid dynasty">Přemyslid dynasty</a>, was formed, which had been part of <a href="/wiki/Great_Moravia" title="Great Moravia">Great Moravia</a> under Svatopluk I. According to <a href="/wiki/Slavic_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic mythology">mythology</a>, the founding father of the Czech people was <a href="/wiki/Forefather_%C4%8Cech" class="mw-redirect" title="Forefather Čech">Forefather Čech</a>, who according to legend brought the tribe of Czechs into its land. </p><p>The Czechs are closely related to the neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Slovaks" title="Slovaks">Slovaks</a> (with whom they constituted <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a> 1918–1992). The <a href="/wiki/Czech%E2%80%93Slovak_languages" title="Czech–Slovak languages">Czech–Slovak languages</a> form a dialect continuum rather than being two clearly distinct languages.<sup id="cite_ref-KamusellaNomachi2016_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KamusellaNomachi2016-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Czech cultural influence in Slovak culture is noted as having been much higher than the other way around.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerger2003_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerger2003-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Czech (Slavic) people have a long history of coexistence with the Germanic people. In the 17th century, German replaced Czech in central and local administration; upper classes in Bohemia and Moravia were Germanized, and espoused a political identity (<i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Landespatriotismus</i></span></i>), while Czech ethnic identity survived among the lower and lower-middle classes.<sup id="cite_ref-Fishman2001_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fishman2001-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Czech_National_Revival" title="Czech National Revival">Czech National Revival</a> took place in the 18th and 19th centuries aiming to revive Czech language, culture and national identity. The Czechs were the initiators of <a href="/wiki/Pan-Slavism" title="Pan-Slavism">Pan-Slavism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Czech ethnonym (archaic <i><span title="Czech-language text"><i lang="cs">Čechové</i></span></i>) was the name of a Slavic tribe in central Bohemia that subdued the surrounding tribes in the late 9th century and created the Czech/Bohemian state. The origin of the name of the tribe itself is unknown. According to legend, it comes from their leader <a href="/wiki/Lech,_Czech,_and_Rus" title="Lech, Czech, and Rus">Čech</a>, who brought them to Bohemia. Research regards <i>Čech</i> as a derivative of the root <i>čel-</i> (member of the people, kinsman).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Czech ethnonym was adopted by the Moravians in the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Kamusella2008_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kamusella2008-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetics">Genetics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czechs&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Genetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Europe" title="Genetic history of Europe">Genetic history of Europe</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Correspondence_Analysis_of_Y-chromosomal_variation_in_the_Czech_Republic_Am_J_Phys_Anthropol_2007.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Correspondence_Analysis_of_Y-chromosomal_variation_in_the_Czech_Republic_Am_J_Phys_Anthropol_2007.png/200px-Correspondence_Analysis_of_Y-chromosomal_variation_in_the_Czech_Republic_Am_J_Phys_Anthropol_2007.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Correspondence_Analysis_of_Y-chromosomal_variation_in_the_Czech_Republic_Am_J_Phys_Anthropol_2007.png/300px-Correspondence_Analysis_of_Y-chromosomal_variation_in_the_Czech_Republic_Am_J_Phys_Anthropol_2007.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Correspondence_Analysis_of_Y-chromosomal_variation_in_the_Czech_Republic_Am_J_Phys_Anthropol_2007.png/400px-Correspondence_Analysis_of_Y-chromosomal_variation_in_the_Czech_Republic_Am_J_Phys_Anthropol_2007.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="420" /></a><figcaption>Distribution of populations in selected nations according to their Haplogroup frequencies, <i><a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Physical_Anthropology" class="mw-redirect" title="American Journal of Physical Anthropology">American Journal of Physical Anthropology</a></i>, 2007<sup id="cite_ref-Luca2007_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luca2007-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFFFFF; color:black;"> </span> Czech samples</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#000000; color:white;"> </span> German samples</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF4040; color:black;"> </span> Polish samples</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#2976FF; color:black;"> </span> Italian samples</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#5AFF62; color:black;"> </span> Balkan samples</div> </figcaption></figure> <p>Czechs, like most Europeans, largely descend from three distinct lineages:<sup id="cite_ref-Indo-European_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Indo-European-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mesolithic <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherers</a>, descended from a <a href="/wiki/Early_European_modern_humans" class="mw-redirect" title="Early European modern humans">Cro-Magnon</a> population that arrived in Europe about 45,000 years ago,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Early_European_Farmers" title="Early European Farmers">Neolithic farmers</a> who migrated from <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a> 9,000 years ago,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya</a> <a href="/wiki/Western_Steppe_Herders" title="Western Steppe Herders">steppe pastoralists</a> who expanded into Europe from the <a href="/wiki/Pontic%E2%80%93Caspian_steppe" title="Pontic–Caspian steppe">Pontic–Caspian steppe</a> in the context of <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_migrations" title="Indo-European migrations">Indo-European migrations</a> 5000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-Indo-European_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Indo-European-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The population of the Czech lands has been influenced by different <a href="/wiki/Pre-modern_human_migration" title="Pre-modern human migration">human migrations</a> that wide-crossed Europe over time. In their <a href="/wiki/Y-DNA_haplogroup" class="mw-redirect" title="Y-DNA haplogroup">Y-DNA haplogroups</a>, which are inherited along the male line, Czechs have shown a mix of Eastern and Western European traits. According to a 2007 study, 34.2% of Czech men belong to <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R1a_(Y-DNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup R1a (Y-DNA)">R1a</a>. Within the Czech Republic, the proportion of R1a seems to gradually increase from west to east.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a 2000 study, 35.6% of Czech men have <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R1b_(Y-DNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup R1b (Y-DNA)">haplogroup R1b</a>, which is very common in Western Europe among Germanic and Celtic nations, but rare among Slavic nations.<sup id="cite_ref-O._Semino_2000_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-O._Semino_2000-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/MtDNA" class="mw-redirect" title="MtDNA">mtDNA</a> study of 179 individuals from Western Bohemia showed that 3% had East Eurasian lineages that perhaps entered the gene pool through admixture with Central Asian nomadic tribes in the early Middle Ages.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A group of scientists suggested that the high frequency of a gene mutation causing <a href="/wiki/Cystic_fibrosis" title="Cystic fibrosis">cystic fibrosis</a> in Central European (including Czech R.) and Celtic populations supports the theory of some Celtic ancestry among the Czech population.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; font-size: 80%"> <caption>Y-DNA studies </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Population</th> <th><i>n</i></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R1b_(Y-DNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup R1b (Y-DNA)">R1b</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R1a_(Y-DNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup R1a (Y-DNA)">R1a</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_I_(Y-DNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup I (Y-DNA)"><big>I</big></a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_E1b1b_(Y-DNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup E1b1b (Y-DNA)">E1b1b</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_J_(Y-DNA)" title="Haplogroup J (Y-DNA)">J</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_G_(Y-DNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup G (Y-DNA)">G</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_N_(Y-DNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup N (Y-DNA)">N</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_T_(Y-DNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup T (Y-DNA)">T</a></th> <th>Others</th> <th>Reference </th></tr> <tr> <th>Czech R. </th> <td>257 </td> <td>— </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001342000000000000♠">34.2</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001183000000000000♠">18.3</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000580000000000000♠">5.8</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000470000000000000♠">4.7</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000509999999999999♠">5.1</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000160000000000000♠">1.6</span> </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>Luca et al. 2007<sup id="cite_ref-Luca2007_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luca2007-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Czech R. </th> <td>? </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001356000000000000♠">35.6</span> </td> <td>? </td> <td>? </td> <td>? </td> <td>? </td> <td>? </td> <td>? </td> <td>? </td> <td>? </td> <td>Semino et al. 2000<sup id="cite_ref-O._Semino_2000_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-O._Semino_2000-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Czech R. </th> <td>817 </td> <td>29.4 </td> <td>26.7 </td> <td>8.6 </td> <td>4.9 </td> <td>5.6 </td> <td>6.8 </td> <td>3.2 </td> <td>1.0 </td> <td>— </td> <td>Czech DNA Project 2001–2018<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czechs&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Duchy_of_Bohemia_and_the_Holy_Roman_Empire_in_11th_century.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Duchy_of_Bohemia_and_the_Holy_Roman_Empire_in_11th_century.svg/220px-Duchy_of_Bohemia_and_the_Holy_Roman_Empire_in_11th_century.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Duchy_of_Bohemia_and_the_Holy_Roman_Empire_in_11th_century.svg/330px-Duchy_of_Bohemia_and_the_Holy_Roman_Empire_in_11th_century.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Duchy_of_Bohemia_and_the_Holy_Roman_Empire_in_11th_century.svg/440px-Duchy_of_Bohemia_and_the_Holy_Roman_Empire_in_11th_century.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="485" data-file-height="340" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bohemia" title="Duchy of Bohemia">Duchy of Bohemia</a>, the early form of the Czech state pictured in the 11th century within the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The population of the Czech Republic descends from diverse peoples of <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celtic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> origin.<sup id="cite_ref-Research_shows_only_one_third_of_Czechs_have_Slavic_roots_–_press_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Research_shows_only_one_third_of_Czechs_have_Slavic_roots_–_press-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Historical_Dictionary_of_the_Czech_State_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Historical_Dictionary_of_the_Czech_State-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RadioPrague2007_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RadioPrague2007-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Presence of West Slavs in the 6th century during the <a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a> has been documented on the Czech territory.<sup id="cite_ref-Historical_Dictionary_of_the_Czech_State_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Historical_Dictionary_of_the_Czech_State-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Slavs <a href="/wiki/Slavic_settlement_of_the_Eastern_Alps" title="Slavic settlement of the Eastern Alps">settled</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moravia" title="Moravia">Moravia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> sometime during the 6th or 7th centuries,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "assimilated the remaining <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celtic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> populations".<sup id="cite_ref-Historical_Dictionary_of_the_Czech_State_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Historical_Dictionary_of_the_Czech_State-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a popular <a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">myth</a>, the Slavs came with <a href="/wiki/Forefather_%C4%8Cech" class="mw-redirect" title="Forefather Čech">Forefather Čech</a> who settled at the <a href="/wiki/%C5%98%C3%ADp" title="Říp">Říp</a> Mountain. </p><p>During the 7th century, the Frankish merchant <a href="/wiki/Samo" title="Samo">Samo</a>, supporting the Slavs fighting against nearby settled <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Avars" title="Pannonian Avars">Avars</a>, became the ruler of the first known Slav state in Central Europe, <a href="/wiki/Samo%27s_Empire" title="Samo's Empire">Samo's Empire</a>. The principality <a href="/wiki/Great_Moravia" title="Great Moravia">Great Moravia</a>, controlled by the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Mojmir" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Mojmir">Moymir dynasty</a>, arose in the 8th century and reached its zenith in the 9th (during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Svatopluk_I_of_Moravia" title="Svatopluk I of Moravia">Svatopluk I of Moravia</a>) when it held off the influence of the Franks. Great Moravia was Christianized, the crucial role played <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> mission of <a href="/wiki/Cyril_and_Methodius" title="Cyril and Methodius">Cyril and Methodius</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bohemia" title="Duchy of Bohemia">Duchy of Bohemia</a> emerged in the late 9th century. In 880, <a href="/wiki/Prague_Castle" title="Prague Castle">Prague Castle</a> was constructed by <a href="/wiki/Borivoj_I,_Duke_of_Bohemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Borivoj I, Duke of Bohemia">Prince Bořivoj</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/P%C5%99emyslid_dynasty" title="Přemyslid dynasty">Přemyslid dynasty</a> and the city of <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a> was established. <a href="/wiki/Vratislaus_II_of_Bohemia" title="Vratislaus II of Bohemia">Vratislav II</a> was the first Czech king in 1085 and the duchy was raised to a hereditary <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">kingdom</a> under <a href="/wiki/Ottokar_I_of_Bohemia" title="Ottokar I of Bohemia">Ottokar I</a> in 1198. </p><p>The second half of the 13th century was a period of advancing <a href="/wiki/German_diaspora" title="German diaspora">German immigration</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Czech_lands" title="Czech lands">Czech lands</a>. The number of Czechs who have at least partly German ancestry today probably runs into hundreds of thousands.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Habsburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburg">Habsburg</a> Monarchy focused much of its power on religious wars against the Protestants. While these religious wars were taking place, the Czech estates revolted against Habsburg from 1546 to 1547 but were ultimately defeated.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile hlist" style="width:180px"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.4em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Czech_people" title="Category:Czech people">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%; line-height:1.0em; padding-bottom:0.4em;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Czechs</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="border:none; padding:0.6em 0.4em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Coat of arms of the Czech Republic"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Small_coat_of_arms_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/80px-Small_coat_of_arms_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Small_coat_of_arms_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/120px-Small_coat_of_arms_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Small_coat_of_arms_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/160px-Small_coat_of_arms_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1009" data-file-height="1234" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Czech_diaspora" title="Czech diaspora">Diaspora</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><i>Europe</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czechs_in_Austria" title="Czechs in Austria">Austria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Czechs_in_Vienna" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Czechs in Vienna">Vienna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechs_and_Slovaks_in_Bulgaria" title="Czechs and Slovaks in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechs_of_Croatia" title="Czechs of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechs_in_France" title="Czechs in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechs_in_Poland" title="Czechs in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechs_of_Romania" title="Czechs of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechs_in_Serbia" title="Czechs in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechs_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Czechs in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> <p><i>North America</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Americans" title="Czech Americans">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Czechs_in_Baltimore" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Czechs in Baltimore">Baltimore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Nebraskan" title="Czech Nebraskan">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_South_Dakotan" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech South Dakotan">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Texan" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech Texan">Texas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech Canadian">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Mexicans" title="Czech Mexicans">Mexico</a></li></ul> <p><i>South America</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czechs_in_Argentina" title="Czechs in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Brazilians" title="Czech Brazilians">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechs_in_Venezuela" title="Czechs in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> <p><i>Oceania</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Australians" title="Czech Australians">Australia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Subgroups</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moravians" title="Moravians">Moravians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesians" title="Silesians">Silesians</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Culture of the Czech Republic">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czech_literature" title="Czech literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Music of the Czech Republic">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_art" title="Czech art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Czech_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema of the Czech republic">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_cuisine" title="Czech cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czech_costumes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Czech costumes (page does not exist)">Dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Sport in the Czech Republic">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Religion in the Czech Republic">Religion</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Czech_lands" title="History of the Czech lands">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Czech_lands" title="History of the Czech lands">History of the Czech lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bohemia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Bohemia">Rulers</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Language</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravian_dialects" title="Moravian dialects">Moravian</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/West_Slavs" title="West Slavs">Related nations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrians" title="Austrians">Austrians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesians" title="Silesians">Silesians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovaks" title="Slovaks">Slovaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Slavs" title="West Slavs">West Slavs</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-top:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Czechs" title="Template:Czechs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Czechs" title="Template talk:Czechs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Czechs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Czechs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ott%C5%AFv_slovn%C3%ADk_nau%C4%8Dn%C3%BD_-_17_%C4%8Cesk%C3%A9_kroje_-_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Ott%C5%AFv_slovn%C3%ADk_nau%C4%8Dn%C3%BD_-_17_%C4%8Cesk%C3%A9_kroje_-_2.jpg/220px-Ott%C5%AFv_slovn%C3%ADk_nau%C4%8Dn%C3%BD_-_17_%C4%8Cesk%C3%A9_kroje_-_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Ott%C5%AFv_slovn%C3%ADk_nau%C4%8Dn%C3%BD_-_17_%C4%8Cesk%C3%A9_kroje_-_2.jpg/330px-Ott%C5%AFv_slovn%C3%ADk_nau%C4%8Dn%C3%BD_-_17_%C4%8Cesk%C3%A9_kroje_-_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Ott%C5%AFv_slovn%C3%ADk_nau%C4%8Dn%C3%BD_-_17_%C4%8Cesk%C3%A9_kroje_-_2.jpg/440px-Ott%C5%AFv_slovn%C3%ADk_nau%C4%8Dn%C3%BD_-_17_%C4%8Cesk%C3%A9_kroje_-_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1164" /></a><figcaption>Czech traditional costumes</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Defenestrations_of_Prague" title="Defenestrations of Prague">Defenestrations of Prague</a> in 1618, signaled an open revolt by the Bohemian estates against the Habsburgs and started the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_White_Mountain" title="Battle of White Mountain">Battle of White Mountain</a> in 1620, all Czech lands were declared hereditary property of the Habsburg family. The German language was made equal to the Czech language. </p><p>Czech patriotic authors tend to call the following period, from 1620 to 1648 until the late 18th century, the "Dark Age". It is characterized by devastation by foreign troops; <a href="/wiki/Germanization" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanization">Germanization</a>; and economic and political decline. It is estimated that the population of the <a href="/wiki/Czech_lands" title="Czech lands">Czech lands</a> declined by a third.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAgnew200472_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAgnew200472-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 18th and 19th century is characterized by the <a href="/wiki/Czech_National_Revival" title="Czech National Revival">Czech National Revival</a>, focusing to revive Czech culture and national identity. </p><p>Since the turn of the 20th century, Chicago is the city with the third largest Czech population, after <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During World War I, <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Legions" class="mw-redirect" title="Czechoslovak Legions">Czechoslovak Legions</a> fought in France, Italy and Russia against the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a>. In 1918 the independent state of <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a> was proclaimed. Czechs formed the leading class in the new state emerging from the remnants of the <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austrian-Hungarian Monarchy</a>. </p><p>After 1933, Czechoslovakia remained the only democracy in central and eastern Europe. However, in 1938 the <a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a> severed the <a href="/wiki/Sudetenland" title="Sudetenland">Sudetenland</a>, with a considerable Czech minority, from Czechoslovakia, and in 1939 the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German Nazi regime</a> established the <a href="/wiki/Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia</a> for <i><a href="/wiki/Second_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="Second Czechoslovak Republic">Resttschechei</a></i> (the rump Czech state<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). <a href="/wiki/Emil_H%C3%A1cha" title="Emil Hácha">Emil Hácha</a> became president of the protectorate under Nazi domination, which only allowed pro-Nazi Czech associations and tended to stress ties of the Czechs with the Bohemian <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a> and other parts of the German people, in order to facilitate assimilation by <a href="/wiki/Germanization" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanization">Germanization</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Lidice" title="Lidice">Lidice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Le%C5%BE%C3%A1ky" title="Ležáky">Ležáky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luk%C3%A1" title="Luká">Javoříčko</a> the Nazi authorities committed <a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">war crimes</a> against the local Czech population. On 2 May 1945, the <a href="/wiki/Prague_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Prague Uprising">Prague Uprising</a> reached its peak, supported by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Liberation_Army" title="Russian Liberation Army">Russian Liberation Army</a>. The post-war <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Germans_from_Czechoslovakia" title="Expulsion of Germans from Czechoslovakia">expulsion of Germans from Czechoslovakia</a> and the immediate reprisals against Germans and Nazi collaborators by <a href="/wiki/Czech_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech resistance">Czech resistance</a> and the Czechoslovak state authorities, made Czechs—especially in the early 1950s—settle alongside Slovaks and <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani people</a> in the former lands of the <a href="/wiki/Sudeten_Germans" title="Sudeten Germans">Sudeten Germans</a>, who had been deported to <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> according to the <a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Conference" title="Potsdam Conference">Potsdam Conference</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yalta_Conference" title="Yalta Conference">Yalta Conference</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a> in 1968 was followed by a wave of emigration, unseen before and stopped shortly after in 1969 (estimate: 70,000 immediately, 300,000 in total),<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> typically of highly qualified people. </p><p>Tens of thousands of Czechs had repatriated from <a href="/wiki/Volhynia" title="Volhynia">Volhynia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Banat" title="Banat">Banat</a> after World War II. Since the 1990s, the Czech Republic has been working to repatriate <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>'s ethnic Czechs.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the Czech Republic's entry into the European Union in May 2004, Czechs gradually gained the right to work in EU countries without a work permit.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czechs&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Czech_language.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Map_of_Czech_language.svg/220px-Map_of_Czech_language.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Map_of_Czech_language.svg/330px-Map_of_Czech_language.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Map_of_Czech_language.svg/440px-Map_of_Czech_language.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2950" data-file-height="3094" /></a><figcaption>Areas where <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech language</a> is spoken</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Czechs" title="List of Czechs">List of Czechs</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_figures">Historical figures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czechs&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Historical figures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The last five Přemyslids were kings: <a href="/wiki/Ottokar_I_of_Bohemia" title="Ottokar I of Bohemia">Ottokar I of Bohemia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wenceslaus_I_of_Bohemia" title="Wenceslaus I of Bohemia">Wenceslaus I of Bohemia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottokar_II_of_Bohemia" title="Ottokar II of Bohemia">Ottokar II of Bohemia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wenceslaus_II_of_Bohemia" title="Wenceslaus II of Bohemia">Wenceslaus II of Bohemia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wenceslaus_III_of_Bohemia" title="Wenceslaus III of Bohemia">Wenceslaus III of Bohemia</a>. The most successful and influential of all Czech kings was <a href="/wiki/Charles_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles IV</a>, who also became the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxembourg dynasty">Luxembourg dynasty</a> represents the heights of Czech (Bohemian) statehood territorial and influence as well as advancement in many areas of human endeavors.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many people are considered national heroes and cultural icons, many national stories concern their lives. <a href="/wiki/Jan_Hus" title="Jan Hus">Jan Hus</a> was a religious reformist from the 15th century and spiritual father of the <a href="/wiki/Hussite" class="mw-redirect" title="Hussite">Hussite</a> Movement.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jan_%C5%BDi%C5%BEka" title="Jan Žižka">Jan Žižka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prokop_the_Great" title="Prokop the Great">Prokop the Great</a> were leaders of hussite army, <a href="/wiki/George_of_Pod%C4%9Bbrady" title="George of Poděbrady">George of Poděbrady</a> was a hussite king. <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_von_Wallenstein" title="Albrecht von Wallenstein">Albrecht von Wallenstein</a> was a notable military leader during the Thirty Years' War. The <i>teacher of nations</i> <a href="/wiki/John_Amos_Comenius" title="John Amos Comenius">Jan Amos Komenský</a> is also considered a notable figure in Czech history.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Radetzky_von_Radetz" title="Joseph Radetzky von Radetz">Joseph Radetzky von Radetz</a> was an Austrian general staff during the later period of the Napoleonic Wars. <a href="/wiki/Josef_Jungmann" title="Josef Jungmann">Josef Jungmann</a> is often credited for expanding the modern Czech language, and preventing its extinction.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most famous Czech historian was <a href="/wiki/Franti%C5%A1ek_Palack%C3%BD" title="František Palacký">František Palacký</a>, often called "father of nation". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_politicians">Modern politicians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czechs&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Modern politicians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the most notable figures are founders of Czechoslovakia, modern state of independence of Czech and Slovak nations, Presidents <a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_Garrigue_Masaryk" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk">Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edvard_Bene%C5%A1" title="Edvard Beneš">Edvard Beneš</a>, who was also leader of exile government in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ludv%C3%ADk_Svoboda" title="Ludvík Svoboda">Ludvík Svoboda</a> was a head of the Czechoslovak military units on the Eastern Front during the World War II (later president of <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>). The key figures of the Communist regime were <a href="/wiki/Klement_Gottwald" title="Klement Gottwald">Klement Gottwald</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Z%C3%A1potock%C3%BD" title="Antonín Zápotocký">Antonín Zápotocký</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Novotn%C3%BD" title="Antonín Novotný">Antonín Novotný</a> (and Slovak <a href="/wiki/Gust%C3%A1v_Hus%C3%A1k" title="Gustáv Husák">Gustáv Husák</a>), the most famous victims of this regime were <a href="/wiki/Milada_Hor%C3%A1kov%C3%A1" title="Milada Horáková">Milada Horáková</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Sl%C3%A1nsk%C3%BD" title="Rudolf Slánský">Rudolf Slánský</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jan_Palach" title="Jan Palach">Jan Palach</a> committed self-immolation as a political protest against the end of the <a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a> resulting from the 1968 invasion of Czechoslovakia by the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a> armies. </p><p>Another notable politician after the fall of the communist regime is <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Havel" title="Václav Havel">Václav Havel</a>, last President of Czechoslovakia and first <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="List of presidents of the Czech Republic">President of the Czech Republic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first directly elected president is <a href="/wiki/Milo%C5%A1_Zeman" title="Miloš Zeman">Miloš Zeman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Czech Republic has had multiple <a href="/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Prime Ministers of the Czech Republic">Prime Ministers</a> the first of which was latter Presidents <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Klaus" title="Václav Klaus">Václav Klaus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Milo%C5%A1_Zeman" title="Miloš Zeman">Miloš Zeman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another Prime Ministers of the Czech Republic were conservative politicians such as <a href="/wiki/Mirek_Topol%C3%A1nek" title="Mirek Topolánek">Mirek Topolánek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petr_Ne%C4%8Das" title="Petr Nečas">Petr Nečas</a> and social democratic such as <a href="/wiki/Vladim%C3%ADr_%C5%A0pidla" title="Vladimír Špidla">Vladimír Špidla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ji%C5%99%C3%AD_Paroubek" title="Jiří Paroubek">Jiří Paroubek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bohuslav_Sobotka" title="Bohuslav Sobotka">Bohuslav Sobotka</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Diplomat <a href="/wiki/Madeleine_Albright" title="Madeleine Albright">Madeleine Albright</a> was of Czech origin and spoke Czech. Other well-known Czech diplomats were <a href="/wiki/Jan_Masaryk" title="Jan Masaryk">Jan Masaryk</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ji%C5%99%C3%AD_Dienstbier" title="Jiří Dienstbier">Jiří Dienstbier</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science">Science</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czechs&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Czechs established themselves mainly in Biology, Chemistry, Philology and Egyptology. </p> <ul><li>Chemistry – <a href="/wiki/Jaroslav_Heyrovsk%C3%BD" title="Jaroslav Heyrovský">Jaroslav Heyrovský</a> (Nobel Prize 1959), <a href="/wiki/Otto_Wichterle" title="Otto Wichterle">Otto Wichterle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zdenko_Hans_Skraup" title="Zdenko Hans Skraup">Zdenko Hans Skraup</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Hol%C3%BD" title="Antonín Holý">Antonín Holý</a></li> <li>Biology – <a href="/wiki/Johann_Gregor_Mendel" class="mw-redirect" title="Johann Gregor Mendel">Johann Gregor Mendel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Evangelista_Purkyn%C4%9B" title="Jan Evangelista Purkyně">Jan Evangelista Purkyně</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Borivoj_Presl" title="Carl Borivoj Presl">Carl Borivoj Presl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Svatopluk_Presl" title="Jan Svatopluk Presl">Jan Svatopluk Presl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karel_Domin" title="Karel Domin">Karel Domin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaspar_Maria_von_Sternberg" title="Kaspar Maria von Sternberg">Kaspar Maria von Sternberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_Berchtold" title="Friedrich von Berchtold">Friedrich von Berchtold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Stoliczka" title="Ferdinand Stoliczka">Ferdinand Stoliczka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wenceslas_Bojer" title="Wenceslas Bojer">Wenceslas Bojer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Vojt%C4%9Bch_Fri%C4%8D" title="Alberto Vojtěch Frič">Alberto Vojtěch Frič</a>, <a href="/wiki/August_Carl_Joseph_Corda" title="August Carl Joseph Corda">August Carl Joseph Corda</a></li> <li>Mathematics – <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Bolzano" title="Bernard Bolzano">Bernard Bolzano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eduard_%C4%8Cech" title="Eduard Čech">Eduard Čech</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miroslav_Kat%C4%9Btov" title="Miroslav Katětov">Miroslav Katětov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petr_Vop%C4%9Bnka" title="Petr Vopěnka">Petr Vopěnka</a>, <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Chv%C3%A1tal" title="Václav Chvátal">Václav Chvátal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otakar_Bor%C5%AFvka" title="Otakar Borůvka">Otakar Borůvka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vojt%C4%9Bch_Jarn%C3%ADk" title="Vojtěch Jarník">Vojtěch Jarník</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurt_G%C3%B6del" title="Kurt Gödel">Kurt Gödel</a></li> <li>Physics and engineering – <a href="/wiki/Ignaz_von_Born" title="Ignaz von Born">Ignaz von Born</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franti%C5%A1ek_B%C4%9Bhounek" title="František Běhounek">František Běhounek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Marek_Marci" title="Jan Marek Marci">Jan Marek Marci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Josef_Ressel" title="Josef Ressel">Josef Ressel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franti%C5%A1ek_K%C5%99i%C5%BE%C3%ADk" title="František Křižík">František Křižík</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vincenc_Strouhal" title="Vincenc Strouhal">Vincenc Strouhal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prokop_Divi%C5%A1" title="Prokop Diviš">Prokop Diviš</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franti%C5%A1ek_Josef_Gerstner" class="mw-redirect" title="František Josef Gerstner">František Josef Gerstner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Mach" title="Ernst Mach">Ernst Mach</a></li> <li>Astronomy – <a href="/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Mrkos" title="Antonín Mrkos">Antonín Mrkos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Be%C4%8Dv%C3%A1%C5%99" title="Antonín Bečvář">Antonín Bečvář</a></li> <li>Astronautics – <a href="/wiki/Vladim%C3%ADr_Remek" title="Vladimír Remek">Vladimír Remek</a></li> <li>Philology – <a href="/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Hrozn%C3%BD" title="Bedřich Hrozný">Bedřich Hrozný</a>, <a href="/wiki/Josef_Dobrovsk%C3%BD" title="Josef Dobrovský">Josef Dobrovský</a>, <a href="/wiki/Josef_Jungmann" title="Josef Jungmann">Josef Jungmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vil%C3%A9m_Mathesius" title="Vilém Mathesius">Vilém Mathesius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julius_Pokorny" title="Julius Pokorny">Julius Pokorny</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Wellek" title="René Wellek">René Wellek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Muka%C5%99ovsk%C3%BD" title="Jan Mukařovský">Jan Mukařovský</a></li> <li>Medicine – <a href="/wiki/Carl_von_Rokitansky" title="Carl von Rokitansky">Carl von Rokitansky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_%C5%A0koda" title="Joseph Škoda">Joseph Škoda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Jansk%C3%BD" title="Jan Janský">Jan Janský</a></li> <li>Archeology – <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Pavel" title="Pavel Pavel">Pavel Pavel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lubor_Niederle" title="Lubor Niederle">Lubor Niederle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karel_Absolon" title="Karel Absolon">Karel Absolon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miroslav_Verner" title="Miroslav Verner">Miroslav Verner</a></li> <li>Anthropology and ethnography – <a href="/wiki/Ale%C5%A1_Hrdli%C4%8Dka" title="Aleš Hrdlička">Aleš Hrdlička</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emil_Holub" title="Emil Holub">Emil Holub</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alois_Musil" title="Alois Musil">Alois Musil</a></li> <li>History – <a href="/wiki/Franti%C5%A1ek_Palack%C3%BD" title="František Palacký">František Palacký</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bohuslav_Balb%C3%ADn" title="Bohuslav Balbín">Bohuslav Balbín</a>, <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Jire%C4%8Dek" title="Konstantin Jireček">Konstantin Jireček</a>, <a href="/wiki/Max_Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k" title="Max Dvořák">Max Dvořák</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miroslav_Hroch" title="Miroslav Hroch">Miroslav Hroch</a></li> <li>Philosophy – <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl">Edmund Husserl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Pato%C4%8Dka" title="Jan Patočka">Jan Patočka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karel_Kos%C3%ADk" title="Karel Kosík">Karel Kosík</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egon_Bondy" title="Egon Bondy">Egon Bondy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ladislav_Kl%C3%ADma" title="Ladislav Klíma">Ladislav Klíma</a></li> <li>Psychology – <a href="/wiki/Max_Wertheimer" title="Max Wertheimer">Max Wertheimer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stanislav_Grof" title="Stanislav Grof">Stanislav Grof</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a></li> <li>Theology – <a href="/wiki/Jan_Hus" title="Jan Hus">Jan Hus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerome_of_Prague" title="Jerome of Prague">Jerome of Prague</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petr_Chel%C4%8Dick%C3%BD" title="Petr Chelčický">Petr Chelčický</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Rokycana" title="Jan Rokycana">Jan Rokycana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_%C5%A0pidl%C3%ADk" title="Tomáš Špidlík">Tomáš Špidlík</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_Hal%C3%ADk" title="Tomáš Halík">Tomáš Halík</a></li> <li>Modern occultism – <a href="/wiki/Franz_Bardon" title="Franz Bardon">Franz Bardon</a></li> <li>Pedagogy – <a href="/wiki/Jan_Amos_Komensk%C3%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="Jan Amos Komenský">Jan Amos Komenský</a></li> <li>Folklorists – <a href="/wiki/Franti%C5%A1ek_Ladislav_%C4%8Celakovsk%C3%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="František Ladislav Čelakovský">František Ladislav Čelakovský</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karel_Jarom%C3%ADr_Erben" title="Karel Jaromír Erben">Karel Jaromír Erben</a></li> <li>Literary theory – <a href="/wiki/Karel_Teige" title="Karel Teige">Karel Teige</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Jan%C3%A1%C4%8Dek" title="Pavel Janáček">Pavel Janáček</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czechs&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sports have also been a contributor to famous Czechs especially <a href="/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis">tennis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">hockey</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Athletics_(sport)" class="mw-redirect" title="Athletics (sport)">athletics</a>: </p> <ul><li>Tennis – <a href="/wiki/Jaroslav_Drobn%C3%BD" title="Jaroslav Drobný">Jaroslav Drobný</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Kode%C5%A1" title="Jan Kodeš">Jan Kodeš</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martina_Navratilova" title="Martina Navratilova">Martina Navrátilová</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Lendl" title="Ivan Lendl">Ivan Lendl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hana_Mandl%C3%ADkov%C3%A1" title="Hana Mandlíková">Hana Mandlíková</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jana_Novotn%C3%A1" title="Jana Novotná">Jana Novotná</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helena_Sukov%C3%A1" title="Helena Suková">Helena Suková</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petr_Korda" title="Petr Korda">Petr Korda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petra_Kvitov%C3%A1" title="Petra Kvitová">Petra Kvitová</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Czechsite_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Czechsite-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_Berdych" title="Tomáš Berdych">Tomáš Berdych</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karol%C3%ADna_Pl%C3%AD%C5%A1kov%C3%A1" title="Karolína Plíšková">Karolína Plíšková</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barbora_Krej%C4%8D%C3%ADkov%C3%A1" title="Barbora Krejčíková">Barbora Krejčíková</a></li> <li>Football – <a href="/wiki/Old%C5%99ich_Nejedl%C3%BD" title="Oldřich Nejedlý">Oldřich Nejedlý</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Pu%C4%8D" title="Antonín Puč">Antonín Puč</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franti%C5%A1ek_Pl%C3%A1ni%C4%8Dka" title="František Plánička">František Plánička</a>, <a href="/wiki/Josef_Bican" title="Josef Bican">Josef Bican</a>, <a href="/wiki/Josef_Masopust" title="Josef Masopust">Josef Masopust</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivo_Viktor" title="Ivo Viktor">Ivo Viktor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Panenka" title="Antonín Panenka">Antonín Panenka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zden%C4%9Bk_Nehoda" title="Zdeněk Nehoda">Zdeněk Nehoda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_Skuhrav%C3%BD" title="Tomáš Skuhravý">Tomáš Skuhravý</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Nedv%C4%9Bd" title="Pavel Nedvěd">Pavel Nedvěd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karel_Poborsk%C3%BD" title="Karel Poborský">Karel Poborský</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Koller" title="Jan Koller">Jan Koller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milan_Baro%C5%A1" title="Milan Baroš">Milan Baroš</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marek_Jankulovski" title="Marek Jankulovski">Marek Jankulovski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vladim%C3%ADr_%C5%A0micer" title="Vladimír Šmicer">Vladimír Šmicer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_Rosick%C3%BD" title="Tomáš Rosický">Tomáš Rosický</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Petr_%C4%8Cech" title="Petr Čech">Petr Čech</a></li> <li>Hockey – <a href="/wiki/Jarom%C3%ADr_J%C3%A1gr" title="Jaromír Jágr">Jaromír Jágr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dominik_Ha%C5%A1ek" title="Dominik Hašek">Dominik Hašek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vladim%C3%ADr_R%C5%AF%C5%BEi%C4%8Dka" title="Vladimír Růžička">Vladimír Růžička</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ji%C5%99%C3%AD_%C5%A0l%C3%A9gr" title="Jiří Šlégr">Jiří Šlégr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Hlinka" title="Ivan Hlinka">Ivan Hlinka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ji%C5%99%C3%AD_Hole%C4%8Dek" title="Jiří Holeček">Jiří Holeček</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaroslav_Pouzar" title="Jaroslav Pouzar">Jaroslav Pouzar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ji%C5%99%C3%AD_Hrdina" title="Jiří Hrdina">Jiří Hrdina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petr_S%C3%BDkora" title="Petr Sýkora">Petr Sýkora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patrik_Eli%C3%A1%C5%A1" title="Patrik Eliáš">Patrik Eliáš</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bobby_Hol%C3%ADk" title="Bobby Holík">Bobby Holík</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michal_Rozs%C3%ADval" title="Michal Rozsíval">Michal Rozsíval</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milan_Hejduk" title="Milan Hejduk">Milan Hejduk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petr_Nedv%C4%9Bd" title="Petr Nedvěd">Petr Nedvěd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Straka" title="Martin Straka">Martin Straka</a>, <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Prospal" title="Václav Prospal">Václav Prospal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jakub_Vor%C3%A1%C4%8Dek" title="Jakub Voráček">Jakub Voráček</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_Plekanec" title="Tomáš Plekanec">Tomáš Plekanec</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franti%C5%A1ek_Kaberle" title="František Kaberle">František Kaberle</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_V%C3%BDborn%C3%BD" title="David Výborný">David Výborný</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Patera" title="Pavel Patera">Pavel Patera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Proch%C3%A1zka" title="Martin Procházka">Martin Procházka</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Krej%C4%8D%C3%AD" title="David Krejčí">David Krejčí</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Pastr%C5%88%C3%A1k" title="David Pastrňák">David Pastrňák</a>, <a href="/wiki/Filip_Chytil" title="Filip Chytil">Filip Chytil</a></li> <li>Athletics – <a href="/wiki/Emil_Z%C3%A1topek" title="Emil Zátopek">Emil Zátopek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dana_Z%C3%A1topkov%C3%A1" title="Dana Zátopková">Dana Zátopková</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jarmila_Kratochv%C3%ADlov%C3%A1" title="Jarmila Kratochvílová">Jarmila Kratochvílová</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_%C5%A0ebrle" title="Roman Šebrle">Roman Šebrle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jan_%C5%BDelezn%C3%BD" title="Jan Železný">Jan Železný</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barbora_%C5%A0pot%C3%A1kov%C3%A1" title="Barbora Špotáková">Barbora Špotáková</a></li> <li>Chess – <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Steinitz" title="Wilhelm Steinitz">Wilhelm Steinitz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vera_Menchik" title="Vera Menchik">Věra Menčíková</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_R%C3%A9ti" title="Richard Réti">Richard Réti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salo_Flohr" title="Salo Flohr">Salo Flohr</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Navara" title="David Navara">David Navara</a></li> <li>Others – <a href="/wiki/V%C4%9Bra_%C4%8C%C3%A1slavsk%C3%A1" title="Věra Čáslavská">Věra Čáslavská</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martina_S%C3%A1bl%C3%ADkov%C3%A1" title="Martina Sáblíková">Martina Sáblíková</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Doktor" title="Martin Doktor">Martin Doktor</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0t%C4%9Bp%C3%A1nka_Hilgertov%C3%A1" title="Štěpánka Hilgertová">Štěpánka Hilgertová</a>, <a href="/wiki/Josef_Hole%C4%8Dek_(canoeist)" title="Josef Holeček (canoeist)">Josef Holeček</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kate%C5%99ina_Neumannov%C3%A1" title="Kateřina Neumannová">Kateřina Neumannová</a>, <a href="/wiki/Filip_J%C3%ADcha" title="Filip Jícha">Filip Jícha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ji%C5%99%C3%AD_Z%C3%ADdek_Sr." title="Jiří Zídek Sr.">Jiří Zídek Sr.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Vesel%C3%BD" title="Jan Veselý">Jan Veselý</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ester_Ledeck%C3%A1" title="Ester Ledecká">Ester Ledecká</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_arts">The arts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czechs&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: The arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Music">Music</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czechs&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dvorak_Bedrich_Smetana_and_friends_in_1865.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Dvorak_Bedrich_Smetana_and_friends_in_1865.jpg/220px-Dvorak_Bedrich_Smetana_and_friends_in_1865.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Dvorak_Bedrich_Smetana_and_friends_in_1865.jpg/330px-Dvorak_Bedrich_Smetana_and_friends_in_1865.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Dvorak_Bedrich_Smetana_and_friends_in_1865.jpg/440px-Dvorak_Bedrich_Smetana_and_friends_in_1865.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="803" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="Bedřich Smetana">Bedřich Smetana</a> Among his Friends</i>, 1865; oil painting by <a href="/wiki/Franti%C5%A1ek_Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k_(painter)" title="František Dvořák (painter)">František Dvořák</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Czech_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech music">Czech music</a> had its first significant pieces created in the 11th century.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The great progress of Czech artificial music began with the end of the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> and the early <a href="/wiki/Baroque_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Baroque era">Baroque era</a>, concretely in works of <a href="/wiki/Adam_V%C3%A1clav_Michna_z_Otradovic" class="mw-redirect" title="Adam Václav Michna z Otradovic">Adam Václav Michna z Otradovic</a>, where the specific character of Czech music was rising up by using the influence of genuine <a href="/wiki/Traditional_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional music">folk music</a>. This tradition determined the development of Czech music and has remained the main sign in the works of great Czech composers of almost all eras – <a href="/wiki/Jan_Dismas_Zelenka" title="Jan Dismas Zelenka">Jan Dismas Zelenka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Josef_Myslive%C4%8Dek" title="Josef Mysliveček">Josef Mysliveček</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baroque_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Baroque (music)">Baroque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="Bedřich Smetana">Bedřich Smetana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k" title="Antonín Dvořák">Antonín Dvořák</a> in <a href="/wiki/Romanticism_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanticism (music)">Romanticism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leo%C5%A1_Jan%C3%A1%C4%8Dek" title="Leoš Janáček">Leoš Janáček</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bohuslav_Martin%C5%AF" title="Bohuslav Martinů">Bohuslav Martinů</a> and <a href="/wiki/Josef_Suk_(composer)" title="Josef Suk (composer)">Josef Suk</a> in <a href="/wiki/Modern_classical" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern classical">modern classical</a> or <a href="/wiki/Petr_Eben" title="Petr Eben">Petr Eben</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miloslav_Kabel%C3%A1%C4%8D" title="Miloslav Kabeláč">Miloslav Kabeláč</a> in <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_classical_music" title="Contemporary classical music">contemporary classical music</a>. </p><p>Czech musicians also played an important role in the development of European music. <a href="/wiki/Johann_Stamitz" title="Johann Stamitz">Jan Václav Antonín Stamic</a> in 18th-century contributed to the creation of <a href="/wiki/Classicism" title="Classicism">Classicism</a> in music<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by innovations of compositional forms and the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Mannheim_school" title="Mannheim school">Mannheim school</a>. Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Anton_Reicha" title="Anton Reicha">Antonín Rejcha</a>'s experiments prefigured new compositional techniques in the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The influence of Czech musicians expanded beyond the borders of the <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> continent, when <a href="/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k" title="Antonín Dvořák">Antonín Dvořák</a> created a new <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">American</a> classical music style, using the richness of ethnic music of that country during his mission in the <a href="/wiki/US" class="mw-redirect" title="US">US</a>. The contribution of <a href="/wiki/Alois_H%C3%A1ba" title="Alois Hába">Alois Hába</a> to <a href="/wiki/Microtonal_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Microtonal music">microtonal music</a> in the 20th century must be also mentioned. </p><p>Czech music reached as far as <a href="/wiki/Qing_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing China">Qing China</a>. <a href="/wiki/Karel_Slav%C3%AD%C4%8Dek" title="Karel Slavíček">Karel Slavíček</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> missionary, scientist and <a href="/wiki/Sinologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinologist">sinologist</a> who was introduced to the <a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor" title="Kangxi Emperor">Kangxi Emperor</a> on 3 February 1717, in <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>. The emperor favored him and employed him as court musician. (Slavíček was a <a href="/wiki/Spinet" title="Spinet">Spinet</a> player).<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some notable modern Czech musicians are US-based composer and guitarist <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Kr%C3%A1l" title="Ivan Král">Ivan Král</a>, musician and composer <a href="/wiki/Jan_Hammer" title="Jan Hammer">Jan Hammer</a> and the rock band <a href="/wiki/The_Plastic_People_of_the_Universe" title="The Plastic People of the Universe">The Plastic People of the Universe</a> which played an important part in the <a href="/wiki/Prague_underground_(culture)" title="Prague underground (culture)">underground</a> movement during the communist regime. </p><p>The Czech Republic first entered the <a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="Eurovision Song Contest">Eurovision Song Contest</a> in <a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2007" title="Eurovision Song Contest 2007">2007</a>. Czech performer qualified for the grand final for the first time in <a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2016" title="Eurovision Song Contest 2016">2016</a> when singer <a href="/wiki/Gabriela_Gun%C4%8D%C3%ADkov%C3%A1" title="Gabriela Gunčíková">Gabriela Gunčíková</a> finished in 25th place. In <a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2018" title="Eurovision Song Contest 2018">2018</a> the singer <a href="/wiki/Mikolas_Josef" title="Mikolas Josef">Mikolas Josef</a> reached the 6th place in the contest being the best result of the Czech Republic until today. </p><p>Other important names: <a href="/wiki/Franz_Benda" title="Franz Benda">Franz Benda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Kubel%C3%ADk" title="Rafael Kubelík">Rafael Kubelík</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Ladislav_Dussek" title="Jan Ladislav Dussek">Jan Ladislav Dussek</a>, <a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADt%C4%9Bzslav_Nov%C3%A1k" title="Vítězslav Novák">Vítězslav Novák</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zden%C4%9Bk_Fibich" title="Zdeněk Fibich">Zdeněk Fibich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Kubel%C3%ADk" title="Jan Kubelík">Jan Kubelík</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ji%C5%99%C3%AD_Anton%C3%ADn_Benda" class="mw-redirect" title="Jiří Antonín Benda">Jiří Antonín Benda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julius_Fu%C4%8D%C3%ADk_(composer)" title="Julius Fučík (composer)">Julius Fučík</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karel_Svoboda_(composer)" title="Karel Svoboda (composer)">Karel Svoboda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karel_Kryl" title="Karel Kryl">Karel Kryl</a>, <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Neumann" title="Václav Neumann">Václav Neumann</a>, <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Talich" title="Václav Talich">Václav Talich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franti%C5%A1ek_Xaver_Richter" class="mw-redirect" title="František Xaver Richter">František Xaver Richter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jan_K%C5%99titel_Va%C5%88hal" class="mw-redirect" title="Jan Křtitel Vaňhal">Jan Křtitel Vaňhal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vojt%C4%9Bch_%C5%BDivn%C3%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="Vojtěch Živný">Vojtěch Živný</a>, <a href="/wiki/Josef_Bohuslav_Foerster" title="Josef Bohuslav Foerster">Josef Bohuslav Foerster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magdalena_Ko%C5%BEen%C3%A1" title="Magdalena Kožená">Magdalena Kožená</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karel_An%C4%8Derl" title="Karel Ančerl">Karel Ančerl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ema_Destinnov%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Ema Destinnová">Ema Destinnová</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Jeritza" title="Maria Jeritza">Maria Jeritza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franti%C5%A1ek_Xaver_Brixi" class="mw-redirect" title="František Xaver Brixi">František Xaver Brixi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ji%C5%99%C3%AD_B%C4%9Blohl%C3%A1vek" title="Jiří Bělohlávek">Jiří Bělohlávek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oskar_Nedbal" title="Oskar Nedbal">Oskar Nedbal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karel_Gott" title="Karel Gott">Karel Gott</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Literature">Literature</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czechs&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Jaroslav_Seifert" title="Jaroslav Seifert">Jaroslav Seifert</a> was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a> for his poetry.<sup id="cite_ref-Czechsite_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Czechsite-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bo%C5%BEena_N%C4%9Bmcov%C3%A1" title="Božena Němcová">Božena Němcová</a> has become a cultural icon and gained much fame for her book <i>Babička (<a href="/wiki/The_Grandmother" title="The Grandmother">The Grandmother</a>)</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other important Czech writers include <a href="/wiki/Milan_Kundera" title="Milan Kundera">Milan Kundera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karel_%C4%8Capek" title="Karel Čapek">Karel Čapek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaroslav_Ha%C5%A1ek" title="Jaroslav Hašek">Jaroslav Hašek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Neruda" title="Jan Neruda">Jan Neruda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka">Franz Kafka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bohumil_Hrabal" title="Bohumil Hrabal">Bohumil Hrabal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Dyk" title="Viktor Dyk">Viktor Dyk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cosmas_of_Prague" title="Cosmas of Prague">Kosmas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Kohout" title="Pavel Kohout">Pavel Kohout</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alois_Jir%C3%A1sek" title="Alois Jirásek">Alois Jirásek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Josef_%C5%A0kvoreck%C3%BD" title="Josef Škvorecký">Josef Škvorecký</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karel_Jarom%C3%ADr_Erben" title="Karel Jaromír Erben">Karel Jaromír Erben</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ji%C5%99%C3%AD_Wolker" title="Jiří Wolker">Jiří Wolker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karel_Hynek_M%C3%A1cha" title="Karel Hynek Mácha">Karel Hynek Mácha</a>, <a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADt%C4%9Bzslav_Nezval" title="Vítězslav Nezval">Vítězslav Nezval</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arno%C5%A1t_Lustig" title="Arnošt Lustig">Arnošt Lustig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaroslav_Vrchlick%C3%BD" title="Jaroslav Vrchlický">Jaroslav Vrchlický</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karel_Havl%C3%AD%C4%8Dek_Borovsk%C3%BD" title="Karel Havlíček Borovský">Karel Havlíček Borovský</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Kl%C3%ADma" title="Ivan Klíma">Ivan Klíma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egon_Erwin_Kisch" class="mw-redirect" title="Egon Erwin Kisch">Egon Erwin Kisch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vladim%C3%ADr_Holan" title="Vladimír Holan">Vladimír Holan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julius_Zeyer" title="Julius Zeyer">Julius Zeyer</a> or <a href="/wiki/Svatopluk_%C4%8Cech" title="Svatopluk Čech">Svatopluk Čech</a>. From contemporary Czech writers can be mentioned <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1chym_Topol" title="Jáchym Topol">Jáchym Topol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patrik_Ou%C5%99edn%C3%ADk" title="Patrik Ouředník">Patrik Ouředník</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michal_Viewegh" title="Michal Viewegh">Michal Viewegh</a> or <a href="/wiki/Daniela_Hodrov%C3%A1" title="Daniela Hodrová">Daniela Hodrová</a>. Important playwrights were Karel Čapek, <a href="/wiki/Franti%C5%A1ek_Langer" title="František Langer">František Langer</a> or <a href="/wiki/Josef_Kajet%C3%A1n_Tyl" title="Josef Kajetán Tyl">Josef Kajetán Tyl</a>. Strong was also the theatrical avant-garde (<a href="/wiki/Jan_Werich" title="Jan Werich">Jan Werich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ji%C5%99%C3%AD_Voskovec" class="mw-redirect" title="Jiří Voskovec">Jiří Voskovec</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emil_Franti%C5%A1ek_Burian" title="Emil František Burian">Emil František Burian</a>). Known journalists were <a href="/wiki/Julius_Fu%C4%8D%C3%ADk_(journalist)" title="Julius Fučík (journalist)">Julius Fučík</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milena_Jesensk%C3%A1" title="Milena Jesenská">Milena Jesenská</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Peroutka" title="Ferdinand Peroutka">Ferdinand Peroutka</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Visual_arts">Visual arts</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czechs&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Visual arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Slovane_v_pravlasti_81x61m.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Slovane_v_pravlasti_81x61m.jpg/220px-Slovane_v_pravlasti_81x61m.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Slovane_v_pravlasti_81x61m.jpg/330px-Slovane_v_pravlasti_81x61m.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Slovane_v_pravlasti_81x61m.jpg/440px-Slovane_v_pravlasti_81x61m.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1079" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Slav_Epic" title="The Slav Epic">The Slav Epic</a> by <a href="/wiki/Alfons_Mucha" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfons Mucha">Alfons Mucha</a></figcaption></figure><p><a href="/wiki/Mikol%C3%A1%C5%A1_Ale%C5%A1" title="Mikoláš Aleš">Mikoláš Aleš</a> was a painter, known for redesigning the <a href="/wiki/Prague_National_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Prague National Theatre">Prague National Theatre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alphonse_Mucha" title="Alphonse Mucha">Alphonse Mucha</a> was an influential artist in the <a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a> movement of the <a href="/wiki/Edwardian_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwardian Era">Edwardian</a> period. <a href="/wiki/Franti%C5%A1ek_Kupka" title="František Kupka">František Kupka</a> was a pioneer and co-founder of the <a href="/wiki/Abstract_art" title="Abstract art">abstract art</a> movement. Other well-known painters are <a href="/wiki/Josef_%C4%8Capek" title="Josef Čapek">Josef Čapek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Josef_Lada" title="Josef Lada">Josef Lada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theodoric_of_Prague" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodoric of Prague">Theodoric of Prague</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wenceslaus_Hollar" title="Wenceslaus Hollar">Wenceslaus Hollar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toyen" title="Toyen">Toyen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Kupeck%C3%BD" title="Jan Kupecký">Jan Kupecký</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petr_Brandl" title="Petr Brandl">Petr Brandl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vladim%C3%ADr_Va%C5%A1%C3%AD%C4%8Dek" title="Vladimír Vašíček">Vladimír Vašíček</a>, <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Bro%C5%BE%C3%ADk" title="Václav Brožík">Václav Brožík</a>, <a href="/wiki/Josef_M%C3%A1nes" title="Josef Mánes">Josef Mánes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karel_%C5%A0kr%C3%A9ta" title="Karel Škréta">Karel Škréta</a> or <a href="/wiki/Max_%C5%A0vabinsk%C3%BD" title="Max Švabinský">Max Švabinský</a>. Renowned sculptors were <a href="/wiki/Josef_V%C3%A1clav_Myslbek" title="Josef Václav Myslbek">Josef Václav Myslbek</a> or <a href="/wiki/Maty%C3%A1%C5%A1_Bernard_Braun" class="mw-redirect" title="Matyáš Bernard Braun">Matyáš Bernard Braun</a>, photographers <a href="/wiki/Jan_Saudek" title="Jan Saudek">Jan Saudek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Josef_Sudek" title="Josef Sudek">Josef Sudek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franti%C5%A1ek_Drtikol" title="František Drtikol">František Drtikol</a> or <a href="/wiki/Josef_Koudelka" title="Josef Koudelka">Josef Koudelka</a>, illustrators <a href="/wiki/Zden%C4%9Bk_Burian" title="Zdeněk Burian">Zdeněk Burian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Born" title="Adolf Born">Adolf Born</a>, architects <a href="/wiki/Jan_Kot%C4%9Bra" title="Jan Kotěra">Jan Kotěra</a> or <a href="/wiki/Josef_Go%C4%8D%C3%A1r" title="Josef Gočár">Josef Gočár</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ji%C5%99%C3%AD_Kyli%C3%A1n" title="Jiří Kylián">Jiří Kylián</a> was an important ballet choreographer. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Film">Film</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czechs&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Film"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Film director <a href="/wiki/Milo%C5%A1_Forman" title="Miloš Forman">Miloš Forman</a>, known best for his movie, <i><a href="/wiki/One_Flew_Over_the_Cuckoo%27s_Nest_(film)" title="One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (film)">One Flew over the Cuckoo's Nest</a></i> is of Czech origin and started his career in Czechoslovakia.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Forman was a member of the so-called <a href="/wiki/Czech_New_Wave" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech New Wave">Czech New Wave</a>. Other members included <a href="/wiki/Ji%C5%99%C3%AD_Menzel" title="Jiří Menzel">Jiří Menzel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film">Oscar</a> 1967), <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Passer" title="Ivan Passer">Ivan Passer</a>, <a href="/wiki/V%C4%9Bra_Chytilov%C3%A1" title="Věra Chytilová">Věra Chytilová</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elmar_Klos" title="Elmar Klos">Elmar Klos</a> (Oscar 1965). Also the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film was awarded to <a href="/wiki/Jan_Sv%C4%9Br%C3%A1k" title="Jan Svěrák">Jan Svěrák</a> (1996). The influential <a href="/wiki/Surrealist" class="mw-redirect" title="Surrealist">surrealist</a> filmmaker and animator <a href="/wiki/Jan_%C5%A0vankmajer" title="Jan Švankmajer">Jan Švankmajer</a> was born in <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a> and has resided in the Czech Republic throughout his life. In the field of animation and puppet film famous people include <a href="/wiki/Zden%C4%9Bk_Miler" title="Zdeněk Miler">Zdeněk Miler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karel_Zeman" title="Karel Zeman">Karel Zeman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ji%C5%99%C3%AD_Trnka" title="Jiří Trnka">Jiří Trnka</a>. </p><p>Actors <a href="/wiki/Zden%C4%9Bk_Sv%C4%9Br%C3%A1k" title="Zdeněk Svěrák">Zdeněk Svěrák</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vlastimil_Brodsk%C3%BD" title="Vlastimil Brodský">Vlastimil Brodský</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Vladim%C3%ADr_Men%C5%A1%C3%ADk" title="Vladimír Menšík">Vladimír Menšík</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Libu%C5%A1e_%C5%A0afr%C3%A1nkov%C3%A1" title="Libuše Šafránková">Libuše Šafránková</a> or <a href="/wiki/Karel_Roden" title="Karel Roden">Karel Roden</a> have also made a mark in modern Czech history. The most successful Czech erotic actress is <a href="/wiki/Silvia_Saint" title="Silvia Saint">Silvia Saint</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modeling">Modeling</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czechs&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Modeling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first Czech models have made a breakthrough in the international modeling were <a href="/wiki/Paulina_Porizkova" title="Paulina Porizkova">Paulina Porizkova</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ivana_Trump" title="Ivana Trump">Ivana Trump</a>. After the fall of communism in Czechoslovakia many other models succeeded: <a href="/wiki/Karol%C3%ADna_Kurkov%C3%A1" title="Karolína Kurková">Karolína Kurková</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eva_Herzigov%C3%A1" title="Eva Herzigová">Eva Herzigová</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ta%C5%A5%C3%A1na_Kucha%C5%99ov%C3%A1" title="Taťána Kuchařová">Taťána Kuchařová</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petra_N%C4%9Bmcov%C3%A1" title="Petra Němcová">Petra Němcová</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daniela_Pe%C5%A1tov%C3%A1" title="Daniela Peštová">Daniela Peštová</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Saints">Saints</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czechs&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Saints"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St._John_of_Nepomuk_in_Divina.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/St._John_of_Nepomuk_in_Divina.jpg/170px-St._John_of_Nepomuk_in_Divina.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/St._John_of_Nepomuk_in_Divina.jpg/255px-St._John_of_Nepomuk_in_Divina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/St._John_of_Nepomuk_in_Divina.jpg/340px-St._John_of_Nepomuk_in_Divina.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1874" data-file-height="2810" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_of_Nepomuk" title="John of Nepomuk">St. John of Nepomuk (Jan Nepomucký)</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Czech culture involves many saints,<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> most notably <a href="/wiki/Wenceslaus_I,_Duke_of_Bohemia" title="Wenceslaus I, Duke of Bohemia">St. Wenceslaus (Václav)</a>, patron of the Czech nation,<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_of_Nepomuk" title="John of Nepomuk">St. John of Nepomuk (Jan Nepomucký)</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Adalbert_of_Prague" title="Adalbert of Prague">St. Adalbert (Vojtěch)</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Procopius_of_S%C3%A1zava" title="Procopius of Sázava">Saint Procopius</a> or <a href="/wiki/Agnes_of_Bohemia" title="Agnes of Bohemia">St. Agnes of Bohemia (Anežka Česká)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although not a Christian, rabbi <a href="/wiki/Judah_Loew_ben_Bezalel" title="Judah Loew ben Bezalel">Judah Loew ben Bezalel</a> of Prague, a 16th Century scholar and one of the most influential figures of Jewish history, is considered to be part of the country's religious legacy as well.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natives">Natives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czechs&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Natives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The modern Czech nation was formed through the process of the <a href="/wiki/Czech_national_revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech national revival">Czech national revival</a>. Through this was created the linguistic concept of the Czech nation (particularly promoted by Jungmann), i.e. "a Czech = one who has the <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech language</a> as their first language: naturally or by choice." (That is why <a href="/wiki/Slovaks" title="Slovaks">Slovaks</a> who have chosen Czech as their literary language, such as <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1n_Koll%C3%A1r" title="Ján Kollár">Ján Kollár</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Jozef_%C5%A0afa%C5%99%C3%ADk" class="mw-redirect" title="Pavel Jozef Šafařík">Pavel Jozef Šafařík</a>, are often considered to be Czechs.) Like other nations, Czechs also speak of two alternative concepts: the landed concept (a Czech is someone who was born in the historic Czech territory), which in Jungmann's time primarily denoted <a href="/wiki/Czech_nobility" title="Czech nobility">nobility</a>, and the ethnic concept. Definition by territory is still discussed alternative,<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from time to time is indicated for Czechs number of natives (speaking mostly German, English or otherwise) – these include US Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Madeleine_Albright" title="Madeleine Albright">Madeleine Albright</a>, film director <a href="/wiki/Karel_Reisz" title="Karel Reisz">Karel Reisz</a>, actor <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Lom" title="Herbert Lom">Herbert Lom</a>, the founder of psychoanalysis <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a>, the founder of genetics <a href="/wiki/Gregor_Mendel" title="Gregor Mendel">Gregor Mendel</a>, logician and mathematician <a href="/wiki/Kurt_G%C3%B6del" title="Kurt Gödel">Kurt Gödel</a>, the philosopher <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl">Edmund Husserl</a>, scientists <a href="/wiki/Gerty_Cori" title="Gerty Cori">Gerty Cori</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Cori" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl Cori">Carl Cori</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Gr%C3%BCnberg" title="Peter Grünberg">Peter Grünberg</a> (all Nobel Prize winners) and <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Mach" title="Ernst Mach">Ernst Mach</a>, economists <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schumpeter" title="Joseph Schumpeter">Joseph Schumpeter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eugen_B%C3%B6hm_von_Bawerk" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugen Böhm von Bawerk">Eugen Böhm von Bawerk</a>, philosophers <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Bolzano" title="Bernard Bolzano">Bernard Bolzano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Gellner" title="Ernest Gellner">Ernest Gellner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vil%C3%A9m_Flusser" title="Vilém Flusser">Vilém Flusser</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Feigl" title="Herbert Feigl">Herbert Feigl</a>, Marxist theoretician <a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Karl Kautsky</a>, astronomer <a href="/wiki/Johann_Palisa" title="Johann Palisa">Johann Palisa</a>, legal theorist <a href="/wiki/Hans_Kelsen" title="Hans Kelsen">Hans Kelsen</a>, inventors <a href="/wiki/Alois_Senefelder" title="Alois Senefelder">Alois Senefelder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Kaplan" title="Viktor Kaplan">Viktor Kaplan</a>, automotive designer <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Porsche" title="Ferdinand Porsche">Ferdinand Porsche</a>, psychologist <a href="/wiki/Max_Wertheimer" title="Max Wertheimer">Max Wertheimer</a>, a geologist <a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Terzaghi" title="Karl von Terzaghi">Karl von Terzaghi</a>, musicologists <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Hanslick" title="Eduard Hanslick">Eduard Hanslick</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guido_Adler" title="Guido Adler">Guido Adler</a>, chemist <a href="/wiki/Johann_Josef_Loschmidt" title="Johann Josef Loschmidt">Johann Josef Loschmidt</a>, biologists <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Wilhelm_Schott" title="Heinrich Wilhelm Schott">Heinrich Wilhelm Schott</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georg_Joseph_Kamel" title="Georg Joseph Kamel">Georg Joseph Kamel</a>, the founder of the dermatology <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Ritter_von_Hebra" title="Ferdinand Ritter von Hebra">Ferdinand Ritter von Hebra</a>, peace activist <a href="/wiki/Bertha_von_Suttner" title="Bertha von Suttner">Bertha von Suttner</a> (Nobel Peace Prize), the composers <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Gustav Mahler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Biber" class="mw-redirect" title="Heinrich Biber">Heinrich Biber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Ullmann" title="Viktor Ullmann">Viktor Ullmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ervin_Schulhoff" class="mw-redirect" title="Ervin Schulhoff">Ervin Schulhoff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Haas" title="Pavel Haas">Pavel Haas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erich_Wolfgang_Korngold" title="Erich Wolfgang Korngold">Erich Wolfgang Korngold</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Benatzky" title="Ralph Benatzky">Ralph Benatzky</a>, writers <a href="/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka">Franz Kafka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reiner_Maria_Rilke" class="mw-redirect" title="Reiner Maria Rilke">Reiner Maria Rilke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Max_Brod" title="Max Brod">Max Brod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Kraus_(writer)" title="Karl Kraus (writer)">Karl Kraus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franz_Werfel" title="Franz Werfel">Franz Werfel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marie_von_Ebner-Eschenbach" title="Marie von Ebner-Eschenbach">Marie von Ebner-Eschenbach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leo_Perutz" title="Leo Perutz">Leo Perutz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tom_Stoppard" title="Tom Stoppard">Tom Stoppard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egon_Erwin_Kisch" class="mw-redirect" title="Egon Erwin Kisch">Egon Erwin Kisch</a>, painters <a href="/wiki/Anton_Raphael_Mengs" title="Anton Raphael Mengs">Anton Raphael Mengs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emil_Orlik" class="mw-redirect" title="Emil Orlik">Emil Orlik</a>, architects <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Loos" title="Adolf Loos">Adolf Loos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Parler" title="Peter Parler">Peter Parler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Josef_Hoffmann" title="Josef Hoffmann">Josef Hoffmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Santini_Aichel" title="Jan Santini Aichel">Jan Santini Aichel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kilian_Ignaz_Dientzenhofer" title="Kilian Ignaz Dientzenhofer">Kilian Ignaz Dientzenhofer</a>, cellist <a href="/wiki/David_Popper" title="David Popper">David Popper</a>, violist <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Wilhelm_Ernst" title="Heinrich Wilhelm Ernst">Heinrich Wilhelm Ernst</a>, pianists <a href="/wiki/Alice_Herz-Sommer" title="Alice Herz-Sommer">Alice Herz-Sommer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Serkin" title="Rudolf Serkin">Rudolf Serkin</a>, president of Austria <a href="/wiki/Karl_Renner" title="Karl Renner">Karl Renner</a>, Prime Minister of Poland <a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Buzek" title="Jerzy Buzek">Jerzy Buzek</a>, industrialist <a href="/wiki/Oskar_Schindler" title="Oskar Schindler">Oskar Schindler</a>, or chess player <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Steinitz" title="Wilhelm Steinitz">Wilhelm Steinitz</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Czech_ancestry">Czech ancestry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czechs&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Czech ancestry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>People with Czech ancestry include the astronauts <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Cernan" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugene Cernan">Eugene Cernan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jim_Lovell" title="Jim Lovell">Jim Lovell</a>, film directors <a href="/wiki/Chris_Columbus_(filmmaker)" title="Chris Columbus (filmmaker)">Chris Columbus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jim_Jarmusch" title="Jim Jarmusch">Jim Jarmusch</a>, swimmer <a href="/wiki/Katie_Ledecky" title="Katie Ledecky">Katie Ledecky</a>, politicians <a href="/wiki/John_Forbes_Kerry" class="mw-redirect" title="John Forbes Kerry">John Forbes Kerry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caspar_Weinberger" title="Caspar Weinberger">Caspar Weinberger</a>, chemist and Nobel Prize laureate <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cech" title="Thomas Cech">Thomas Cech</a>, physicist <a href="/wiki/Karl_Guthe_Jansky" title="Karl Guthe Jansky">Karl Guthe Jansky</a>, economist <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Friedrich Hayek</a>, painters <a href="/wiki/Jan_Matejko" title="Jan Matejko">Jan Matejko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Klimt" title="Gustav Klimt">Gustav Klimt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egon_Schiele" title="Egon Schiele">Egon Schiele</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oskar_Kokoschka" title="Oskar Kokoschka">Oskar Kokoschka</a>, actors <a href="/wiki/Ashton_Kutcher" title="Ashton Kutcher">Ashton Kutcher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sissy_Spacek" title="Sissy Spacek">Sissy Spacek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kim_Novak" title="Kim Novak">Kim Novak</a>, tennis players <a href="/wiki/Richard_Krajicek" title="Richard Krajicek">Richard Krajicek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jakob_Hlasek" title="Jakob Hlasek">Jakob Hlasek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stan_Wawrinka" title="Stan Wawrinka">Stan Wawrinka</a>, singer <a href="/wiki/Jason_Mraz" title="Jason Mraz">Jason Mraz</a>, Brazil president <a href="/wiki/Juscelino_Kubitschek" title="Juscelino Kubitschek">Juscelino Kubitschek</a>, founder of <a href="/wiki/McDonald%27s" title="McDonald's">McDonald's</a> company <a href="/wiki/Ray_Kroc" title="Ray Kroc">Ray Kroc</a>, writers <a href="/wiki/Georg_Trakl" title="Georg Trakl">Georg Trakl</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Musil" title="Robert Musil">Robert Musil</a>, mayor of Chicago <a href="/wiki/Anton_Cermak" title="Anton Cermak">Anton Cermak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ivanka_Trump" title="Ivanka Trump">Ivanka Trump</a> and her brother <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_Jr." title="Donald Trump Jr.">Donald Trump Jr.</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czechs&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/255px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/340px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1171" data-file-height="1403" /></a><figcaption>Greater coat of arms of the Czech Republic shows symbols of historical lands <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moravia" title="Moravia">Moravia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Czechs live in three historical lands: <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moravia" title="Moravia">Moravia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Czech_Silesia" title="Czech Silesia">Czech Silesia</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> these regions make up the modern Czech Republic. However, the country is now divided into 14 administrative regions.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The local culture varies somewhat in each of the historical regions.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Moravians" title="Moravians">Moravians</a> are usually more nationalistic regional patriots of Moravia, but they also speak <a href="/wiki/Czech_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech Language">Czech</a>. Local dialects (such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Bohemian_dialects&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Bohemian dialects (page does not exist)">Central Bohemian</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chod_dialect" title="Chod dialect">Chod dialect</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moravian_dialects" title="Moravian dialects">Moravian dialects</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cieszyn_Silesian_dialect" title="Cieszyn Silesian dialect">Cieszyn Silesian</a>, etc.) are found in various parts of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Czech_language">Czech language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czechs&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Czech language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech language</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Czech_language" title="History of the Czech language">History of the Czech language</a></div> <p>The Czech language is spoken by approximately 12 million people around the world, but the vast majority are in the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Czechl_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Czechl-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It developed from the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Slavic language">Proto-Slavic language</a> in the 10th century<sup id="cite_ref-Czechl_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Czechl-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is mutually intelligible with the <a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czechs&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stimmer_Jan_Hus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Stimmer_Jan_Hus.jpg/170px-Stimmer_Jan_Hus.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Stimmer_Jan_Hus.jpg/255px-Stimmer_Jan_Hus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Stimmer_Jan_Hus.jpg/340px-Stimmer_Jan_Hus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="1168" /></a><figcaption>Predecessor to <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Hus" title="Jan Hus">Jan Hus</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Religion in the Czech Republic">Religion in the Czech Republic</a></div> <p>In 1977, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Felix_Staar" title="Richard Felix Staar">Richard Felix Staar</a> described Czechs as "tolerant and even indifferent towards religion as a rule".<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Reformation" title="Bohemian Reformation">Bohemian Reformation</a>, most Czechs (about 85%) became <a href="/wiki/Hussites" title="Hussites">followers</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jan_Hus" title="Jan Hus">Jan Hus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petr_Chel%C4%8Dick%C3%BD" title="Petr Chelčický">Petr Chelčický</a> and other regional <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformers" title="Protestant Reformers">Protestant Reformers</a>. Bohemian Estates' defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_White_Mountain" title="Battle of White Mountain">Battle of White Mountain</a> brought radical religious changes and started a series of intense actions taken by the Habsburgs in order to bring the Czech population back to the Roman Catholic Church. After the <a href="/wiki/Habsburgs" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburgs">Habsburgs</a> regained control of Bohemia, Czech people were forcibly converted to <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a>. All kinds of Protestant communities including the various branches of Hussites, <a href="/wiki/Lutherans" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutherans">Lutherans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reformed_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed tradition">Reformed</a> were either expelled, killed, or converted to Catholicism. The Catholic Church lost the bulk of its adherents during the Communist era. </p><p>As of 2015, Pew Research Center found in that 72% of the population of Czech Republic declared to be <a href="/wiki/Irreligious" class="mw-redirect" title="Irreligious">irreligious</a>, a category which includes <a href="/wiki/Atheists" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheists">atheists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agnostics" class="mw-redirect" title="Agnostics">agnostics</a> and those who describe their religion as "nothing in particular", 26% were <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> (vast majority <a href="/wiki/Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholics">Catholics</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-Censuses_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Censuses-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while 2% belonged to other faiths. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czechs&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Demographics of the Czech Republic">Demographics of the Czech Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Czech_diaspora" title="Czech diaspora">Czech diaspora</a></div> <p>In the Czech Republic, the <a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">nation state</a> of the Czech people, 6,732,104 (63.7%) declared as ethnic Czech according to the 2011 census. Notably, another 2,742,669 (26%) were undeclared, and 522,474 (4.9%) declared as <a href="/wiki/Moravians" title="Moravians">Moravians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a large <a href="/wiki/Czech_diaspora" title="Czech diaspora">Czech diaspora</a>, which includes 1,703,930 Americans of <a href="/wiki/Czech_Americans" title="Czech Americans">Czech/Czechoslovak ancestry</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 94,805 <a href="/wiki/Czech_Canadians" title="Czech Canadians">Canadians of Czech ancestry</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an estimated 45,000 Czech-born residents <a href="/wiki/Czechs_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Czechs in the United Kingdom">in the United Kingdom</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ONS2013_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ONS2013-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and ca. 31,000 <a href="/wiki/Czech_Australians" title="Czech Australians">in Australia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are smaller communities throughout Europe. Number of <a href="/wiki/Czech_diaspora_in_Israel" title="Czech diaspora in Israel">Israelis of Czech-Jewish ancestry</a> is estimated to be about 50,000 to 100,000. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czechs&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Czechoslovakia" title="List of presidents of Czechoslovakia">List of presidents of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="List of presidents of the Czech Republic">List of presidents of the Czech Republic</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czechs&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czechs&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This number is a lower estimate, as 2,742,669 people opted out declaring ethnicity in 2011, vast majority of whom were ethnic Czechs as the figure from the 2001 census would suggest, where there were 9.25 million Czechs, excluding <a href="/wiki/Moravians" title="Moravians">Moravians</a> (9.8 million with them included).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czechs&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-auto-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130116234801/http://notes2.czso.cz/cz/sldb2011/cd_sldb2011_11_12/index_html_files/PVCR062.pdf">"Tab. 6.2 Obyvatelstvo podle národnosti podle krajů: výsledky podle trvalého bydliště"</a> [Tab. 6.2 Population by nationality by regions: results for permanent residence] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Czech Statistical Office (CZSO)</i> (in Czech). 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://notes2.czso.cz/cz/sldb2011/cd_sldb2011_11_12/index_html_files/PVCR062.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 16 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Czech+Statistical+Office+%28CZSO%29&rft.atitle=Tab.+6.2+Obyvatelstvo+podle+n%C3%A1rodnosti+podle+kraj%C5%AF%3A+v%C3%BDsledky+podle+trval%C3%A9ho+bydli%C5%A1t%C4%9B&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnotes2.czso.cz%2Fcz%2Fsldb2011%2Fcd_sldb2011_11_12%2Findex_html_files%2FPVCR062.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzechs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/czechia/">"Czech Republic"</a>. CIA – The World Factbook. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210413003102/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/czechia">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Czech+Republic&rft.pub=CIA+%E2%80%93+The+World+Factbook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fczechia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzechs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20200211183222/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-qr_name=ACS_2004_EST_G00_DP2&-ds_name=ACS_2004_EST_G00_&-_lang=en&-_sse=on">"2004 survey"</a>. United States Bureau of Statistics. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-qr_name=ACS_2004_EST_G00_DP2&-ds_name=ACS_2004_EST_G00_&-_lang=en&-_sse=on">the original</a> on 11 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2004+survey&rft.pub=United+States+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffactfinder.census.gov%2Fservlet%2FADPTable%3F_bm%3Dy%26-geo_id%3D01000US%26-qr_name%3DACS_2004_EST_G00_DP2%26-ds_name%3DACS_2004_EST_G00_%26-_lang%3Den%26-_sse%3Don&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzechs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ONU-MPI,_2019-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ONU-MPI,_2019_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ONU-MPI,_2019_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ONU-MPI,_2019_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ONU-MPI,_2019_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ONU-MPI,_2019_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ONU-MPI,_2019_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_Nations,_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs2019" class="citation web cs1">United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.migrationpolicy.org/programs/data-hub/charts/immigrant-and-emigrant-populations-country-origin-and-destination">"Immigrant and Emigrant Populations by Country of Origin and Destination"</a>. <i>Migration Policy Institute</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220319075252/https://www.migrationpolicy.org/programs/data-hub/charts/immigrant-and-emigrant-populations-country-origin-and-destination">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Migration+Policy+Institute&rft.atitle=Immigrant+and+Emigrant+Populations+by+Country+of+Origin+and+Destination&rft.date=2019&rft.au=United+Nations%2C+Department+of+Economic+and+Social+Affairs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.migrationpolicy.org%2Fprograms%2Fdata-hub%2Fcharts%2Fimmigrant-and-emigrant-populations-country-origin-and-destination&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzechs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=110528&PRID=10&PTYPE=109445&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2017&THEME=120&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=">"Data tables, 2016 Census: Ethnic Origin (279), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3), Generation Status (4), Age (12) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces and Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2016 Census - 25% Sample Data"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Statistics_Canada" title="Statistics Canada">Statistics Canada</a></i>. 17 June 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171026161129/http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=110528&PRID=10&PTYPE=109445&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2017&THEME=120&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=">Archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statistics+Canada&rft.atitle=Data+tables%2C+2016+Census%3A+Ethnic+Origin+%28279%29%2C+Single+and+Multiple+Ethnic+Origin+Responses+%283%29%2C+Generation+Status+%284%29%2C+Age+%2812%29+and+Sex+%283%29+for+the+Population+in+Private+Households+of+Canada%2C+Provinces+and+Territories%2C+Census+Metropolitan+Areas+and+Census+Agglomerations%2C+2016+Census+-+25%25+Sample+Data&rft.date=2019-06-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2016%2Fdp-pd%2Fdt-td%2FRp-eng.cfm%3FLANG%3DE%26APATH%3D3%26DETAIL%3D0%26DIM%3D0%26FL%3DA%26FREE%3D0%26GC%3D0%26GID%3D0%26GK%3D0%26GRP%3D1%26PID%3D110528%26PRID%3D10%26PTYPE%3D109445%26S%3D0%26SHOWALL%3D0%26SUB%3D0%26Temporal%3D2017%26THEME%3D120%26VID%3D0%26VNAMEE%3D%26VNAMEF%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzechs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scitanie.sk/obyvatelia/zakladne-vysledky/struktura-obyvatelstva-podla-narodnosti/SR/SK0/SR">"SODB2021 - Obyvatelia - Základné výsledky"</a>. <i>www.scitanie.sk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220531025903/https://www.scitanie.sk/obyvatelia/zakladne-vysledky/struktura-obyvatelstva-podla-narodnosti/SR/SK0/SR">Archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.scitanie.sk&rft.atitle=SODB2021+-+Obyvatelia+-+Z%C3%A1kladn%C3%A9+v%C3%BDsledky&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scitanie.sk%2Fobyvatelia%2Fzakladne-vysledky%2Fstruktura-obyvatelstva-podla-narodnosti%2FSR%2FSK0%2FSR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzechs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scitanie.sk/obyvatelia/zakladne-vysledky/struktura-obyvatelstva-podla-dalsej-narodnosti/SR/SK0/SR">"SODB2021 - Obyvatelia - Základné výsledky"</a>. <i>www.scitanie.sk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220715111536/https://www.scitanie.sk/obyvatelia/zakladne-vysledky/struktura-obyvatelstva-podla-dalsej-narodnosti/SR/SK0/SR">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.scitanie.sk&rft.atitle=SODB2021+-+Obyvatelia+-+Z%C3%A1kladn%C3%A9+v%C3%BDsledky&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scitanie.sk%2Fobyvatelia%2Fzakladne-vysledky%2Fstruktura-obyvatelstva-podla-dalsej-narodnosti%2FSR%2FSK0%2FSR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzechs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ONS2013-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ONS2013_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ONS2013_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/migration1/population-by-country-of-birth-and-nationality/revisions-to-population-by-country-of-birth-and-nationality---calendar-years-2004-to-2013/country-of-birth-and-nationality-tables--2013.xls">"Table 1.3: Overseas-born population in the United Kingdom, excluding some residents in communal establishments, by sex, by country of birth, January 2013 to December 2013"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics" title="Office for National Statistics">Office for National Statistics</a>. 2 July 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160119103407/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/migration1/population-by-country-of-birth-and-nationality/revisions-to-population-by-country-of-birth-and-nationality---calendar-years-2004-to-2013/country-of-birth-and-nationality-tables--2013.xls">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Table+1.3%3A+Overseas-born+population+in+the+United+Kingdom%2C+excluding+some+residents+in+communal+establishments%2C+by+sex%2C+by+country+of+birth%2C+January+2013+to+December+2013&rft.pub=Office+for+National+Statistics&rft.date=2015-07-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fons%2Frel%2Fmigration1%2Fpopulation-by-country-of-birth-and-nationality%2Frevisions-to-population-by-country-of-birth-and-nationality---calendar-years-2004-to-2013%2Fcountry-of-birth-and-nationality-tables--2013.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzechs" class="Z3988"></span> Figure given is the central estimate. See the source for 95 per cent <a href="/wiki/Confidence_interval" title="Confidence interval">confidence intervals</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mzv.cz/buenosaires/cz/vzajemne_vztahy/krajane_v_argentine_paraguayi_a_uruguayi/cesti_krajane_v_argentine_historie_a.html">"Čeští krajané v Argentině - historie a současnost"</a> (in Czech). Velvyslanectví České republiky v Buenos Aires. 11 October 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220324185838/https://www.mzv.cz/buenosaires/cz/vzajemne_vztahy/krajane_v_argentine_paraguayi_a_uruguayi/cesti_krajane_v_argentine_historie_a.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%C4%8Ce%C5%A1t%C3%AD+krajan%C3%A9+v+Argentin%C4%9B+-+historie+a+sou%C4%8Dasnost&rft.pub=Velvyslanectv%C3%AD+%C4%8Cesk%C3%A9+republiky+v+Buenos+Aires&rft.date=2009-10-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mzv.cz%2Fbuenosaires%2Fcz%2Fvzajemne_vztahy%2Fkrajane_v_argentine_paraguayi_a_uruguayi%2Fcesti_krajane_v_argentine_historie_a.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzechs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Joshua_Project-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Joshua_Project_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Joshua_Project_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoshua_Project" class="citation web cs1">Joshua Project. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/11458">"Czech people"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190526024936/https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/11458">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Czech+people&rft.au=Joshua+Project&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjoshuaproject.net%2Fpeople_groups%2F11458&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzechs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/dossiers-pays/republique-tcheque/presentation-de-la-republique-tcheque/">"Présentation de la République tchèque"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220322023005/https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/dossiers-pays/republique-tcheque/presentation-de-la-republique-tcheque/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pr%C3%A9sentation+de+la+R%C3%A9publique+tch%C3%A8que&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.diplomatie.gouv.fr%2Ffr%2Fdossiers-pays%2Frepublique-tcheque%2Fpresentation-de-la-republique-tcheque%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzechs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090126010348/http://epoca.globo.com/edic/214/soci1a.htm">Czech in Brazil</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://incont.stirileprotv.ro/infografice/evolutia-comunitatilor-etnice-in-romania-judetul-unde-sunt-cei-mai-putini-romani-12-6-din-populatia-totala.html">"Evolutia comunitatilor etnice in Romania. Judetul unde sunt cei mai putini romani, 12,6% din populatia totala. Cine se afla la polul opus"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220120081559/https://incont.stirileprotv.ro/infografice/evolutia-comunitatilor-etnice-in-romania-judetul-unde-sunt-cei-mai-putini-romani-12-6-din-populatia-totala.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Evolutia+comunitatilor+etnice+in+Romania.+Judetul+unde+sunt+cei+mai+putini+romani%2C+12%2C6%25+din+populatia+totala.+Cine+se+afla+la+polul+opus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fincont.stirileprotv.ro%2Finfografice%2Fevolutia-comunitatilor-etnice-in-romania-judetul-unde-sunt-cei-mai-putini-romani-12-6-din-populatia-totala.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzechs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sef.pt/pt/Documents/RIFA2022%20vF2a.pdf">"Sefstat"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sefstat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sef.pt%2Fpt%2FDocuments%2FRIFA2022%2520vF2a.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzechs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viewer.moj.go.kr/skin/doc.html?rs=/result/bbs/227&fn=temp_1729503242804100">"2024년 9월 출입국외국인정책 통계월보"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2024%EB%85%84+9%EC%9B%94+%EC%B6%9C%EC%9E%85%EA%B5%AD%EC%99%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%B8%EC%A0%95%EC%B1%85+%ED%86%B5%EA%B3%84%EC%9B%94%EB%B3%B4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fviewer.moj.go.kr%2Fskin%2Fdoc.html%3Frs%3D%2Fresult%2Fbbs%2F227%26fn%3Dtemp_1729503242804100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzechs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Censuses-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Censuses_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Censuses_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Official census data from the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Statistical_Office" title="Czech Statistical Office">Czech Statistical Office</a>: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110221195344/https://www.czso.cz/csu/2008edicniplan.nsf/engt/24003E05ED/$File/4032080119.pdf">"Obyvatelstvo podle náboženského vyznání a pohlaví podle výsledků sčítání lidu v letech 1921, 1930, 1950, 1991 a 2001"</a> [Population by denomination and sex: as measured by 1921, 1930, 1950, 1991 and 2001 censuses] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.czso.cz/csu/2008edicniplan.nsf/engt/24003E05ED/$File/4032080119.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 21 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Obyvatelstvo+podle+n%C3%A1bo%C5%BEensk%C3%A9ho+vyzn%C3%A1n%C3%AD+a+pohlav%C3%AD+podle+v%C3%BDsledk%C5%AF+s%C4%8D%C3%ADt%C3%A1n%C3%AD+lidu+v+letech+1921%2C+1930%2C+1950%2C+1991+a+2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.czso.cz%2Fcsu%2F2008edicniplan.nsf%2Fengt%2F24003E05ED%2F%24File%2F4032080119.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzechs" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.czso.cz/documents/10180/32846217/130055160118.xlsx/8da2b875-fd8c-4a7a-b697-4735cdeaf7f5?version=1.0">"Obyvatelstvo podle náboženské víry a pohlaví podle výsledků sčítání lidu v letech 1921, 1930, 1950, 1991, 2001 a 2011"</a> [Population by religious belief and sex by 1921, 1930, 1950, 1991, 2001 and 2011 censuses]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170117194829/https://www.czso.cz/documents/10180/32846217/130055160118.xlsx/8da2b875-fd8c-4a7a-b697-4735cdeaf7f5?version=1.0">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Obyvatelstvo+podle+n%C3%A1bo%C5%BEensk%C3%A9+v%C3%ADry+a+pohlav%C3%AD+podle+v%C3%BDsledk%C5%AF+s%C4%8D%C3%ADt%C3%A1n%C3%AD+lidu+v+letech+1921%2C+1930%2C+1950%2C+1991%2C+2001+a+2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.czso.cz%2Fdocuments%2F10180%2F32846217%2F130055160118.xlsx%2F8da2b875-fd8c-4a7a-b697-4735cdeaf7f5%3Fversion%3D1.0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzechs" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131104224923/http://www.czso.cz/sldb2011/eng/redakce.nsf/i/tab_7_2_population_by_religious_belief_and_by_regions/$File/PVCR072_ENG.pdf">"2011 Census: Population by religious belief and by regions"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.czso.cz/sldb2011/eng/redakce.nsf/i/tab_7_2_population_by_religious_belief_and_by_regions/$File/PVCR072_ENG.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 4 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2011+Census%3A+Population+by+religious+belief+and+by+regions&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.czso.cz%2Fsldb2011%2Feng%2Fredakce.nsf%2Fi%2Ftab_7_2_population_by_religious_belief_and_by_regions%2F%24File%2FPVCR072_ENG.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzechs" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150221184947/http://www.czso.cz/sldb2011/eng/redakce.nsf/i/tab_7_1_population_by_religious_belief_and_by_municipality_size_groups/$File/PVCR071_ENG.pdf">"2011 Census: Population by religious belief and by municipality size groups"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.czso.cz/sldb2011/eng/redakce.nsf/i/tab_7_1_population_by_religious_belief_and_by_municipality_size_groups/$File/PVCR071_ENG.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 21 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2011+Census%3A+Population+by+religious+belief+and+by+municipality+size+groups&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.czso.cz%2Fsldb2011%2Feng%2Fredakce.nsf%2Fi%2Ftab_7_1_population_by_religious_belief_and_by_municipality_size_groups%2F%24File%2FPVCR071_ENG.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzechs" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220122135853/https://www.czso.cz/csu/scitani2021/nabozenska-vira">"Náboženská víra"</a>. <i>Census 2021</i> (in Czech). <a href="/wiki/Czech_Statistical_Office" title="Czech Statistical Office">Czech Statistical Office</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.czso.cz/csu/scitani2021/nabozenska-vira">the original</a> on 22 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Census+2021&rft.atitle=N%C3%A1bo%C5%BEensk%C3%A1+v%C3%ADra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.czso.cz%2Fcsu%2Fscitani2021%2Fnabozenska-vira&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzechs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Czech_Republic_History-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Czech_Republic_History_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGawdiak" class="citation web cs1">Gawdiak, Ihor. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/czech-republic/4.htm">"Czech Republic: Early History: First Political Units"</a>. <i>Country Studies</i>. U.S. Library of Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200815174257/http://countrystudies.us/czech-republic/4.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Country+Studies&rft.atitle=Czech+Republic%3A+Early+History%3A+First+Political+Units&rft.aulast=Gawdiak&rft.aufirst=Ihor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcountrystudies.us%2Fczech-republic%2F4.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzechs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Czechs_and_the_Lands_of_the_Bohemian_Crown-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Czechs_and_the_Lands_of_the_Bohemian_Crown_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgnew2013" class="citation book cs1">Agnew, Hugh (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vxaq_7TSWI4C"><i>The Czechs and the Lands of the Bohemian Crown</i></a>. Hoover Press. p. 442. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8179-4493-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8179-4493-3"><bdi>978-0-8179-4493-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230928201250/https://books.google.com/books?id=Vxaq_7TSWI4C">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Czechs+and+the+Lands+of+the+Bohemian+Crown&rft.pages=442&rft.pub=Hoover+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-8179-4493-3&rft.aulast=Agnew&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVxaq_7TSWI4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzechs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKobyliński1995" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Kobyliński, Zbigniew (1995). "The Slavs". In <a href="/wiki/Rosamond_McKitterick" title="Rosamond McKitterick">McKitterick, Rosamond</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JcmwuoTsKO0C"><i>The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 1, C.500-c.700</i></a>. Vol. 1, C.500–c.700. Cambridge University Press. p. 531. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-36291-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-36291-7"><bdi>978-0-521-36291-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230928201330/https://books.google.com/books?id=JcmwuoTsKO0C">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Slavs&rft.btitle=The+New+Cambridge+Medieval+History%3A+Volume+1%2C+C.500-c.700&rft.pages=531&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-521-36291-7&rft.aulast=Kobyli%C5%84ski&rft.aufirst=Zbigniew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJcmwuoTsKO0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzechs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Historical_Dictionary_of_the_Czech_State-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Historical_Dictionary_of_the_Czech_State_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Historical_Dictionary_of_the_Czech_State_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Historical_Dictionary_of_the_Czech_State_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Historical_Dictionary_of_the_Czech_State_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rick Fawn, Jiří Hochman. <i>Historical Dictionary of the Czech State</i>. Page xix. <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0810856486" title="Special:BookSources/978-0810856486">978-0810856486</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0810856484" title="Special:BookSources/0810856484">0810856484</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KamusellaNomachi2016-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KamusellaNomachi2016_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomasz_KamusellaMotoki_NomachiCatherine_Gibson2016" class="citation book cs1">Tomasz Kamusella; Motoki Nomachi; Catherine Gibson (29 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=01LeCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA140"><i>The Palgrave Handbook of Slavic Languages, Identities and Borders</i></a>. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 140–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-34839-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-34839-5"><bdi>978-1-137-34839-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230928201250/https://books.google.com/books?id=01LeCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA140#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Palgrave+Handbook+of+Slavic+Languages%2C+Identities+and+Borders&rft.pages=140-&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+UK&rft.date=2016-04-29&rft.isbn=978-1-137-34839-5&rft.au=Tomasz+Kamusella&rft.au=Motoki+Nomachi&rft.au=Catherine+Gibson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D01LeCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzechs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerger2003-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerger2003_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBerger2003">Berger 2003</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fishman2001-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fishman2001_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoshua_A._Fishman2001" class="citation book cs1">Joshua A. Fishman (25 January 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ay0FmRjOLWMC&pg=PA320"><i>Handbook of Language & Ethnic Identity</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 320–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-976139-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-976139-5"><bdi>978-0-19-976139-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Language+%26+Ethnic+Identity&rft.pages=320-&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001-01-25&rft.isbn=978-0-19-976139-5&rft.au=Joshua+A.+Fishman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Day0FmRjOLWMC%26pg%3DPA320&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzechs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHans_Kohn1953" class="citation book cs1">Hans Kohn (1953). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/panslavismitshis00kohn"><i>Pan-Slavism: its history and ideology</i></a></span>. University of Notre Dame Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pan-Slavism%3A+its+history+and+ideology&rft.pub=University+of+Notre+Dame+Press&rft.date=1953&rft.au=Hans+Kohn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpanslavismitshis00kohn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzechs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpal1953" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Spal, Jaromír (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nase-rec.ujc.cas.cz/archiv.php?art=4320">"Původ jména Čech"</a> [Origin of the name <i>Čech</i>]. <i>Naše řeč (Our Speech)</i> (in Czech). <b>36</b> (9–10). The Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic: 263–267. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121209232303/http://nase-rec.ujc.cas.cz/archiv.php?art=4320">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Na%C5%A1e+%C5%99e%C4%8D+%28Our+Speech%29&rft.atitle=P%C5%AFvod+jm%C3%A9na+%C4%8Cech&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=9%E2%80%9310&rft.pages=263-267&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Spal&rft.aufirst=Jarom%C3%ADr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnase-rec.ujc.cas.cz%2Farchiv.php%3Fart%3D4320&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzechs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kamusella2008-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kamusella2008_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFT._Kamusella2008" class="citation book cs1">T. Kamusella (16 December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JzkWDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA501"><i>The Politics of Language and Nationalism in Modern Central Europe</i></a>. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 501–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-58347-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-58347-4"><bdi>978-0-230-58347-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Language+and+Nationalism+in+Modern+Central+Europe&rft.pages=501-&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+UK&rft.date=2008-12-16&rft.isbn=978-0-230-58347-4&rft.au=T.+Kamusella&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJzkWDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA501&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzechs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Luca2007-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Luca2007_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Luca2007_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLucaDi_GiacomoBenincasaPopa2007" class="citation journal cs1">Luca F, Di Giacomo F, Benincasa T, Popa LO, Banyko J, Kracmarova A, Malaspina P, Novelletto A, Brdicka R (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://art.torvergata.it/bitstream/2108/35058/1/Luca_AJPA_2007.pdf">"Y-chromosomal variation in the Czech Republic"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Am. J. Phys. Anthropol</i>. <b>132</b> (1): 132–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fajpa.20500">10.1002/ajpa.20500</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2108%2F35058">2108/35058</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17078035">17078035</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220731080604/https://art.torvergata.it/bitstream/2108/35058/1/Luca_AJPA_2007.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 31 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Am.+J.+Phys.+Anthropol.&rft.atitle=Y-chromosomal+variation+in+the+Czech+Republic&rft.volume=132&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=132-9&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2108%2F35058&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17078035&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fajpa.20500&rft.aulast=Luca&rft.aufirst=F&rft.au=Di+Giacomo%2C+F&rft.au=Benincasa%2C+T&rft.au=Popa%2C+LO&rft.au=Banyko%2C+J&rft.au=Kracmarova%2C+A&rft.au=Malaspina%2C+P&rft.au=Novelletto%2C+A&rft.au=Brdicka%2C+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fart.torvergata.it%2Fbitstream%2F2108%2F35058%2F1%2FLuca_AJPA_2007.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzechs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Indo-European-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Indo-European_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Indo-European_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaakLazaridisPattersonRohland2015" class="citation journal cs1">Haak, Wolfgang; Lazaridis, Iosif; Patterson, Nick; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Llamas, Bastien; Brandt, Guido; Nordenfelt, Susanne; Harney, Eadaoin; Stewardson, Kristin; Fu, Qiaomei (11 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5048219">"Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i>. <b>522</b> (7555): 207–211. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1502.02783">1502.02783</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015Natur.522..207H">2015Natur.522..207H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature14317">10.1038/nature14317</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836">0028-0836</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5048219">5048219</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25731166">25731166</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Massive+migration+from+the+steppe+was+a+source+for+Indo-European+languages+in+Europe&rft.volume=522&rft.issue=7555&rft.pages=207-211&rft.date=2015-06-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5048219%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015Natur.522..207H&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1502.02783&rft.issn=0028-0836&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature14317&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25731166&rft.aulast=Haak&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rft.au=Lazaridis%2C+Iosif&rft.au=Patterson%2C+Nick&rft.au=Rohland%2C+Nadin&rft.au=Mallick%2C+Swapan&rft.au=Llamas%2C+Bastien&rft.au=Brandt%2C+Guido&rft.au=Nordenfelt%2C+Susanne&rft.au=Harney%2C+Eadaoin&rft.au=Stewardson%2C+Kristin&rft.au=Fu%2C+Qiaomei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5048219&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzechs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurry2019" class="citation news cs1">Curry, Andrew (August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306235330/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/first-europeans-immigrants-genetic-testing-feature">"The first Europeans weren't who you might think"</a>. <i>National Geographic</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/first-europeans-immigrants-genetic-testing-feature">the original</a> on 6 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=The+first+Europeans+weren%27t+who+you+might+think&rft.date=2019-08&rft.aulast=Curry&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fculture%2Farticle%2Ffirst-europeans-immigrants-genetic-testing-feature&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzechs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibbons2017" class="citation journal cs1">Gibbons, Ann (21 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/content/article/thousands-horsemen-may-have-swept-bronze-age-europe-transforming-local-population">"Thousands of horsemen may have swept into Bronze Age Europe, transforming the local population"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220925154535/https://www.science.org/content/article/thousands-horsemen-may-have-swept-bronze-age-europe-transforming-local-population">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=In+search+of+%27Forefather+Czech%27+%E2%80%93+DNA+tests+disclose+remote+ancestors&rft.pub=Radio+Prague&rft.date=2007-05-10&rft.aulast=Hor%C3%A1kov%C3%A1&rft.aufirst=Pavla&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.radio.cz%2Fen%2Fsection%2Fpanorama%2Fin-search-of-forefather-czech-dna-tests-disclose-remote-ancestors&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzechs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bohemia and Poland. Chapter 20.pp 512-513. [in:] Timothy Reuter. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Radio.cz&rft.atitle=Ethnic+German+Minorities+in+the+Czech+Republic%2C+Poland+and+Slovakia&rft.date=2002-04-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.radio.cz%2Fen%2Farticle%2F27184&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzechs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131010121551/http://www.czech.cz/en/czech-republic/history/all-about-czech-history/the-habsburg-monarchy-and-rudolph-ii/">"The Habsburg Monarchy and Rudolph II"</a>. <i>Czech.cz</i>. 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Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 450.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rothschild, Joseph. 1974. <i>East Central Europe between the Two World Wars.</i> Seattle: University of Washington Press, p. 366.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928050554/http://www.britskelisty.cz/9808/19980821h.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Day when tanks destroyed Czech dreams of Prague Spring" (<i>Den, kdy tanky zlikvidovaly české sny Pražského jara</i>) at Britské Listy (British Letters)"</a>. <i>Britskelisty.cz</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britskelisty.cz&rft.atitle=%22Day+when+tanks+destroyed+Czech+dreams+of+Prague+Spring%22+%28Den%2C+kdy+tanky+zlikvidovaly+%C4%8Desk%C3%A9+sny+Pra%C5%BEsk%C3%A9ho+jara%29+at+Britsk%C3%A9+Listy+%28British+Letters%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britskelisty.cz%2F9808%2F19980821h.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzechs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radio.cz/en/article/61781">The Czech ethnic minority in Romania</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081219224422/http://www.radio.cz/en/article/61781">Archived</a> 19 December 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 29 December 2004 – Radio Prague</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.praguepost.com/articles/2007/10/31/home-stretch.php">Government completes 13-year program to integrate Kazakh Czechs</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220116195934/https://www.praguepost.com/articles/2007/10/31/home-stretch.php">Archived</a> 16 January 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Prague Post, 31 October 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.penize.cz/zamestnani/18661-prace-v-evropske-unii-jake-mame-moznosti">"Práce v Evropské unii: jaké máme možnosti? penize.cz"</a>. <i>Penize.cz</i>. 23 February 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141126180249/http://www.penize.cz/zamestnani/18661-prace-v-evropske-unii-jake-mame-moznosti">Archived</a> from the original on 26 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Penize.cz&rft.atitle=Pr%C3%A1ce+v+Evropsk%C3%A9+unii%3A+jak%C3%A9+m%C3%A1me+mo%C5%BEnosti%3F+penize.cz&rft.date=2007-02-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.penize.cz%2Fzamestnani%2F18661-prace-v-evropske-unii-jake-mame-moznosti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzechs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.myczechrepublic.com/czech-history/king-charles-IV.html">"Charles IV (Karel IV.) – Czech king and Holy Roman Emperor"</a>. <i>Myczechrepublic.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402073527/http://www.myczechrepublic.com/czech-history/king-charles-IV.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Myczechrepublic.com&rft.atitle=Charles+IV+%28Karel+IV.%29+%E2%80%93+Czech+king+and+Holy+Roman+Emperor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.myczechrepublic.com%2Fczech-history%2Fking-charles-IV.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzechs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.travel.cz/guide/263/index_en.html">"Travel guide – Luxembourg dynasty (1310–1378) – accommodation in hotels and apartments – Travel.cz"</a>. <i>Travel.cz</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141105034105/http://www.travel.cz/guide/263/index_en.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Travel.cz&rft.atitle=Travel+guide+%E2%80%93+Luxembourg+dynasty+%281310%E2%80%931378%29+%E2%80%93+accommodation+in+hotels+and+apartments+%E2%80%93+Travel.cz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.travel.cz%2Fguide%2F263%2Findex_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzechs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.kenyon.edu/projects/margin/hus2.htm">"Jan Hus"</a>. <i>2.kenyon.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150523180117/http://www2.kenyon.edu/projects/margin/hus2.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=2.kenyon.edu&rft.atitle=Jan+Hus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.kenyon.edu%2Fprojects%2Fmargin%2Fhus2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzechs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apuritansmind.com/ChristianWalk/McMahonComenius.htm">Jan Amos Comenius</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080115005439/http://www.apuritansmind.com/ChristianWalk/McMahonComenius.htm">Archived</a> 15 January 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20070801121954/http://www.vitejte.cz/objekt.php?oid=4378&j=en">"VITEJTE.CZ : Josef Jungmann (1773-1847),Josef Jungmann (1773-1847),Jo…"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Radio.cz&rft.atitle=VACLAV+HAVEL&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.radio.cz%2Fen%2Farticle%2F36022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzechs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vlada.cz/cz/clenove-vlady/historie-minulych-vlad/rejstrik-predsedu-vlad/default.htm">"Rejstřík předsedů vlád"</a>. <i>Vlada.cz</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120619000424/http://www.vlada.cz/cz/clenove-vlady/historie-minulych-vlad/rejstrik-predsedu-vlad/default.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 19 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vlada.cz&rft.atitle=Rejst%C5%99%C3%ADk+p%C5%99edsed%C5%AF+vl%C3%A1d&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vlada.cz%2Fcz%2Fclenove-vlady%2Fhistorie-minulych-vlad%2Frejstrik-predsedu-vlad%2Fdefault.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzechs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radio.cz/en/article/29360">"Radio Prague – Milos Zeman – outgoing prime minister"</a>. <i>Radio.cz</i>. 19 June 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090126093023/http://www.radio.cz/en/article/29360">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Radio.cz&rft.atitle=Radio+Prague+%E2%80%93+Milos+Zeman+%E2%80%93+outgoing+prime+minister&rft.date=2002-06-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.radio.cz%2Fen%2Farticle%2F29360&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzechs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Czechsite-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Czechsite_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Czechsite_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.czechsite.com/czechs.html">"CzechSite: Famous Czechs"</a>. <i>Czechsite.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220111175251/http://czechsite.com/czechs.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Czechsite.com&rft.atitle=CzechSite%3A+Famous+Czechs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.czechsite.com%2Fczechs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzechs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radio.cz/en/article/92571">"Radio Prague – Antonin Panenka – the footballer Pele described as "either a genius or a madman"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Radio.cz</i>. 20 June 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100811005118/http://www.radio.cz/en/article/92571">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Radio.cz&rft.atitle=Radio+Prague+%E2%80%93+Antonin+Panenka+%E2%80%93+the+footballer+Pele+described+as+%22either+a+genius+or+a+madman%22&rft.date=2007-06-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.radio.cz%2Fen%2Farticle%2F92571&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzechs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosef" class="citation web cs1">Josef, Ladislav. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071222171333/http://www.uefa.com/uefa/history/associationweeks/association%3D58837/newsId%3D144731.html">"Masopust's memory lingers on"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Members.tripod.com&rft.atitle=Political+subdivision+of+Bohemia%2C+Moravia+and+Silesia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmembers.tripod.com%2F~zlimpkk%2FGenealogy%2Fadmin.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzechs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131010120024/http://www.czech.cz/en/czech-republic/geography/area-size/">"The Area of the Czech Republic"</a>. <i>Czech.cz</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Czech.cz&rft.atitle=The+Area+of+the+Czech+Republic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.czech.cz%2Fen%2Fczech-republic%2Fgeography%2Farea-size%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzechs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.czech.cz/en/culture/regions-attractivity-and-diversity/">Czech regions – Czech republic</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080104235303/http://www.czech.cz/en/culture/regions-attractivity-and-diversity/">Archived</a> 4 January 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nvtc.gov/lotw/months/december/Czech.html#dial">"National Virtual Translation Center"</a>. <i>Federal Bureau of Investigation</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090126095031/http://www.nvtc.gov/lotw/months/december/Czech.html#dial">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Federal+Bureau+of+Investigation&rft.atitle=National+Virtual+Translation+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nvtc.gov%2Flotw%2Fmonths%2Fdecember%2FCzech.html%23dial&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzechs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Czechl-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Czechl_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Czechl_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080118015600/http://www.czech.cz/en/culture/czech-arts/czech-language-and-literature/the-czech-language/">"Czech language"</a>. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Czech Republic. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.czech.cz/en/culture/czech-arts/czech-language-and-literature/the-czech-language/">the original</a> on 18 January 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Czech+language&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs+of+the+Czech+Republic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.czech.cz%2Fen%2Fculture%2Fczech-arts%2Fczech-language-and-literature%2Fthe-czech-language%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzechs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrederik_Kortlandt" class="citation web cs1">Frederik Kortlandt. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kortlandt.nl/publications/art066e.pdf">"From Proto-Indo-European to Slavic"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Kortlandt.nl</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150102075412/http://www.kortlandt.nl/publications/art066e.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kortlandt.nl&rft.atitle=From+Proto-Indo-European+to+Slavic&rft.au=Frederik+Kortlandt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kortlandt.nl%2Fpublications%2Fart066e.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzechs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.czech-language.cz/overview/origin.html">"The Czech Language on WWW"</a>. <i>Czech-language.cz</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181220051150/http://www.czech-language.cz/overview/origin.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Czech-language.cz&rft.atitle=The+Czech+Language+on+WWW&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.czech-language.cz%2Foverview%2Forigin.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzechs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Felix Staar, <i>Communist regimes in Eastern Europe</i>, Issue 269, p. 90</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/">"U.S. Census website"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180804222046/http://www.census.gov/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft.atitle=U.S.+Census+website&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzechs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStatistics_Canada2013" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Statistics_Canada" title="Statistics Canada">Statistics Canada</a> (8 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?TABID=2&LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=1118296&GK=0&GRP=0&PID=105396&PRID=0&PTYPE=105277&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2013&THEME=95&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=&D1=0&D2=0&D3=0&D4=0&D5=0&D6=0">"2011 National Household Survey: Data tables"</a>. <i>12.statcan.gc.ca</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224190955/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?TABID=2&LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=1118296&GK=0&GRP=0&PID=105396&PRID=0&PTYPE=105277&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2013&THEME=95&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=&D1=0&D2=0&D3=0&D4=0&D5=0&D6=0%20">Archived</a> from the original on 24 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=12.statcan.gc.ca&rft.atitle=2011+National+Household+Survey%3A+Data+tables&rft.date=2013-05-08&rft.au=Statistics+Canada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fnhs-enm%2F2011%2Fdp-pd%2Fdt-td%2FRp-eng.cfm%3FTABID%3D2%26LANG%3DE%26APATH%3D3%26DETAIL%3D0%26DIM%3D0%26FL%3DA%26FREE%3D0%26GC%3D0%26GID%3D1118296%26GK%3D0%26GRP%3D0%26PID%3D105396%26PRID%3D0%26PTYPE%3D105277%26S%3D0%26SHOWALL%3D0%26SUB%3D0%26Temporal%3D2013%26THEME%3D95%26VID%3D0%26VNAMEE%3D%26VNAMEF%3D%26D1%3D0%26D2%3D0%26D3%3D0%26D4%3D0%26D5%3D0%26D6%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzechs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714131850/http://www.immi.gov.au/media/publications/statistics/immigration-update/people-australia-2013-statistics.pdf">"The People of Australia – Statistics from the 2011 Census"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Australian Government. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.immi.gov.au/media/publications/statistics/immigration-update/people-australia-2013-statistics.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 14 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+People+of+Australia+%E2%80%93+Statistics+from+the+2011+Census&rft.pub=Australian+Government&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.immi.gov.au%2Fmedia%2Fpublications%2Fstatistics%2Fimmigration-update%2Fpeople-australia-2013-statistics.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzechs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czechs&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgnew2004" class="citation book cs1">Agnew, Hugh (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PW_Oo2PQwocC"><i>The Czechs and the Lands of the Bohemian Crown</i></a>. Hoover Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8179-4492-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8179-4492-6"><bdi>978-0-8179-4492-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Czechs+and+the+Lands+of+the+Bohemian+Crown&rft.pub=Hoover+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8179-4492-6&rft.aulast=Agnew&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPW_Oo2PQwocC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzechs" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerger2003" class="citation journal cs1">Berger, Tilman (July 2003). "Slovaks in Czechia—Czechs in Slovakia". <i>International Journal of the Sociology of Language</i> (162). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fijsl.2003.035">10.1515/ijsl.2003.035</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+the+Sociology+of+Language&rft.atitle=Slovaks+in+Czechia%E2%80%94Czechs+in+Slovakia&rft.issue=162&rft.date=2003-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fijsl.2003.035&rft.aulast=Berger&rft.aufirst=Tilman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzechs" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPánek2009" class="citation book cs1">Pánek, Jaroslav (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hMwrAQAAIAAJ"><i>A History of the Czech Lands</i></a>. Charles University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-80-246-1645-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-80-246-1645-2"><bdi>978-80-246-1645-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Czech+Lands&rft.pub=Charles+University&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-80-246-1645-2&rft.aulast=P%C3%A1nek&rft.aufirst=Jaroslav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhMwrAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzechs" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing2005" class="citation book cs1">King, Jeremy (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q9vFaJt98hIC"><i>Budweisers Into Czechs and Germans: A Local History of Bohemian Politics, 1848–1948</i></a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-12234-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-12234-2"><bdi>0-691-12234-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Budweisers+Into+Czechs+and+Germans%3A+A+Local+History+of+Bohemian+Politics%2C+1848%E2%80%931948&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-691-12234-2&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ9vFaJt98hIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzechs" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiskemann1967" class="citation book cs1">Wiskemann, Elizabeth (1967). <i>Czechs & Germans: a study of the struggle in the historic provinces of Bohemia and Moravia</i>. Royal Institute of International Affairs; Macmillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Czechs+%26+Germans%3A+a+study+of+the+struggle+in+the+historic+provinces+of+Bohemia+and+Moravia&rft.pub=Royal+Institute+of+International+Affairs%3B+Macmillan&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Wiskemann&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzechs" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMastny1971" class="citation book cs1">Mastny, Vojtech (1971). <i>The Czechs under Nazi Rule</i>. Columbia University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Czechs+under+Nazi+Rule&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Mastny&rft.aufirst=Vojtech&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzechs" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHermann1975" class="citation book cs1">Hermann, Adolf Hanus (1975). <i>A History of the Czechs</i>. Lane, Allen.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Czechs&rft.pub=Lane%2C+Allen&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Hermann&rft.aufirst=Adolf+Hanus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzechs" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVyšný1977" class="citation book cs1">Vyšný, Paul (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-LUDJVpv3cAC"><i>Neo-Slavism and the Czechs 1898–1914</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-21230-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-21230-4"><bdi>978-0-521-21230-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Neo-Slavism+and+the+Czechs+1898%E2%80%931914&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-521-21230-4&rft.aulast=Vy%C5%A1n%C3%BD&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-LUDJVpv3cAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzechs" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czechs&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Slavic_studies_journals" title="List of Slavic studies journals">List of Slavic studies journals</a></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHroch2004" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Miroslav_Hroch" title="Miroslav Hroch">Hroch, Miroslav</a> (2004). "From ethnic group toward the modern nation: the Czech case". <i><a href="/wiki/Nations_and_Nationalism_(journal)" title="Nations and Nationalism (journal)">Nations and Nationalism</a></i>. <b>10</b> (1–2): 95–107. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1354-5078.2004.00157.x">10.1111/j.1354-5078.2004.00157.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nations+and+Nationalism&rft.atitle=From+ethnic+group+toward+the+modern+nation%3A+the+Czech+case&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=95-107&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1354-5078.2004.00157.x&rft.aulast=Hroch&rft.aufirst=Miroslav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzechs" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoly1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ladislav_Hol%C3%BD" title="Ladislav Holý">Holy, Ladislav</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dVS94jVQAE8C"><i>The Little Czech and the Great Czech Nation: National Identity and the Post-Communist Social Transformation</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-55469-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-55469-5"><bdi>978-0-521-55469-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Little+Czech+and+the+Great+Czech+Nation%3A+National+Identity+and+the+Post-Communist+Social+Transformation&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-521-55469-5&rft.aulast=Holy&rft.aufirst=Ladislav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdVS94jVQAE8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzechs" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czechs&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External 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<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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Latvians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusians_in_Lithuania" title="Belarusians in Lithuania">Belarusian Lithuanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_minority_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Belarusian minority in Poland">Belarusian Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusians_in_Russia" title="Belarusians in Russia">Belarusian Russians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boykos" title="Boykos">Boykos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossacks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albazinians" title="Albazinians">Albazinians</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baikal_Cossacks" title="Baikal Cossacks">Baikal Cossacks</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Cossacks" title="Don Cossacks">Don Cossacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuban_Cossacks" title="Kuban Cossacks">Kuban Cossacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekrasov_Cossacks" title="Nekrasov Cossacks">Nekrasov Cossacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Cossacks" title="Siberian Cossacks">Siberian Cossacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terek_Cossacks" title="Terek Cossacks">Terek Cossacks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greben_Cossacks" title="Greben Cossacks">Greben Cossacks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaporozhian_Cossacks" title="Zaporozhian Cossacks">Zaporozhian Cossacks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuban_Cossacks" title="Kuban Cossacks">Kuban Cossacks</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurans_(Transbaikal_people)" title="Gurans (Transbaikal people)">Gurans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutsuls" title="Hutsuls">Hutsuls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karyms" title="Karyms">Karyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemkos" title="Lemkos">Lemkos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molokan" class="mw-redirect" title="Molokan">Molokans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podlashuks" title="Podlashuks">Podlashuks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poleshuks" title="Poleshuks">Poleshuks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doukhobors" title="Doukhobors">Doukhobors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goryuns" title="Goryuns">Goryuns</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harbin_Russians" title="Harbin Russians">Harbin Russians</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamchadals" title="Kamchadals">Kamchadals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamenschik" title="Kamenschik">Kamenschiks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipovans" title="Lipovans">Lipovans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polekhs" title="Polekhs">Polekhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomors" title="Pomors">Pomors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semeiskie" title="Semeiskie">Semeiskie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberians" title="Siberians">Siberians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_old-settlers" title="Russian old-settlers">Starozhily</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusyns" title="Rusyns">Rusyns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Rusyns" title="Pannonian Rusyns">Pannonian Rusyns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusyns_of_Romania" title="Rusyns of Romania">Rusyn Romanians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Podolyans" title="Podolyans">Podolyans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvin#Ethnic_group_in_Ukraine" title="Litvin">Litvins</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Slavic_europe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Slavic_europe.svg/100px-Slavic_europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Slavic_europe.svg/150px-Slavic_europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Slavic_europe.svg/200px-Slavic_europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="520" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Slavs" title="West Slavs">West Slavs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Czechs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chods" title="Chods">Chods</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorals" title="Gorals">Gorals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Gorals" title="Silesian Gorals">Silesian Gorals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashubians" title="Kashubians">Kashubians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gochy" title="Gochy">Gochans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krubans" title="Krubans">Krubans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovincians" title="Slovincians">Slovincians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lechites" title="Lechites">Lechites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masurians" title="Masurians">Masurians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravians" title="Moravians">Moravians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bambers" title="Bambers">Bambers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borderlands_Poles" title="Borderlands Poles">Borderlands Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bug_River_Poles" title="Bug River Poles">Bug River Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_people" title="Greater Poland people">Greater Poland people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaliszans" title="Kaliszans">Kaliszans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuyavians" title="Kuyavians">Kuyavians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%C5%9Btaks" title="Taśtaks">Taśtaks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kociewie#Kociewians" title="Kociewie">Kociewians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurpie" title="Kurpie">Kurpies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lasovians" title="Lasovians">Lasovians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C4%99czycans" title="Łęczycans">Łęczycans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_Poland_people" title="Lesser Poland people">Lesser Poland people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masovians" title="Masovians">Masovians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%81owiczans" title="Łowiczans">Łowiczans</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mi%C4%99dzyrzec_Boyars" title="Międzyrzec Boyars">Międzyrzec Boyars</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poborzans" title="Poborzans">Poborzans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Uplanders" title="Polish Uplanders">Polish Uplanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_minority_in_Russia" title="Polish minority in Russia">Russian Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%85cz_Lachs" title="Sącz Lachs">Sącz Lachs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sieradzans" title="Sieradzans">Sieradzans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warmians_(ethnic_group)" title="Warmians (ethnic group)">Warmians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obotrites" title="Obotrites">Obotrites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhrpolen" title="Ruhrpolen">Ruhrpolen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesians" title="Silesians">Silesians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cieszyn_Vlachs" title="Cieszyn Vlachs">Cieszyn Vlachs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovaks" title="Slovaks">Slovaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorbs" title="Sorbs">Sorbs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Sorbian_language" title="Lower Sorbian language">Lower Sorbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wends" title="Wends">Wends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wends_of_Texas" title="Wends of Texas">Texas Wends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Sorbian_language" title="Upper Sorbian language">Upper Sorbs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Slavs" title="South Slavs">South Slavs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosniaks" title="Bosniaks">Bosniaks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosniaks_in_Albania" title="Bosniaks in Albania">Bosniak Albanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosniaks_of_Croatia" title="Bosniaks of Croatia">Bosniak Croatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosniaks_in_Kosovo" title="Bosniaks in Kosovo">Bosniak Kosovars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosniaks_of_Montenegro" title="Bosniaks of Montenegro">Bosniak Montenegrins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosniaks_of_Serbia" title="Bosniaks of Serbia">Bosniak Serbians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarians" title="Bulgarians">Bulgarians</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Bulgarians" title="Anatolian Bulgarians">Anatolian Bulgarians</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banat_Bulgarians" title="Banat Bulgarians">Banat Bulgarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessarabian_Bulgarians" title="Bessarabian Bulgarians">Bessarabian Bulgarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarians_in_Albania" title="Bulgarians in Albania">Bulgarian Albanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarians_in_Croatia" title="Bulgarians in Croatia">Bulgarian Croatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarians_in_Hungary" title="Bulgarians in Hungary">Bulgarian Hungarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarians_in_Italy" title="Bulgarians in Italy">Bulgarian Italians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Bulgarians" title="Macedonian Bulgarians">Macedonian Bulgarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomaks" title="Pomaks">Pomaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_Bulgarians" title="Thracian Bulgarians">Thracian Bulgarians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croats" title="Croats">Croats</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bunjevci" title="Bunjevci">Bunjevci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgenland_Croats" title="Burgenland Croats">Burgenland Croats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croat_Muslims" title="Croat Muslims">Croat Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janjevci" title="Janjevci">Janjevci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krashovani" title="Krashovani">Krashovani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molise_Croats" title="Molise Croats">Molise Croats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0okci" title="Šokci">Šokci</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorani_people" title="Gorani people">Gorani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonians_(ethnic_group)" title="Macedonians (ethnic group)">Macedonians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macedonians_in_Albania" title="Macedonians in Albania">Albanian Macedonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Macedonians_in_Bulgaria" title="Ethnic Macedonians in Bulgaria">Bulgarian Macedonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mijaks" title="Mijaks">Mijaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Muslims" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonian Muslims">Torbeši</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrins" title="Montenegrins">Montenegrins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslims_(ethnic_group)" title="Muslims (ethnic group)">Ethnic Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resia,_Friuli" class="mw-redirect" title="Resia, Friuli">Resians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbs_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnian and Herzegovinian Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Serbs" title="Kosovo Serbs">Kosovo Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbs_of_North_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbs of North Macedonia">Macedonian Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbs_of_Montenegro" title="Serbs of Montenegro">Montenegrin Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbs_of_Croatia" title="Serbs of Croatia">Croatian Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbs_in_Vojvodina" title="Serbs in Vojvodina">Vojvodina Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serb_Muslims" title="Serb Muslims">Serb Muslims</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shopi" title="Shopi">Shopi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_speakers_of_Greek_Macedonia" title="Slavic speakers of Greek Macedonia">Slavic speakers of Greek Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenes" title="Slovenes">Slovenes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carinthian_Slovenes" title="Carinthian Slovenes">Carinthian Slovenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenes_of_Croatia" title="Slovenes of Croatia">Croatian Slovenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Slovenes" title="Hungarian Slovenes">Hungarian Slovenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_minority_in_Italy" title="Slovene minority in Italy">Italian Slovenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prekmurje_Slovenes" title="Prekmurje Slovenes">Prekmurje Slovenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavia_Friulana" title="Slavia Friulana">Venetian Slavs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavs" title="Yugoslavs">Yugoslavs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170217#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170217#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170217#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/886455/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Czechs"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85035334">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Tchèques"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119714866">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Tchèques"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119714866">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00577676">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Češi"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph128067&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007540980305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10648567">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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