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class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"DST" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/DST_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="DST (disambiguation)">DST (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the film, see <a href="/wiki/Daylight_Savings_(film)" title="Daylight Savings (film)">Daylight Savings (film)</a>.</div> Daylight saving time (DST), also referred to as daylight saving(s), daylight savings time, daylight time (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time_in_the_United_States" title="Daylight saving time in the United States">United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time_in_Canada" title="Daylight saving time in Canada">Canada</a>), or summer time (<a href="/wiki/British_Summer_Time" title="British Summer Time">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Summer_time_in_Europe" title="Summer time in Europe">European Union</a>, and others), is the practice of advancing clocks to make better use of the longer daylight available during <a href="/wiki/Summer" title="Summer">summer</a> so that darkness falls at a later clock time. The typical implementation of DST is to set clocks forward by one hour in <a href="/wiki/Spring_(season)" title="Spring (season)">spring</a> or late winter, and to set clocks back by one hour to <a href="/wiki/Standard_time" title="Standard time">standard time</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Autumn" title="Autumn">autumn</a> (or fall in North American English, hence the <a href="/wiki/Mnemonic" title="Mnemonic">mnemonic</a>: "spring forward and fall back"). <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DST_Countries_Map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="World map. Europe, most of North America, parts of southern South America and southeastern Australia, and a few other places use DST. Most of equatorial Africa and a few other places near the equator have never used DST as the seasons are not marked by drastic changes in light. The rest of the landmass is marked as formerly using DST." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/DST_Countries_Map.png/330px-DST_Countries_Map.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/DST_Countries_Map.png/495px-DST_Countries_Map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/DST_Countries_Map.png/660px-DST_Countries_Map.png 2x" data-file-width="4952" data-file-height="2197"></a><figcaption>Daylight saving time regions: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a> summer</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a> summer</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> Formerly used daylight saving</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> Never used daylight saving</div></figcaption></figure> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Overview">1 Overview</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Rationale">2 Rationale</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Variation_within_a_time_zone">2.1 Variation within a time zone</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#History">3 History</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Procedure">4 Procedure</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Politics,_religion_and_sport">5 Politics, religion and sport</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Religion">5.1 Religion</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Effects">6 Effects</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Effects_on_electricity_consumption">6.1 Effects on electricity consumption</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Economic_effects">6.2 Economic effects</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Effects_on_health">6.3 Effects on health</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Effects_on_social_relations">6.4 Effects on social relations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Inconvenience">6.5 Inconvenience</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Remediation">6.6 Remediation</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Terminology">7 Terminology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Computing">8 Computing</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#IANA_time_zone_database">8.1 IANA time zone database</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Opposition_to_clock_changes">9 Opposition to clock changes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#See_also">10 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Notes">11 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#References">12 References</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Sources">12.1 Sources</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#Further_reading">13 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#External_links">14 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Daylight_saving_time&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> DST is not usually observed near the <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">Equator</a>, where sunrise and sunset times do not vary enough to justify it; conversely, it is often not observed in places at high latitudes where a one-hour clock shift would provide little benefit because of the wide variations in sunrise and sunset times. Consequently, only 34 percent of the world's countries use DST.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> Some countries observe it only in some regions: in Canada, Yukon, most of Saskatchewan, as well as parts of Nunavut, Ontario, British Columbia and Quebec do not observe DST; in addition, it is observed by four Australian states and one territory; and in the United States, it is observed by all states except Hawaii and Arizona (within the latter, however, the <a href="/wiki/Navajo_Nation" title="Navajo Nation">Navajo Nation</a> does observe it).<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Historically, several ancient societies adopted seasonal changes to their timekeeping to make better use of daylight; <a href="/wiki/Roman_timekeeping" title="Roman timekeeping">Roman timekeeping</a> even included changes to <a href="/wiki/Water_clock" title="Water clock">water clocks</a> to accommodate this. However, these were changes to the time divisions of the day rather than setting the whole clock forward. In a satirical letter to the editor of the <a href="/wiki/Journal_de_Paris" title="Journal de Paris">Journal de Paris</a> in 1784, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a> suggested that if Parisians could only wake up earlier in the summer they would economize on candle and oil usage, but he did not propose changing the clocks.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> In 1895, New Zealand entomologist and astronomer <a href="/wiki/George_Hudson_(entomologist)" title="George Hudson (entomologist)">George Hudson</a> made the first realistic proposal to change clocks by two hours every spring to the <a href="/wiki/Wellington_Philosophical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Wellington Philosophical Society">Wellington Philosophical Society</a>, but this was not implemented until 1928 and in another form.<a href="#cite_note-DNZB-Hudson-5">[5]</a> In 1907, <a href="/wiki/William_Willett" title="William Willett">William Willett</a> proposed the adoption of <a href="/wiki/British_Summer_Time" title="British Summer Time">British Summer Time</a> as a way to save energy; although seriously considered by Parliament, it was not implemented until 1916.<a href="#cite_note-Ogle-6">[6]</a> The first implementation of DST was by <a href="/wiki/Port_Arthur,_Ontario" title="Port Arthur, Ontario">Port Arthur</a> (today merged into <a href="/wiki/Thunder_Bay" title="Thunder Bay">Thunder Bay</a>), in Ontario, Canada, in 1908, but only locally, not nationally.<a href="#cite_note-Northern_Ontario_Travel-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Daylight_Saving_Time-8">[8]</a> The first nation-wide implementations were by the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German</a> and <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian</a> Empires, both starting on 30 April 1916. Since then, <a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time_by_country" title="Daylight saving time by country">many countries</a> have adopted DST at various times, particularly since the <a href="/wiki/1970s_energy_crisis" title="1970s energy crisis">1970s energy crisis</a>. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Rationale">Rationale</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Daylight_saving_time&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Rationale" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clepsydra-Diagram-Fancy.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A water clock. A small human figurine holds a pointer to a cylinder marked by the hours. The cylinder is connected by gears to a water wheel driven by water that also floats, a part that supports the figurine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Clepsydra-Diagram-Fancy.jpeg/170px-Clepsydra-Diagram-Fancy.jpeg" decoding="async" width="170" height="272" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 272px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Clepsydra-Diagram-Fancy.jpeg/170px-Clepsydra-Diagram-Fancy.jpeg" data-alt="A water clock. A small human figurine holds a pointer to a cylinder marked by the hours. The cylinder is connected by gears to a water wheel driven by water that also floats, a part that supports the figurine." data-width="170" data-height="272" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Clepsydra-Diagram-Fancy.jpeg/255px-Clepsydra-Diagram-Fancy.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Clepsydra-Diagram-Fancy.jpeg/340px-Clepsydra-Diagram-Fancy.jpeg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption> An ancient <a href="/wiki/Water_clock" title="Water clock">water clock</a> that lets hour lengths vary with season</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Industrial_society" title="Industrial society">Industrialized societies</a> usually follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year. The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, and the coordination of <a href="/wiki/Public_transport" title="Public transport">mass transit</a>, for example, usually remain constant year-round. In contrast, an <a href="/wiki/Agrarian_society" title="Agrarian society">agrarian society</a>'s daily routines for work and personal conduct are more likely governed by the length of daylight hours<a href="#cite_note-Minnesota-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-RoSPA-10">[10]</a> and by <a href="/wiki/Solar_time" title="Solar time">solar time</a>, which change <a href="/wiki/Season" title="Season">seasonally</a> because of the Earth's <a href="/wiki/Axial_tilt" title="Axial tilt">axial tilt</a>. North and south of the <a href="/wiki/Tropics" title="Tropics">tropics</a>, daylight lasts longer in that hemisphere's summer and is shorter in that hemisphere's <a href="/wiki/Winter" title="Winter">winter</a>, with the effect becoming greater the farther one moves away from the <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">equator</a>. DST is of little use for locations near the Equator, because these regions see only a small variation in daylight over the course of the year. After synchronously resetting all clocks in a region to one hour ahead of standard time in spring in anticipation of longer daylight hours, individuals following a clock-based schedule will be awakened an hour earlier in the solar day than they would have otherwise. They will begin and complete daily work routines an hour earlier; in most cases, they will have an extra hour of daylight available to them after their workday activities.<a href="#cite_note-Hudson_1895_p734-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Seize_the_Daylight''2005115%E2%80%93118-12">[12]</a> The clock shift is partly motivated by practicality. At the summer solstice, in American temperate latitudes, for example, the sun rises around 4:30 standard time and sets around 19:30. Since most people are asleep at 04:30, it is seen as practical to treat 04:30 as if it were 05:30, thereby allowing people to wake closer to the sunrise and be active in the evening light, as the sun under DST sets an hour later (20:30). The longer evening daylight hours are attractive to golfers, for example, while farmers traditionally expressed dislike for having to be out working while dew is still heavy. Proponents of daylight saving time argue that most people prefer more daylight hours after the typical "<a href="/wiki/Working_time#Workweek_structure" title="Working time">nine to five</a>" workday.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Willett100-14">[14]</a> Supporters have also argued that DST decreases <a href="/wiki/Energy_consumption" title="Energy consumption">energy consumption</a> by reducing the need for lighting and heating, but the actual effect on overall energy use is heavily disputed.<a href="#cite_note-Yuhas_2024_x931-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vis%C3%A9_2023_g495-16">[16]</a> For evaluation, it is required to go beyond considering only energy demand for lighting and also consider the energy used for heating or cooling buildings.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Variation_within_a_time_zone">Variation within a time zone</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Daylight_saving_time&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Variation within a time zone" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The effect of daylight saving time also varies according to how far east or west the location is within its <a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">time zone</a>, with locations farther east inside the time zone benefiting more from DST than locations farther west in the same time zone.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> In spite of a width spanning thousands of kilometers, all of China is located within a single time zone per government mandate, minimizing any potential benefit of daylight saving time there. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Daylight_saving_time&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> Ancient civilizations adjusted daily schedules to the sun more flexibly than DST does, often dividing daylight into 12 hours regardless of daytime, so that each daylight hour became progressively longer during spring and shorter during autumn.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> For example, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_timekeeping" title="Roman timekeeping">Romans kept time</a> with <a href="/wiki/Water_clock" title="Water clock">water clocks</a> that had different scales for different months of the year; at Rome's latitude, the third hour from sunrise (<a href="/wiki/Terce" title="Terce">hora tertia</a>) started at 09:02 <a href="/wiki/Solar_time" title="Solar time">solar time</a> and lasted 44 minutes at the winter <a href="/wiki/Solstice" title="Solstice">solstice</a>, but at the summer solstice it started at 06:58 and lasted 75 minutes.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> From the 14th century onward, equal-length civil hours supplanted unequal ones, so <a href="/wiki/Civil_time" title="Civil time">civil time</a> no longer varied by season. Unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as monasteries of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Athos" title="Mount Athos">Mount Athos</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> and in Jewish ceremonies.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a> published the proverb "early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise",<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> and published a letter in the <a href="/wiki/Journal_de_Paris" title="Journal de Paris">Journal de Paris</a> when he was an American <a href="/wiki/Envoy_(title)" title="Envoy (title)">envoy</a> to France (1776–1785) suggesting that Parisians economize on candles by rising earlier to use morning sunlight.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> This 1784 satire proposed taxing window shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells and firing cannons at sunrise.<a href="#cite_note-Franklin-26">[26]</a> Despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST; 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules. However, this changed as rail transport and communication networks required a standardization of clocks unknown in Franklin's day.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> In 1810, the Spanish National Assembly <a href="/wiki/Cortes_of_C%C3%A1diz" title="Cortes of Cádiz">Cortes of Cádiz</a> issued a regulation that moved certain meeting times forward by one hour from 1 May to 30 September in recognition of seasonal changes, but it did not change the clocks. It also acknowledged that private businesses were in the practice of changing their opening hours to suit daylight conditions, but they did so of their volition.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George-Vernon-Hudson-RSNZ.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Fuzzy head-and-shoulders photo of a 40-year-old man with a mustache." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/George-Vernon-Hudson-RSNZ.jpeg/170px-George-Vernon-Hudson-RSNZ.jpeg" decoding="async" width="170" height="277" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1184" data-file-height="1928"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 277px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/George-Vernon-Hudson-RSNZ.jpeg/170px-George-Vernon-Hudson-RSNZ.jpeg" data-alt="Fuzzy head-and-shoulders photo of a 40-year-old man with a mustache." data-width="170" data-height="277" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/George-Vernon-Hudson-RSNZ.jpeg/255px-George-Vernon-Hudson-RSNZ.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/George-Vernon-Hudson-RSNZ.jpeg/340px-George-Vernon-Hudson-RSNZ.jpeg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/George_Hudson_(entomologist)" title="George Hudson (entomologist)">George Hudson</a> was the first to propose modern DST, in 1895.</figcaption></figure> New Zealand entomologist <a href="/wiki/George_Hudson_(entomologist)" title="George Hudson (entomologist)">George Hudson</a> first proposed modern DST. His shift-work job gave him spare time to collect insects and led him to value after-hours daylight.<a href="#cite_note-DNZB-Hudson-5">[5]</a> In 1895, he presented a paper to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_New_Zealand#Regional_Constituent_Organisations" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Society of New Zealand">Wellington Philosophical Society</a> proposing a two-hour daylight-saving shift,<a href="#cite_note-Hudson_1895_p734-11">[11]</a> and considerable interest was expressed in <a href="/wiki/Christchurch" title="Christchurch">Christchurch</a>; he followed up with an 1898 paper.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Many publications credit the DST proposal to prominent English builder and outdoorsman <a href="/wiki/William_Willett" title="William Willett">William Willett</a>,<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> who independently conceived DST in 1907 during a pre-breakfast ride when he observed how many Londoners slept through a large part of a summer day.<a href="#cite_note-Willett100-14">[14]</a> Willett also was an avid golfer who disliked cutting short his round at dusk.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Seize_the_Daylight''20053-32">[32]</a> His solution was to advance the clock during the summer, and he published the proposal two years later.<a href="#cite_note-Willett-33">[33]</a> Liberal Party member of parliament <a href="/wiki/Robert_Pearce_(British_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Pearce (British politician)">Robert Pearce</a> took up the proposal, introducing the first Daylight Saving Bill to the British House of Commons on 12 February 1908.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> A select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearce's bill did not become law and several other bills failed in the following years.<a href="#cite_note-Ogle-6">[6]</a> Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saving_Daylight_-_Save_1,000,000_tons_of_coal_NMAH-AC0433-0000103.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Saving_Daylight_-_Save_1%2C000%2C000_tons_of_coal_NMAH-AC0433-0000103.jpg/170px-Saving_Daylight_-_Save_1%2C000%2C000_tons_of_coal_NMAH-AC0433-0000103.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="298" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="1929"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 298px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Saving_Daylight_-_Save_1%2C000%2C000_tons_of_coal_NMAH-AC0433-0000103.jpg/170px-Saving_Daylight_-_Save_1%2C000%2C000_tons_of_coal_NMAH-AC0433-0000103.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="298" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Saving_Daylight_-_Save_1%2C000%2C000_tons_of_coal_NMAH-AC0433-0000103.jpg/255px-Saving_Daylight_-_Save_1%2C000%2C000_tons_of_coal_NMAH-AC0433-0000103.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Saving_Daylight_-_Save_1%2C000%2C000_tons_of_coal_NMAH-AC0433-0000103.jpg/340px-Saving_Daylight_-_Save_1%2C000%2C000_tons_of_coal_NMAH-AC0433-0000103.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>DST was first implemented in the United States to conserve energy during World War I (poster by <a href="/wiki/United_Cigar_Stores" title="United Cigar Stores">United Cigar Stores</a>).</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Port_Arthur,_Ontario" title="Port Arthur, Ontario">Port Arthur, Ontario</a>, Canada, was the first city in the world to enact DST, on 1 July 1908.<a href="#cite_note-Northern_Ontario_Travel-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Daylight_Saving_Time-8">[8]</a> This was followed by <a href="/wiki/Orillia" title="Orillia">Orillia</a>, Ontario, introduced by William Sword Frost while mayor from 1911 to 1912.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> The first states to adopt DST (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: Sommerzeit) nationally were those of the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> and its <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> ally <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> commencing on 30 April 1916, as a way to conserve coal during wartime. Britain, most of its <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">allies</a>, and many European neutrals soon followed. Russia and a few other countries waited until the next year, and the United States adopted daylight saving in 1918. Most jurisdictions abandoned DST in the years after the war ended in 1918, with exceptions including Canada, the United Kingdom, France, Ireland, and the United States.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> It became common during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> (some countries adopted double summer time), and was standardized in the US by federal law in 1966, and widely adopted in Europe from the 1970s as a result of the <a href="/wiki/1970s_energy_crisis" title="1970s energy crisis">1970s energy crisis</a>. Since then, the world has seen many enactments, adjustments, and repeals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeize_the_Daylight200551%E2%80%9389-37">[37]</a> It is a common myth in the United States that DST was first implemented for the benefit of farmers.<a href="#cite_note-Feltman-2015-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-Victor-2016-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-Klein-40">[40]</a> In reality, farmers have been one of the strongest <a href="/wiki/Lobbying" title="Lobbying">lobbying</a> groups against DST since it was first implemented.<a href="#cite_note-Feltman-2015-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-Victor-2016-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-Klein-40">[40]</a> The factors that influence farming schedules, such as morning <a href="/wiki/Dew" title="Dew">dew</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dairy_cattle" title="Dairy cattle">dairy cattle</a>'s readiness to be milked, are ultimately dictated by the sun, so the clock change introduces unnecessary challenges.<a href="#cite_note-Feltman-2015-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-Klein-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-Time_magazine-41">[41]</a> DST was first implemented in the US with the <a href="/wiki/Standard_Time_Act" title="Standard Time Act">Standard Time Act</a> of 1918, a wartime measure for seven months during World War I in the interest of adding more daylight hours to conserve energy resources.<a href="#cite_note-NPR-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-Time_magazine-41">[41]</a> Year-round DST, or "<a href="/wiki/War_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="War Time">War Time</a>", was implemented again during World War II.<a href="#cite_note-NPR-42">[42]</a> After the war, local jurisdictions were free to choose if and when to observe DST until the <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Time_Act" title="Uniform Time Act">Uniform Time Act</a> which standardized DST in 1966.<a href="#cite_note-NPR-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Permanent daylight saving time was enacted for the winter of 1974, but there were complaints of children going to school in the dark and working people commuting and starting their work day in pitch darkness during the winter, and it was repealed a year later.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Year-round daylight time has been adopted by the <a href="/wiki/Time_in_Saskatchewan" title="Time in Saskatchewan">Canadian province of Saskatchewan</a>, except Lloydminster and area.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Procedure">Procedure</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Daylight_saving_time&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Procedure" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time_by_country" title="Daylight saving time by country">Daylight saving time by country</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:169px;max-width:169px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:167px;max-width:167px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Begin_CEST.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Diagram of a clock showing a transition from 02:00 to 03:00" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Begin_CEST.svg/165px-Begin_CEST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="165" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 165px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Begin_CEST.svg/165px-Begin_CEST.svg.png" data-alt="Diagram of a clock showing a transition from 02:00 to 03:00" data-width="165" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Begin_CEST.svg/248px-Begin_CEST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Begin_CEST.svg/330px-Begin_CEST.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption">When DST observation begins, clocks are advanced by one hour during the very early morning.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:167px;max-width:167px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:End_CEST.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Diagram of a clock showing a transition from 03:00 to 02:00" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/End_CEST.svg/165px-End_CEST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="165" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 165px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/End_CEST.svg/165px-End_CEST.svg.png" data-alt="Diagram of a clock showing a transition from 03:00 to 02:00" data-width="165" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/End_CEST.svg/248px-End_CEST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/End_CEST.svg/330px-End_CEST.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption">When DST observation ends and standard time observation resumes, clocks are turned back one hour during the very early morning. Specific times of the clock change vary by jurisdiction.</div></div></div></div></div> The relevant authorities usually schedule clock changes to occur at (or soon after) <a href="/wiki/Midnight" title="Midnight">midnight</a> and on a weekend, in order to lessen disruption to weekday schedules.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> A one-hour change is usual, but twenty-minute and two-hour changes have been used in the past. Notable exceptions today include <a href="/wiki/Lord_Howe_Island" title="Lord Howe Island">Lord Howe Island</a> with a thirty-minute change, and <a href="/wiki/Troll_(research_station)" title="Troll (research station)">Troll (research station)</a> that shifts two hours directly between CEST and GMT since 2016.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> In all countries that observe daylight saving time seasonally (i.e., during summer and not winter), the clock is advanced from standard time to daylight saving time in the spring, and it is turned back from daylight saving time to standard time in the autumn. For a midnight change in spring, a digital display of local time would appear to jump from 23:59:59.9 to 01:00:00.0. For the same clock in autumn, the local time would appear to repeat the hour preceding midnight, i.e. it would jump from 23:59:59.9 to 23:00:00.0. In most countries that observe seasonal daylight saving time, clocks revert in winter to "<a href="/wiki/Standard_time" title="Standard time">standard time</a>".<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> An exception exists in Ireland, where its winter clock has the same offset (<a href="/wiki/UTC%2B00:00" title="UTC+00:00">UTC+00:00</a>) and legal name as that in Britain (<a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Mean_Time" title="Greenwich Mean Time">Greenwich Mean Time</a>)—but while its summer clock also has the same offset as Britain's (<a href="/wiki/UTC%2B01:00" title="UTC+01:00">UTC+01:00</a>), its legal name is Irish Standard Time<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> as opposed to <a href="/wiki/British_Summer_Time" title="British Summer Time">British Summer Time</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Since 2019, <a href="/wiki/Time_in_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="Time in Morocco">Morocco</a> observes daylight saving time every month but <a href="/wiki/Ramadan_(calendar_month)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramadan (calendar month)">Ramadan</a>. During the holy month (the date of which is determined by the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">lunar calendar</a> and thus moves annually with regard to the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a>), the country's civil clocks observe <a href="/wiki/Western_European_Time" title="Western European Time">Western European Time</a> (UTC+00:00, which geographically overlaps most of the nation). At the close of that month, its clocks are turned forward to <a href="/wiki/Western_European_Summer_Time" title="Western European Summer Time">Western European Summer Time</a> (UTC+01:00).<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-sgg.gov_2018-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> The time at which to change clocks differs across jurisdictions. Members of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> conduct a coordinated change, changing all zones at the same instant, at 01:00 <a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">Coordinated Universal Time</a> (UTC), which means that it changes at 02:00 <a href="/wiki/Central_European_Time" title="Central European Time">Central European Time</a> (CET), equivalent to 03:00 <a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_Time" title="Eastern European Time">Eastern European Time</a> (EET). As a result, the time differences across European time zones remain constant.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-Myers-56">[56]</a> North America coordination of the clock change differs, in that each jurisdiction changes at each local clock's 02:00, which temporarily creates an imbalance with the next time zone (until it adjusts its clock, one hour later, at 2 am there). For example, <a href="/wiki/Mountain_Time_Zone" title="Mountain Time Zone">Mountain Time</a> is for one hour in the spring two hours ahead of <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Time_Zone" title="Pacific Time Zone">Pacific Time</a> instead of the usual one hour ahead, and instead of one hour in the autumn, briefly zero hours ahead of Pacific Time. The dates on which clocks change vary with location and year; consequently, the time differences between regions also vary throughout the year. For example, Central European Time is usually six hours ahead of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Time_Zone" title="Eastern Time Zone">North American Eastern Time</a>, except for a few weeks in March and October/November, while the United Kingdom and mainland Chile could be five hours apart during the northern summer, three hours during the southern summer, and four hours for a few weeks per year. Since 1996, <a href="/wiki/Summer_time_in_Europe" title="Summer time in Europe">European Summer Time</a> has been observed from the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in October; previously the rules were not uniform across the European Union.<a href="#cite_note-Myers-56">[56]</a> Starting in 2007, most of the United States and Canada observed DST from the second Sunday in March to the first Sunday in November, almost two-thirds of the year.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Moreover, the beginning and ending dates are roughly reversed between the northern and southern hemispheres because spring and autumn are displaced six months. For example, mainland Chile observes DST from the second Saturday in October to the second Saturday in March, with transitions at the local clock's <a href="/wiki/24-hour_clock#Midnight_00:00_and_24:00" title="24-hour clock">24:00</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> In some countries, clocks are governed by regional jurisdictions within the country such that some jurisdictions change and others do not; this is currently the case in Australia, Canada, and the United States.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Seize_the_Daylight''2005179%E2%80%93180-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> From year to year, the dates on which to change clock may also move for political or social reasons. The <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Time_Act_of_1966" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniform Time Act of 1966">Uniform Time Act of 1966</a> formalized the United States' period of daylight saving time observation as lasting six months (it was previously declared locally); this period was extended to seven months in 1986, and then to eight months in 2005.<a href="#cite_note-Downing_2018-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-Korch_2015-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> The 2005 extension was motivated in part by lobbyists from the candy industry, seeking to increase profits by including <a href="/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween">Halloween</a> (31 October) within the daylight saving time period.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> In recent history, Australian state jurisdictions not only changed at different local times but sometimes on different dates. For example, in 2008 most states there that observed daylight saving time changed clocks forward on 5 October, but <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a> changed on 26 October.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Politics,_religion_and_sport">Politics, religion and sport</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Daylight_saving_time&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Politics, religion and sport" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> The concept of daylight saving has caused controversy since its early proposals.<a href="#cite_note-Downing-Prerau-66">[66]</a> <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> argued that it enlarges "the opportunities for the pursuit of health and happiness among the millions of people who live in this country"<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> and pundits have dubbed it "Daylight Slaving Time".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Seize_the_Daylight''2005117-68">[68]</a> Retailing, sports, and <a href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">tourism</a> interests have historically favored daylight saving, while agricultural and evening-entertainment interests (and some religious groups<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Seize_the_Daylight''2005[httpsarchiveorgdetailsseizedaylightcur0000prerpage106mode1upq"Gods_time"_106],_[httpsarchiveorgdetailsseizedaylightcur0000prerpage135mode1upq22Godstime22_135],_[httpsarchiveorgdetailsseizedaylightcur0000prerpage154mode1upq22Godstime22_154],_[httpsarchiveorgdetailsseizedaylightcur0000prerpage175mode1upq22Godstime22_175],_[httpsarchiveorgdetailsseizedaylightcur0000prerpage208mode1upq"religious"_208],_[httpsarchiveorgdetailsseizedaylightcur0000prerpage212mode1upq"Jews"_212],_[httpsarchiveorgdetailsseizedaylightcur0000prerpage221mode1upmode1upq"Israel"_221]-222_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Seize_the_Daylight''2005%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsseizedaylightcur0000prerpage106mode1upq%22Gods_time%22_106%5D,_%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsseizedaylightcur0000prerpage135mode1upq22Godstime22_135%5D,_%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsseizedaylightcur0000prerpage154mode1upq22Godstime22_154%5D,_%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsseizedaylightcur0000prerpage175mode1upq22Godstime22_175%5D,_%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsseizedaylightcur0000prerpage208mode1upq%22religious%22_208%5D,_%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsseizedaylightcur0000prerpage212mode1upq%22Jews%22_212%5D,_%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsseizedaylightcur0000prerpage221mode1upmode1upq%22Israel%22_221%5D-222-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-Israel-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-JewsUS-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fitzpatrick2019-72">[72]</a>) have opposed it; energy crises and war prompted its initial adoption.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Seize_the_Daylight''2005xi-73">[73]</a> Willett's 1907 proposal illustrates several political issues. It attracted many supporters, including <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Arthur Balfour</a>, Churchill, <a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">Ramsay MacDonald</a>, King <a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Edward VII</a> (who used half-hour DST or "<a href="/wiki/Sandringham_time" title="Sandringham time">Sandringham time</a>" at Sandringham), the managing director of <a href="/wiki/Harrods" title="Harrods">Harrods</a>, and the manager of the National Bank Ltd.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> However, the opposition proved stronger, including Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">H. H. Asquith</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Christie_(astronomer)" title="William Christie (astronomer)">William Christie</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Astronomer_Royal" title="Astronomer Royal">Astronomer Royal</a>), <a href="/wiki/George_Darwin" title="George Darwin">George Darwin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Napier_Shaw" title="Napier Shaw">Napier Shaw</a> (director of the Meteorological Office), many agricultural organizations, and theatre-owners. After many hearings, a parliamentary committee vote narrowly rejected the proposal in 1909. Willett's allies introduced similar bills every year from 1911 through 1914, to no avail.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Seize_the_Daylight''200512%E2%80%9324-75">[75]</a> People in the US demonstrated even more skepticism; <a href="/wiki/Andrew_James_Peters" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew James Peters">Andrew Peters</a> introduced a DST bill to the House of Representatives in May 1909, but it soon died in committee.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Seize_the_Daylight''200572%E2%80%9373-76">[76]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Victory-Cigar-Congress-Passes-DST.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt='Poster titled "VICTORY! CONGRESS PASSES DAYLIGHT SAVING BILL" showing Uncle Sam turning a clock to daylight saving time as a clock-headed figure throws his hat in the air. The clock face of the figure reads "ONE HOUR OF EXTRA DAYLIGHT". The bottom caption says "Get Your Hoe Ready!"' src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Victory-Cigar-Congress-Passes-DST.jpeg/170px-Victory-Cigar-Congress-Passes-DST.jpeg" decoding="async" width="170" height="302" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2365" data-file-height="4200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 302px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Victory-Cigar-Congress-Passes-DST.jpeg/170px-Victory-Cigar-Congress-Passes-DST.jpeg" data-alt='Poster titled "VICTORY! CONGRESS PASSES DAYLIGHT SAVING BILL" showing Uncle Sam turning a clock to daylight saving time as a clock-headed figure throws his hat in the air. The clock face of the figure reads "ONE HOUR OF EXTRA DAYLIGHT". The bottom caption says "Get Your Hoe Ready!"' data-width="170" data-height="302" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Victory-Cigar-Congress-Passes-DST.jpeg/255px-Victory-Cigar-Congress-Passes-DST.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Victory-Cigar-Congress-Passes-DST.jpeg/340px-Victory-Cigar-Congress-Passes-DST.jpeg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption> Retailers generally favor DST; <a href="/wiki/United_Cigar_Stores" title="United Cigar Stores">United Cigar Stores</a> hailed a 1918 DST bill.</figcaption></figure> Germany and <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">its allies</a> led the way in introducing DST during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> on 30 April 1916, aiming to alleviate hardships due to wartime coal shortages and air-raid blackouts. The political equation changed in other countries; the United Kingdom used DST first on 21 May 1916.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Seize_the_Daylight''200551%E2%80%9370-77">[77]</a> US retailing and manufacturing interests—led by <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a> industrialist Robert Garland—soon began lobbying for DST, but railroads opposed the idea. The US' 1917 entry into the war overcame objections, and DST started in 1918.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Seize_the_Daylight''200580%E2%80%93101-78">[78]</a> The end of World War I brought a change in DST use. Farmers continued to dislike DST, and many countries repealed it—like Germany itself, which dropped DST from 1919 to 1939 and from 1950 to 1979.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Britain proved an exception; it retained DST nationwide but adjusted transition dates over the years for several reasons, including special rules during the 1920s and 1930s to avoid clock shifts on Easter mornings. As of 2009<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daylight_saving_time&action=edit">[update]</a>, summer time began annually on the last Sunday in March under a <a href="/wiki/European_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="European Community">European Community</a> directive, which may be Easter Sunday (as in 2016).<a href="#cite_note-Myers-56">[56]</a> In the US, Congress repealed DST after 1919. President <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a>—an avid golfer like Willett—vetoed the repeal twice, but his second veto was overridden.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Seize_the_Daylight''2005103%E2%80%93110-80">[80]</a> Only a few US cities retained DST locally,<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> including New York (so that its financial exchanges could maintain an hour of arbitrage trading with London), and Chicago and <a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a> (to keep pace with New York).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Spring_Forward''200547%E2%80%9348-82">[82]</a> Wilson's successor as president, <a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a>, opposed DST as a "deception", reasoning that people should instead get up and go to work earlier in the summer. He ordered District of Columbia federal employees to start work at 8 am rather than 9 am during the summer of 1922. Some <a href="/wiki/Business" title="Business">businesses</a> followed suit, though many others did not; the experiment was not repeated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Seize_the_Daylight''2005115%E2%80%93118-12">[12]</a> Since Germany's adoption of DST in 1916, the world has seen many enactments, adjustments, and repeals of DST, with similar politics involved.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> The <a href="/wiki/History_of_time_in_the_United_States" title="History of time in the United States">history of time in the United States</a> features DST during both <a href="/wiki/World_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="World wars">world wars</a>, but no standardization of peacetime DST until 1966.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Seize_the_Daylight''2005147%E2%80%93155,_175%E2%80%93180-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> <a href="/wiki/St._Paul,_Minnesota" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Paul, Minnesota">St. Paul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis,_Minnesota" class="mw-redirect" title="Minneapolis, Minnesota">Minneapolis, Minnesota</a>, kept different clocks for two weeks in May 1965: the capital city decided to switch to daylight saving time, while Minneapolis opted to follow the later date set by state law.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> In the mid-1980s, <a href="/wiki/Clorox" title="Clorox">Clorox</a> and <a href="/wiki/7-Eleven" title="7-Eleven">7-Eleven</a> provided the primary funding for the Daylight Saving Time Coalition behind the 1987 extension to US DST. Both senators from <a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Larry_Craig" title="Larry Craig">Larry Craig</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mike_Crapo" title="Mike Crapo">Mike Crapo</a>, voted for it based on the premise that fast-food restaurants sell more French fries (made from Idaho potatoes) during DST.<a href="#cite_note-Benfield-88">[88]</a> A <a href="/wiki/1992_Queensland_daylight_saving_referendum" title="1992 Queensland daylight saving referendum">referendum on the introduction of daylight saving</a> took place in <a href="/wiki/Queensland,_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Queensland, Australia">Queensland, Australia</a>, in 1992, after a three-year trial of daylight saving. It was defeated with a 54.5% "no" vote, with regional and rural areas strongly opposed, and those in the metropolitan southeast in favor.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> In 2003, the United Kingdom's <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_for_the_Prevention_of_Accidents" title="Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents">Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents</a> supported a proposal to observe year-round daylight saving time, but it has been opposed by some industries, by some postal workers and farmers, and particularly by those living in the northern regions of the UK.<a href="#cite_note-RoSPA-10">[10]</a> In 2005, the Sporting Goods Manufacturers Association and the <a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Convenience_Stores" title="National Association of Convenience Stores">National Association of Convenience Stores</a> successfully lobbied for the 2007 extension to US DST.<a href="#cite_note-Beam-90">[90]</a> In December 2008, the <a href="/wiki/Daylight_Saving_for_South_East_Queensland" title="Daylight Saving for South East Queensland">Daylight Saving for South East Queensland</a> (DS4SEQ) political party was officially registered in Queensland, advocating the implementation of a dual-time-zone arrangement for daylight saving in <a href="/wiki/South_East_Queensland" title="South East Queensland">South East Queensland</a>, while the rest of the state maintained standard time.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> DS4SEQ contested the March 2009 Queensland state election with 32 candidates and received one percent of the <a href="/wiki/Optional_preferential_voting" title="Optional preferential voting">statewide primary vote</a>, equating to around 2.5% across the 32 electorates contested.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> After a three-year trial, more than 55% of Western Australians voted against DST in 2009, with rural areas strongly opposed.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Queensland Independent member <a href="/wiki/Peter_Wellington" title="Peter Wellington">Peter Wellington</a> introduced the <a href="/wiki/Daylight_Saving_for_South_East_Queensland_Referendum_Act_2010" class="mw-redirect" title="Daylight Saving for South East Queensland Referendum Act 2010">Daylight Saving for South East Queensland Referendum Bill 2010</a> into the Queensland parliament on 14 April 2010, after being approached by the DS4SEQ political party, calling for a referendum at the next state election on the introduction of daylight saving into South East Queensland under a dual-time-zone arrangement.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> The Queensland parliament rejected Wellington's bill on 15 June 2011.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Russia declared in 2011 that it would stay in DST all year long (<a href="/wiki/UTC%2B4:00" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+4:00">UTC+4:00</a>) and Belarus followed with a similar declaration.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> (The <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> had operated under permanent <a href="/wiki/Decree_time" title="Decree time">"summer time"</a> from 1930 to at least 1982.) Russia's plan generated widespread complaints due to the dark of winter-time mornings, and thus was abandoned in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> The country changed its clocks to standard time (<a href="/wiki/UTC%2B3:00" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+3:00">UTC+3:00</a>) on 26 October 2014, intending to stay there permanently.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> In the United States, <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a> (with the exception of the Navajo Nation), <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>, and the five populated territories (<a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/US_Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="US Virgin Islands">US Virgin Islands</a>) do not participate in daylight saving time.<a href="#cite_note-ncsl-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a> only began participating in daylight saving time as recently as 2006. Since 2018, Florida Republican Senator <a href="/wiki/Marco_Rubio" title="Marco Rubio">Marco Rubio</a> has repeatedly filed bills to extend daylight saving time permanently into winter, without success.<a href="#cite_note-howell-2022-101">[101]</a> Mexico observed summertime daylight saving time starting in 1996. In late 2022, the nation's clocks "fell back" for the last time, in restoration of permanent standard time.<a href="#cite_note-perlmutter-2022-102">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Daylight_saving_time&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Religion" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Some religious groups and individuals have opposed DST on religious grounds. For religious Muslims and Jews it makes religious practices such as prayer and fasting more difficult or inconvenient.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Seize_the_Daylight''2005[httpsarchiveorgdetailsseizedaylightcur0000prerpage212mode1upq"Jews"_212],_[httpsarchiveorgdetailsseizedaylightcur0000prerpage221mode1upmode1upq"Israel"_221]-222_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Seize_the_Daylight''2005%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsseizedaylightcur0000prerpage212mode1upq%22Jews%22_212%5D,_%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsseizedaylightcur0000prerpage221mode1upmode1upq%22Israel%22_221%5D-222-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-Israel-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-JewsUS-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fitzpatrick2019-72">[72]</a> Some Muslim countries, such as Morocco, have temporarily abandoned DST during Ramadan.<a href="#cite_note-Fitzpatrick2019-72">[72]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Israel_Summer_Time" title="Israel Summer Time">Israel, DST</a> has been a point of contention between the religious and secular, resulting in fluctuations over the years, and a shorter DST period than in the EU and US. Religious Jews prefer a shorter DST<a href="#cite_note-104">[a]</a> due to DST delaying scheduled <a href="/wiki/Shacharit" title="Shacharit">morning prayers</a>, thus conflicting with standard working and <a href="/wiki/Business_hours" title="Business hours">business hours</a>. Additionally, DST is ended before <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur" title="Yom Kippur">Yom Kippur</a> (a 25-hour fast day starting and ending at sunset, much of which is spent praying in synagogue until the fast ends at sunset) since DST would result in the day ending later, which many feel makes it more difficult.<a href="#cite_note-105">[b]</a><a href="#cite_note-Israel-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Seize_the_Daylight''2005%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsseizedaylightcur0000prerpage221mode1upqIsrael_221%5D-106">[104]</a> In the US, Orthodox Jewish groups have opposed extensions to DST,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Seize_the_Daylight''2005%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsseizedaylightcur0000prerpage212mode1upqjews_212%5D-107">[105]</a> as well as a 2022 bipartisan bill that would make DST permanent, saying it will "interfere with the ability of members of our community to engage in congregational prayers and get to their places of work on time."<a href="#cite_note-JewsUS-71">[71]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Effects">Effects</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Daylight_saving_time&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Effects" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Analysis_of_daylight_saving_time" title="Analysis of daylight saving time">Analysis of daylight saving time</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effects_on_electricity_consumption">Effects on electricity consumption</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Daylight_saving_time&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Effects on electricity consumption" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William-Willett.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A standing man in three-piece suit, facing camera. He is about 60 and is bald with a mustache. His left hand is in his pants pocket, and his right hand is in front of his chest, holding his pocket watch." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/William-Willett.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="248" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="120" data-file-height="248"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 248px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/William-Willett.jpg" data-alt="A standing man in three-piece suit, facing camera. He is about 60 and is bald with a mustache. His left hand is in his pants pocket, and his right hand is in front of his chest, holding his pocket watch." data-width="120" data-height="248" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/William_Willett" title="William Willett">William Willett</a> independently proposed DST in 1907 and advocated it tirelessly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Seize_the_Daylight''200522-108">[106]</a></figcaption></figure> Proponents of DST generally argue that it saves energy, promotes outdoor leisure activity in the evening (in summer), and is therefore good for physical and psychological health,<a href="#cite_note-109">[107]</a> reduces traffic accidents, reduces crime or is good for business.<a href="#cite_note-CBC_News-2020-110">[108]</a> Opponents argue the actual energy savings are inconclusive.<a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a> Although energy conservation goals still remain,<a href="#cite_note-Ahuja-112">[110]</a> energy usage patterns have greatly changed since then. Electricity use is greatly affected by geography, climate, and economics, so the results of a study conducted in one place may not be relevant to another country or climate.<a href="#cite_note-Aries-113">[111]</a> A 2017 meta-analysis of 44 studies found that DST leads to electricity savings of 0.3% during the days when DST applies.<a href="#cite_note-Havranek-114">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-Irsova_-_Doesn't-115">[113]</a> Several studies have suggested that DST increases motor fuel consumption,<a href="#cite_note-Aries-113">[111]</a> but a 2008 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">United States Department of Energy</a> report found no significant increase in motor gasoline consumption due to the 2007 United States extension of DST.<a href="#cite_note-DOE-2008-116">[114]</a> An early goal of DST was to reduce evening usage of <a href="/wiki/Incandescent_lighting" class="mw-redirect" title="Incandescent lighting">incandescent lighting</a>, once a primary use of electricity.<a href="#cite_note-Bartlett-117">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_effects">Economic effects</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Daylight_saving_time&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Economic effects" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> It has been argued that clock shifts correlate with decreased <a href="/wiki/Economic_efficiency" title="Economic efficiency">economic efficiency</a> and that in 2000, the daylight-saving effect implied an estimated one-day loss of $31 billion on US stock exchanges.<a href="#cite_note-118">[116]</a> Others have asserted that the observed results depend on methodology<a href="#cite_note-119">[117]</a> and disputed the findings,<a href="#cite_note-120">[118]</a> though the original authors have refuted points raised by disputers.<a href="#cite_note-121">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effects_on_health">Effects on health</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Daylight_saving_time&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Effects on health" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> There are measurable adverse effects of clock-shifts on human health.<a href="#cite_note-122">[120]</a> It has been shown to disrupt human <a href="/wiki/Circadian_rhythm" title="Circadian rhythm">circadian rhythms</a>,<a href="#cite_note-123">[121]</a> negatively affecting human health in the process,<a href="#cite_note-Roenneberg_June_2019-124">[122]</a> and that the yearly DST clock-shifts can increase health risks such as heart attacks<a href="#cite_note-NatGeo_Time-125">[123]</a> and traffic accidents.<a href="#cite_note-126">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[125]</a> A 2017 study in the <a href="/wiki/American_Economic_Journal" title="American Economic Journal">American Economic Journal: Applied Economics</a> estimated that "the transition into DST caused over 30 deaths at a social cost of $275 million annually", primarily by increasing sleep deprivation.<a href="#cite_note-128">[126]</a> A correlation between clock shifts and increase in traffic accidents has been observed in North America and the UK but not in Finland or Sweden.<a href="#cite_note-129">[127]</a> Four reports have found that this effect is smaller than the overall reduction in traffic fatalities.<a href="#cite_note-130">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[131]</a> In 2018, the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a>, reviewing a possible abolition of DST, approved a more in-depth evaluation examining the disruption of the human body's circadian rhythms which provided evidence suggesting the existence of an association between DST clock-shifts and a modest increase of occurrence of acute myocardial infarction, especially in the first week after the spring shift.<a href="#cite_note-134">[132]</a> However a Netherlands study found, against the majority of investigations, contrary or minimal effect.<a href="#cite_note-135">[133]</a> Year-round standard time (not year-round DST) is proposed by some to be the preferred option for public health and safety.<a href="#cite_note-The_Globe_and_Mail-136">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Sacramento_Bee-137">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-U_Calgary_News-138">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-CBC_News-139">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[138]</a> Clock shifts were found to increase the risk of heart attack by 10 percent,<a href="#cite_note-NatGeo_Time-125">[123]</a> and to disrupt sleep and reduce its efficiency.<a href="#cite_note-Lahti-141">[139]</a> Effects on seasonal adaptation of the <a href="/wiki/Circadian_rhythm" title="Circadian rhythm">circadian rhythm</a> can be severe and last for weeks.<a href="#cite_note-142">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effects_on_social_relations">Effects on social relations</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Daylight_saving_time&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Effects on social relations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> DST hurts prime-time television broadcast ratings,<a href="#cite_note-Kissell-143">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-NatGeo_Time-125">[123]</a> <a href="/wiki/Drive-in_theater" title="Drive-in theater">drive-ins</a> and other theaters.<a href="#cite_note-144">[142]</a> Artificial outdoor lighting has a marginal and sometimes even contradictory influence on crime and fear of crime.<a href="#cite_note-145">[143]</a> Later sunsets from DST are thought to affect behavior; for example, increasing participation in after-school sports programs or outdoor afternoon sports such as golf, and attendance at professional sporting events.<a href="#cite_note-Downing-2018-146">[144]</a> Advocates of daylight saving time argue that having more hours of daylight between the end of a typical workday and evening induces people to consume other goods and services.<a href="#cite_note-147">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-CBC_News-2020-110">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[146]</a> In 2022, a publication of three replicating studies of individuals, between individuals, and transecting societies, demonstrated that sleep loss affects the human motivation to help others, which in its <a href="/wiki/Functional_magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Functional magnetic resonance imaging">fMRI</a> findings is "associated with deactivation of key nodes within the social cognition brain network that facilitates prosociality." Furthermore, they detected, through analysis of over three million real-world charitable donations, that the loss of sleep inflicted by the transition to daylight saving time reduces altruistic giving compared to controls (being states not implementing DST). They conclude that the effects on civil society are "non-trivial".<a href="#cite_note-149">[147]</a> Another study, which also examined sleep manipulation due to the shift to daylight saving time in the spring, analyzed archival data from judicial punishment imposed by US federal courts which showed sleep-deprived judges exact more severe penalties.<a href="#cite_note-150">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inconvenience">Inconvenience</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Daylight_saving_time&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Inconvenience" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> DST's clock shifts have the disadvantage of complexity. People must remember to change their clocks; this can be time-consuming, particularly for mechanical clocks that cannot be moved backward safely.<a href="#cite_note-151">[149]</a> People who work across time zone boundaries need to keep track of multiple DST rules, as not all locations observe DST or observe it the same way. The length of the calendar day becomes variable; it is no longer always 24 hours. Disruption to meetings, travel, broadcasts, billing systems, and records management is common, and can be expensive.<a href="#cite_note-152">[150]</a> During an autumn transition from 02:00 to 01:00, a clock shows local times from 01:00:00 through 01:59:59 twice, possibly leading to confusion.<a href="#cite_note-153">[151]</a> Many farmers oppose DST, particularly <a href="/wiki/Dairy_farmers" class="mw-redirect" title="Dairy farmers">dairy farmers</a> as the milking patterns of their cows do not change with the time,<a href="#cite_note-NatGeo_Time-125">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-NFU-154">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[153]</a> and others whose hours are set by the sun.<a href="#cite_note-farming-156">[154]</a> There is concern for schoolchildren who are out in the darkness during the morning due to late sunrises.<a href="#cite_note-NatGeo_Time-125">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Remediation">Remediation</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Daylight_saving_time&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Remediation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Some clock-shift problems could be avoided by adjusting clocks continuously<a href="#cite_note-157">[155]</a> or at least more gradually<a href="#cite_note-158">[156]</a>—for example, Willett at first suggested weekly 20-minute transitions—but this would add complexity and has never been implemented. DST inherits and can magnify the disadvantages of standard time. For example, when reading a <a href="/wiki/Sundial" title="Sundial">sundial</a>, one must compensate for it along with time zone and natural discrepancies.<a href="#cite_note-159">[157]</a> Also, sun-exposure guidelines such as avoiding the sun within two hours of noon become less accurate when DST is in effect.<a href="#cite_note-160">[158]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Daylight_saving_time&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Terminology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> As explained by Richard Meade in the English Journal of the (American) <a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Teachers_of_English" title="National Council of Teachers of English">National Council of Teachers of English</a>, the form daylight savings time (with an "s") was already much more common than the older form daylight saving time in American English ("the change has been virtually accomplished") in 1978. Nevertheless, dictionaries such as <a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster's</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language" title="The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language">American Heritage</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford</a>, which typically describe actual usage instead of prescribing outdated usage (and therefore also list the newer form), still list the older form first. This is because the older form is still very common in print and is preferred by many editors. ("Although daylight saving time is considered correct, daylight savings time (with an "s") is commonly used.")<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Seize_the_Daylight''2005xv-161">[159]</a> The first two words are sometimes hyphenated (daylight-saving(s) time). Merriam-Webster's also lists the forms daylight saving, daylight savings (both without "time"), and daylight time.<a href="#cite_note-variants-162">[160]</a> The Oxford Dictionary of American Usage and Style explains the development and current situation as follows:<blockquote>Although the singular form daylight saving time is the original one, dating from the early 20th century—and is preferred by some usage critics—the plural form is now extremely common in AmE. [...] The rise of daylight savings time appears to have resulted from the avoidance of a miscue: when saving is used, readers might puzzle momentarily over whether saving is a gerund (the saving of daylight) or a participle (the time for saving). [...] Using savings as the adjective—as in savings account or savings bond—makes perfect sense. More than that, it ought to be accepted as the better form.<a href="#cite_note-163">[161]</a></blockquote>In Britain, Willett's 1907 proposal<a href="#cite_note-Willett-33">[33]</a> used the term daylight saving, but by 1911, the term summer time replaced daylight saving time in draft legislation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Seize_the_Daylight''200522-108">[106]</a> The same or similar expressions are used in many other languages: Sommerzeit in German, zomertijd in Dutch, kesäaika in Finnish, horario de verano or hora de verano in Spanish, and heure d'été in French.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Seize_the_Daylight''200551%E2%80%9370-77">[77]</a> The name of local time typically changes when DST is observed. American English replaces standard with daylight: for example, <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Time_Zone" title="Pacific Time Zone">Pacific Standard Time</a> (PST) becomes Pacific Daylight Time (PDT). In the United Kingdom, the standard term for UK time when advanced by one hour is British Summer Time (BST), and British English typically inserts summer into other time zone names, e.g. Central European Time (CET) becomes <a href="/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time" title="Central European Summer Time">Central European Summer Time</a> (CEST). In North American English, people use the mnemonic "spring forward, fall back" (also "spring ahead ...", "spring up ...", and "... fall behind") to remember the direction in which to shift the clocks.<a href="#cite_note-164">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-Downing-Prerau-66">[66]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Computing">Computing</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Daylight_saving_time&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Computing" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Daylightsavings.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Strong man in sandals and with shaggy hair, facing away from audience/artist, grabbing a hand of a clock bigger than he is and attempting to force it backwards. The clock uses Roman numerals and the man is dressed in stripped-down Roman gladiator style. The text says "You can't stop time... But you can turn it back one hour at 2 a.m. on Oct. 28 when daylight-saving time ends and standard time begins."" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Daylightsavings.svg/170px-Daylightsavings.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="976" data-file-height="1472"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 256px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Daylightsavings.svg/170px-Daylightsavings.svg.png" data-alt="Strong man in sandals and with shaggy hair, facing away from audience/artist, grabbing a hand of a clock bigger than he is and attempting to force it backwards. The clock uses Roman numerals and the man is dressed in stripped-down Roman gladiator style. The text says "You can't stop time... But you can turn it back one hour at 2 a.m. on Oct. 28 when daylight-saving time ends and standard time begins."" data-width="170" data-height="256" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Daylightsavings.svg/255px-Daylightsavings.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Daylightsavings.svg/340px-Daylightsavings.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption> A 2001 US <a href="/wiki/Public_service_advertising" class="mw-redirect" title="Public service advertising">public service advertisement</a> reminded people to adjust clocks.</figcaption></figure> Changes to DST rules cause problems in existing computer installations. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Energy_Policy_Act_of_2005#Change_to_daylight_saving_time" title="Energy Policy Act of 2005">2007 change to DST rules</a> in North America required that many computer systems be upgraded, with the greatest onus on e-mail and calendar programs. The upgrades required a significant effort by corporate <a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">information technologists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-165">[163]</a> Some applications standardize on UTC to avoid problems with clock shifts and time zone differences.<a href="#cite_note-166">[164]</a> Likewise, most modern operating systems internally handle and store all times as UTC and only convert to local time for display.<a href="#cite_note-167">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[166]</a> However, even if UTC is used internally, the systems still require external <a href="/wiki/Leap_second" title="Leap second">leap second</a> updates and time zone information to correctly calculate local time as needed. Many systems in use today base their date/time calculations from data derived from the <a href="/wiki/Tz_database" title="Tz database">tz database</a> also known as zoneinfo. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="IANA_time_zone_database">IANA time zone database</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Daylight_saving_time&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: IANA time zone database" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The <a href="/wiki/Tz_database" title="Tz database">tz database</a> maps a name to the named location's historical and predicted clock shifts. This database is used by many computer software systems, including most <a href="/wiki/Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a> operating systems, <a href="/wiki/Java_(Sun)" class="mw-redirect" title="Java (Sun)">Java</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Oracle_RDBMS" class="mw-redirect" title="Oracle RDBMS">Oracle RDBMS</a>;<a href="#cite_note-169">[167]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hewlett-Packard" title="Hewlett-Packard">HP</a>'s "tztab" database is similar but incompatible.<a href="#cite_note-170">[168]</a> When temporal authorities change DST rules, zoneinfo updates are installed as part of ordinary system maintenance. In Unix-like systems the TZ <a href="/wiki/Environment_variable" title="Environment variable">environment variable</a> specifies the <a href="/wiki/List_of_tz_zones_by_name" class="mw-redirect" title="List of tz zones by name">location name</a>, as in <code>TZ=':America/New_York'</code>. In many of those systems there is also a system-wide setting that is applied if the TZ environment variable is not set: this setting is controlled by the contents of the <code>/etc/localtime</code> file, which is usually a <a href="/wiki/Symbolic_link" title="Symbolic link">symbolic link</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hard_link" title="Hard link">hard link</a> to one of the zoneinfo files. Internal time is stored in time-zone-independent <a href="/wiki/Unix_time" title="Unix time">Unix time</a>; the TZ is used by each of potentially many simultaneous users and processes to independently localize time display. Older or stripped-down systems may support only the TZ values required by <a href="/wiki/POSIX" title="POSIX">POSIX</a>, which specify at most one start and end rule explicitly in the value. For example, <code>TZ='EST5EDT,M3.2.0/02:00,M11.1.0/02:00'</code> specifies time for the eastern United States starting in 2007. Such a TZ value must be changed whenever DST rules change, and the new value applies to all years, mishandling some older timestamps.<a href="#cite_note-171">[169]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Opposition_to_clock_changes">Opposition to clock changes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Daylight_saving_time&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Opposition to clock changes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Permanent_time_observation_in_the_United_States" title="Permanent time observation in the United States">Permanent time observation in the United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Decree_time" title="Decree time">Decree time in Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Summer_time_in_Europe#Future" title="Summer time in Europe">Summer time in Europe § Future</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time_in_Asia#Asian_countries_not_using_DST" title="Daylight saving time in Asia">Daylight saving time in Asia § Asian countries not using DST</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time_in_Brazil" title="Daylight saving time in Brazil">Daylight saving time in Brazil</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Willett_memorial.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A standing stone in a grassy field surrounded by trees. The stone contains a vertical sundial centered on 1 o'clock, and is inscribed "HORAS NON NUMERO NISI ÆSTIVAS" and "SUMMER TIME ACT 1925"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Willett_memorial.JPG/170px-Willett_memorial.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="217" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="897" data-file-height="1147"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 217px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Willett_memorial.JPG/170px-Willett_memorial.JPG" data-alt="A standing stone in a grassy field surrounded by trees. The stone contains a vertical sundial centered on 1 o'clock, and is inscribed "HORAS NON NUMERO NISI ÆSTIVAS" and "SUMMER TIME ACT 1925"" data-width="170" data-height="217" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Willett_memorial.JPG/255px-Willett_memorial.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Willett_memorial.JPG/340px-Willett_memorial.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/William_Willett" title="William Willett">William Willett</a> Memorial Sundial in <a href="/wiki/Petts_Wood" title="Petts Wood">Petts Wood</a>, south London, is always on DST.</figcaption></figure> A move to permanent daylight saving time (staying on summer hours all year with no clock shifts) is sometimes advocated and is currently implemented in some jurisdictions such as Argentina, Belarus,<a href="#cite_note-Guardian-172">[170]</a> Iceland, Kyrgyzstan, Morocco,<a href="#cite_note-sgg.gov_2018-53">[53]</a> Namibia, <a href="/wiki/Time_in_Saskatchewan" title="Time in Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a>, Singapore, Syria, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and <a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a>. Although Saskatchewan follows Central Standard Time, its capital city <a href="/wiki/Regina,_Saskatchewan" title="Regina, Saskatchewan">Regina</a> experiences solar noon close to 13:00, in effect putting the city on permanent daylight time. Similarly, Yukon is classified as being in the Mountain Time Zone, though in effect it observes permanent Pacific Daylight Time to align with the Pacific time zone in summer, but local solar noon in the capital <a href="/wiki/Whitehorse" title="Whitehorse">Whitehorse</a> occurs nearer to 14:00, in effect putting Whitehorse on "double daylight time".[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The United Kingdom and Ireland put clocks forward by an extra hour during World War II and experimented with year-round summer time between 1968 and 1971.<a href="#cite_note-173">[171]</a> Russia switched to permanent DST from 2011 to 2014, but the move proved unpopular because of the extremely late winter sunrises; in 2014, Russia switched permanently back to standard time.<a href="#cite_note-Russia-174">[172]</a> However, the change to permanent DST has proven popular in Turkey, with the Minister of Energy and Natural Resources saying the practice saves "millions in energy costs and reduces depression and anxiety levels associated with short exposure to daylight".<a href="#cite_note-Daily_Sabah_2021-175">[173]</a> In September 2018, the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> proposed to end seasonal clock changes as of 2019.<a href="#cite_note-176">[174]</a> Member states would have the option of observing either daylight saving time all year round or standard time all year round. In March 2019, the European Parliament approved the commission's proposal, while deferring implementation from 2019 until 2021.<a href="#cite_note-177">[175]</a> In response to this proposition, the European Sleep Research Society stated "installing permanent Central European Time (CET, standard time or 'wintertime') is the best option for public health."<a href="#cite_note-178">[176]</a> As of October 2020<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daylight_saving_time&action=edit">[update]</a>, the decision has not been confirmed by the Council of the European Union.<a href="#cite_note-179">[177]</a> The council has asked the commission to produce a detailed assessment of its effects, but the Commission considers that the onus is on the Member States to find a common position in Council.<a href="#cite_note-180">[178]</a> As a result, progress on the issue is effectively blocked.<a href="#cite_note-181">[179]</a> In the United States, several states have enacted legislation to implement permanent DST, but the bills would require Congress to change federal law in order to take effect. The Uniform Time Act of 1966 permits states to opt out of DST and observe permanent standard time, but it does not permit permanent DST.<a href="#cite_note-ncsl-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[180]</a> <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> <a href="/wiki/Senate" title="Senate">senator</a> <a href="/wiki/Marco_Rubio" title="Marco Rubio">Marco Rubio</a> in particular has promoted changing the federal law to implement permanent DST,<a href="#cite_note-183">[181]</a> with the support of the Florida Chamber of Commerce seeking to boost evening revenue.<a href="#cite_note-haughey-2020-184">[182]</a> In 2022, Rubio's "Sunshine Protection Act" passed the United States Senate without committee review by way of <a href="/wiki/Voice_vote#United_States" title="Voice vote">voice consent</a>, with many senators afterward stating they were unaware of the vote or its topic.<a href="#cite_note-mcleod-2022-185">[183]</a> The bill was stopped in the US House, where questions were raised as to whether permanent DST or standard time would be more beneficial.<a href="#cite_note-howell-2022-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-schnell-2022-186">[184]</a> Advocates cite the same advantages as normal DST without the problems associated with the twice yearly clock shifts. Additional benefits have also been cited, including safer roadways, boosting the tourism industry, and energy savings. Detractors cite the relatively late sunrises, particularly in winter, that year-round DST entails.<a href="#cite_note-Handwerk-187">[185]</a> Some experts in circadian rhythms and <a href="/wiki/Sleep_hygiene" title="Sleep hygiene">sleep health</a> recommend year-round standard time as the preferred option for public health and safety.<a href="#cite_note-The_Globe_and_Mail-136">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Sacramento_Bee-137">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-U_Calgary_News-138">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-CBC_News-139">[137]</a> Several <a href="/wiki/Chronobiology" title="Chronobiology">chronobiology</a> societies have published position papers against adopting DST permanently. A paper by the <a href="/wiki/Society_for_Research_on_Biological_Rhythms" title="Society for Research on Biological Rhythms">Society for Research on Biological Rhythms</a> states: "based on comparisons of large populations living in DST or ST or on western versus eastern edges of time zones, the advantages of permanent ST outweigh switching to DST annually or permanently."<a href="#cite_note-188">[186]</a> The World Federation of Societies for Chronobiology stated that "the scientific literature strongly argues against the switching between DST and Standard Time and even more so against adopting DST permanently."<a href="#cite_note-189">[187]</a> The <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Sleep_Medicine" title="American Academy of Sleep Medicine">American Academy of Sleep Medicine</a> (AASM) holds the position that "seasonal time changes should be abolished in favor of a fixed, national, year-round standard time,"<a href="#cite_note-190">[188]</a> and that "standard time is a better option than daylight saving time for our health, mood and well-being."<a href="#cite_note-aasm-2022-191">[189]</a> The AASM's position is endorsed by 20 other nonprofits, including the <a href="/wiki/American_College_of_Chest_Physicians" title="American College of Chest Physicians">American College of Chest Physicians</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Safety_Council" title="National Safety Council">National Safety Council</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Parent%E2%80%93teacher_association#United_States" title="Parent–teacher association">National PTA</a>.<a href="#cite_note-aasm-2020-192">[190]</a> Current public opinion polls show mixed results. Surveys reported between 2021 and 2022 by the National Sleep Foundation, <a href="/wiki/YouGov" title="YouGov">YouGov</a>, <a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Monmouth_University" title="Monmouth University">Monmouth University</a> indicate more Americans would prefer permanent DST.<a href="#cite_note-193">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-Almanac.com_2023-194">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[193]</a> A 2019 survey by the <a href="/wiki/NORC_at_the_University_of_Chicago" title="NORC at the University of Chicago">National Opinion Research Center</a> and a 2021 survey by the <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a> indicate more Americans would prefer permanent Standard Time.<a href="#cite_note-apnorc-2019-196">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-apnorc-2021-197">[195]</a> The National Sleep Foundation, YouGov, and Monmouth University polls leaned significantly in favor of seeing daylight saving time made permanent. The Monmouth University poll reported 44% preferring year-round DST and 13% preferring year-round standard time.<a href="#cite_note-Almanac.com_2023-194">[192]</a> In 1973 and 1974, NORC found 79% of Americans to be in favor of permanent DST before its implementation during the <a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">Oil Crisis</a>, and only 42% to support permanent DST the following February.<a href="#cite_note-ripley-1974-198">[196]</a> In March 2024, the company <a href="/wiki/Titan_Casket" title="Titan Casket">Titan Casket</a> and actor <a href="/wiki/Ryan_Reynolds" title="Ryan Reynolds">Ryan Reynolds</a> teamed up to release a satirical commercial starring <a href="/wiki/David_Dastmalchian" title="David Dastmalchian">David Dastmalchian</a> that pokes fun at DST. Working together, they launched a website, BuryDaylightSavings.com.<a href="#cite_note-199">[197]</a> The website provides a place for Americans to find the email addresses of their local legislators and send them an email about ending daylight saving time.<a href="#cite_note-200">[198]</a> According to data shared by Titan, hospitals see a 24% increase in heart attacks<a href="#cite_note-201">[199]</a> and a 6% increase in fatal crashes<a href="#cite_note-202">[200]</a> each year when the time changes. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Daylight_saving_time&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time_by_country" title="Daylight saving time by country">Daylight saving time by country</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time_in_Africa" title="Daylight saving time in Africa">Daylight saving time in Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time_in_Asia" title="Daylight saving time in Asia">Daylight saving time in Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer_time_in_Europe" title="Summer time in Europe">Summer time in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time_in_the_Americas" title="Daylight saving time in the Americas">Daylight saving time in the Americas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time_in_the_United_States" title="Daylight saving time in the United States">Daylight saving time in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time_in_Canada" title="Daylight saving time in Canada">Daylight saving time in Canada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time_in_Oceania" title="Daylight saving time in Oceania">Daylight saving time in Oceania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analysis_of_daylight_saving_time" title="Analysis of daylight saving time">Analysis of daylight saving time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_time_(clock_lag)" title="Winter time (clock lag)">Winter time (clock lag)</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Daylight_saving_time&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> Starting after <a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a> and ended before <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur" title="Yom Kippur">Yom Kippur</a> (less than 180 days) </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> Although DST does not affect the duration of the fast, which is 25 hours regardless, many find it easier to start and end earlier rather than later. </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Daylight_saving_time&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved 3 April 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+and+Proceedings+of+the+New+Zealand+Institute&rft.atitle=On+seasonal+time-adjustment+in+countries+south+of+lat.+30%C2%B0&rft.volume=28&rft.pages=734&rft.date=1895&rft.au=G.+V.+Hudson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frsnz.natlib.govt.nz%2Fvolume%2Frsnz_28%2Frsnz_28_00_006110.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaylight+saving+time" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Seize_the_Daylight''2005115–118-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Seize_the_Daylight''2005115%E2%80%93118_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Seize_the_Daylight''2005115%E2%80%93118_12-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSeize_the_Daylight2005">Seize the Daylight (2005)</a>, pp. 115–118. </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMikkelson2016" class="citation web cs1">Mikkelson, David (13 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.snopes.com/science/daylight.asp">"Daylight Saving Time"</a>. Snopes. Retrieved 17 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Snopes&rft.atitle=Daylight+Saving+Time&rft.date=2016-03-13&rft.aulast=Mikkelson&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.snopes.com%2Fscience%2Fdaylight.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaylight+saving+time" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Willett100-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Willett100_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Willett100_14-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141228021630/http://www.nmm.ac.uk/explore/astronomy-and-time/time-facts/british-summer-time">"100 years of British Summer Time"</a>. National Maritime Museum. 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nmm.ac.uk/explore/astronomy-and-time/time-facts/british-summer-time/">the original</a> on 28 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=100+years+of+British+Summer+Time&rft.pub=National+Maritime+Museum&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nmm.ac.uk%2Fexplore%2Fastronomy-and-time%2Ftime-facts%2Fbritish-summer-time%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaylight+saving+time" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yuhas_2024_x931-15"><a href="#cite_ref-Yuhas_2024_x931_15-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYuhas2024" class="citation web cs1">Yuhas, Alan (6 March 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/article/daylight-saving-time-questions.html">"When Is Daylight Saving Time?"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved 20 March 2024. <q>One of the oldest arguments for daylight saving time is that it can save energy costs. There have been many conflicting studies about whether actually it does.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=When+Is+Daylight+Saving+Time%3F&rft.date=2024-03-06&rft.aulast=Yuhas&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Farticle%2Fdaylight-saving-time-questions.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaylight+saving+time" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Visé_2023_g495-16"><a href="#cite_ref-Vis%C3%A9_2023_g495_16-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVisé2023" class="citation web cs1">Visé, Daniel de (3 November 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/2023/11/03/daylight-saving-time-money-time-not-saved/71419089007/">"Is Daylight saving time a scam? Time, money may not be saved"</a>. USA TODAY. Retrieved 20 March 2024. <q> ... researchers announced that the nation had reduced its energy consumption by an annual rate of 0.03%. The meager savings came in reduced electricity consumption in the evenings during the extra days of daylight time. Other research, however, has suggested the reverse: The semiannual time shift exacts a cost, and daylight time nets little or no savings.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USA+TODAY&rft.atitle=Is+Daylight+saving+time+a+scam%3F+Time%2C+money+may+not+be+saved&rft.date=2023-11-03&rft.aulast=Vis%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Daniel+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fmoney%2F2023%2F11%2F03%2Fdaylight-saving-time-money-time-not-saved%2F71419089007%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaylight+saving+time" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEggimann_Sven,_Robin_Mutschler,_Kristina_Orehounig,_Massimo_Fiorentini2023" class="citation cs2">Eggimann Sven, Robin Mutschler, Kristina Orehounig, Massimo Fiorentini (2023), "Climate change shifts the trade-off between lower cooling and higher heating demand from daylight saving time in office buildings", Environmental Research Letters, vol. 18, no. 2, p. 024001, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023ERL....18b4001E">2023ERL....18b4001E</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1748-9326%2Facb0e3">10.1088/1748-9326/acb0e3</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1748-9326">1748-9326</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Research+Letters&rft.atitle=Climate+change+shifts+the+trade-off+between+lower+cooling+and+higher+heating+demand+from+daylight+saving+time+in+office+buildings&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=024001&rft.date=2023&rft.issn=1748-9326&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F1748-9326%2Facb0e3&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023ERL....18b4001E&rft.au=Eggimann+Sven%2C+Robin+Mutschler%2C+Kristina+Orehounig%2C+Massimo+Fiorentini&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaylight+saving+time" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwanson2016" class="citation news cs1">Swanson, Anna (11 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2016/03/11/why-daylight-saving-time-isnt-as-terrible-as-people-think/">"Why daylight saving time isn't as terrible as people think"</a>. The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180311200341/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2016/03/11/why-daylight-saving-time-isnt-as-terrible-as-people-think/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2018. Retrieved 27 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Why+daylight+saving+time+isn%27t+as+terrible+as+people+think&rft.date=2016-03-11&rft.aulast=Swanson&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fwonk%2Fwp%2F2016%2F03%2F11%2Fwhy-daylight-saving-time-isnt-as-terrible-as-people-think%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaylight+saving+time" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerthold1918" class="citation journal cs1">Berthold (1918). "Daylight saving in ancient Rome". The Classical Journal. 13 (6): 450–451.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Classical+Journal&rft.atitle=Daylight+saving+in+ancient+Rome&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=450-451&rft.date=1918&rft.au=Berthold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaylight+saving+time" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJérôme_Carcopino1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Carcopino" title="Jérôme Carcopino">Jérôme Carcopino</a> (1968). "The days and hours of the Roman calendar". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dailylifeinancie00carc_0">Daily Life in Ancient Rome: The People and the City at the Height of the Empire</a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-00031-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-00031-3"><bdi>978-0-300-00031-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+days+and+hours+of+the+Roman+calendar&rft.btitle=Daily+Life+in+Ancient+Rome%3A+The+People+and+the+City+at+the+Height+of+the+Empire&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-0-300-00031-3&rft.au=J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me+Carcopino&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdailylifeinancie00carc_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaylight+saving+time" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Kaplan2003" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_D._Kaplan" title="Robert D. Kaplan">Robert Kaplan</a> (2003). "The holy mountain". The Atlantic. 292 (5): 138–141.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=The+holy+mountain&rft.volume=292&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=138-141&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Robert+Kaplan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaylight+saving+time" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHertzel_Hillel_Yitzhak2006" class="citation book cs1">Hertzel Hillel Yitzhak (2006). "When to recite the blessing". Tzel HeHarim: Tzitzit. Nanuet, NY: Feldheim. pp. 53–58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58330-292-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58330-292-7"><bdi>978-1-58330-292-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=When+to+recite+the+blessing&rft.btitle=Tzel+HeHarim%3A+Tzitzit&rft.place=Nanuet%2C+NY&rft.pages=53-58&rft.pub=Feldheim&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-58330-292-7&rft.au=Hertzel+Hillel+Yitzhak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaylight+saving+time" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManser2007" class="citation book cs1">Manser, Martin H. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fgaUQc8NbTYC&pg=PA70">The Facts on File dictionary of proverbs</a>. <a href="/wiki/Infobase_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Infobase Publishing">Infobase Publishing</a>. p. 70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0816066735" title="Special:BookSources/978-0816066735"><bdi>978-0816066735</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150904045548/https://books.google.com/books?id=fgaUQc8NbTYC&pg=PA70">Archived</a> from the original on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 26 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Facts+on+File+dictionary+of+proverbs&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0816066735&rft.aulast=Manser&rft.aufirst=Martin+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfgaUQc8NbTYC%26pg%3DPA70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaylight+saving+time" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenjamin_FranklinWilliam_Temple_FranklinWilliam_Duane1834" class="citation book cs1">Benjamin Franklin; William Temple Franklin; William Duane (1834). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EYiyAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA477">Memoirs of Benjamin Franklin</a>. McCarty & Davis. p. 477. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170201213811/https://books.google.com/books?id=EYiyAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA477">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2017. Retrieved 20 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoirs+of+Benjamin+Franklin&rft.pages=477&rft.pub=McCarty+%26+Davis&rft.date=1834&rft.au=Benjamin+Franklin&rft.au=William+Temple+Franklin&rft.au=William+Duane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEYiyAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA477&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaylight+saving+time" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeymour_Stanton_Block2006" class="citation journal cs1">Seymour Stanton Block (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historynet.com/benjamin-franklin-americas-inventor.htm">"Benjamin Franklin: America's inventor"</a>. American History. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190329120837/https://www.historynet.com/benjamin-franklin-americas-inventor.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2019. Retrieved 9 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+History&rft.atitle=Benjamin+Franklin%3A+America%27s+inventor&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Seymour+Stanton+Block&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historynet.com%2Fbenjamin-franklin-americas-inventor.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaylight+saving+time" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Franklin-26"><a href="#cite_ref-Franklin_26-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenjamin_Franklin,_writing_anonymously1784" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Benjamin Franklin, writing anonymously (26 April 1784). "Aux auteurs du Journal". Journal de Paris (in French) (117): 511–513.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+de+Paris&rft.atitle=Aux+auteurs+du+Journal&rft.issue=117&rft.pages=511-513&rft.date=1784-04-26&rft.au=Benjamin+Franklin%2C+writing+anonymously&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaylight+saving+time" class="Z3988"> Its first publication was in the journal's "Économie" section in a French translation. The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webexhibits.org/daylightsaving/franklin3.html">revised English version</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171115130303/http://www.webexhibits.org/daylightsaving/franklin3.html">Archived</a> 15 November 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> [cited 13 February 2009] is commonly called "An Economical Project", a title that is not Franklin's; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA.O._Aldridge1956" class="citation journal cs1">A.O. Aldridge (1956). "Franklin's essay on daylight saving". American Literature. 28 (1): 23–29. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2922719">10.2307/2922719</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9831">0002-9831</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2922719">2922719</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Literature&rft.atitle=Franklin%27s+essay+on+daylight+saving&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=23-29&rft.date=1956&rft.issn=0002-9831&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2922719%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2922719&rft.au=A.O.+Aldridge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaylight+saving+time" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEviatar_Zerubavel1982" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eviatar_Zerubavel" title="Eviatar Zerubavel">Eviatar Zerubavel</a> (1982). "The standardization of time: a sociohistorical perspective". 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All time signals are based on Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), which can be almost one second ahead of, or behind, GMT so there is a brief period in the UK when the directive is not being strictly followed.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=At+what+time+should+clocks+go+forward+or+back+for+summer+time+%28FAQ+%E2%80%93+Time%29&rft.date=2016-03-31&rft.au=National+Physical+Laboratory&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.npl.co.uk%2Freference%2Ffaqs%2Fat-what-time-should-clocks-go-forward-or-back-for-summer-time-faq-time&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaylight+saving+time" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Myers-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Myers_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Myers_56-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Myers_56-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph_Myers2009" class="citation web cs1">Joseph Myers (17 July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jsm28.user.srcf.net/british-time/">"History of legal time in Britain"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+legal+time+in+Britain&rft.date=2009-07-17&rft.au=Joseph+Myers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjsm28.user.srcf.net%2Fbritish-time%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaylight+saving+time" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTom_Baldwin2007" class="citation news cs1">Tom Baldwin (12 March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/us-gets-summertime-blues-as-the-clocks-go-forward-3-weeks-early-d5rjglj28bx">"US gets summertime blues as the clocks go forward 3 weeks early"</a>. 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The Jerusalem Post.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=Politicians+fight+over+setting+the+clock+back&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Stoil&rft.aufirst=Rebecca+Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2FIsrael%2FPoliticians-fight-over-setting-the-clock-back&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaylight+saving+time" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2022" class="citation news cs1">Cohen, Benyamin (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://forward.com/fast-forward/484030/senate-passes-bill-daylight-saving-time-permanent-orthodox-jewish-sunset/">"Senate passes bill to make daylight saving time permanent, complicating life for observant Jews"</a>. 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And why?"</a>. The Guardian. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201101041718/https://www.theguardian.com/news/2019/oct/21/spring-forward-fall-back-who-changes-the-clocks-when-and-why">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 4 December 2020. <q>Most Islamic countries do not use daylight saving time as during Ramadan it can mean that the evening dinner is delayed till later in the day.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=When+do+the+clocks+change+around+the+world%3F+And+why%3F&rft.date=2019-10-21&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Fitzpatrick&rft.aufirst=Kyle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fnews%2F2019%2Foct%2F21%2Fspring-forward-fall-back-who-changes-the-clocks-when-and-why&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaylight+saving+time" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Seize_the_Daylight''2005xi-73"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Seize_the_Daylight''2005xi_73-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSeize_the_Daylight2005">Seize the Daylight (2005)</a>, p. xi. </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlattery1972" class="citation book cs1">Slattery, Sir Matthew (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.natwestgroup.com/heritage/companies/national-bank-ltd.html">The National Bank, 1835–1970</a> (Privately published ed.). The National Bank.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+National+Bank%2C+1835%E2%80%931970&rft.edition=Privately+published&rft.pub=The+National+Bank&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Slattery&rft.aufirst=Sir+Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.natwestgroup.com%2Fheritage%2Fcompanies%2Fnational-bank-ltd.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaylight+saving+time" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Seize_the_Daylight''200512–24-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Seize_the_Daylight''200512%E2%80%9324_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSeize_the_Daylight2005">Seize the Daylight (2005)</a>, pp. 12–24. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Seize_the_Daylight''200572–73-76"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Seize_the_Daylight''200572%E2%80%9373_76-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSeize_the_Daylight2005">Seize the Daylight (2005)</a>, pp. 72–73. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Seize_the_Daylight''200551–70-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Seize_the_Daylight''200551%E2%80%9370_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Seize_the_Daylight''200551%E2%80%9370_77-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSeize_the_Daylight2005">Seize the Daylight (2005)</a>, pp. 51–70. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Seize_the_Daylight''200580–101-78"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Seize_the_Daylight''200580%E2%80%93101_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSeize_the_Daylight2005">Seize the Daylight (2005)</a>, pp. 80–101. </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timeanddate.com/time/zone/germany/berlin">"Time Changes in Berlin Over the Years"</a>. timeanddate.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190527010139/https://www.timeanddate.com/time/zone/germany/berlin">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2019. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.recordcourier.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20031024/NEWS/310240104">the original</a> on 29 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Record%E2%80%93Courier&rft.atitle=Daylight+saving+time+ends+Sunday&rft.date=2003-10-24&rft.au=Joey+Crandall&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.recordcourier.com%2Fapps%2Fpbcs.dll%2Farticle%3FAID%3D%2F20031024%2FNEWS%2F310240104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaylight+saving+time" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_McDougall2007" class="citation news cs1">Paul McDougall (1 March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.informationweek.com/news/internet/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=197700487">"PG&E says patching meters for an early daylight-saving time will cost $38 million"</a>. InformationWeek. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081206010328/http://www.informationweek.com/news/internet/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=197700487">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2008. Retrieved 13 February 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=InformationWeek&rft.atitle=PG%26E+says+patching+meters+for+an+early+daylight-saving+time+will+cost+%2438+million&rft.date=2007-03-01&rft.au=Paul+McDougall&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.informationweek.com%2Fnews%2Finternet%2FshowArticle.jhtml%3FarticleID%3D197700487&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaylight+saving+time" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webexhibits.org/daylightsaving/c.html">"Daylight saving time: rationale and original idea"</a>. 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160609015207/http://www.webexhibits.org/daylightsaving/c.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 June 2016. Retrieved 13 February 2009. <q>... Lord Balfour came forward with a unique concern: 'Supposing some unfortunate lady was confined with twins ...'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Daylight+saving+time%3A+rationale+and+original+idea&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.webexhibits.org%2Fdaylightsaving%2Fc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaylight+saving+time" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NFU-154"><a href="#cite_ref-NFU_154-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120314021932/http://www.nfuonline.com/News/Should-we-change-the-clocks-/">"Should we change the clocks?"</a>. National Farmers Union. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nfuonline.com/News/Should-we-change-the-clocks-/">the original</a> on 14 March 2012. Retrieved 6 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Should+we+change+the+clocks%3F&rft.pub=National+Farmers+Union&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nfuonline.com%2FNews%2FShould-we-change-the-clocks-%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaylight+saving+time" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrossen2003" class="citation news cs1">Crossen, Cynthia (6 November 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB106798569494029700">"Daylight Saving Time Pitted Farmers Against The 'Idle' City Folk"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660">0099-9660</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210328235545/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB106798569494029700">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2021. Retrieved 4 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Daylight+Saving+Time+Pitted+Farmers+Against+The+%27Idle%27+City+Folk&rft.date=2003-11-06&rft.issn=0099-9660&rft.aulast=Crossen&rft.aufirst=Cynthia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB106798569494029700&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaylight+saving+time" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-farming-156"><a href="#cite_ref-farming_156-0">^</a> Effect on those whose hours are set by the sun: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFSpring_Forward2005">Spring Forward (2005)</a>, pp. 19–33</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFSeize_the_Daylight2005">Seize the Daylight (2005)</a>, pp. 103–110, 149–151, 198</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJesse_Ruderman2006" class="citation web cs1">Jesse Ruderman (1 November 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.squarefree.com/2006/11/01/continuous-daylight-saving-time/">"Continuous daylight saving time"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160504080610/http://www.squarefree.com/2006/11/01/continuous-daylight-saving-time/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 May 2016. Retrieved 21 March 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Continuous+daylight+saving+time&rft.date=2006-11-01&rft.au=Jesse+Ruderman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.squarefree.com%2F2006%2F11%2F01%2Fcontinuous-daylight-saving-time%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaylight+saving+time" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jeppesn.dk/summertime.html">"Proposal for a finer adjustment of summer time (daylight saving time)"</a>. 28 September 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111008213011/http://jeppesn.dk/summertime.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2011. Retrieved 28 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Proposal+for+a+finer+adjustment+of+summer+time+%28daylight+saving+time%29&rft.date=2011-09-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjeppesn.dk%2Fsummertime.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaylight+saving+time" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbert_E._Waugh1973" class="citation book cs1">Albert E. Waugh (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sundialstheirthe00albe">Sundials: Their Theory and Construction</a>. Dover. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1973sttc.book.....W">1973sttc.book.....W</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-22947-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-22947-8"><bdi>978-0-486-22947-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sundials%3A+Their+Theory+and+Construction&rft.pub=Dover&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1973sttc.book.....W&rft.isbn=978-0-486-22947-8&rft.au=Albert+E.+Waugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsundialstheirthe00albe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaylight+saving+time" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeith_Holloway1992" class="citation journal cs1">Leith Holloway (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1230779">"Atmospheric sun protection factor on clear days: its observed dependence on solar zenith angle and its relevance to the shadow guideline for sun protection"</a>. Photochemistry and Photobiology. 56 (2): 229–234. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1751-1097.1992.tb02151.x">10.1111/j.1751-1097.1992.tb02151.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1502267">1502267</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1219032">1219032</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200809031254/https://zenodo.org/record/1230779">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2020. Retrieved 6 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Photochemistry+and+Photobiology&rft.atitle=Atmospheric+sun+protection+factor+on+clear+days%3A+its+observed+dependence+on+solar+zenith+angle+and+its+relevance+to+the+shadow+guideline+for+sun+protection&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=229-234&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1219032%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1502267&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1751-1097.1992.tb02151.x&rft.au=Leith+Holloway&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1230779&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaylight+saving+time" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Seize_the_Daylight''2005xv-161"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Seize_the_Daylight''2005xv_161-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSeize_the_Daylight2005">Seize the Daylight (2005)</a>, p. xv. </li> <li id="cite_note-variants-162"><a href="#cite_ref-variants_162-0">^</a> Daylight saving time and its variants: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_A._Meade1978" class="citation journal cs1">Richard A. Meade (1978). "Language change in this century". English Journal. 67 (9): 27–30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F815124">10.2307/815124</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/815124">815124</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=English+Journal&rft.atitle=Language+change+in+this+century&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=27-30&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F815124&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F815124%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Richard+A.+Meade&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaylight+saving+time" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph_P._Pickett2000" class="citation book cs1">Joseph P. Pickett; et al., eds. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://education.yahoo.com/reference/dictionary/entry/daylight-saving%20time">"daylight-saving time"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanheritage0000unse_a1o7">The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language</a> (4th ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-82517-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-395-82517-4"><bdi>978-0-395-82517-4</bdi></a>. <q>or daylight-savings time</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=daylight-saving+time&rft.btitle=The+American+Heritage+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language&rft.place=Boston&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-395-82517-4&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feducation.yahoo.com%2Freference%2Fdictionary%2Fentry%2Fdaylight-saving%2520time&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaylight+saving+time" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/daylight+saving+time">"daylight saving time"</a>. Merriam–Webster's Online Dictionary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110611051622/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/daylight+saving+time">Archived</a> from the original on 11 June 2011. Retrieved 13 February 2009. <q>called also daylight saving, daylight savings, daylight savings time, daylight time</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=daylight+saving+time&rft.btitle=Merriam%E2%80%93Webster%27s+Online+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fdaylight%2Bsaving%2Btime&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaylight+saving+time" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140322225739/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/daylight-saving-time">"daylight saving time"</a>. Oxford Dictionaries. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/daylight-saving-time">the original</a> on 22 March 2014. Retrieved 22 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Dictionaries&rft.atitle=daylight+saving+time&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fus%2Fdefinition%2Famerican_english%2Fdaylight-saving-time&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaylight+saving+time" class="Z3988"> "also daylight savings time"</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/15/260a-">"15 U.S.C. § 260a notes"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211109184456/https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/15/260a">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2021. Retrieved 9 May 2007. <q>Congressional Findings; Expansion of Daylight Saving Time</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=15+U.S.C.+%C2%A7+260a+notes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.cornell.edu%2Fuscode%2Ftext%2F15%2F260a-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaylight+saving+time" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarner2000" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Garner, Bryan A. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z_VmtjAU01YC&pg=PA95">"daylight saving(s) time"</a>. Oxford Dictionary of American Usage and Style. Oxford University Press. p. 95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195135084" title="Special:BookSources/9780195135084"><bdi>9780195135084</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211109184533/https://books.google.com/books?id=z_VmtjAU01YC&pg=PA95">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2021. Retrieved 6 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=daylight+saving%28s%29+time&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+American+Usage+and+Style&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780195135084&rft.aulast=Garner&rft.aufirst=Bryan+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz_VmtjAU01YC%26pg%3DPA95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaylight+saving+time" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/35784382/spring-forward-fall-backbrooklyn/">"Remember to Put Clocks Hour Ahead on Retiring"</a>. Brooklyn Citizen. 25 April 1936. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211108121336/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/35784382/spring-forward-fall-backbrooklyn/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2021. 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Retrieved 10 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Titan+Casket&rft.atitle=Help+us+bury+Daylight+Savings+forever&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftitancasket.com%2Fpages%2Fburydaylightsavings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaylight+saving+time" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indystar.com/story/news/2024/03/07/daylight-savings-2024-time-change-titan-casket-commercial-bury-end-dst-permanently-maximum-effort/72879786007/">"A casket company is trying to save lives. How? Bury Daylight Saving time change permanently"</a>. The Indianapolis Star. Retrieved 10 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Indianapolis+Star&rft.atitle=A+casket+company+is+trying+to+save+lives.+How%3F+Bury+Daylight+Saving+time+change+permanently&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indystar.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2F2024%2F03%2F07%2Fdaylight-savings-2024-time-change-titan-casket-commercial-bury-end-dst-permanently-maximum-effort%2F72879786007%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaylight+saving+time" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandhuSethGurm2014" class="citation journal cs1">Sandhu, Amneet; Seth, Milan; Gurm, Hitinder S. (1 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openheart.bmj.com/content/1/1/e000019">"Daylight savings time and myocardial infarction"</a>. Open Heart. 1 (1): e000019. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fopenhrt-2013-000019">10.1136/openhrt-2013-000019</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2053-3624">2053-3624</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4189320">4189320</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25332784">25332784</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Open+Heart&rft.atitle=Daylight+savings+time+and+myocardial+infarction&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=e000019&rft.date=2014-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4189320%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2053-3624&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25332784&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fopenhrt-2013-000019&rft.aulast=Sandhu&rft.aufirst=Amneet&rft.au=Seth%2C+Milan&rft.au=Gurm%2C+Hitinder+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenheart.bmj.com%2Fcontent%2F1%2F1%2Fe000019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaylight+saving+time" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFritzVoPhamWright_Jr.Vetter2020" class="citation journal cs1">Fritz, Josef; VoPham, Trang; Wright Jr., Kenneth P.; Vetter, Céline (30 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2019.12.045">"A Chronobiological Evaluation of the Acute Effects of Daylight Saving Time on Traffic Accident Risk"</a>. Current Biology. 30 (4): 729–735.e2. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020CBio...30E.729F">2020CBio...30E.729F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2019.12.045">10.1016/j.cub.2019.12.045</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32008905">32008905</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&rft.atitle=A+Chronobiological+Evaluation+of+the+Acute+Effects+of+Daylight+Saving+Time+on+Traffic+Accident+Risk&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=729-735.e2&rft.date=2020-01-30&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32008905&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cub.2019.12.045&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020CBio...30E.729F&rft.aulast=Fritz&rft.aufirst=Josef&rft.au=VoPham%2C+Trang&rft.au=Wright+Jr.%2C+Kenneth+P.&rft.au=Vetter%2C+C%C3%A9line&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.cub.2019.12.045&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaylight+saving+time" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Daylight_saving_time&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpring_Forward2005" class="citation book cs1">Michael Downing (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/springforwardann00down">Spring Forward: The Annual Madness of Daylight Saving Time</a>. Shoemaker & Hoard. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59376-053-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59376-053-3"><bdi>978-1-59376-053-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spring+Forward%3A+The+Annual+Madness+of+Daylight+Saving+Time&rft.pub=Shoemaker+%26+Hoard&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-59376-053-3&rft.au=Michael+Downing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fspringforwardann00down&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaylight+saving+time" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeize_the_Daylight2005" class="citation book cs1">David Prerau (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/seizedaylightcur0000prer">Seize the Daylight: The Curious and Contentious Story of Daylight Saving Time</a>. Thunder's Mouth Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56025-655-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56025-655-7"><bdi>978-1-56025-655-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seize+the+Daylight%3A+The+Curious+and+Contentious+Story+of+Daylight+Saving+Time&rft.pub=Thunder%27s+Mouth+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-56025-655-7&rft.au=David+Prerau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fseizedaylightcur0000prer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaylight+saving+time" class="Z3988"> The British version, focusing on the UK, is <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaving_the_Daylight2005" class="citation book cs1">Saving the Daylight: Why We Put the Clocks Forward. Granta Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86207-796-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86207-796-6"><bdi>978-1-86207-796-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saving+the+Daylight%3A+Why+We+Put+the+Clocks+Forward&rft.pub=Granta+Books&rft.isbn=978-1-86207-796-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaylight+saving+time" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Daylight_saving_time&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIan_R._Bartky2007" class="citation book cs1">Ian R. Bartky (2007). One Time Fits All: The Campaigns for Global Uniformity. Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0804756426" title="Special:BookSources/978-0804756426"><bdi>978-0804756426</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+Time+Fits+All%3A+The+Campaigns+for+Global+Uniformity&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0804756426&rft.au=Ian+R.+Bartky&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaylight+saving+time" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(14)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Daylight_saving_time&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-14 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-14"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235611614">.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);margin:0.5em 0;padding:0.2em;line-height:1.5em;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-header{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-listen-to{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-files{text-align:center;margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-icon{float:left;margin-left:5px;margin-top:10px}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer{margin-left:60px;margin-top:10px;font-size:95%;line-height:1.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-footer{margin-top:10px;text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{width:20em;float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="spoken-wikipedia noprint haudio"><div class="spoken-wikipedia-header">Listen to this article (39 minutes)</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-files"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="200" style="width:200px;" data-durationhint="2317" data-mwtitle="Daylight_saving_time.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Daylight_saving_time.ogg" type='audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"' data-width="0" data-height="0"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e4/Daylight_saving_time.ogg/Daylight_saving_time.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0"></source></audio><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-icon"><noscript><img alt="Spoken Wikipedia icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/45px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Daylight_saving_time" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Daylight saving time">Daylight saving time</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R45208/3">Daylight Saving Time</a> <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service" title="Congressional Research Service">Congressional Research Service</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nist.gov/pml/div688/dst.cfm">Information about the Current Daylight Saving Time (DST) Rules</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-t/opb/sp/T-SP-LT.1-2015-PDF-E.pdf">"Legal Time 2015"</a>, <a href="/wiki/ITU-T" title="ITU-T">Telecommunications Standardization Bureau of the ITU</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120623013511/http://www.twinsun.com/tz/tz-link.htm">Sources for time zone and daylight saving time data</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.is/DST_2024">Use of Changing Times Around the World</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Daylight_saving_time&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 25 November 2024, at 12:14 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somertyd" title="Somertyd – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Somertyd" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%AA_%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A" title="توقيت صيفي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="توقيت صيفي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horario_de_verano" title="Horario de verano – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Horario de verano" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%A3_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC" title="দিবালোক সংৰক্ষণ সময় – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="দিবালোক সংৰক্ষণ সময়" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horariu_de_branu" title="Horariu de branu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Horariu de branu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arahaku_%C3%A1ra" title="Arahaku ára – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Arahaku ára" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Риидалил заман – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Риидалил заман" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yay_vaxt%C4%B1" title="Yay vaxtı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yay vaxtı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="یای ساعاتی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="یای ساعاتی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%A3_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC" title="দিবালোক সংরক্ষণ সময় – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দিবালোক সংরক্ষণ সময়" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C4%81-s%C3%AE-kan" title="Hā-sî-kan – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hā-sî-kan" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D3%99%D0%B9%D0%B3%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D2%A1%D1%8B%D1%82" title="Йәйге ваҡыт – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Йәйге ваҡыт" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%96_%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Летні час – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Летні час" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%96_%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Летні час – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Летні час" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Лятно часово време – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Лятно часово време" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljetno_ra%C4%8Dunanje_vremena" title="Ljetno računanje vremena – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ljetno računanje vremena" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eur_ha%C3%B1v" title="Eur hañv – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Eur hañv" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horari_d%27estiu" title="Horari d'estiu – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Horari d'estiu" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8_%D0%B2%C4%83%D1%85%C4%83%D1%82" title="Çуллахи вăхăт – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Çуллахи вăхăт" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letn%C3%AD_%C4%8Das" title="Letní čas – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Letní čas" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amser_haf" title="Amser haf – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Amser haf" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sommertid" title="Sommertid – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sommertid" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sommerzeit" title="Sommerzeit – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sommerzeit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suveaeg" title="Suveaeg – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Suveaeg" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%98%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%AE_%CF%8E%CF%81%CE%B1" title="Θερινή ώρα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Θερινή ώρα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horario_de_verano" title="Horario de verano – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Horario de verano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somera_tempo" title="Somera tempo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Somera tempo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udako_ordutegi" title="Udako ordutegi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Udako ordutegi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="ساعت تابستانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ساعت تابستانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summart%C3%AD%C3%B0" title="Summartíð – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Summartíð" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heure_d%27%C3%A9t%C3%A9" title="Heure d'été – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Heure d'été" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simmertiid" title="Simmertiid – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Simmertiid" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am_samhraidh" title="Am samhraidh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Am samhraidh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traa_hashtee_hollys_y_laa" title="Traa hashtee hollys y laa – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Traa hashtee hollys y laa" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horario_de_ver%C3%A1n" title="Horario de verán – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Horario de verán" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%BC%EA%B4%91_%EC%A0%88%EC%95%BD_%EC%8B%9C%EA%B0%84%EC%A0%9C" title="일광 절약 시간제 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="일광 절약 시간제" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%AA%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF" title="Ամառային ժամանակ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ամառային ժամանակ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AF" title="दिवालोक बचत समय – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="दिवालोक बचत समय" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljetno_ra%C4%8Dunanje_vremena" title="Ljetno računanje vremena – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ljetno računanje vremena" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Daylight saving time" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oras_a_panagin-inut_ti_lawag" title="Oras a panagin-inut ti lawag – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Oras a panagin-inut ti lawag" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waktu_Musim_Panas" title="Waktu Musim Panas – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Waktu Musim Panas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumart%C3%ADmi" title="Sumartími – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sumartími" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ora_legale" title="Ora legale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ora legale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A5" title="שעון קיץ – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שעון קיץ" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kl mw-list-item"><a href="https://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aasaanerani_nalunaaqqutaq" title="Aasaanerani nalunaaqqutaq – Kalaallisut" lang="kl" hreflang="kl" data-title="Aasaanerani nalunaaqqutaq" data-language-autonym="Kalaallisut" data-language-local-name="Kalaallisut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kalaallisut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Джай заман – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Джай заман" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%AE%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D" title="ზაფხულის დრო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ზაფხულის დრო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%B7%D2%93%D1%8B_%D1%83%D0%B0%D2%9B%D1%8B%D1%82" title="Жазғы уақыт – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жазғы уақыт" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Daylight saving time" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demjim%C3%AAra_hav%C3%AEn%C3%AA" title="Demjimêra havînê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Demjimêra havînê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D1%8B_%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8B%D1%82" title="Жайкы убакыт – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жайкы убакыт" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%A2%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%87%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%99" title="ເວລາປະຢັດແສງກາງເວັນ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ເວລາປະຢັດແສງກາງເວັນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempus_aestivum" title="Tempus aestivum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Tempus aestivum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasaras_laiks" title="Vasaras laiks – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vasaras laiks" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summerz%C3%A4it" title="Summerzäit – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Summerzäit" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasaros_laikas" title="Vasaros laikas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vasaros laikas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zomertied" title="Zomertied – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Zomertied" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ny%C3%A1ri_id%C5%91sz%C3%A1m%C3%ADt%C3%A1s" title="Nyári időszámítás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nyári időszámítás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Летно сметање на времето – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Летно сметање на времето" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%87_%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%82" title="ഡേ ലൈറ്റ് സേവിംഗ് ടൈം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഡേ ലൈറ്റ് സേവിംഗ് ടൈം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B3%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B3" title="उन्हाळी प्रमाणवेळ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="उन्हाळी प्रमाणवेळ" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AE%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AF%E1%83%98" title="ზარხულიშ ბორჯი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ზარხულიშ ბორჯი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%AA_%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%89" title="توقيت صيفى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="توقيت صيفى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waktu_musim_panas" title="Waktu musim panas – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Waktu musim panas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Кизонь пингсь – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Кизонь пингсь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zomertijd" title="Zomertijd – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zomertijd" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E6%99%82%E9%96%93" title="夏時間 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="夏時間" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somertidj" title="Somertidj – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Somertidj" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sommertid" title="Sommertid – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sommertid" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sommartid" title="Sommartid – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sommartid" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ora_d%27estiu" title="Ora d'estiu – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ora d'estiu" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/DST" title="DST – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="DST" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%A3_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%8A_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82" title="ਚਾਨਣ ਬਚਾਊ ਸਮਾਂ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਚਾਨਣ ਬਚਾਊ ਸਮਾਂ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%A4_%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7" title="روشنی بچاؤ ویلا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="روشنی بچاؤ ویلا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%93%D9%8A_%D9%88%D8%AE%D8%AA" title="د اوړي وخت – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د اوړي وخت" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czas_letni" title="Czas letni – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Czas letni" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hor%C3%A1rio_de_ver%C3%A3o" title="Horário de verão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Horário de verão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/DST" title="DST – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="DST" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sommezick" title="Sommezick – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Sommezick" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ora_de_var%C4%83" title="Ora de vară – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ora de vară" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8F" title="Летнее время – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Летнее время" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B%D2%A5%D2%A5%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D1%8D%D0%BC" title="Сайыҥҥы кэм – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Сайыҥҥы кэм" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daylicht_savin_time" title="Daylicht savin time – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Daylicht savin time" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suumertied" title="Suumertied – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Suumertied" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llogaritja_verore_e_koh%C3%ABs" title="Llogaritja verore e kohës – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Llogaritja verore e kohës" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Daylight saving time" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letn%C3%BD_%C4%8Das" title="Letný čas – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Letný čas" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poletni_%C4%8Das" title="Poletni čas – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Poletni čas" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let%C5%84i_czas" title="Letńi czas – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Letńi czas" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Daylight saving time" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%9A%D0%B5_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Летње рачунање времена – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Летње рачунање времена" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljetno_vrijeme" title="Ljetno vrijeme – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ljetno vrijeme" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanci_Usum_Panas" title="Wanci Usum Panas – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Wanci Usum Panas" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kes%C3%A4aika" title="Kesäaika – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kesäaika" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sommartid" title="Sommartid – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sommartid" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Daylight saving time" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="பகலொளி சேமிப்பு நேரம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பகலொளி சேமிப்பு நேரம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azimez_n_unebdu" title="Azimez n unebdu – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Azimez n unebdu" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%96%D3%99%D0%B9%D0%B3%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8B%D1%82" title="Җәйге вакыт – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Җәйге вакыт" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87" title="เวลาออมแสง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เวลาออมแสง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaz_saati_uygulamas%C4%B1" title="Yaz saati uygulaması – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yaz saati uygulaması" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Гужем дыр – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Гужем дыр" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9_%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Літній час – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Літній час" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D9%88%D9%82%D8%AA" title="گرمائی وقت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="گرمائی وقت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quy_%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc_gi%E1%BB%9D_m%C3%B9a_h%C3%A8" title="Quy ước giờ mùa hè – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Quy ước giờ mùa hè" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suv%C3%B5aig" title="Suvõaig – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Suvõaig" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E4%BB%A4%E6%97%B6" title="夏令时 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="夏令时" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8_%D7%96%D7%99%D7%99%D7%92%D7%A2%D7%A8" title="זומער זייגער – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="זומער זייגער" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E4%BB%A4%E6%99%82%E9%96%93" title="夏令時間 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="夏令時間" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saeta_amnani" title="Saeta amnani – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Saeta amnani" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasaras_%C4%8Diesos" title="Vasaras čiesos – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Vasaras čiesos" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E6%97%B6%E5%88%B6" title="夏时制 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="夏时制" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" 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<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b7f745dd4-92gjl","wgBackendResponseTime":274,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.287","walltime":"2.640","ppvisitednodes":{"value":13161,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":442962,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":6371,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":22,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":16,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":756307,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2341.072 1 -total"," 51.40% 1203.329 2 Template:Reflist"," 14.87% 348.111 60 Template:Cite_web"," 11.15% 260.926 49 Template:Cite_news"," 11.10% 259.975 46 Template:Cite_journal"," 8.85% 207.140 22 Template:Sfnp"," 5.42% 126.941 1 Template:Langx"," 5.07% 118.598 23 Template:Cite_book"," 4.79% 112.138 1 Template:Time_measurement_and_standards"," 3.78% 88.502 1 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[\"CITEREFDavid_B._BelzerStanton_W._HadleyShih-Miao_Chin2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid_P._Baron2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavies2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDerksHoutermanGeuzebroek2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDilip_R._AhujaD._P._Sen_GuptaV._K._Agrawal2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDowning2018\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFEggimann_Sven,_Robin_Mutschler,_Kristina_Orehounig,_Massimo_Fiorentini2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEviatar_Zerubavel1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeltman2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFitzpatrick2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFritz2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFritzVoPhamWrightVetter2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFritzVoPhamWright_Jr.Vetter2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFG._V._Hudson1895\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFG._V._Hudson1898\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarner2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoodmanAPageA2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraphics\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaines2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHandwerk2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaughey2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHavranekHermanIrsova2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHertzel_Hillel_Yitzhak2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHollingshead2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHowell2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIan_R._Bartky2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIan_R._BartkyElizabeth_Harrison1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIrsovaHavranekHerman2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJ._AlsousouaT._JenksO._BouamraF._Lecky2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames_C._Benfield2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJason_VarugheseRichard_P._Allen2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJesse_Ruderman2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoey_Crandall2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoseph_Myers2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoseph_P._Pickett2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJérôme_Carcopino1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKasraoui2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlein\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKorch2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKornbluh\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLawson2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeague_of_Nations1923\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLee1947\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeith_Holloway1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLuisa_MüllerDirk_SchiereckMarc_W._SimpsonChristian_Voigt2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLuxan1810\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacRobert2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFManfrediniFabbianCappadona2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFManser2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMark_J._KamstraLisa_A._KramerMaurice_D._Levi2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMark_J._KamstraLisa_A._KramerMaurice_D._Levi2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartín_Olalla2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMats_LambePeter_Cummings2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcLeod2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichael_J._Pinegar2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMikkelson2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoro2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurray\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMyriam_B.C._AriesGuy_R._Newsham2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNational_Physical_Laboratory2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOgle2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrsiniZarantonelloCostaRossi2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPablo_ValdezCandelaria_RamírezAída_García2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaige_Taylor2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParfitt2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaul_EggertArthur_David_Olson2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaul_McDougall2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerlmutter2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPosanerCokelaere2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRachel_PainRobert_MacFarlaneKeith_TurnerSally_Gill2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaymond_Chen2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichard_A._Meade1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRick_Kissell2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRipley1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRishiAhmedBarrantes_PerezBerneking2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRishiAhmedBarrantes_Perezetc.2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobert_Garland1927\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobert_Kaplan2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoennebergWinnebeckKlerman2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoennebergWirz-JusticeSkeneAncoli-Israel2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoennebergWirz-JusticeSkeneetc.2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRon_Bean2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoscoe_G._Bartlett2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSandhuSethGurm2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaving_the_Daylight2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchnell2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeize_the_Daylight2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeymour_Stanton_Block2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimonVallatRossiWalker2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSlattery1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpring_Forward2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteve_Lohr2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStoil2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwanson2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas_KantermannMyriam_JudaMartha_MerrowTill_Roenneberg2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTime_and_Date2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTodd_D._Rakoff2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTom_Baldwin2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTuuli_A._LahtiJari_HaukkaJouko_LönnqvistTimo_Partonen2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTuuli_A._LahtiSami_LeppämäkiJouko_LönnqvistTimo_Partonen2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVictor2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVisé2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliam_Willett1907\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinston_S._Churchill1934\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYuhas2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhangKhanEdgrenRzhetsky2020\"] = 1,\n [\"Mnemonic\"] = 1,\n [\"Morgan_2017\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 3,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 2,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 23,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite dictionary\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite hansard\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 46,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 49,\n [\"Cite press release\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 60,\n [\"Cn\"] = 2,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"DNZB\"] = 1,\n [\"Daylight Saving Time\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 2,\n [\"For\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 3,\n [\"Harvp\"] = 4,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Legend\"] = 4,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move-indef\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 22,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Spoken Wikipedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Time measurement and standards\"] = 1,\n [\"UTC time offsets\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Void\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","340","22.4"],["?","240","15.8"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","100","6.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","100","6.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","60","3.9"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","60","3.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","60","3.9"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","60","3.9"],["citation0 \u003CModule:Citation/CS1:2614\u003E","40","2.6"],["format","40","2.6"],["[others]","420","27.6"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b7f745dd4-7rwxd","timestamp":"20241125142825","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Daylight saving 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